Anti-dsDNA Test

The anti-dsDNA test is used to measure the amount of anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies in the blood.

Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies are autoantibodies that are part of the autoantibody family. Usually, your immune system generates antibodies to fight foreign substances, such as germs. However, autoantibodies attack your own healthy tissues and cells. This may lead to autoimmune diseases. Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies are commonly found in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which is an autoimmune disease that affects many organ systems. Hence, this test is used by doctors to support the diagnosis, monitor disease progression, and assess treatment response in SLE.

You may be advised to get the anti-dsDNA test if you are experiencing the following symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus:

• Fatigue
• Fever
• Unexplained weight loss
• Loss of appetite
• Joint pain
• Muscle pain and weakness
• Red rash on cheeks and nose

The test is also advised for the following categories of people:

• Pregnant women with known or suspected SLE – SLE during pregnancy may lead to flare-ups, pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure), and increase the risk of complications in both mother and baby.
• Individuals with a family history of autoimmune diseases – Autoimmune diseases such as SLE may run in families.

The anti-dsDNA test is used for the diagnosis and monitoring of the following conditions:

• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) – This is an autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs and systems such as skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, and nervous system.
• Disease progression – Anti-dsDNA antibody levels may fluctuate with the disease activity of SLE. For example, increased levels are associated with flares, whereas decreased levels may indicate response to treatment.

While the test cannot itself diagnose other autoimmune conditions, it can be used in conjunction with other tests to help diagnose conditions such as:

• Lupus nephritis – This is a kidney condition that is a complication of SLE. It leads to blood in the urine, swelling, and high blood pressure.
• Sjögren’s syndrome – This is an autoimmune condition that affects the salivary and tear glands.

What to Expect Before the Anti-dsDNA Test

No fasting is required for a standalone Anti-dsDNA test. You can eat and drink normally. However, if it is part of a broader package that includes fasting tests, your doctor may advise fasting for 8-12 hours. Avoid strenuous exercise for 24 hours before the test, as intense physical activity can temporarily raise Anti-dsDNA levels and affect interpretation. Always inform your doctor about any ongoing medications.

What to Expect During the Blood Collection

A phlebotomist cleans the skin with an antiseptic, then places an elastic band around your upper arm to make the veins easier to access. A small needle is inserted into the vein; you may feel a brief pinch. Blood is collected into a labelled tube in under a minute.

What to Expect After the Anti-dsDNA Test

A small cotton swab and bandage are placed over the site to stop any minor bleeding. You can return to normal activities immediately. Minor bruising is normal and disappears quickly. If dizzy, sit and rest for a few minutes.

In the anti-dsDNA test, the primary parameter being measured is:

• The level of anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies in a sample of blood.

The anti-dsDNA normal range is indicated in the table below. 

Note: The normal range may vary slightly depending on the laboratory and individual health conditions 

Note:

• Test results should always be interpreted along with the individual’s medical history and other test results.
• Anti-dsDNA antibody levels may fluctuate with SLE disease activity. Increased levels may be associated with flares, while a decline indicates response to treatment or disease remission.

Like any other medical test, this test also has certain risks and limitations.

Risks:

The anti-dsDNA test is generally safe and involves minimal risk. You may experience slight pain when the needle is inserted or mild bruising afterwards, which usually resolves spontaneously.

Limitations:

• A negative result on the anti-dsDNA test does not rule out the possibility of SLE and further tests may be required.
• A positive result on the anti-dsDNA test does not always mean that SLE is present as anti-dsDNA antibodies are only present in 50-70% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Depending on your symptoms and results, your doctor might recommend certain additional tests to better understand your condition. These include:

• Antinuclear antibody test
• Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies test
• Antihistone antibodies test
• Rheumatoid factor test
• Blood urea nitrogen test
• Serum creatinine test
• Urinalysis