Key Highlights: 

• C-Reactive Protein (CRP) test and its relation to COVID-19. 
• The process of performing a CRP test including blood sample collection. 
• Significance of high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) in assessing risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.  
• Common symptoms and potential causes of elevated CRP levels associated with inflammation and infections. 
• How to interpret CRP test results and understand their clinical implications. 
• Risks and limitations of CRP testing and the importance of clinical context in making a diagnosis. 

Introduction 

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein produced by the liver as a response to inflammation in the body. The CRP test is an essential diagnostic tool that helps healthcare providers determine if there is inflammation present, which can be indicative of numerous conditions, ranging from infections, autoimmune disorders, or even cancer. In the COVID-19 pandemic, the CRP test gained immense significance as an important marker to help identify severe cases and monitor patient recovery. 

This article aims to provide you with vital information on the CRP test range for patients with COVID-19, how to interpret the results, and the implications of elevated CRP levels. We will also discuss symptoms and possible causes of high CRP levels, touch on the differences between standard CRP and high-sensitivity CRP tests, talk about the most likely cause of elevated CRP levels related to COVID-19, and explore risks and precautions associated with CRP testing. Furthermore, we will also address frequently asked questions related to CRP and COVID-19. 

What is the C-Reactive Protein (CRP) test? 

The CRP test is a blood test used to measure the level of C-reactive protein in the body, which serves as an early indication of inflammation and infection. 

Overview of CRP and its biological functions 

 C-reactive protein is a protein that reacts fast. It is produced mainly by the liver when there is inflammation, infection, or tissue injury. CRP plays a key role in the body’s fight against infections. It binds to damaged cells and pathogens, helping our immune system fight back. High CRP levels signal inflammation, no matter what the cause.  

Applications of CRP test: not only for COVID-19 

CRP is not just used for COVID-19. It has long been key in detecting a lot of conditions tied to inflammation, such as: 

• Autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, inflammatory bowel diseases) 
• Infections (e.g., pneumonia, sepsis, urinary tract infections) 
• Surgical complications (like infections after surgery) 
• Injuries (e.g., tissue damage or inflammation after trauma) 
• Chronic illnesses (e.g., heart disease, obesity, diabetes) 

How is CRP test performed? 

Getting a CRP test means giving a blood sample. This is usually done through a vein. The blood then goes to a laboratory for testing. There technicians will measure the amount of CRP in your serum. 

Blood Sample Collection and Storage 

When you do a CRP test, blood is usually collected from your arm. A clean needle is used, often with a tourniquet to see the veins better. Once the needle is in the vein and the needed amount of blood is collected in a test tube. After that, the needle is removed, and a gauze or cotton ball is used to stop the bleeding. The blood sample is then tagged and stored in the right conditions ready to be sent for testing. 

Keep in mind that you don’t need to fast or stop drinking before a CRP test. However, if a high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) is ordered along with other blood tests like fasting blood sugar, lipid profile, etc., you may need to fast for 9 to 12 hours before. 

Laboratory Procedures 

In the laboratory, certain methods and tools are used to find out the CRP levels in the collected blood. Test results are given in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). Laboratory technicians must follow set rules to make sure the tests are right and can be trusted. 

High-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) 

High-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) is a form of the normal CRP test. It can detect even small changes in CRP levels in your blood. This test is useful when looking at someone’s chance of getting heart disease and other heart problems. 

When hs-CRP is used? 

The hs-CRP test is used for the following indications: 

• To assess the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other heart problems in healthy people. 
• To check if therapy or lifestyle changes are helping to lower heart risks. 
• Adding more information to usual risk factors for a better understanding of someone’s overall heart risk. 

Difference Between Standard CRP Test and hs-CRP 

Both tests look at the same thing in the blood, but the hs-CRP test detects even small changes in CRP levels. These are typically at lower levels than the normal CRP test. This improved sensitivity gives information on one’s risk of getting heart disease. It can also help track how well they are responding to steps taken to lower this risk. 

Symptoms and Possible Causes of High CRP Levels 

Elevated CRP levels may be due to various factors, both with and without COVID-19. Knowing the likely causes of high CRP levels is key when reading test results and coming up with a management plan that fits. 

1. General symptoms pointing to inflammation 

People with high CRP levels due to inflammation often feel: 

• Tired or worn out for no specific reason 
• Pain 
• Muscle stiffness, soreness, and weakness
• Low-grade fever 
• Chills 
• Headaches 
• Nausea, loss of appetite, indigestion 
• Trouble sleeping or insomnia 
• Unexplained weight loss 

2. COVID-19-Specific Symptoms 

Along with the general signs of inflammation, COVID-19 patients with high CRP levels may also have specific symptoms, like: 

• Long-lasting cough 
• Shortness of breath 
• Sudden high fever 
• Loss of taste or smell 
• Chest pain or pressure 

3. Other Causes of High CRP Levels 

Besides a COVID-19 infection, high CRP levels can be due to: 

• Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections 
• Autoimmune diseases (like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, inflammatory bowel disease) 
• Physical injuries or traumas 
• Chronic illnesses (like heart disease, diabetes, obesity) 
• Post-surgical complications (like wound infections) 

CRP Test Ranges and How to Interpret the Results 

Knowing how to read CRP test results involves knowing what normal, elevated, and very high CRP ranges are and what they mean. 

1. Normal CRP Range 

The normal CRP range is less than 0.3 mg/dL and if it is between 0.3 to 1 mg/dL it is considered as a very minor elevation. This often means no serious inflammation or infection is there. Keep in mind that some long-term conditions, like diabetes, may cause small increases in CRP levels without meaning an active inflammation. 

2. Elevated CRP Range and What it Implies 

An elevated CRP range is more than or equal to 1 mg/dL. 1 to 10 mg/dL is considered moderate elevation, and more than 10 mg/dL is severe elevation. This signals at a sudden inflammation from an infection (like bacterial pneumonia) or ongoing inflammation due to a serious disease, like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis.  

3. Very High CRP Levels Linked With COVID-19 

CRP levels over 10 mg/dL are seen as very high and can be linked to severe COVID-19 infections. Patients with these high CRP levels are more likely to have severe breathing issues or multi-organ failure. They need intense care and close watching. 

The Most Probable Cause of High CRP With COVID-19 

High CRP levels in COVID-19 patients can be due to several factors. Understanding the most probable cause for the high CRP levels is key for deciding the right management plan. 

1. Inflammation Linked to COVID-19 

One of the main reasons for high CRP levels in people with COVID-19 is the system-wide inflammation caused by the immune system’s response to the viral infection. The body’s defense system releases different inflammatory cytokines. These in turn cause a rise in CRP production. 

2. Bacterial Co-Infections 

Another possible cause of high CRP levels in COVID-19 patients is the extra bacterial co-infection that can occur along with the viral infection. These co-infections can trigger more inflammation and tissue damage, leading to even more increase in CRP levels. 

3. Other Reasons Contributing to High CRP Levels 

Besides inflammation directly linked to COVID-19 or extra bacterial co-infections, other things that may push CRP levels up include baseline health conditions (like diabetes and heart disease), ongoing inflammation from autoimmune diseases, and physical traumas or injuries. 

Also Read: CRP Blood Test Cancer: Understanding its Significance in Diagnosis and Treatment

Risks and Care Needed With CRP Testing 

While the CRP test can offer useful clues about a patient’s inflammation status, it’s key to know its limits and the need to look at the entire clinical picture while interpreting test results. 

Limitations of the CRP Test 

The main limit of the CRP test is its nonspecific nature. A high CRP level does not automatically confirm the presence of a specific condition or infection. Instead, it only shows there’s inflammation in the body, which could be due to many causes. In such cases, further checks, like more blood tests and imaging studies, may be needed to pinpoint the real cause of the inflammation.  

The Need for Clinical Context and More Tests 

Because the CRP test alone can’t make a confirmed diagnosis, it’s key to look at the patient’s clinical signs, symptoms, and health history when reading test results. For COVID-19 patients, mixing CRP test results with other laboratory findings (like full blood count, liver and kidney function tests, and inflammation markers) and imaging studies (like chest X-ray or CT scan) can offer a fuller understanding of the patient’s condition. This can guide the management path in a better way. 

What to expect after getting CRP test results? 

After getting the CRP test results, the next steps involve reading the findings in light of the patient’s overall clinical picture and putting into place the right management or monitoring path. 

More Tests and Management Options for COVID-19 

Based on the CRP test results and the severity of the patient’s COVID-19 symptoms, healthcare providers may suggest more tests (like full blood count and chest imaging) to know the reach of the infection and potential problems. Management options may range from providing support and relief for symptoms for mild to medium cases, to hospital stays, and intense care for patients with serious breathing trouble or organ failure. 

Watching CRP Levels During Recovery 

CRP levels can be a useful tool to track a patient’s recovery from COVID-19. Regular testing can help track the progress or end of the infection and guide changes in management or supportive care as needed. It’s key for patients to follow their healthcare provider’s advice about follow-up testing and ongoing care throughout their recovery process. 

Also Read: CRP Test Report: Interpreting Results and Their Medical Implication

Conclusion 

As COVID-19 affected communities worldwide, the CRP test has shown to be a vital diagnostic tool that can help healthcare providers detect serious cases and watch patient recovery. Understanding the CRP test range and what high levels mean in the context of COVID-19 can empower patients and healthcare providers to make good choices about management plans. 

While the CRP test alone can’t give a confirmed diagnosis, it is an important part of a full clinical examination, guiding healthcare professionals in their management of COVID-19 patients. Interpreting the test results in the correct way mixed with a detailed examination of the patient’s health history and presenting symptoms may lead to improved results. 

Frequently Asked Questions 

References: 

1. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). C Reactive Protein [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Availabssssle from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441843 

2. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Access denied [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493173 

3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Know the Signs and Symptoms of Infection [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/preventinfections/symptoms.htm 

4. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). C-Reactive Protein and Cancer—Diagnostic and Therapeutic Insights – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7727277 

5. National Health Service (NHS). Blood tests [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/blood-tests 

6. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Role of C-Reactive Protein at Sites of Inflammation and Infection – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5908901 

7. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The course of C-reactive protein response in untreated upper respiratory tract infection – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1326064 

8. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Elevated level of C‐reactive protein may be an early marker to predict risk for severity of COVID‐19 – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7301027 

9. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Assessing serum C-reactive protein as a predictor of COVID-19 outcomes: a retrospective cross-sectional study – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10328585 

10. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). <a href=”https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/” target=”_blank”>dbSNP</a> Short Genetic Variations [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs1205 

11. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). <a href=”https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/” target=”_blank”>dbSNP</a> Short Genetic Variations [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs1800947 

12. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Context-specific emergence and growth of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=35952712 

13. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Context-specific emergence and growth of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9534748 

14. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Rapid epidemic expansion of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in southern Africa [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=35042229 

15. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Rapid epidemic expansion of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in southern Africa – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8942855 

16. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Haematological manifestations of COVID-19: From cytopenia to coagulopathy [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32663356 

17. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Haematological manifestations of COVID‐19: From cytopenia to coagulopathy – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7404736 

18. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Analysis of Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in COVID-19 Disease Highlighting the Susceptibility and the Severity towards the Infection [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=36428884 

19. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Analysis of Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in COVID-19 Disease Highlighting the Susceptibility and the Severity towards the Infection – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9689844 

20. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The role of C-reactive protein as a prognostic marker in COVID-19 [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=33683344 

21. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The role of C-reactive protein as a prognostic marker in COVID-19 – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7989395 

22. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 rs2285666 polymorphism and clinical parameters as the determinants of COVID-19 severity in Iranian population [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=36029284 

23. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 rs2285666 polymorphism and clinical parameters as the determinants of COVID‐19 severity in Iranian population – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9539076 

24. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). C-reactive protein (CRP) gene polymorphisms, CRP levels, and risk of incident coronary heart disease in two nested case-control studies [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=18167554 

25. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Gene Polymorphisms, CRP Levels, and Risk of Incident Coronary Heart Disease in Two Nested Case-Control Studies – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2148071 

26. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). C-reactive protein + 1059 G>C polymorphism in type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease patients [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25606378 

27. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). C-reactive protein + 1059 G>C polymorphism in type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease patients – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4205026 

28. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). C-reactive protein as a possible marker for severity and mortality of COVID-19 infection [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=35154611 

29. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). C-reactive protein as a possible marker for severity and mortality of COVID-19 infection – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8817756 

30. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Prognostic Value of C-Reactive Protein in Patients With Coronavirus 2019 [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32445579 

31. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Biomarkers associated with COVID-19 disease progression [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32503382 

32. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Longitudinal hematologic and immunologic variations associated with the progression of COVID-19 patients in China [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32407836 

33. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Longitudinal hematologic and immunologic variations associated with the progression of COVID-19 patients in China – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7212968 

34. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Roles of C-reactive protein polymorphisms and life event changes on cognitive function in bipolar patients receiving valproate [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=35377256 

35. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Roles of C-reactive protein polymorphisms and life event changes on 
    cognitive function in bipolar patients receiving valproate – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8984865 

36. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Human CRP gene polymorphism influences CRP levels: implications for the prediction and pathogenesis of coronary heart disease [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12842840 

37. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Multiancestral analysis of inflammation-related genetic variants and C-reactive protein in the population architecture using genomics and epidemiology study [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=24622110 

38. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Multi-Ancestral Analysis of Inflammation-Related Genetic Variants and C-Reactive Protein in the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) Study – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4104750 

39. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). CRP genetic polymorphism is associated with lymph node metastasis in thoracic esophageal squamous cell cancer [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=19495883 

40. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). DNA variants, plasma levels and variability of C-reactive protein in myocardial infarction survivors: results from the AIRGENE study [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17956875 

41. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Two variants of the C-reactive protein gene are associated with risk of pre-eclampsia in an American Indian population [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=23940726 

42. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Two Variants of the C-Reactive Protein Gene Are Associated with Risk of Pre-Eclampsia in an American Indian Population – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3733916 

43. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Genetic variation in C-reactive protein in relation to colon and rectal cancer risk and survival [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=20949557 

44. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Epistatic effect of C-reactive protein (CRP) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) +1059 and interleukin-1B SNP +3954 on CRP concentration in healthy male blood donors [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16026589 

45. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Genetic variation is associated with C-reactive protein levels in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17101857 

46. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). 1059G/C polymorphism within the exon 2 of the C-reactive protein gene: relationship to C-reactive protein levels and prognosis in unstable angina [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17925606 

47. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Sahar%20Sadeghi%20Mofrad 

48. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The death rate of COVID-19 infection in different SARS-CoV-2 variants was related to C-reactive protein gene polymorphisms [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Shayan%20Boozarjomehri%20Amnieh 

49. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Mohammad%20Reza%20Pakzad 

50. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The death rate of COVID-19 infection in different SARS-CoV-2 variants was related to C-reactive protein gene polymorphisms [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Mina%20Zardadi 

51. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Morteza%20Ghazanfari%20Jajin 

52. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Enayat%20Anvari 

53. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Sina%20Moghaddam 

54. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Abolfazl%20Fateh 

55. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Characterization and clinical course of 1000 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York: retrospective case series [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32471884 

56. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Characterization and clinical course of 1000 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York: retrospective case series – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7256651 

57. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32444366 

58. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7243801 

59. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32125455 

60. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079879 

61. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Ectodomain shedding of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in human airway epithelia [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=19411314 

62. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Ectodomain shedding of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in human airway epithelia – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2711803 

63. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2: SARS-CoV-2 Receptor and Regulator of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Celebrating the 20th Anniversary of the Discovery of ACE2 [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32264791 

64. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). In-depth mining of clinical data: the construction of clinical prediction model with R [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32042812 

65. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). In-depth mining of clinical data: the construction of clinical prediction model with R – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6989986 

66. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Hematologic, biochemical and immune biomarker abnormalities associated with severe illness and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32286245 

67. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Dysregulation of Immune Response in Patients With Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32161940 

68. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Using methods from the data-mining and machine-learning literature for disease classification and prediction: a case study examining classification of heart failure subtypes [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=23384592 

69. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Using methods from the data mining and machine learning literature for disease classification and prediction: A case study examining classification of heart failure sub-types – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4322906 

70. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32105632 

71. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102538 

72. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Excessive Neutrophils and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in COVID-19 [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=33013872 

73. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Excessive Neutrophils and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in COVID-19 – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7461898 

74. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Higher level of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte is associated with severe COVID-19 [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32641174 

75. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts critical illness patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in the early stage [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32434518 

76. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts critical illness patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in the early stage – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7237880 

77. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Interleukin-6 as prognosticator in patients with COVID-19 [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32526326 

78. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Interleukin-6 as prognosticator in patients with COVID-19 – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7278637 

79. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). D-dimer levels on admission to predict in-hospital mortality in patients with Covid-19 [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32306492 

80. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Elevated Troponin in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: Possible Mechanisms [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32315733 

81. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Elevated Troponin in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: Possible Mechanisms – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7166030 

82. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Association of procalcitonin levels with the progression and prognosis of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=33029089 

83. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Association of procalcitonin levels with the progression and prognosis of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7532477 

84. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a pooled analysis [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32386190 

85. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). High aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase ratio on admission as risk factor for poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=33020546 

86. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). High aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase ratio on admission as risk factor for poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7536227 

87. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Management of disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with aortic aneurysm and vascular malformations [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=33175341 

88. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). COVID-19-associated coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7648664 

89. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Predictors of mortality for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32907886 

90. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Predictors of mortality for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7487268 

91. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Analysis of clinical characteristics and lab findings of 95 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a retrospective analysis [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32216803 

92. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Analysis of clinical characteristics and lab findings of 95 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a retrospective analysis – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7099829 

93. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). COVID-19 and Multiorgan Response [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32439197 

94. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). COVID-19 and Multiorgan Response – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7187881 

95. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Formulation and evaluation of <em>Ocimum basilicum</em>-based emulgel for wound healing using animal model [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=33424273 

96. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). COVID-19 pandemic: Mechanistic approaches and gender vulnerabilities – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7685944 

97. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Characterization of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of 2019 novel coronavirus: implication for development of RBD protein as a viral attachment inhibitor and vaccine [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32203189 

98. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Characterization of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of 2019 novel coronavirus: implication for development of RBD protein as a viral attachment inhibitor and vaccine – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7091888 

99. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Diarrhea During COVID-19 Infection: Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Management [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32278065 

100. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Diarrhea During COVID-19 Infection: Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Management – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7141637 

101. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Searching therapeutic strategy of new coronavirus pneumonia from angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: the target of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32285293 

102. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Searching therapeutic strategy of new coronavirus pneumonia from angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: the target of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152693 

103. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32073213 

104. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7166509 

105. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). From “A”IV to “Z”IKV: Attacks from Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=29522735 

106. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). From “A”IV to “Z”IKV: Attacks from Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7126677 

107. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32109013 

108. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Do chronic respiratory diseases or their treatment affect the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection? [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32251625 

109. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Do chronic respiratory diseases or their treatment affect the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection? – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7270536 

110. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019 [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=31978945 

111. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Brief Report: A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019 – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7092803 

112. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Circulating angiotensin converting enzyme 2 activity as a biomarker of silent atherosclerosis in patients with chronic kidney disease [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27615597 

113. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Association between circulating angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and cardiac remodeling in hypertensive patients [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=28223093 

114. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2: a molecular and cellular perspective [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15549171 

115. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). What’s new in the renin-angiotensin system? [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079784 

116. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Myocardial Injury in COVID-19-Can We Successfully Target Inflammation?-Reply [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32936268 

117. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Associations of Adiposity, Circulating Protein Biomarkers, and Risk of Major Vascular Diseases – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7711564 

118. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). SARS-coronavirus modulation of myocardial ACE2 expression and inflammation in patients with SARS [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=19453650 

119. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). SARS‐coronavirus modulation of myocardial ACE2 expression and inflammation in patients with SARS [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7163766 

120. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Letter to the Editor – Circulating plasma levels of angiotensin II and aldosterone in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A preliminary report [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32659343 

121. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Letter to the Editor – Circulating plasma levels of angiotensin II and aldosterone in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A preliminary report – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7348599 

122. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Prevalence and prognostic value of elevated troponins in patients hospitalised for coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=33292649 

123. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Prevalence and prognostic value of elevated troponins in patients hospitalised for coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7682759 

124. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32125452 

125. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32171076 

126. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7270627 

127. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32320003 

128. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7177629 

129. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Characteristics and Outcomes of 21 Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 in Washington State [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32191259 

130. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Characteristics and Outcomes of 21 Critically Ill Patients With 
     COVID-19 in Washington State – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7082763 

131. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). D-dimer as a biomarker for disease severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients: a case control study [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32665858 

132. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). D-dimer as a biomarker for disease severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients: a case control study – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7348129 

133. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Lab abnormalities in patients with COVID-2019 infection [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32119647 

134. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Plasma CRP level is positively associated with the severity of COVID-19 [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32414383 

135. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Plasma CRP level is positively associated with the severity of COVID-19 – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7227180 

136. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Elevated levels of IL-6 and CRP predict the need for mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32425269 

137. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Elevated levels of IL-6 and CRP predict the need for mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7233239 

138. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). C-reactive protein: A promising biomarker for poor prognosis in COVID-19 infection [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32511972 

139. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). C-reactive protein: A promising biomarker for poor prognosis in COVID-19 infection – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7274122 

140. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Is Albumin Predictor of Mortality in COVID-19? [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32524832 

141. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Mild versus severe COVID-19: Lab markers [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32344011 

142. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Mild versus severe COVID-19: Lab markers – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7194601 

143. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Risk factors for severe cases of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32805730 

144. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Risk factors for severe cases of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7467392 

145. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Elevated cardiac biomarkers are associated with increased mortality for inpatients with COVID-19: A retrospective case-control study [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32450473 

146. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Elevated cardiac biomarkers are associated with increased mortality for inpatients with COVID-19: A retrospective case-control study – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7237926 

147. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Ashaq%20Ali 

148. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Muhammad%20Noman 

149. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Yong%20Guo 

150. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Xu%20Liu 

151. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Rong%20Zhang 

152. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Juan%20Zhou 

153. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Yang%20Zheng 

154. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Xian-En%20Zhang 

155. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Yong%20Qi 

156. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Xiaohua%20Chen 

157. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Dong%20Men 

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.