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Gynaecology is the branch of medicine dedicated to the health of the female reproductive system, including the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina, vulva, and related reproductive organs. It covers everything from adolescent menstrual health and reproductive planning to surgical interventions for complex disorders. Gynaecology focuses on reproductive and hormonal health throughout every stage of a woman’s life, from puberty to menopause.

A gynaecologist is a medical specialist who diagnoses and treats conditions of the female reproductive organs. In India, after an MBBS, these doctors complete a postgraduate degree such as an MD, MS, or DNB in obstetrics and gynaecology. This dual training qualifies them to manage both general female health (gynaecology) and pregnancy-related care (obstetrics), including surgical procedures such as caesarean sections and laparoscopic procedures, where appropriately trained. 

A gynaecologist can:

• Diagnose and manage menstrual irregularities such as heavy bleeding or painful cramps.
• Provide comprehensive antenatal and postnatal care for mother and baby.
• Treat hormonal disorders such as PCOS and manage the transition to menopause.
• Perform appropriate cervical cancer screening and breast health assessments, including Pap tests where indicated. 
• Conduct minimally invasive surgeries for ovarian cysts, fibroids, or endometriosis.
• Offer counselling on contraception, fertility, and reproductive health.
• Manage pelvic and abdominal pain through clinical and diagnostic evaluation.
• Treat infections of the reproductive tract and provide guidance on genital and reproductive health. 

You should consider consulting a gynaecologist for any of the following symptoms or problems:

• Irregular, missed, or excessively heavy menstrual cycles.
• Severe pelvic or abdominal pain that interferes with daily life.
• Confirming a pregnancy and receiving routine antenatal check-ups.
• Unusual vaginal discharge, itching, or signs of infection.
• Discovering lumps or experiencing persistent pain in the breast.
• Difficulty conceiving or concerns regarding reproductive health.
• Managing symptoms of menopause like hot flushes or mood changes.
• Routine preventive screenings such as cervical cancer screening, as recommended based on age and risk factors. 

• Obstetrics: Specialised care focused on pregnancy, childbirth, and the immediate postpartum period for both mother and child.
• Reproductive Endocrinology and infertility: Focuses on hormonal functioning and fertility problems, including assisted reproductive technologies such as IVF.
• Gynaecologic Oncology: The specialised management of cancers affecting the female reproductive organs. 
• Urogynaecology: Focuses on pelvic floor disorders, including urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse.
• Maternal-Foetal Medicine: Specialised care for high-risk pregnancies and complex obstetric conditions.
• Paediatric and Adolescent Gynaecology: Care for reproductive and gynaecological conditions in children and adolescents.
• Minimally Invasive Gynaecologic Surgery: Advanced surgical management using techniques such as laparoscopy and hysteroscopy.

• PCOD/PCOS: A hormonal disorder causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts, leading to irregular periods, weight gain, and acne.
• Vaginal Infections: Common infections or changes in the vaginal environment (such as yeast infections or bacterial vaginosis) that can cause itching, irritation, and abnormal discharge. 
• Ovarian Cysts: Fluid-filled sacs in or on an ovary; while often harmless, they can cause pelvic pain or bloating if they become large or complicated. 
• Breast Health Issues: Include the diagnosis and management of non-cancerous lumps (fibroadenomas), cysts, and persistent breast pain or nipple discharge.
• Menopause and Related Problems: The natural cessation of menstruation, which can bring symptoms like hot flushes, vaginal dryness, sleep changes, and changes in bone health. 
• Heavy Bleeding (Menorrhagia): Abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding that can lead to anaemia and may require medical treatment, depending on the underlying cause. 
• Irregular Periods: Menstrual cycles that vary significantly in length or frequency, often caused by hormonal changes, stress, PCOS, thyroid disorders, or other underlying conditions. 
• Pregnancy and Post-Pregnancy Issues: Management of symptoms during pregnancy and recovery after childbirth, including postpartum mental health conditions such as depression and physical healing.
• Endometriosis: A painful condition in which tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus, affecting the ovaries and other pelvic tissue.
• Pelvic and Abdominal Pain: Chronic or acute discomfort in the lower abdomen that may signal gynaecological conditions such as infection, fibroids, endometriosis, or ovarian disorders. 

• Irregular Periods: Track your cycle using an app; consistency in tracking helps your doctor identify patterns and possible causes of menstrual irregularity. 
• Period Cramps: Use a heating pad on the lower abdomen and stay hydrated; if pain is severe, persistent, or interferes with daily activities, consult a doctor to rule out endometriosis.
• Body Pain in Pregnancy: Practice pregnancy-safe physical activity or prenatal yoga if approved by your healthcare professional and use pregnancy pillows for support; consult your doctor before taking medicines during pregnancy. 
• Ovarian Cyst Awareness: Most cysts resolve on their own, but if you experience sudden, sharp pelvic pain, seek medical attention immediately.
• Breast Pain: Ensure you are wearing a supportive, well-fitted bra; hormonal breast tenderness is common, but any new or persistent lump or other breast change needs clinical evaluation.
• Managing Endometriosis: Regular physical activity and a balanced diet may support overall health and symptom management alongside prescribed treatment.