Have you ever experienced a sudden painful cramp in your muscle that makes it hard to move? This is called a muscle spasm. It occurs when a muscle contracts unexpectedly but does not relax properly1. Muscle spasms are very common and may occur to anybody despite their age. They can occur during exercise, while resting, or even during sleep, like the familiar leg cramps many people experience at night1,2. In most of the cases, these spasms are harmless and may resolve themselves. However, they can cause discomfort or pain and may interrupt daily activities.
While most of the muscle cramps are harmless, some can indicate certain underlying health conditions1. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and ways to manage muscle spasms can help you manage them better and stay comfortable. This article may help you understand all of this.
What is a Muscle Spasm?
A muscle spasm is an involuntary contraction of a muscle a muscle suddenly tightens on its own without you trying to control it. Normally, the muscles contract and relax smoothly, which gives a smooth movement. But during a spasm, the affected muscle contracts unexpectedly and does not relax properly. It can cause sudden, tight and intense pain1.
This can happen in a single muscle or a group of muscles. It can last from a few seconds to several minutes3 and may occur once in a while or repeatedly. It is often triggered by factors such as overuse, dehydration, poor circulation, or electrolyte imbalance3.
What Does a Muscle Spasm Feel Like?
A muscle spasm can feel different from person to person, but it is usually sudden and noticeable. It often begins without warning and may last for a few seconds to several minutes. The common muscle spasm symptoms include:
Sudden Tightening or Knotting4: The muscle tightens on its own, feeling like a hard, painful knot under the skin.
Stiffness or Rigid5: The affected area becomes stiff and difficult to move.
Sharp, Intense Pain1: The pain may be sudden and strong, feeling severe and hard to ignore.
Distorted or Twitched4: The muscles suddenly move on their own in small jerks.
Soreness4: The muscles become tender, or uncomfortable, especially when you move or touch it.
Lingering Discomfort4: The muscles retain mild pain or tightness for some time even after.
Causes of Muscle Spasm
Muscle spasm can occur due to several reasons. The following are some common muscle spasm causes.
Dehydration1,6: Lack of water can disturb the muscle function, making muscles more likely to tighten, cramp, or spasm.
Electrolyte Imbalance: Loss of electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium etc., from the body causes electrolyte imbalance leading, to muscle cramps3,6.
Vitamin Deficiencies: Deficiencies of certain vitamins, such as vitamin B and D, can cause muscle spasms, especially during pregnancy4.
Overuse/Muscle Fatigue: Repetitive physical activity or over usage of the same muscles makes it feel tired or stressed, causing cramps. This is usually the most common cause3,6.
Nerve Compression: Nerve compression due to a spinal cord injury or a pinched nerve in the neck or back can interfere with normal nerve signals, causing muscle pain, weakness, tingling, or spasms3.
Poor Circulation: Poor blood circulation or inadequate blood flow towards muscles during pregnancy can deprive them of oxygen or nutrients, resulting in muscle spasm3,6.
Pregnancy: Pregnancy weight gain and nerve pressure can hurt the leg and muscles, causing them to get cramps7 usually during the second and third trimester4.
Medicines: Muscle cramps can occur as the side effects of certain medicines. These include diuretics, long-acting beta agonists (LABA), cholesterol-lowering statins, etc1,6.
Poor Posture: Not moving from a particular position during work or while sleeping can contribute to muscle spasm4.
Stress and Anxiety: Being stressed or anxious causes the muscles to get tightened, especially in the neck and shoulders, which may lead to pain or spasms8.
Underlying Health Conditions: Certain underlying health conditions such as anaemia, diabetes, congestive cardiac failure, thyroid issues, neuromuscular disorders, liver diseases6 etc. can also cause muscle spasms.
Types of Muscle Spasms
Muscle spasms can happen in different parts of the body due to reasons like poor posture, exercise, dehydration, or health issues. The feeling may vary depending on the muscle affected. They include the following:
Neck and Shoulder Spasms (Torticollis): Stiffness and pain around the neck and shoulders, causing difficulty in turning the head and stretching the neck. Often caused by poor posture or sudden trauma to the neck10.
Back Muscle Spasms: Sudden upper or lower back pain, causing stiffness and reduced movement. Often triggered by lifting heavy objects or poor posture11.
Hand Muscle Spasm (Writer’s Cramp): Affects hand movements, especially in adults, especially during writing or other fine tasks. May not have pain, but it can cause the fingers or wrist to bend or twist abnormally4.
Calf, Foot and Thigh Spasms: Forceful stretching of the muscles around the legs, where the symptoms last up to 10 minutes. The cramps often occur at night but can anytime, especially during winter4,12.
Abdominal Muscle Spasm: Pain in the abdomen or stomach (sometimes very bad), usually caused by gas and bloating or as a result of menstruation13.
Are Muscle Spasms Serious?
Most muscle spasms are harmless and temporary. They usually happen due to common causes like dehydration, stress, muscle fatigue or overuse and often go away on their own within a few seconds to minutes. In many cases, simple measures such as rest, gentle stretching, hydration, and applying heat or cold may help relieve the discomfort1,3,8.
However, sometimes they can also indicate some underlying conditions, such as nerve disorders, organ-related problems or electrolyte imbalance leading to severe health problems6. Monitor symptoms and frequency and try improving hydration along with other simple techniques that may help relieve muscle spasm1. If all these do not reduce the spasm issues, then it is good to consult a doctor to identify the cause.
Thus, occasional muscle spasms can be considered normal, but persistent or severe symptoms, and those which interfere with day-to-day activities, could indicate an underlying issue and should be evaluated by a doctor.
Diagnosis of Muscle Spasm
Muscle spasm has different diagnostic procedures to identify the causes. They include the following. This might help in deciding which muscle spasm treatment to take.
Medical History: The doctor may undergo a detailed check regarding the following:
Symptoms and frequency of spasms
Lifestyle habits, physical activity, diet and hydration
Physical and Neurological Examination: The affected muscle is examined for the following:
Physical symptoms: Tightness, tenderness, swelling, restricted posture and muscle strength
Neurological assessment: Weakness, tingling, numbness, abnormal reflexes, etc. This might help determine muscle strength and sensation, which in turn help understand whether it is a nerve-related condition or possibly due to an underlying condition4,6.
Laboratory Tests (if needed): The doctor may recommend lab tests only if the physical exam suggests another condition or the patient does not improve with basic treatment4. These may help detect or monitor conditions like electrolyte imbalance, underlying diseases, etc6. The common tests prescribed include:
Serum ferritin and total iron-binding capacity: For people with leg syndrome, anaemia, or who are pregnant
Blood electrolytes: Patients taking diuretics, on dialysis, pregnant, or with cirrhosis
Thyroid-stimulating hormone: Patients with signs of hypothyroidism, such as tiredness, dry skin, swelling, missed periods, and constipation
Blood glucose level and haemoglobin A1C: Patients who may have or already have diabetes
Antiganglioside (GM1) antibody testing: Patients who may have a condition where the immune system affects the nerves that control movement4
Note: These are just a few examples; there may be more tests prescribed based on the medical history and symptoms.
Imaging Tests: The doctor may suggest scans like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound (US) or computed tomography (CT) scans, which undergo imaging of bones and muscles and help check muscle injuries or muscle damage.
MRI: Helps detect muscle injuries. It gives very clear and detailed images of muscles, ligaments, and tendons. It helps doctors find small injuries and understand if the muscle damage is partial or complete.
US: Uses sound waves to look at muscles and soft tissues. It helps show muscle structure and movement in real time. However, it may not detect very small or mild injuries as well as MRI.
CT scan: Uses X-rays to create detailed images of bones and muscles. It is usually used when MRI is not available or suitable. It shows multiple views of the body6.
Treatment of Muscle Spasm
The cause of muscle spasm can range from mild to severe. Therefore, your doctor would suggest treatment based on the cause. The following are some treatment options which help to understand how to cure muscle spasm. These are for spasms which are frequent, severe, or linked to underlying conditions:
Pain-Relieving Tablets: The doctor might prescribe medicines like paracetamol or NSAIDs may help reduce pain and inflammation.
Muscle Relaxants: The doctor might prescribe medications such as gabapentin, or baclofen, which may be used for severe or recurrent spasms4.
Supplementation: The doctor might provide supplements, such as magnesium supplements in pregnant women, to reduce cramps2. Other supplements like vitamin D and calcium might also help to reduce symptoms14.
Epidural Injection: The doctor might suggest pain-reliever injections to reduce swelling and inflammation11.
Topical Treatment: The doctor might prescribe topical creams like capsaicin, which help reduce the sense of pain by suppressing the activity of nerve cells that cause pain15.
Physiotherapy: The doctor might perform physiotherapy, which can reduce pain and stiffness in the muscles10.
Treating Underlying Conditions: The doctor may check the electrolyte levels in the body or look for signs of underlying health conditions. Once the cause is confirmed, he may start treatment for the specific condition, which might help reduce muscle spasms6.
Note: The treatment methods described in this section are only to be performed under the guidance of a doctor. Avoid buying the medicines over the counter; instead seek medical attention for proper treatment.
How to Manage Muscle Spasm Naturally?
The following are some natural ways you may try to manage muscle spasm:
Rest the Affected Muscle: Avoiding the activity that triggered the spasm and avoiding overusing1 the muscle might reduce symptoms.
Perform Gentle Stretches: Slowly stretching the cramped muscle1 might help it loosen and relax.
Give a Gentle Massage: Lightly massaging the area improves blood circulation and reduces tightness and other symptoms4.
Give a Warm or Cold Compress: Applying a heating pad or an ice pack might relax muscles and reduce pain and soreness3.
Improve Hydration: Drinking enough fluids with electrolytes might help replace lost electrolytes and reduce the intensity of cramps4. Natural fluids with high electrolytes include coconut water, milk, orange juice, etc16.
Alter Posture: Changing posture during sleeping or while working might help4,6 reduce the cramp and discomfort.
Note: The above-mentioned methods are for temporary problems only. These alone may not resolve the problem completely. If you think spasm is not reducing and is still getting worse, please consult a doctor as soon as possible, as this can also indicate severe conditions.
Prevention Tips for Muscle Spasms
The following are some tips that might help avoid muscle spasm:
Stay well hydrated by drinking enough water
Include electrolyte-rich foods like bananas, lentils, leafy greens, yogurt, etc
Avoiding exercising in intense heat
Do regular stretching exercises, especially before and after physical activity1
Maintain proper posture while sleeping, sitting, and standing6
Accompanied by severe dehydration, vomiting and diarrhea18
Occurring along with pain, numbness, and reduced sensation that comes and goes6
Conclusion
So, now you might be clear on muscle spasm meaning. They are common and usually harmless, often caused by factors like dehydration, overuse, or electrolyte imbalance. In most cases, they resolve with simple measures such as rest, hydration, and stretching. However, persistent or severe spasms may indicate an underlying health condition and should not be ignored. Early medical evaluation and proper management might help reduce recurrence and improve quality of life.
Muscle spasms are usually harmless, caused as a result of dehydration, overusing of muscles or poor posture. However, sometimes they can also indicate serious conditions such as nerve problems, organ-related conditions, infections, etc1. Therefore, it is important to analyse the symptoms and its frequency for a proper treatment.
What triggers a muscle spasm?
The factors which trigger muscle spasm include dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, nerve compression, overstraining, poor blood circulation, pregnancy, certain medications and certain underlying conditions4.
How long do muscle spasms normally last?
A muscle spasm can last for a few seconds to 10-15 minutes. However, sometimes, it can extend up to several hours1,4.
What to drink to stop muscle spasms?
If the muscle spasm is due to electrolyte imbalance and dehydration, drinking electrolyte-rich fluids may help replenish the body and replace lost electrolytes4. These include coconut water, orange juice, milk, sports drinks, etc4,16.
What can be mistaken for a muscle spasm?
Many conditions, such as muscle twitching as in tetany, movement disorders like dystonia, or continuous muscle stiffness in myotonia or hypothyroidism etc can be mistaken for a muscle spasm9.
What vitamin deficiency causes muscle spasm?
The deficiencies of vitamin B and D are known to cause muscle spasms4.
Blyton F, Chuter V, Burns J. Unknotting night‐time muscle cramp: a survey of patient experience, help‐seeking behaviour and perceived treatment effectiveness. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research. 2012;5(1):7. doi:10.1186/1757-1146-5-7. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3361473/
Parasa M, Saheb S, Vemuri N. Cramps and tingling: A diagnostic conundrum. Anesth Essays Res. 2014;8(2):247. doi:10.4103/0259-1162.134524. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4173627/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Yurpeak: How It Works, Benefits, Dosage, and Side Effects
Introduction
With the increase in popularity of weight management medications, a new name has taken over the Indian market recently. Yes, its Yurpeak!
Yurpeak is an injection containing the drug Tirzepatide, mainly prescribed by doctors to manage blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes. In addition, it is also known to support weight management, as it helps reduce appetite, slows down gastric emptying and improves insulin utilisation1,3. For a true result, Yurpeak should always be accompanied by a healthy lifestyle, balanced diet and exercise. While it is beneficial overall, patients may report some side effects related to its use.
In this article, we will discuss all essential information you need to know about Yurpeak, such as how it works, its benefits, dosage and side effects.
What Is Yurpeak?
Yurpeak is an injection, which contains tirzepatide as its active ingredient, prescribed to manage blood sugar levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes. It is also used to support weight management in people with obesity (BMI ≥ 30) or overweight (BMI ≥ 27) with at least one weight-related health condition1,3.
Tirzepatide is a dual receptor agonist that works by activating both glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors, which are the gut hormone receptors playing a significant role in blood sugar management4.
Yurpeak is recently launched in India and is available as a Kwick-pen device3. Here are some details:
It comes as a pre-filled, multiple dose pen of varying strengths (2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 12.5 mg, and 15 mg).
Each pen has with 4 doses of same strength that should be taken once a week, injected subcutaneously (under the skin – SQ)1,3.
It can be injected in the abdomen, thighs or upper arm. To avoid irritation, a different injection is recommended to be used each time.
The injection can be given before or after food, at any time of the day.
The medication usually starts with a low dosage, which will be gradually increased by your doctor1.
Below is the dosing format generally followed for this medicine:
Starting Dose: 2.5 mg subcutaneous (SQ) injection once weekly.
After 4 weeks: The dose can be increased to 5 mg SQ once weekly.
Further Increases: If desired blood sugar control is not reached, the dose can be increased by 2.5 mg every 4+ weeks as tolerated.
Note: Do not change the dose unless recommended by your doctor. It might reduce the effect or even cause harm to your body.
How Does Yurpeak Work in the Body?
Yurpeak, which is a tirzepatide, works by mimicking the natural hormones GIP and GLP-1, which regulate insulin, reduce appetite and improve metabolic health in people with type 2 diabetes and obesity4.Following are its mechanism of action.
Effect on Appetite: Tirzepatide slows down the action of nerves that regulate how fast the stomach empties and how the intestines move. This causes reduced gastric emptying, thereby keeping a feeling of fullness for a long period. It also acts on the brains centres which help reduce appetite and cravings, thereby supporting weight management4.6.
Effect on Metabolism: Tirzepatide helps improve the body’s insulin sensitivity by managing blood glucose levels. It also helps reduce fat buildup by blocking fatty acid production in fat cells. This can help in weight management and improve overall metabolic health4.
Effect on Blood Sugar Regulation: Tirzepatide stimulates insulin release from the pancreas. Insulin allows glucose to move from the bloodstream into body cells, where it can be used for energy. It also reduces the release of glucagon (hormone which increase blood glucose levels).This helps in managing the blood sugar levels5,6.
Benefits of Using Yurpeak
Yurpeak (Tirzepatide) can have multiple health benefits such as:
1. Reduce Appetite and Cravings
Tirzepatide works by slowing down the signals that regulate appetite. This helps your stomach to stay fuller for a longer period as a result of slow gastric emptying4. This in turn reduces your cravings for food and promotes a healthy eating habit.
2. Support Weight Management
Tirzepatide helps in reducing fat buildup in your body by stopping fat production in the cells4. This might help you in managing weight along with its effect on reducing food cravings and appetite. It might also help reduce weight by stimulating insulin production, which increases sugar utilisation by cells as energy5.
3. Regulates Blood Sugar Levels
Tirzepatide stimulates the production of insulin in your body, particularly when blood sugar levels are high. This helps in maintaining normal blood glucose levels, making it more beneficial for type 2 diabetes patients4,5.
4. Enhances Metabolic Health
Tirzepatide helps improve overall metabolic health. It lowers insulin resistance and also aids fat breakdown which in turn help the body utilise energy more efficiently and reduce the risks associated with metabolic conditions like obesity and diabetes6.
5. Potentially Reduce Sleep Apnoea Risk
Tirzepatide may help lower the chances of occurrence of obstructive sleep apnoea, which is caused as a result of obesity. It does this by improving the breathing while sleeping and by supporting healthy weight management7.
6. Support Heart Health
Tirzepatide may help support cardiovascular health by its positive effects on blood pressure and cholesterol levels8. This, along with its weight management benefit, can help reduce the strain on the cardiovascular system, thereby reducing risks of adverse cardiac events such as heart failure or stroke9.
How to Use Yurpeak?
Introducing a medicine into your body through an injection is something which should be carefully performed. Following describes the guidelines for administering these injections, injection timing and what to do if you miss a dose.
Step-by-Step Guide to Using Yurpeak
Hand washing: Hands should be washed properly before using the injection pen.
Inspecting the device: The injection pen should be checked to ensure that the medicine is clear and not expired. The solution should appear clear to slightly yellow in colour and should not contain any particles.
Choosing injection site: The area where the medicine will be administered should be decided. The medicine can be injected into the abdomen, thighs, or upper arms1.
Cleaning skin: Before the medicine is administered, the area should be cleaned using a cotton swab dipped in alcohol and allowed to dry.
Injecting: The medicine should be injected beneath the skin as directed by the doctor. A different injection site may be chosen each time to prevent irritation.
Removing needle: The needle should be removed safely soon after the injection is given1.
Injection Timing:
Yurpeak is recommended to be taken once in a week, on the same day every week.
It may be taken at any time of the day, on an empty stomach or after a meal4. However, a fixed schedule should be followed every time for better consistency.
What If a Dose Is Missed:
If a single dose is missed, the missed dose can be taken within the next 4 days, that is, within 96 hours.
If it is more than four days, the dose should be skipped. The regular once-a-week schedule should then be continued1,5,7.
Two injections should be avoided within 3 days of each other1.
Note: The needles or pen should not be shared with others.
While the injection can be self-administered (used on doctor’s prescription), if you are not feeling confident enough to take on your own, please visit your healthcare professional for this purpose.
Lifestyle Guidance While on Yurpeak
People who are on Yurpeak should strictly follow some discipline for better results. Following are some tips on lifestyle that you may follow while on a Tirzepatide medication.
Follow a Balanced Diet: Consume a diet rich in whole grains, vegetables, lean protein and healthy fats. A calorie-deficit diet might help support healthy and steady weight management10.
Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water in order to avoid dehydration caused by side effects like diarrhoea or vomiting.
Stay Physically Active: Engage in regular physical activity. Perform moderate exercises like walking, cycling, etc10.
Eat Smaller Portions: Avoid overeating. Yurpeak may make you feel fuller4.
Limit Sugar: Avoid excess consumption of sugary and high-fat foods. These may worsen digestive side effects and slow down the result of medicine10.
Avoid Alcohol Consumption: Alcohol may interfere with blood sugar levels and increase the risks of side effects11.
Avoid Smoking: Smoking may reduce the overall health benefits of the medication and increase health risks.
Potential Side Effects of Yurpeak
Yurpeak, which has several health benefits can also bring about some side effects. Following are the common side effects with Tirzepatide.
Gastrointestinal (GI) Side Effects: Tirzepatide is likely to cause GI side effects likenausea, diarrhoea, vomiting and constipation. They mainly occur while increasing the dose (dose escalation)2. However, their intensity might reduce over time.
Low Blood Sugar (Hypoglycemia): Using tirzepatide can result in low blood sugar sometimes. This happens especially when you take it along with other blood sugar-regulating medicines like insulin or sulfonylurea. Common signs of low blood sugar include dizziness, shakiness, weakness, etc2.
Pancreatitis: Tirzepatide has shown to cause pancreatitis in some clinical trials. Hence, any persistent abdominal pain should be reported as the medication may need to be discontinued2.
Acute Gall Bladder Disease: Tirzepatide has resulted in occurrence of acute gall bladder disease such as cholelithiasis and cholecystitis in some cases2.
Kidney Injury: Acute kidney disease and worsening of existing kidney disease have been noted to occur with Tirzepatide particularly in cases with significant GI effects leading to dehydration and kidney injury2.
Allergic Reactions: Tirzepatide may sometimes cause allergic reactions particularly in susceptible individuals like rashes, itching or swelling2,12. Most allergic reactions occur within minutes to hours of exposure9.
Do not ignore these side effects if you think they are no longer under your control. Immediately seek medical attention to avoid hazards from them.
Note: Tirzepatide is contraindicated in patients with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) or multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2).
Interaction of Yurpeak with Other Drugs
Yurpeak may impact the effectiveness of certain other types of drugs when taken concomitantly. Tirzepatide slows stomach emptying, so it may delay the absorption of some oral medicines and reduce their effect. Hence, caution must be taken when Tirzepatide is used with drugs having a narrow therapeutic index or requiring a threshold concentration for action such as warfarin etc. Tirzepatide can also slow down the absorption of oral contraceptive pills. Moreover, when taken along with other diabetic medicines such as insulin or sulfonylurea, it might increase the risk of hypoglycaemia. Therefore, close monitoring is required these medicines are taken along with Tirzepatide13.
When to Consult a Doctor?
As mentioned earlier, Tirzepatide can cause some side effects. Following are the signs which you shouldn’t ignore and get immediate medical care.
If you have persistent nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea
If you feel sudden weakness, shakiness, fatigue, etc13
If you have severe swelling around your face, throat, mouth or eyes
All these can even notify serious adverse conditions like kidney issues, low blood sugar level, serious gastrointestinal problems, pancreatic injury, hypersensitivity or mental health issues13.
Yurpeak, which contains the drug Tirzepatide, is an injectable medicine mainly prescribed to patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity to achieve glycaemic control and manage body weight. When combined with a healthy diet, regular exercise, and proper lifestyle habits, it can provide effective long-term benefits such as improved glucose control, enhanced metabolic health and lowered cardiovascular risks. However, like any medication, Yurpeak may cause side effects and can interact with other drugs, making medical supervision essential. Therefore, it is important to use Yurpeak only as prescribed by your doctor and consult immediately if any serious symptoms or unusual reactions occur.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
How to take Yurpeak?
Yurpeak is available as a multidose prefilled injection of varying strengths. It is to be injected subcutaneously at a starting dose of 2.5mg, with specific escalation and maintenance doses. It is taken only when prescribed by a doctor and usage guidelines as given by them need to be strictly followed.
What is the drug Yurpeak used for?
Yurpeak contains the drug tirzepatide which is prescribed by a doctor to manage blood sugar levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes. It is also used to support weight management in people with obesity or overweight with at least one weight-related comorbidity3.
Is Yurpeak safe for long-term use?
Yurpeak is generally considered safe for long-term use. However, it has several side effects like all the medications. These should be addressed in time to avoid further worsening of the condition13.
Can Yurpeak be used without exercise?
Yurpeak is said to be more beneficial when used along with exercise and a balanced diet. This can improve the effect of medicine. Therefore, it is suggested to do regular physical workout along with taking Yurpeak1,4.
What are the side effects of tirzepatide?
The most common side effects with tirzepatide are gastrointestinal issues such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and constipation. It has been reported to cause some serious side effects like pancreatic issues, acute gall bladder disease, thyroid cancer, etc13. Hence, you must not ignore even the slightest sign which is new to you; this may help you from worsening these serious conditions.
Can Yurpeak cause nausea or fatigue?
Yes, Yurepaak can cause side effects like nausea and fatigue13. This may be due to delayed gastric emptying or sudden fall in blood glucose level. While these usually improve with time, you should not ignore if you feel these conditions are getting worse and seek immediate medical attention.
4. Cai W, Zhang R, Yao Y, Wu Q, Zhang J. Tirzepatide as a novel effective and safe strategy for treating obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1277113. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1277113. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10864442/
5. Farzam K, Patel P. Tirzepatide. [Updated 2024 Feb 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585056/
6. Wong E, Cope R, Dima L, Nguyen T. Tirzepatide: A Dual Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonist for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Am J Ther. 2023;30(1):e26-e35. doi:10.1097/MJT.0000000000001588. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36516422/
7. Bajpai J, Saxena M, Agarwal U, Pradhan A. Dual incretin analogue tirzepitide – SURMOUNTing the challenge of obesity induced obstructive sleep apnea. World J Exp Med. 2025;15(4). doi:10.5493/wjem.v15.i4.109762. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41497691/
8. Kanbay M, Copur S, Siriopol D, et al. Effect of tirzepatide on blood pressure and lipids: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obesity Metabolism. 2023;25(12):3766-3778. doi:10.1111/dom.15272. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37700437/
9. Abdul‐Hafez HA, Awashra A, Bdir S, et al. Tirzepatide and Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Narrative Review of Mechanisms, Efficacy and Implications for Heart Failure Management. Endocrino Diabet & Metabol. 2026;9(1):e70152. doi:10.1002/edm2.70152. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41566974/
10. Almandoz JP, Wadden TA, Tewksbury C, et al. Nutritional considerations with antiobesity medications. Obesity. 2024;32(9):1613-1631. doi:10.1002/oby.24067. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38853526/
12. He Z, Tabe AN, Rana S, King K. Tirzepatide-Induced Biphasic Anaphylactic Reaction: A Case Report. Cureus. Published online December 7, 2023. doi:10.7759/cureus.50112. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38186543/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the informationprovided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Saunf Water (Fennel Water): Benefits, Side Effects, How to Make It & More
Introduction
In many Indian households, the solution to common problems, like indigestion, bloating, etc, starts within the kitchen itself. One such simple home care solution is saunf or fennel water, a drink that has been chosen for generations. Saunf water, which is prepared by soaking or boiling fennel seeds, is widely known to soothe stomach issues such as indigestion, gas trouble and cramps1.
Across India the fennel or saunf water is known by different names: saunf pani in Hindi, sombu thanni in Tamil, saunf neeru in Telugu, badishep pani in Marathi, and perunjeerakam vellam in Malayalam. Still, its purpose remains the same, supporting gut health, hydration, and maintaining overall wellness1. With growing interest in home care and natural products, fennel water is gaining popularity even in modern wellness routines for the proposed health benefits it offers. This simple, easy-to-prepare herbal drink can comfortably make its way into today’s health focused lifestyle.
In this article we will discuss more on saunf water its health benefits, key nutrients, preparation methods, and the possible side effects. So, let’s get started!
What is Fennel (Saunf) Water?
Fennel/Saunf water is a natural, caffeine-free herbal infusion. This is made either by soaking 1 or 2 teaspoons of fennel seeds in a glass of water or by boiling these in water. It may be consumed warm or at room temperature and is usually consumed in the morning on an empty stomach. Fennel water is said to support digestion, reduce bloating, and provide a cooling effect to the body, when consumed in moderation. It has many nutrients, such as antioxidants, vitamins and minerals, which make it beneficial for consumption1. We will discuss its nutritional profile in the next section.
Nutritional Profile of Fennel (Saunf) Water
Fennel seeds are known to be rich in several nutrients, such as fibre, minerals, vitamins, etc. Drinking its water might help you in many ways. Following is a table showing the key nutrients found in fennel seeds:
Note: Nutrient contents may vary while preparing the infusion.
Following are the potential uses of important nutrients found in fennel. These might also be beneficial when you consume it by making a fennel infusion.
Minerals: Might help in burning fat and maintaining overall health1.
Antioxidants (flavonoids and phenolics): Might help protect the cells by reducing oxidative stress.
Phytonutrients: May have antibacterial and anticancer properties, show mild oestrogenic activity (oestrogen-like activity) that supports hormonal function, and help protect the liver2.
Dietary fibre: Supports digestion and give a feeling of fullness by reducing appetite3. (Not present in infusion)
Vitamins: Have anti-inflammatory properties, support skin texture, and might protect cells from oxidative damage4.
Essential oils (e.g., anethole and fenchone): Might be effective against several microbes, giving them an antimicrobial effect, and may help reduce gas trouble and bloating.
Health Benefits of Drinking Saunf Water
Saunf water is rich in nutrients that may make it beneficial for managing various health issues. Listed below are some key saunf water benefits.
1. Relieves Bloating and Gastric Issues
Fennel water might help reduce bloating. It might help in regulating the movement of smooth muscles of the intestine, thereby reducing the intestinal gas. It may also help improve digestion and soothe the stomach, thereby help manage other gastrointestinal issues like acidity and stomach pain1,3.
2. Aids in Weight Management
Fennel water or tea, which are said to be rich in several nutrients, may help manage weight by giving a feeling of fullness. When consumed regularly, it might help reduce appetite and boost metabolism, thereby contributing to weight management3.
3. Helps Detoxify the Body
Fennel has diuretic action thus, fennel water may help in detoxification by removing the harmful products and cleansing the body. This might help the internal organs, like the liver, to stay away from toxins, chemicals or oxidative stress.
4. Manages Metabolic Syndrome
Fennel seeds are found to be beneficial in managing blood pressure, blood sugar, insulin resistance and cholesterol2. Owing to these, fennel water may help reduce the development or worsening of metabolic syndrome, which in turn might reduce the chances of occurrence of heart disease, diabetes and stroke6.
5. Acts as Natural Coolant
Fennel seed water might be helpful in keeping the body hydrated and cool, giving a refreshing sensation, especially during summer)1.
6. Relieves Menstrual Problems
Fennel water might help improve overall menstrual health in women. It might promote menstruation and improve menstrual flow, as fennel is found to have oestrogenic properties. It might also reduce pain or other symptoms during menstruation and the menopause transition period1,2.
7. Supports Lactation and Breast Health
Fennel water might help to increase the quantity of breast milk. It might improve volume and fat content in the milk. Fennel infusion might also help in reducing breast inflammation, mainly in lactating mothers7. However, it is best to discuss with your gynaecologist before consuming it as a galactagogue (substance that increases milk production) as it may have some adverse reactions.
8. Supports Skin Health
Fennel water, known to have anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties, may help reduce skin irritation and inflammation and aid in managing acne. It might also help improve skin tone, reduce hyperpigmentation and delay skin aging, by reducing the oxidative stress3.
Note: While there are many studies for the health benefits for fennel seeds, it is important to understand that long-term human research specifically in relation to fennel water benefits is still limited. Although, the overall benefits remain the same, it’s ideal to consume this infusion in moderation for best results. Never replace your ongoing medications (for BP, sugar, cholesterol, etc.) with fennel water.
How to Make Saunf Water at Home?
Saunf water is very easy to prepare. Following are some methods which you may follow.
Overnight Soaking Method
Take 1-2 teaspoons of fennel seeds
Put them in a glass of water
Let it soak in water for 6-8 hours
In the morning, stir the water well and try to drink on an empty stomach
The Boiled Method (Saunf Tea)
Take some fennel seeds
Boil 250 ml of distilled water
Pour the boiled water onto the seeds
Cover it and brew for 20 minutes
Filter the tea and leave it to cool before drinking3
The Boiling Method (Warm Water)
Take some fennel seeds
Add it to 1 or 2 cups of water and boil
Let it cool down to room temperature
Drink once it gets luke-warm
How to Incorporate Saunf Water?
Along with understanding fennel water benefits, it is also important to know how to incorporate it into your routine. Here are some ways you may try.
Drink on an Empty Stomach: It can gently kickstart your digestion and cleanse your body1,4.
Take as Sips After Meals: It might help reduce gas, bloating, or acidity8.
Incorporate as a Mid-Morning or Afternoon Refresher: It can help stay hydrated and improves digestion and detoxification.
Include as a Before-Bedtime Drink: Might relax the digestive system and improve sleep quality1,9.
Combine with Other Herbal Infusions: Mix with ingredients like ginger, mint, or lemon for added flavour.
Side Effects of Saunf Water
Though saunf water may be helpful in many ways, some studies have reported adverse reactions related to it. Following are some saunf water side effects.
Allergic Reactions: In some people, fennel water might cause allergic reactions, such as breathing issues, by affecting the respiratory system1,7.
Gastrointestinal Issues: In some individuals, fennel water may cause cramps, nausea or vomiting7. This might be due to the overconsumption of the water.
Oestrogenic Effect: Since the fennel water has an oestrogenic effect, it might lower the protein and enzyme activity in the male reproductive organ, increase the weight of the mammary gland and female reproductive organ and might also cause early breast development in immature girls10.
Risks during Breastfeeding: In some women, fennel water has been found to cause diarrhoea and liver enlargement due to increased milk production. Infants who are already allergic to carrots, celery, or other Apiaceae plants might develop cross-allergic reactions (similar allergies) if the mother consumes fennel water7.
Photosensitivity: In some people, taking fennel water or products has been found to cause skin sensitivity when exposed to sunlight or ultraviolet rays7.
Drug Interaction: Fennel might interfere with the activity of certain drugs. For example, its interaction with heart medicines might cause low blood pressure, a slow heartbeat, fatigue, or electrolyte imbalances10,11.
Precautions to Take with Saunf Water
As fennel water might cause some side effects, people should take precautions before consuming it. Here’s who should be careful while taking fennel water.
People Prone to Allergy: Those who already have allergic reactions or are allergic to some herbs, please be cautious while taking fennel water. Consuming it might worsen your condition, causing breathing and other respiratory issues1,7.
Breastfeeding Mothers: If you are breastfeeding, please consult your doctor before starting fennel water consumption. Fennel water might cause diarrhoea or other health issues due to increased milk production. It might also cause allergies in your infants if they are already prone to related allergies7.
People with hormone-sensitive conditions: If you have hormonal issues, please be cautious while taking fennel water. It might interfere with your reproductive organs10. Consult your doctor if you feel anything uncommon.
People on medications: If you are a person taking medications for conditions such as heart disease, do consult your doctor if you are planning to consume fennel water. It might interfere with your medicine by reducing its impact10,11.
People Having Epilepsy: People with epilepsy should be careful while taking fennel water or products. It has been shown to induce seizures and diarrhoea. Please consult your doctor to know whether consuming fennel water is safe for you during this phase12.
Fennel water is a refreshing drink packed with several nutrients. It is a natural coolant and digestive aid, balances female hormones and supports weight management, along with other wellness benefits. Consistent intake can help you get the desired results but moderation in consumption is important as sometimes it might cause some uncommon side effects. Thus, if you are planning to incorporate fennel to your routine diet, it’s ideal to consult your doctor first, especially if you have any medical conditions, are pregnant or lactating.
Yes, you may drink fennel water daily, as it is known to have digestive and other health benefits1. But moderation is the key. If you have any allergic issues, take any medicines, are hormone-sensitive, pregnant or lactating, it’s better to consume fennel products only once you check with your doctor7,10,11.
Can saunf water reduce belly fat?
Saunf water may not directly reduce belly fat, but it may contribute to managing weight by improving digestion, boosting metabolism and reducing appetite3. Moreover, following a regular exercise routine and healthy diet are more important for weight management that any natural product alone.
Is saunf water safe during pregnancy?
Saunf water is generally considered safe for pregnant women, as it might not cause any birth defects. Still, it’s better to avoid giving saunf water to them, as it is known to have oestrogenic activity, which may lead to hormonal imbalance10. Your gynaecologist can advise you best you on this based on your situation.
Can we give saunf water to babies?
Saunf water is traditionally used for infants and children to aid in digestive issues. It is shown to reduce the impact of colic (excessive crying, mainly due to tummy discomfort) in infants and children1,2. But do not forget that infants under 6 months should only be fed breast milk13. Also, if your child is allergic to carrots, celery, or other plants in the Apiaceae family, please avoid giving them saunf water, as it might cause cross-allergic reactions7. So, it’s best to consult a paediatrician if your baby cries even after he/she is fed and shows signs of discomfort.
Badgujar SB, Patel VV, Bandivdekar AH. Foeniculum Vulgare Mill: A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Contemporary Application, and Toxicology. BioMed Research International [Internet]. 2014; Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4137549/
Bae J, Kim J, Choue R, Lim H. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) Tea Drinking Suppresses Subjective Short-term Appetite in Overweight Women. Clinical Nutrition Research [Internet]. 2015;4(3):168-74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4525133/
Khadivzadeh T, Najafi MN, Kargarfard L, Ghazanfarpour M, Dizavandi FR, Khorsand I. Effect of Fennel on the Health Status of Menopausal Women: A Systematic and Meta-analysis. Journal of Menopausal Medicine [Internet]. 2018;24(1):67-74. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5949311/
Rahimi R, Ardekani MRS. Medicinal Properties of Foeniculum Vulgare Mill. in Traditional Iranian Medicine and Modern Phytotherapy. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine [Internet]. 2012;19(1):73-9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23275017/
Zahi A, Rani A, Aktary N, Rahman M, Mekhfi H, Ziyyat A, et al. Cardiovascular Effects, Phytochemistry, Drug Interactions, and Safety Profile of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Fennel): A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) [Internet]. 2025 Nov;18(11). Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12655285/
Skalli S, Bencheikh RS. Epileptic Seizure Induced by Fennel Essential Oil. Epileptic Disorders [Internet]. 2011;13(3):345-7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21865126/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Yoga for Weight Management: Benefits, Best Poses, and a Safe Weekly Plan
Introduction
India continues to face a rising burden of obesity, with the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019 to 21) reporting that 24% of women and 23% of men are overweight or obese1. In this concerning scenario, yoga has emerged as a widely practised approach to improve physical and mental well-being. It has been observed that most individuals who practice yoga report meaningful benefits such as improved flexibility, reduced stress, better weight management, and enhanced quality of life2,3. In this article, we explore yoga asanas for weight managementand a safe, progressive weekly plan for beginners as well as regular practitioners.
Benefits of Yoga for Weight Management
If you are thinking, is yoga good for weight management? The answer is yes. Yoga supports weight management by combining physical movement with mindfulness. While dynamic flows and sustained poses help bring about physical changes, the mindfulness component helps individuals regulate their emotions and reduce stress levels. So, together, these physical and psychological effects make yoga an effective and sustainable approach to weight management4.
Let’s see how yoga benefits with weight management4,5:
1. Physical Changes
The physical postures in yoga help burn calories, tone muscles and increase muscle mass required for weight management. Research shows that yoga interventions improve obesity related outcomes, including body mass index (BMI), body weight, body fat, and waist circumference, which are important measures of any weight loss technique.
2. Psychological Reset
Yoga not only affects your body but also your mind. By calming your mind, yoga can help promote a shift in your emotional state. It aids in lowering stress and anxiety and promoting sleep, which can help balance hormones like cortisol that are involved with weight gain.
3. Shift Toward Healthy Eating
Yoga can help bring about a change in your eating patterns. Yoga helps increase mindfulness and awareness about your behaviours. By promoting changes in mindset and overall mental well-being, it can help influence your food choices and eating behaviours in ways that support weight management efforts.
4. Overall Health Benefits
Long-term yoga boosts your overall health and helps improve conditions like diabetes and hypertension, thereby reducing the use of medications that may lead to weight gain. Moreover, yoga helps improve digestion and boosts metabolism, supporting weight management.
5. Influence of the Yoga Community/Yoga Culture
The yoga community and its culture play a role in supporting an individual’s weight reduction experience. This means that social influences, role modelling, and the broader environment of yoga practice also contribute positively to the weight management efforts.
Top 12 Yoga Poses for Weight Management (Includes Warm Up and Cool Down)
Yoga asanas support weight management by strengthening muscles, improving mindfulness, enhancing flexibility, and promoting better posture and breathing. To ensure safe and effective practice, we have curated the following list, which begins with 1 warm-up pose to prepare your body and ends with 1 cool-down pose, with 10 key weight management poses in between6,7.
1. Warm up with Tadasana (Palm Tree Pose)
How to Do:
Stand straight and raise your arms overhead.
Stretch upward and lift heels gently.
Hold for 20 to 30 seconds.
Benefits:
Stretches the body, improves posture and builds strength.
Good warm up pose for any weight management sequence.
2. Ardhakati Chakrasana (Side Bending Pose)
How to Do:
Stand with your toes together and relax your shoulders.
Raise one arm sideways up to the shoulder, then above the head.
Bend to the opposite side and hold for 30 seconds.
Repeat on the other side.
Benefits:
Useful for people with obesity (especially around the waist).
Increases hip flexibility and improves digestion.
3. Trikonasana (Triangle Pose)
Image Source: freepik.com
How to Do:
Stand with legs apart and stretch your arms.
Bend sideways and place your hand near your foot.
Keep the other arm up.
Hold 20 to 30 seconds on each side.
Benefits:
Stretches calf, thigh, and waist muscles.
Improves spinal and hip flexibility.
Strengthens legs, knees, ankles, back, chest, and arms.
4. Padahastasana (Hand-to-Foot Pose)
Image Source: freepik.com
How to Do:
Stand straight with legs together and arms beside the thighs.
Inhale and raise your arms upward until they touch your ears.
Stretch the arms up fully, turning the palms forward.
Exhale and bend forward without bending the knees.
Hold the heels and bring the forehead toward the knees.
Stay for 20 to 30 seconds.
Benefits:
Improves the flexibility of the spine.
Stretches calf muscles and thighs.
Strengthens legs and abdominal muscles.
5. Utkatasana (Chair Pose)
Image Source: freepik.com
How to Do:
Stand and raise your arms.
Bend knees and sit back like a chair (in a squatting position).
Hold for 20 to 30 seconds.
Benefits:
Burns calories.
Strengthens the knees and thighs.
6. Paschimottanasana (Seated Forward Bend)
Image Source: freepik.com
How to Do:
Sit with your legs extended.
Inhale and raise your arms.
Exhale in a fold forward.
Hold toes and stay in this position for 20 to 30 seconds.
Benefits:
Tones the abdominal muscles.
Improves digestion and helps in relieving back stiffness.
7. Pavanamuktasana (Wind-Relieving Pose)
How to Do:
Lie on your back and gently pull your knees to your chest.
Hold the shins and bring your head toward your knees.
Hold for 20 to 30 seconds.
Benefits:
Aids digestion and reduces bloating.
Helps strengthen the lower back.
8. Setu Bandhasana (Bridge Pose)
Image Source: freepik.com
How to Do:
Lie on your back and bend your knees upwards.
Inhale and lift your hips upward.
Hold for 20 to 30 seconds.
Benefits:
Strengthens thighs and hips.
Stimulates abdominal organs and improves digestion.
9. Bhujangasana (Cobra Pose)
Image Source: freepik.com
How to Do:
Lie on your stomach.
Keep your palms beside your chest.
Inhale and lift head, chest, and upper abdomen.
Hold for 20 to 30 seconds.
Benefits:
Strengthens the back, arms, and shoulders.
Reduces abdominal fat and improves digestion.
10. Vakrasana (Twisted Pose)
How to Do:
Sit with your legs extended together and keep your hands by your side.
Bend the right leg and adjust the right foot beside the left knee.
Exhale and twist the torso to the right.
Wrap the left arm around the right knee and hold the right big toe (or place the left palm beside the right foot).
Take the right arm back and place the right palm on the ground (keeping the spine straight).
Hold for 10 to 30 seconds.
Repeat on the other side.
Benefits:
Increases spinal flexibility.
Helps stimulate the upper belly and relieves constipation.
11. Salabhasana (Locust Pose)
How to Do:
Begin by lying on your stomach and placing your hands under your head with relaxed elbows.
Keep your chin on the floor and place your arms by your sides.
Inhale and lift legs without bending knees.
Hold for 20 to 30 seconds.
Exhale, lower legs and rest.
Benefits:
Reduces fat on thighs and buttocks.
Strengthens the lower back and hip region.
Improves digestion.
12. Cool Down with Makarasana (Crocodile Pose)
How to Do:
Lie on your stomach with feet wide apart & toes pointing outwards.
Place your hands under your head and keep your elbows relaxed.
Now breathe slowly for 20 to 30 seconds.
Benefits:
Relaxes the lower back and body after all the asanas.
Good cool down pose after any weight management sequence.
While some people may experience weight reduction through yoga alone, the best results occur when yoga is combined with a balanced lifestyle that includes healthy eating, adequate sleep, and regular physical activity.
Note:Any exercises including yoga should be practised after physician’s consent by individuals with certain health conditions, such as high blood pressure, severe arthritis, cardiac issues, or any medical concerns where forward bending, twisting, or intense stretching is not advised. Also, it is important to practice under guidance if you have existing health problems or are pregnant.
Weekly Yoga Plan for Weight Management
The following weekly plan outlines yoga asanas for weight management spread across the week. Keep these points in mind:
Remember to warm up and cool down every day before beginning and after completing your practice.
Repeat each exercise based on your comfort level. Ideally, beginners may perform each pose once, intermediate practitioners twice, and advanced practitioners up to three times.
Always consult a qualified yoga instructor or professional if you experience any discomfort, have medical conditions, or feel unsure about performing any of the yoga poses for weight management.
1. Beginner Weekly Plan
Day 1, 3, 5 (Gentle Floor Poses)
Ardhakati Chakrasana
Trikonasana
Varksasana
Pavanamuktasana
Setu Bandhasana
Day 2, 4, 6 (Core Activation)
Padahastasana
Paschimottanasana
Vakrasana
Bhujangasana
Setu bandhasana
Duration per day: 15 to 20 minutes
2. Intermediate Weekly Plan
Day 1, 3, 5 (Leg and Buttock Strengthening)
Trikonasana
Utkatasana
Padahastasana
Setu Bandhasana
Vakrasana
Day 2, 4, 6 (Core and Back)
Ardhakati Chakrasana
Paschimottanasana
Pavanamuktasana
Salabhasana
Bhujangasana
Duration per day: 20 to 30 minutes
3. Advanced Weekly Plan
Day 1, 3, 5 (Standing and Bends)
Trikonasana
Utkatasana
Padahastasana
Paschimottanasana
Day 2, 4, 6 (Core, Back and Hip )
Bhujangasana
Salabhasana
Dhanurasana
Setu Bandhasana
Pavanamuktasana
Vakrasana
Duration per day: 30 to 40 minutes
Note:If you are thinking, which yoga is best for weight loss, there is no single answer or pose. All yoga styles and poses may support weight management when practised consistently and combined with a healthy lifestyle.
General Guidelines for Safe Yoga Practice
Follow these key guidelines to practice yoga safely and gain maximum benefit from each session8:
1. Before You Begin
Keep your surroundings, body, and mind clean before practice.
Choose a calm and quiet place where you can practice with a relaxed body and mind.
Practice on an empty or light stomach. If you are feeling weak, you may take a little honey in lukewarm water.
Ensure the bladder and bowels are emptied beforehand.
Keep your surroundings, body, and mind clean before practice.
Choose a calm and quiet place where you can practice with a relaxed body and mind.
Practice on an empty or light stomach. If you are feeling weak, you may take a little honey in lukewarm water.
Ensure the bladder and bowels are emptied beforehand.
2. During the Practice
Begin with a prayer or invocation to create a peaceful mental state.
Perform yoga slowly and mindfully, paying attention to your breath and body.
Do not hold your breath unless the pose specifically requires it.
Always breathe through the nostrils, unless instructed otherwise.
Avoid holding the body too tightly or making sudden jerky movements.
Practice within your own capacity and avoid strain.
Remember that progress takes time, so be consistent and patient.
End the session with meditation or deep silence.
3. After the Practice
Wait 20 to 30 minutes before taking a bath.
Consume food only 20 to 30 minutes after completing your yoga practice.
If you are a beginner, it’s best to practise yoga under a trained professional to understand the precise positions needed for yoga poses and reduce risk of any injury.
Yoga poses offer a holistic approach to weight management by improving strength, flexibility, posture, and overall physical and mental well-being. Its mindful nature helps reduce stress and emotional eating, while the physical postures support fat reduction and muscle toning. Individuals are more likely to stay committed and experience long-term benefits by practising consistently and choosing a yoga style that feels enjoyable and comfortable.
Yoga shows the potential to become a powerful and lasting tool for healthy weight management with patience, regular practice, and a balanced lifestyle.
Regular yoga practice may support weight management by increasing calorie burn, muscle toning, enhancing metabolism, as well as reducing stress, and promoting mindful lifestyle habits4,5.
Does yoga reduce belly fat?
Yoga may help reduce belly fat by improving digestion, strengthening core muscles, and lowering stress5,6. Poses like Pashcimottanasana, Pavanamuktasana, and Salabhasana are particularly helpful.
Can I lose 10 kg in a month with yoga?
Yoga supports gradual, sustainable weight management when combined with a balanced lifestyle, healthy eating, and stress management. So, no, losing 10 kg in one month is not safe or realistic with yoga or any healthy method.
Which yoga burns the most fat?
Continuous practice of yoga styles or poses that involve stretches and muscle engagement tends to burn more fat9. There is no single yoga pose that burns the most fat. Weight reduction benefits come from consistent, overall practice, where a combination of movements, breathing, and mindfulness work together to support gradual and sustainable results.
Can we do yoga at night for weight loss?
You may practice yoga at night, as long as you choose the right type of session. Regular yoga practice has been shown to improve sleep quality and reduce sleep disturbances, which may support overall health and metabolic function10. However, avoid very intense, high-energy yoga too close to bedtime. Instead, simply focus on slower flows, stretches, and breathing exercises that calm the nervous system and prepare your body for rest.
Can we do yoga and the gym together for weight loss?
A study combining yoga with aerobic exercise showed significant improvements in body weight, body fat, and waist circumference11. This means yoga and gym workouts may work well together, as the gym helps burn calories, strength and conditioning of the muscles, while yoga improves flexibility, recovery, and stress control, supporting overall weight management. However, be careful and do not overdo it. Start gradually, allow rest days, listen to your body, stop if you feel pain or dizziness, and consult a doctor if you have any medical issues.
Khanal H, Khanal U. Benefits, barriers and determinants of practicing yoga: A cross sectional study from Kathmandu, Nepal. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;12(1):102-106. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8039334/
Büssing A, Michalsen A, Khalsa SB, Telles S, Sherman KJ. Effects of yoga on mental and physical health: a short summary of reviews. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:165410. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3447533/
Ross A, Brooks A, Touchton-Leonard K, Wallen G. A Different Weight Loss Experience: A Qualitative Study Exploring the Behavioral, Physical, and Psychosocial Changes Associated with Yoga That Promote Weight Loss. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:2914745. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4995338/
Na Nongkhai MP, Yamprasert R, Punsawad C. Effects of Continuous Yoga on Body Composition in Obese Adolescents. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Aug 25;2021:6702767. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8410386/
Luo J, Zheng B. Effect of yoga combined with aerobic exercise intervention on morphological and blood lipid indicators in female college students. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2020 Mar;60(3):442-448. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31684707
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the informationprovided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Everything to Know About GLP-1 Receptor Agonist and Its Role in Weight Management
Introduction
Diabetes continues to be a major public health concern in India. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that around 77 million adults are presently living with type 2 diabetes and nearly 25 million are classified as prediabetic. The situation is further alarming, with over half of these individuals remaining unaware of their condition. This may increase the risk of preventable complications such as diabetic foot ulcers, vision loss (from diabetic retinopathy), chronic kidney disease, heart attacks, and even strokes1. Fortunately, as the burden of diabetes and its related complications grows, newer therapeutic classes have emerged to help people manage this condition.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists represent one such important advancement that offers multiple benefits in the management of type 2 diabetes. Meta-analysis and observational studies have shown that Indian patients respond to GLP-1 RAs similarly to populations globally2,3. This makes them a valuable option within modern diabetes care in India.
Therefore, through this article, we aim to provide informational awareness about GLP-1 drugs and their role in managing type 2 diabetes.
What is GLP-1?
GLP-1 full form is glucagon-like peptide-1, and it refers to a natural gut hormone that helps regulate blood sugar, digestion, and even appetite.
The regulation of blood glucose levels (sugar levels) in people with type 2 diabetes is often disrupted. In such cases, GLP-1 hormone can help contribute to glucose control by stimulating glucose-dependent insulin release, reducing glucagon secretion, slowing gastric emptying, and eventually enhancing satiety.
Since GLP-1 acts on multiple pathways that are not fully addressed by other therapies, GLP-1 receptor agonists (drugs that mimic GLP-1 to improve insulin response and reduce glucose levels) have become the foundation for medications used in modern diabetes management3.
What Are GLP-1 RAs?
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists or GLP-1 RA definition includes a class of medications that act in a similar manner to the GLP-1 hormone. These medications are used to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus and, in some cases, obesity3,4.
Regulatory authorities worldwide, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) in India, have approved GLP-1 RAsbased on their safety and efficacy3,6.
Their primary indication is the management of type 2 diabetes, where they are used alongside diet and exercise to improve glycaemic control by enhancing insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon, and supporting healthier glucose regulation3,4. These agents have also demonstrated additional metabolic benefits such as delayed gastric emptying and reduced appetite, which contribute to improved overall glycaemic outcomes and cardiometabolic health7. While their main role remains in diabetes treatment, certain GLP-1 therapies are also approved for weight management in individuals with obesity or overweight with comorbidities, given their modest but clinically meaningful effects on appetite regulation and body weight2,6,7.
It is very important to keep in mind that GLP-1 drugs should not be used simultaneously with other GLP-1 containing products or combined with any other GLP-1 RA.
Note: Please note that GLP-1 RAs are prescription medications and must be used only under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional.
How Do GLP-1 RAs Work?
As mentioned above, a GLP-1 receptor agonist works by mimicking the natural incretin hormone (hormones secreted by the gut) GLP-1, which may assist in lowering blood sugar in the following ways7,8:
Increase insulin when blood glucose (sugar) is high: They enhance the body’s ability to release insulin when blood sugar levels are elevated. This could help bring glucose down in a controlled manner.
Decrease glucagon levels: They reduce the secretion of glucagon (a hormone that increases blood sugar). This may further help limit excessive glucose production by the liver.
Slow gastric emptying: They signal certain nerves to slow down the movement of food from the stomach into the intestine. This may help avoid rapid rises in blood glucose after meals.
Promote satiety: They act on appetite-regulating centres in the brain to increase the feeling of fullness after eating. This could, in turn, support reduced calorie intake.
Together, these steps support better glycaemic control and contribute to improved metabolic outcomes.
Note: These effects are observed and interpreted from clinical studies and should not be understood as direct personal guarantees for blood glucose or weight support.
Common GLP-1 RA Medications
The regulatory approval status of GLP-1 drugs varies across global and national health authorities. The table below provides an overview of key GLP-1 RAs, listing their generic names alongside their approval status by major regulatory bodies9,10.
Note: GLP-1 RAs differ in their dosing frequency (daily or weekly, depending on the agent). However, the specific type and dosage prescribed will depend on the clinical assessment made by the healthcare professional managing your treatment.
When Are GLP-1 RA Prescribed?
GLP-1 drugs may be prescribed for the following conditions as per American Diabetes Association/European Association for the Study of Diabetes (ADA/EASD) 2025 guidelines11:
Primary glycaemic indication: GLP-1 RAs are recommended for adults with type 2 diabetes who have not reached their individualised A1C targets (typically when A1C is ≥1.5% above the agreed glycaemic goal) despite lifestyle measures and foundational therapy such as metformin.
Cardiovascular benefit: In adults with type 2 diabetes who have established cardiovascular risk, a GLP-1 RA may provide cardiovascular benefit, independent of baseline A1C.
Weight management/metabolic effects: GLP-1 RAs may also support weight management in adults with type 2 diabetes who are overweight or obese, providing an added metabolic advantage alongside their primary glycaemic and cardioprotective effects.
Note: These are guideline-based indications at a population level. Only a qualified healthcare professional can determine whether a GLP-1 RA is appropriate for an individual patient, based on a full clinical assessment.
Important Lab Tests for GLP-1 Users
People who are starting GLP-1 therapy or are already taking GLP-1 medications (such as semaglutide, liraglutide, dulaglutide) need regular health monitoring. These blood tests help ensure safety, effectiveness, and early detection of side effects.
For convenience, PharmaEasy offers the following packages with comprehensive test panels for people starting or already using GLP-1 medications.
1. GLP-1 Health Checkup/GLP-1 Advanced Monitoring (Includes 72 parameters)
Pancreatic Tests: These help detect pancreatitis, a rare but important risk associated with GLP-1 medications12.
Vitamin Tests: These are essential for detecting nutrient deficiencies, as GLP-1 medications may suppress appetite and reduce overall nutrient intake13.
Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) Index Test
2. GLP-1 Monitoring with Vitals Package/GLP-1 Package with Vitals (Includes all 72 tests above + 4 vital parameters)
Vitals: These track weight trends, BMI changes, and blood pressure improvements with GLP-1 therapy21.
Blood Pressure Monitoring
Height
Weight
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Observed Effects and Awareness
Based on clinical research and reviews, GLP-1 receptor agonist:
Help reduce A1C with improved glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes22,23.
May assist in weight management in adults who are overweight or obese and have at least one weight-related condition (such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, or high cholesterol)4,22.
May provide additional metabolic benefits, including improved beta-cell function, reduced glucagon secretion, delayed gastric emptying, and increased satiety22.
May offer cardiovascular protection, with possible reductions in cases of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) such as myocardial infarction and stroke in high-risk populations23.
Note:It is important to understand that these agents (GLP-1 RAs) work best alongside healthy lifestyle measures and require regular monitoring. Further, while studies show several favourable effects, individual responses can still vary, and these outcomes are not guaranteed for every person.
GLP-1 RA Side Effects and Considerations
GLP-1 drugs are generally well-tolerated, but like all medications, they may also have specific side effects and important considerations that you should be aware of7:
Side Effects
Gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea are the most common.
Injection-site reactions (redness, itching) may occur with injectable formulations.
Mild hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar) could occur, mainly when combined with other medications like insulin or sulfonylureas.
Possible increased risk of gallbladder or biliary disorders, especially with long-term use.
Clinical Considerations
Should be used cautiously in patients who have a history of pancreatitis.
Contraindicated in individuals with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) or MEN 2.
May impact the absorption of oral medications and requires caution before procedures requiring fasting due to delayed gastric emptying effect.
Patients with renal or hepatic impairment may require closer monitoring, especially if significant gastrointestinal symptoms lead to dehydration.
Caution: If any side effects occur,always discuss with a doctor, as they can assess their severity, determine whether treatment adjustments are needed.
Lifestyle and Dietary Awareness
You can support your overall well-being by adopting healthy, supportive lifestyle measures, such as:
Aiming for a healthy weight: Use tools like BMI and waist circumference to understand health risks. If BMI is over 30, aim for a goal between 18.5 to 24.9. Remember, even a 5 to 10% weight loss could improve metabolic outcomes24.
Choosing nutrient-dense foods: Focus on vegetables, fruits, lean proteins, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and healthy fats24,25.
Limiting refined/processed foods: Reduce saturated fats, such as fast foods and refined vegetable oils24,25.
Staying hydrated: Replace sugar-sweetened beverages with water to reduce calorie load and avoid glucose spikes24.
Engaging in regular physical activity: Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise weekly plus strength training to improve metabolic function24.
Supporting good sleep habits: Aim for getting adequate sleep, as it helps reduce hunger signals and stress hormones that may interfere with metabolic health24.
Natural Ways to Support GLP-1
If you are wondering “how to increase GLP-1 naturally,” certain lifestyle habits, such as the following, may help support your body’s own GLP-1 levels26:
Choose high-fibre carbohydrates (like legumes, oats, barley, vegetables) since gut fermentation of fibre produces short-chain fatty acids that may stimulate GLP-1 release.
Include lean proteins in meals, which further enhance GLP-1 and support fullness.
Opt for healthy unsaturated fats (e.g., olive oil, avocado, fatty fish), which slow digestion and may enhance GLP-1 release.
While planning meals, use mindful portion sizes and consistent timing.
Support consistent physical activity, adequate sleep, and reduced stress, which together contribute to improved metabolic hormone responses, including GLP-1.
Note: These habits are for general metabolic support and are not a substitute for medical treatment or professional advice.
When to Consult a Doctor?
Monitoring your health while using a GLP-1 receptor agonist is important, and certain symptoms or situations, such as the ones below, should prompt a consultation with a doctor:
New or worsening gastrointestinal symptoms, such as persistent nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, or signs of dehydration7,27.
Symptoms of low blood sugar, especially if taking insulin or sulfonylureas along with a GLP-1 RA7.
Before any planned surgery or procedure, as GLP-1 RAs may affect gastric emptying and fasting requirements.
If pregnant, planning pregnancy, or breastfeeding, to review safety and treatment alternatives.
Any unexpected or bothersome side effects, or if the medication does not seem to be working as expected.
Regular follow-up is important. Additionally, you may always consult a doctor for guidance on dosing, side effects, or any concerns while using GLP-1 medications.
GLP-1 receptor agonists represent an important therapeutic option for managing type 2 diabetes and, in certain cases, obesity. Their benefits, such as improved glycaemic control, support for weight management, and potential cardiovascular protection, are well documented in clinical studies. However, they must be used under the guidance of qualified healthcare professionals, as individual responses vary and careful monitoring is essential. Most importantly, alongside medication, healthy lifestyle habits and informed dietary choices play a key role in supporting long-term metabolic health.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What is GLP-1 RA, and how does it work?
GLP-1 RAs are medications that work the same way as the natural GLP-1 hormone to help regulate blood sugar and support weight control. They work by increasing insulin when glucose is high, reducing glucagon, slowing stomach emptying, and promoting a feeling of fullness7.
Which GLP-1 RAs are currently available?
Commonly available GLP-1 RAs include exenatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, and semaglutide (injectable and oral)7. Please note that availability varies by country and regulatory approval.
What are common side effects reported in studies?
The most frequently reported side effects are nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and mild hypoglycaemia (when used with certain other medications). Some individuals may also experience injection-site reactions or gallbladder-related symptoms7.
Can GLP-1 levels be influenced naturally?
Diet and lifestyle can modestly support natural GLP-1 activity. For example, high-fibre foods, balanced protein intake, regular exercise, adequate sleep, hydration, and limiting refined sugars may help enhance metabolic balance, though they do not replace medical treatment23,24.
Who should discuss GLP-1 RA with a doctor?
Anyone with type 2 diabetes needing better glucose control, individuals with obesity or weight-related health risks, or those with cardiovascular or kidney concerns should consult a doctor before using GLP-1 RAs. Medical guidance is also essential for people experiencing side effects or managing conditions such as pregnancy, pancreatitis, or thyroid-related risks7.
Bawa T, Dhingra V, Malhotra N, Wasir JS, Mithal A. Clinical experience with exenatide in obese North Indian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Jan;17(1):91-4. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3659913/
Collins L, Costello RA. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists. Treasure Island [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; [cited 2025 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551568/
Liu QK. Mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024 Jul 24;15:1431292. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11304055/
Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation. CDSCO Approved Drugs / Vaccines / r-DNA / Blood Product [Internet]. CDSCO; [cited 2025 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www.cdscoonline.gov.in/CDSCO/cdscoDrugs
Ayoub M, Chela H, Amin N, Hunter R, Anwar J, Tahan V, Daglilar E. Pancreatitis Risk Associated with GLP-1 Receptor Agonists, Considered as a Single Class, in a Comorbidity-Free Subgroup of Type 2 Diabetes Patients in the United States: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis. J Clin Med. 2025 Feb 1;14(3):944. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11818918/
Johnson B, Milstead M, Thomas O, McGlasson T, Green L, Kreider R, Jones R. Investigating nutrient intake during use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist: a cross-sectional study. Front Nutr. 2025 Apr 25;12:1566498. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12062175/
Chae Y, Kwon SH, Nam JH, Kang E, Im J, Kim HJ, Lee EK. Lipid profile changes induced by glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2024 Aug;17(8):721-729. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38832475/
Pirahanchi Y, Toro F, Jialal I. Physiology, thyroid stimulating hormone. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island; [cited 2025 Nov 20]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499850/
Open Resources for Nursing (Open RN). Chapter 15, Fluids and electrolytes. Nursing fundamentals [Internet]. Chippewa Valley Technical College; [cited 2025 Nov 20]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK591820/
Filippatos TD, Elisaf MS. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on renal function. World J Diabetes. 2013 Oct 15;4(5):190-201. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3797884/
Seo IH, Lee YJ. Usefulness of Complete Blood Count (CBC) to Assess Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases in Clinical Settings: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Biomedicines. 2022 Oct 25;10(11):2697. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9687310/
Mullur N, Morissette A, Morrow NM, Mulvihill EE. GLP-1 receptor agonist-based therapies and cardiovascular risk: a review of mechanisms. J Endocrinol. 2024 Sep 19;263(1):e240046. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11466209/
Lee J, Kim MH, Jang JY, Oh CM. Assessment HOMA as a predictor for new onset diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications in non-diabetic adults: a KoGES prospective cohort study. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2023 Nov 16;9(1):7. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10652621/
Reiss AB, Gulkarov S, Lau R, Klek SP, Srivastava A, Renna HA, De Leon J. Weight Reduction with GLP-1 Agonists and Paths for Discontinuation While Maintaining Weight Loss. Biomolecules. 2025 Mar 13;15(3):408. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11940170/
Trujillo JM, Nuffer W, Smith BA. GLP-1 receptor agonists: an updated review of head-to-head clinical studies. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2021 Mar 9;12:2042018821997320. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7953228/
Hamed K, Alosaimi MN, Ali BA, Alghamdi A, Alkhashi T, Alkhaldi SS, et al. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists: Exploring Their Impact on Diabetes, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Health Through a Comprehensive Literature Review. Cureus. 2024 Sep 1;16(9):e68390. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11444311/
Mozaffarian D, Agarwal M, Aggarwal M, Alexander L, Apovian CM, Bindlish S, et al. Nutritional Priorities to Support GLP-1 Therapy for Obesity: A Joint Advisory From the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and the Obesity Society. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2025 May 30:15598276251344827. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12125019/
Filippatos TD, Panagiotopoulou TV, Elisaf MS. Adverse Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists. Rev Diabet Stud. 2014 Fall-Winter;11(3-4):202-30. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5397288/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the informationprovided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
1
Blue Baby Syndrome in Infants: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
Introduction
Blue Baby Syndrome is a condition where an infant’s skin, lips, or nails appear bluish because the blood cannot carry enough oxygen. This can happen from birth (congenital) or develop later (acquired) in life. In this condition, haemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying part of red blood cells) gets converted into methaemoglobin, which cannot deliver oxygen efficiently to the tissues and leads to the bluish skin colour. Babies under six months are especially vulnerable to this because their organ systems are still developing.
It is important for parents to understand this condition because early detection can prevent serious complications such as breathing difficulties or loss of consciousness. If left untreated, reduced oxygen supply to the brain and other vital organs can quickly make the condition life-threatening. By knowing the warning signs, causes, and available treatments, parents can respond quickly and ensure their baby receives the right care1,2.
What Is Blue Baby Syndrome?
Blue Baby Syndrome, also called infant methemoglobinemia, happens when a baby’s blood cannot carry enough oxygen to the body. This is because normal haemoglobin in red blood cells changes into methaemoglobin, which cannot transport oxygen like regular haemoglobin does. Even if the baby is breathing normally, the body’s tissues and organs may not get enough oxygen. In healthy blood, haemoglobin picks up oxygen from the lungs and carries it to all parts of the body. In Blue Baby Syndrome, some haemoglobin becomes methaemoglobin and loses its ability to carry oxygen. Babies are more sensitive to this because their red blood cells are still developing, and they have lower levels of certain enzymes that can convert methaemoglobin back into normal haemoglobin.
When enough haemoglobin is affected, the body receives less oxygen than it needs. This is why the lips, skin, and sometimes nails can turn blue or purple. The colour change is a sign that oxygen delivery is reduced, which can affect important organs like the brain and heart if it continues for too long. The main issue in Blue Baby Syndrome is not with breathing itself but with the blood’s ability to carry oxygen properly. This can affect organs such as the brain and heart if oxygen delivery remains low for a long period1,3.
Since Blue Baby Syndrome carries serious risks, we need to understand what causes it and address it early to prevent serious problems for the baby.
What Causes Blue Baby Syndrome?
Blue Baby Syndrome is caused by various factors, and each cause plays a role in reducing the amount of oxygen reaching the baby’s body. These are:
1. Heart Defects
Blue Baby Syndrome in infants is mainly caused by congenital heart defect, where a baby is born with a heart problem. This means the heart did not form normally before birth. Because of this, oxygen-rich blood and oxygen-poor blood may mix, or less blood may reach the lungs to pick up oxygen. Both situations lower the amount of oxygen reaching the body. A common example is Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). This includes four heart issues together:
Prolonged hole between the two lower chambers of the heart (ventricles),
Blockage in the blood flow to the lungs,
Main artery of heart (aorta) sitting in the wrong position, and
Thickening of the heart muscles.
These changes reduce oxygen delivery and can make the baby’s skin look bluish1.
As per my experience, when an infant with a cardiac cause like Tetralogy of Fallot develops a sudden, severe hypercyanotic spell, the critical initial maneuver is placing the baby in a knee-chest position, which drives more blood to the lungs. This should be followed by prompt administration of supplemental oxygen to break the cycle1.
Another important reason babies can get Blue Baby Syndrome is when drinking water has too many nitrates. These come naturally from rain, plants, or animal waste, but the main problem is from chemical fertilisers, manure, or human and industrial waste. When there is too much nitrate, it can seep into wells, especially in villages where people use well water for drinking or making baby formula. If a baby drinks formula made with this water, the nitrates can change into nitrites, which stop the blood from carrying oxygen properly. Babies are more at risk because their blood had more affinity towards nitrates, their bodies are small, their digestive systems and enzymes are still developing, and they cannot handle this change well. Since nitrate contamination is not visible, the only way to know if water is safe is by testing it regularly3,4.
3. Respiratory Conditions
Breathing problems can also cause Blue Baby Syndrome because they stop enough oxygen from reaching the blood. Some babies are born with blocked airways, such as choanal atresia (back of the nose is closed), Pierre Robin sequence (small jaw pushes the tongue back), laryngomalacia (soft voice box that collapses while breathing), tracheal stenosis (narrow windpipe), vocal cord paralysis (voice box does not move), or vascular rings (blood vessels pressing on the windpipe). Lung problems like pneumonia (lung infection), lung malformations (abnormal lung growth), underdeveloped lungs or conditions like Respiratory Distress Syndrome can also reduce oxygen saturation. Unlike nitrates, these problems do not change the blood itself but make it harder for oxygen to reach the blood, causing the baby to look blue5.
4. Rare Blood Disorders
When the baby is born with a weak or missing enzyme called CYB5R or with a special type of haemoglobin called haemoglobin M, these changes stop the blood from carrying enough oxygen. In one form, only the red blood cells are affected, while in a more serious form, all the body’s cells are affected. Because the blood cannot deliver enough oxygen, the baby’s body may not get enough oxygen for normal functioning6.
These conditions lower the amount of oxygen reaching the baby’s body. As a result, certain signs and changes in the skin, lips, and nails often appear, which help identify Blue Baby Syndrome.
Symptoms of Blue Baby Syndrome
Symptoms of Blue Baby Syndrome can appear in different ways depending on how much oxygen the baby’s blood is carrying. Normally, only a tiny part of the blood has methaemoglobin, about 1%. If this increases, the blood cannot carry enough oxygen, and the baby starts showing signs like:
Mild colour change (3–15% methaemoglobin): Skin, lips, or nails may look pale, grey, or slightly blue.
Noticeable bluish colour (15–20%): Bluish tint, especially around lips and hands, may be seen even if the baby seems fairly normal.
Breathing and activity changes (25–50%): Rapid breathing, weakness, irritability, trouble feeding, or unusual sleepiness may appear. Older children may have headaches, chest discomfort, or a fast heartbeat.
Severe oxygen shortage (50–70%): Irregular heartbeats, confusion, seizures, or coma can occur.
Critical levels (>70%): In this stage, life-threatening situations may develop, and urgent care has to be given.
Even a small rise in methaemoglobin can make the baby’s skin look bluish, which is called cyanosis. Cyanosis can occur when methaemoglobin reaches 1.5 g/dL compared to 5 g/dL of normal deoxygenated haemoglobin, showing the body is not getting enough oxygen1,7.
Detecting signs early and restoring oxygen can help prevent serious complications in the baby.
Diagnosis
Blue baby syndrome cannot be confirmed just by looking at a baby’s skin colour. A proper medical check-up is needed. Doctors begin with a physical examination (a careful body check-up), checking the baby’s skin, lips, and tongue for bluish colour. They also listen to the heart and lungs (breathing organs) and look for signs of trouble such as rapid breathing (very fast breathing), nasal flaring (widening of the nose while breathing), or chest retractions (chest pulling in while breathing). These help them understand if the problem is linked to the heart, lungs, or blood1,3.
Doctors may use a pulse oximeter (a small clip device put on finger or toe) to measure oxygen in the blood. If oxygen is low, they may order an arterial blood gas (ABG) test (a blood test to check oxygen and carbon dioxide levels). If methemoglobinemia is suspected, it can be detected by ABG along with other special tests like co-oximetry (a test that measures different forms of haemoglobin) or a direct methaemoglobin test can confirm it.
When heart defects are suspected, doctors may suggest a chest X-ray (picture of chest), electrocardiogram/ECG (a test to check heartbeats), or echocardiogram (heart scan using sound waves). These tests show how the heart is working and whether blood is flowing normally1,6.
It is important to remember that only a doctor can confirm the diagnosis. Parents should seek care quickly if their child shows blueness or breathing problems.
As suggested by American Academy of Peadiatrics, Pulse oximetry screening it an important test to be performed in all newborns at 48 hours of life to rule out major congenital cardiac defects. It rules out many causes of cyanotic as well as acyanotic heart disease in babies14.
The treatment of blue baby syndrome depends on the underlying issue (main reason for the blueness). Doctors carefully assess the cause of the problem and then decide on the safest treatment.
1. Heart-Related Causes
When the blueness is due to a heart defect (a problem in the structure of the heart), babies may be given medicines like prostaglandins (medicines that help keep certain blood vessels open) soon after birth. This allows more oxygen-rich blood to reach the body. Many babies will also require oxygen therapy (extra oxygen supply through a mask or tube) to improve breathing. In most cases, surgery (an operation to repair the heart problem) is needed during infancy so the baby’s heart can pump blood effectively1,3.
2. Blood-Related Causes
If blue baby syndrome is caused due to nitrate poisoning (exposure to contaminated water or food), the treatment is different. The main medicine used is methylene blue (a hospital injection that helps blood carry oxygen properly again). In cases where methylene blue cannot be used, such as in babies with G6PD deficiency or those who react badly to the medicine, vitamin C (ascorbic acid) can help lower methaemoglobin and restore normal oxygen levels in the blood. Babies usually recover quickly once this is given. In mild cases, removing the contaminated source of water or food is often enough, as the blood slowly returns to normal within a few days1,3,10.
3. Respiratory Aid and Supportive Care
For babies with lung problems causing cyanosis (bluish skin or lips), doctors may help the baby breathe using assisted ventilation if there is trouble breathing. Oxygen can be given through a nasal tube (nasal cannula) or a small hood over the head. The oxygen amount is carefully controlled to keep blood oxygen at a safe level (around 90–95%).5 In very severe cases, rarely, doctors may use treatments such as exchange transfusion (replacing some of the baby’s blood with healthy blood) or provide high-flow oxygen (a stronger supply of oxygen in emergencies). These are only done in a hospital under strict medical supervision1,3.
It is very important to remember that treatment is always chosen carefully for each baby’s condition. Parents should never attempt home remedies or give medicines on their own. Only trained doctors can decide the correct treatment and ensure the baby’s safety.
Prevention & Parental Care
Blue baby syndrome may be prevented by safe water use, careful feeding, and proper maternal care during pregnancy. These measures help lower the chance of the condition in infants.
1. Safe drinking water
Formula for babies should be prepared only with water tested safe for nitrates. Private wells need yearly testing for nitrates and other impurities. If nitrate levels are higher than 10 mg/L, the water is unsafe for preparing infant formula or food4,11. In such cases, it is safer to use bottled water, public water supply, or deeper wells that usually have lower nitrate levels. Boiling water does not remove nitrates and may make the problem worse by concentrating them2,4.
2. Prenatal and maternal care
Regular check-ups during pregnancy may help to find early risk for blue baby syndrome, like heart problems. Folic acid tablets help in the baby’s brain and heart growth. Smoking, alcohol and second-hand smoke reduce oxygen for the baby. Rubella vaccine before pregnancy lowers the chance of a baby’s heart defect. Good sugar control in the mother with diabetes also reduces the risk of the blue baby problem1.
Following the above-mentioned can provide initial protection against blue baby syndrome. Parents also need to recognise warning signs in the baby and take them to the doctor on time.
Blue baby syndrome is rare but can become serious fast. Understanding causes like heart problems, nitrate in water, blood or lung issues helps parents take care. Using safe water for formula, and proper care during pregnancy can lower the risk. Yet, it’s important to watch out for warning signs like blue skin, hard breathing, or excessive sleepiness if a child is unwell. Parents should take the baby to a doctor immediately when these signs appear so the baby can get the right treatment in hospital and stay safe. Being aware and following the care measures properly can help prevent serious problems and protect your baby’s health.
What is the blue baby syndrome caused by in water?
It mostly comes from nitrate in drinking water. These nitrates change to nitrites inside the body and block oxygen in the blood. This lowers oxygen supply and makes baby’s skin turn bluish or greyish3,4.
Which drug causes blue baby syndrome?
Blue baby syndrome is rarely caused by drugs. The main medicine responsible is dapsone. Others that can sometimes lead to it include benzocaine, nitrate-containing solutions, and certain strong antibiotics. These medicines change the blood’s iron from working (ferrous) to non-working (ferric), reducing oxygen and making the baby appear blue12,13.
What blood type causes blue babies?
No specific blood type by itself causes a baby to turn blue. A baby may appear bluish if there is Rh incompatibility, when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive baby. This can lead to haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) and low oxygen, making the skin, lips, or nails look blue. However, this blood type-related Rh incompatibility does not lead to blue baby syndrome, which usually refers to babies who are blue due to heart problems or other oxygen-related conditions5.
Which element causes blue baby syndrome?
The main element linked is nitrogen from fertilisers or polluted water. In the body, nitrates turn into nitrites, which block haemoglobin. This cuts down oxygen supply, and slowly the baby shows blue or grey skin3,4.
Ykeda DS, Lorenzi-Filho G, Lopes AAB, Alves RSC. Sleep in Infants with Congenital Heart Disease. Clinics [Internet]. 2009 Dec 1 [cited 2021 Oct 2];64(12):1205–10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2797590/
Keats KR, Robinson R, Patel M, Wallace A, Albrecht S. Ascorbic Acid for Methemoglobinemia Treatment: A Case Report and Literature Review. Journal of Pharmacy Practice [Internet]. 2023 Jul 8;8971900231188834. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37421600/
Dias E, Mahendrappa KB, Arkasali MR. Drugs causing methemoglobinemia in children. Curr Overv Dis Health. 2023;7(7):52–7. Available from: https://hal.science/hal-05153269v1
Andrade SJ, Anusha Raj K, Lewis LE, Jayashree Purkayastha, Gaurav Aiyappa. Neonatal Acquired Methemoglobinemia – Can Broad Spectrum Antibiotics be Implicated? The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2019 May 20;86(7):663–3. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12098-019-02978-5
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the informationprovided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Zepbound vs Wegovy: Side Effects, Effectiveness and More!
Introduction
Obesity is a rising global health concern. Global reports show that hundreds of millions of adults have been affected in recent decades. These numbers indicate the magnitude of obesity, which is medically defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of more than or equal to 30 kg/m² in adults. It is a significant lifestyle-related risk factor as obesity increases the odds of osteoarthritis, cardiovascular disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease ([MASLD], a liver condition associated with overweight and diabetes), among many other life-threatening diseases.
With obesity becoming a major health issue, there is a growing interest in new treatment options. Zepbound (tirzepatide) and Wegovy (semaglutide) are two medicines that have come under the spotlight recently. Wegovy is FDA- and EMA-approved at 2.4 mg weekly for chronic weight management. Zepbound is FDA-approved for obesity (in 2023), but availability and approval may differ across countries (not yet EMA-approved as of 2025). They are both GLP-1 receptor agonists (a substance that acts like the natural human GLP-1 hormone and turns on a receptor in the body). Zepbound is a dual GLP-1/GIP agonist, while Wegovy is a GLP-1 agonist1.
Overview of Wegovy and Zepbound
Wegovy and Zepbound are the brand names of medicines approved for chronic weight management. Wegovy contains semaglutide and Zepbound contains tirzepatide. Both are injectables used along with a calorie-deficient diet and regular exercise. The FDA had earlier approved semaglutide and tirzepatide for T2D under the brand names Ozempic and Mounjaro, respectively2,3.
Brand name
Generic name
Pronunciation
Manufacturer
Approved uses
Wegovy
Semaglutide
Wee-GOH-vee
Novo Nordisk
For weight management in obese/overweight people (lower risk of cardiovascular problems)
Zepbound
tirzepatide
ZEPH-bownd
Eli Lily and company
For weight management in obese/overweight people Obstructive sleep apnoea
Table 1: Overview on Wegovy and Zepbound
How Wegovy and Zepbound work
Wegovy’s active ingredient, semaglutide, works as a GLP-1 receptor agonist. It lowers blood sugar and promotes weight management by activating GLP-1 receptors in the gut, pancreas, and brain, as follows.
Gut: It is believed to slow down stomach emptying through signals sent via the vagus nerve and brain, which help reduce appetite and prolong feelings of fullness.
Pancreas: Helps enhance insulin release only when blood glucose is elevated and also helps reduce glucagon levels. This mechanism helps maintain stable blood sugar.
Brain: Acts on the hypothalamus (sends signals to control appetite) to curb hunger and food cravings.
The active ingredient in Zepbound, tirzepatide, is a dual agonist that activates both GLP-1 and GIP receptors.
GLP-1 Receptors: Promote weight management by curbing the appetite, slowing digestion, and lowering blood sugar levels by boosting insulin and lowering glucagon levels.
GIP receptors: Promote meal-time insulin production and keep beta cells (cells that make insulin) healthy in the long term.
How the medicines affect appetite, satiety (feeling full), and metabolism:
GLP-1 agonists like semaglutide and dual agonists like tirzepatide reduce hunger, help to maintain the feeling of being full last longer, and steady blood sugar. They curb appetite through their effect on the brain, slow digestion to boost satiety, and improve insulin balance in the pancreas, thus improving weight control, blood sugar regulation, and metabolic parameters (e.g., lipids, insulin sensitivity, and liver fat reduction). Clinical trials (e.g., SURMOUNT-1 vs STEP) show that tirzepatide generally achieves greater weight loss than semaglutide (~20% vs ~15% body weight) at highest doses3,4.
Dosage and Administration of Wegovy and Zepbound
Wegovy
Dosage and administration: Once weekly, on the same day, with or without meals. It can be injected subcutaneously (under the skin) on the abdomen, thigh, or upper arm. Patients with diabetes should monitor their sugar levels before starting it and during treatment5.
Dosage escalation schedule: The medicine can be started at 0.25 mg per week for 4 weeks with the dosage increased every 4 weeks based on the titration schedule until the maintenance dose is reached5.
Wegovy 2.4 mg Flextouch (or continue 1.7 mg if advised by your doctor)
Table 2: Dose escalation schedule
Maintenance dose: For metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease, it is 2.4 mg once weekly. For conditions like weight management, 2.4 mg once weekly (recommended) or 1.7 mg weekly.
Dosage forms and strengths: Prefilled, single-use injection pens available in 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 1.7 mg, and 2.4 mg doses.
Missed dose flexibility:
If the next scheduled dose is more than 2 days away, the missed dose may be administered as soon as possible.
If the next scheduled dose is less than 2 days away, the missed dose can be skipped and administration resumed from the following week.
If two or more doses in a row are missed, the schedule should be restarted with a step-up (dosage escalation) schedule to minimise side effects of the digestive system.
Zepbound
Recommended dosage escalation schedule: This should be started at 2.5 mg per week for 4 weeks and the dose increased every 4 weeks in 2.5 mg increments until maintenance dose is reached. The maintenance dose can be 5 mg, 10 mg, or 15 mg once weekly, depending on a person’s response and tolerance6.
Weeks
Dosage
1-4
2.5 mg per week
5-8
5 mg per week
9-12
7.5 mg per week
13-16
10 mg per week
17-20
12.5 mg per week
21 onward
15 mg per week (maintenance dose)
Table 3: Dose escalation schedule
Recommended maintenance and maximum dosage: For weight reduction and long-term maintenance, 5 mg, 10 mg, or 15 mg; for obstructive sleep apnoea, 10 mg or 15 mg injected subcutaneously once weekly. The maximum recommended dosage is 15 mg.
Administration: Subcutaneously once per week.
Dosage forms and strengths: Available as a single-use pen or vial in different dose sizes- 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 12.5 mg, and 15 mg per 0.5 mL (i.e., drug suspension in 0.5 mL of liquid).
Missed dose flexibility:
The medicine should be administered within 4 days, i.e., 96 hours.
If more than 4 days have passed, skip the missed dose and administer the next dose as per regularly planned schedule.
As per my experience in the clinic, hand holding and counselling plays a vital role for either of the drugs. A lot of my patients did complain of acidity or acid reflux issues and thus the diet had to be monitored for a few weeks to manage the same. People do see the results, but constant sense of assurance is needed for many due to the cost factor involved.
Evidence from clinical trials: In large clinical trials (STEP trials for semaglutide and SURMOUNT for tirzepatide), adults with overweight or obesity were treated with either Wegovy (semaglutide, up to 2.4 mg weekly) or Zepbound (tirzepatide, up to 10–15 mg weekly). Both medicines supported significant weight management, but participants taking the highest doses of Zepbound tended to lose more weight than those on Wegovy. This benefit was seen in people with and without diabetes. Zepbound had slightly higher rates of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea than Wegovy, particularly during dose escalation.
Apart from clinical trials, some real-world retrospective cohort studies (like one study published in JAMA 2023) also compared the two drugs. These showed similar patterns, but because they relied on clinic records, the data wasn’t perfect. Parameters like the exact timing of weigh-ins, side effect tracking, and patient motivation weren’t always clear, and the participants did not fully represent the whole U.S.
In the trials, participants with type 2 diabetes had separate, dedicated trials (STEP 2 for Wegovy, SURMOUNT-2 for Zepbound). People with depression could still participate, unless their condition was severe or unstable7.
Average percentage weight loss comparison
Patient group
Semaglutide (0.5 mg, T2D dose)
Tirzepatide (5 mg, T2D dose)
Semaglutide (2.4 mg, obesity dose)
Tirzepatide (10 mg, obesity dose)
With T2D
Around 58% lost at least 5% of weight
Around 69% lost at least 5% of weight
Around 73% lost at least 5% of weight
Around 82% lost at least 5% of weight
Without T2D
Too few patients on these lower doses to measure reliably
Too few patients on these lower doses to measure reliably
Around 92% lost at least 5% of weight
Around 96% lost at least 5% of weight
Table 4: Average percentage weight loss comparison
T2D = Type 2 diabetes
Factors that may affect the outcomes
Dose differences: The amount of medicine taken matters.
Presence/absence of T2D: People without diabetes show better weight management than those with diabetes.
Treatment duration and continuation: Staying on the medication is important; stopping early can lower the medicines efficiency.
Underreported side effects: Not all side effects get recorded in regular clinic visits.
Insurance/ coverage issues: If insurance doesn’t cover the medicine, some patients cannot afford the higher, more effective doses, or may stop the treatment altogether.
Zepbound has demonstrated greater average weight reduction compared to semaglutide in clinical trials due to its dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor activity,. However, the purpose of prescribing these therapies extends far beyond aesthetic outcomes. Their true benefit lies in metabolic improvement; reducing adverse cardiac outcomes, slowing disease progression,and potentially lowering long-term healthcare burden and costs.
Common side effects: Nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, injection-site reactions, fatigue, hypersensitivity reactions, eructation, hair loss, gastroesophageal reflux disease, flatulence, dizziness, and hypotension6.
Other side effects of Zepbound are discussed in Table 6.
Side effect
Description
Gastrointestinal
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, mostly mild/moderate; sometimes causes dehydration or low blood pressure
Acute kidney disease
Rare, sometimes linked to gastrointestinal issues or dehydration
Gallbladder disease
Cholecystitis and gallbladder events were slightly higher
Pancreatitis
Low incidence, mild increases in amylase/lipase
Hypoglycaemia
Lower blood sugar levels when used with insulin or other medicines that increase insulin levels
Eye problems
May worsen diabetic retinopathy in some patients
Psychiatric disorders
Mood changes or suicidal behaviour possible
Increase in heart rate
Small rise in resting heart rate reported
Immunogenicity
64.5% patients developed antibodies, and some had hypersensitivity or injection site reactions
Table 6: Zepbound side effects (less common but serious risks)
Both Zepbound and Wegovy have similar side effects but with slight variation. Below is a table comparing side effects of both weight management drugs5,6.
Most side effects get better with time. Follow the doctor’s plan and check in regularly for optimum results.
Other Potential Health Benefits
Zepbound
Obstructive sleep apnoea:Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is defined as repeated episodes of complete (apnoea) or partial (hypopnoea) obstruction of the upper airway during sleep, leading to intermittent low oxygen levels, fragmented sleep, and increased cardiovascular and metabolic risk9. People with obesity and moderate-to-severe OSA who took tirzepatide in the SURMOUNT-OSA randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (published NEJM 2024) had significant improvements in their breathing during sleep. The number of apnoea–hypopnoea events dropped more in the Zepbound group than in the placebo group, and about half improved to mild or no OSA. Tirzepatide also helped lower blood pressure, reduce inflammation, and enhance sleep quality. These improvements are thought to be largely mediated by weight loss, rather than a direct effect of tirzepatide on the airway.
Metabolic effects: The metabolic effects of tirzepatide primarily include weight loss and appetite regulation, which have been discussed elsewhere. Other metabolic effects, like anti-inflammatory effects, body composition, weight loss maintenance, glycaemic control, and effects on lipid profile, are secondary to weight loss and improved insulin sensitivity. The following section briefly explains these metabolic impacts of tirzepatide10.
Anti-inflammatory effects: Tirzepatide reduces inflammation in heart tissues, lowers oxidative stress, and improves lipid metabolism, which in turn reduces inflammatory markers. It is still unclear whether these benefits come directly from the drug or as a result of weight loss.
Body composition: Mostly causes fat reduction, but in the process, lean mass loss also occurs (around ~10.9%).
Weight maintenance/weight regain: In one study10, patients lost about 21% of their body weight after 36 weeks on tirzepatide. Those who stayed on the drug for another 52 weeks lost an additional 5.5%, while those switched to placebo regained about 14%. Overall, 89.5% of people on tirzepatide kept at least 80% of their weight loss, compared to only 16.6% on placebo. This shows tirzepatide may need to be taken long-term to prevent weight regain. (This finding comes from the SURMOUNT-4 withdrawal trial, which lasted 88 weeks.)
Effect on lipid profile parameters: Liver fat decreased by about 8.1%. Tirzepatide improves lipid and liver fat profiles, which may help protect cardiovascular health.
Wegovy
Reduction in cardiovascular risk: The SELECT trial (2023, NEJM) showed that semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly reduced major adverse cardiovascular events in adults with overweight or obesity and established cardiovascular disease, without diabetes. It lowered appetite and improved weight, lipid metabolism, and inflammation.In SELECT, participants did not have diabetes, so the glucose-lowering effect was not the main reason of benefit. The cardiovascular protection is mostly due to weight loss and improved heart and metabolic health. Evidence from the trial showed fewer cardiovascular events and better outcomes compared to placebo. Common side effects included nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea, with less common risks such as gallbladder problems and pancreatitis. Diabetic retinopathy worsening was observed in T2D trials (e.g., SUSTAIN-6), not in the non-diabetic SELECT population. However, the benefits were only seen while on treatment and cost remained a barrier since it was not PBS-listed (listed by Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme – an Australian government program that helps people afford medicines)11.
Why additional benefits may influence the choice
Many people living with obesity also deal with other health conditions, so choosing a medication that addresses more than one issue can improve overall health and reduce the need for multiple treatments. Wegovy has been shown to lower the risk of heart attack and stroke and may also support certain liver conditions. It may also be the preferred medicine in individuals at high risk of T2D.1,2 Zepbound, on the other hand, can help improve obstructive sleep apnoea, a condition where breathing repeatedly stops during sleep6. For this reason, it is important to consider not only how much weight can be lost but also the added health benefits each treatment may provide.
Eligibility for Wegovy and Zepbound
The following table lists the eligibility criteria for both Wegovy and Zepbound5,6:
Categories
Wegovy
Zepbound
Age group
Adults (18 years or older) and adolescents ≥12 years
Adults
The drug can be prescribed to
Adults with overweight and ≥1 comorbidity and adolescents ≥12 yrs with obesity
Adults with overweight and ≥1 comorbidity
Other purposes
Reduce risk of cardiovascular events
Treat moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnoea
Safety warnings
Do not use with other semaglutide-containing products or any GLP-1 receptor agonist
Do not use with other tirzepatide-containing products or any GLP-1 receptor agonist
Contraindications
Personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma People with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2 Allergic reaction to semaglutide.
Personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma People with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2 Allergic reaction to tirzepatide.
Wegovy is available in pharmacies across India (imported)from the end of June 2025, but Zepbound has not yet been introduced in India. Below is the price list of Wegovy across different doses.
Dose
Monthly price (Rs)
Price per dose (Rs)
0.25 mg
Rs 17,345
Rs 4,366
0.50 mg
Rs 17,345
Rs 4,366
1.00 mg
Rs 17,345
Rs 4,366
1.75 mg
Rs 24,280
Rs 6,070
2.40 mg
Rs 26,015
Rs 6,503
Table 9: cost per dose for Wegovy (imported)
Factors that affect the cost
Dosage: As seen in the table above, higher dosages cost more.
Brand availability: Since these are not manufactured locally, imported pens are pricy.
Imports: Shipping fees, import duties, and limited suppliers drives up the cost.
Accessibility challenges in India (Only Wegovy)
Insurance does not cover obesity drugs in India; therefore, patients must pay out of pocket.
Even patients who can afford it may struggle with irregular supplies (as imports are inconsistent).
Why affordability matters in long term use
Both drugs are long-term treatments, so stopping suddenly leads to weight regain.
These medications are expensive, so many patients stop early.
Affordability is important so that people can stay on the treatment and also improve related conditions like diabetes and heart disease.
Switching from Wegovy to Zepbound or Vice Versa
When switching might be considered:
Current medicine is not lowering blood sugar enough12,13.
Not enough weight loss is seen.
Side effects are hard to manage.
Cost and convenience.
Why it must be supervised by a doctor
Switching involves timing the last dose of one medicine and the first dose of the new one to avoid overlaps or gaps.
Based on a person’s situation, doctors decide whether to start at the lower dose or move directly to maintenance dose.
Only a doctor can manage possible risks like low blood sugar (GLP-1/GIP agonists alone do not usually cause hypoglycaemia. The risk occurs only if combined with insulin or sulfonylurea) or stomach side effects.
Key precautions to keep in mind:
Do not overlap medications. Since both semaglutide and tirzepatide are weekly injections with long half-lives (~1 week), the new drug is usually started when the next dose would have been due. Gaps longer than 1–2 weeks may cause return of appetite and weight gain.
If the medicine is switched because of stomach problems, wait until the problems settle before starting the new drug.
If switching for other reasons (like cost or convenience), the new drug is started out at a low dose and increased slowly, even if the patient was already on a higher dose of the previous drug. Direct switching to a maintenance dose raises the risk of intolerance.
Side effects (like nausea or stomach upset) are usually mild; however, must be reported right away if they become severe.
Follow-up is typically every 4–8 weeks during dose titration. Weekly or biweekly monitoring is not standard unless the patient has type 2 diabetes and is also on insulin or sulfonylurea.
Wegovy and Zepbound are both promising medicines used to manage overweight and obesity. The key difference is that while both act on GLP-1 receptors, Zepbound also targets GIP receptors. The choice between them depends entirely on a patient’s health needs. It is advisable to research both medicines and consult a doctor before making a decision. Regular check-ups and monitoring of symptoms are vital. It is important to remember that there is no solution that may fit everyone. What works best often depends on health history, side effect tolerance, availability, and cost.
The safest step is to consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any decision. A doctor can assess medical history, existing health conditions, and long-term goals to recommend the most suitable treatment.
In the comparison of Wegovy vs Zepbound weight loss, both semaglutide and tirzepatide led to significant reductions, with tirzepatide showing greater results at 3, 6, and 9 months. The study included real patients, but results may not be exact because side effects weren’t fully tracked, weight was only measured at doctor visits, and the patients may not represent everyone7.
Which medicine has fewer side effects?
Both medicines can cause stomach problems, gallbladder issues, and rare serious risks, but Wegovy is linked to fewer immune reactions and injection site problems than Zepbound. The decision must be made after thorough counselling with a doctor5,6.
Can both drugs be taken long-term?
Yes, both drugs can be taken long-term. Studies have shown sustained weight management and metabolic benefits over years with an acceptable safety profile. However, ongoing monitoring by a doctor is important to manage side effects and ensure continued safety14,15.
Are Wegovy and Zepbound the same ingredients?
No, Wegovy and Zepbound do not have same ingredients. Wegovy’s active ingredient is semaglutide, while Zepbound’s active ingredient is tirzepatide. The mechanisms of action of both medicines overlap but they are not identical3,4.
References
Qi QYD, Cox A, McNeil S, Sumithran P. Obesity medications: A narrative review of current and emerging agents. OsteoarthrCartil Open. 2024;6(2):100472. Published 2024 Apr 25. doi:10.1016/j.ocarto.2024.100472. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11088184/
Singh G, Krauthamer M, Bjalme-Evans M. Wegovy (semaglutide): a new weight loss drug for chronic weight management. J Investig Med. 2022;70(1):5-13. doi:10.1136/jim-2021-001952. Available from:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8717485/
Farzam K, Patel P. Tirzepatide. [Updated 2024 Feb 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585056/
Kommu S, Whitfield P. Semaglutide. [Updated 2024 Feb 11]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603723/
Novo Nordisk. Wegovy (semaglutide) injection, for subcutaneous use: U.S. prescribing information. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; Revised June 2021. Application No. 215256. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2025/215256s024lbl.pdf
Rodriguez PJ, Goodwin Cartwright BM, Gratzl S, et al. Semaglutide vs Tirzepatide for Weight Loss in Adults With Overweight or Obesity. JAMA Intern Med. 2024;184(9):1056-1064. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.2525. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11231910/
Gorgojo-Martínez JJ, Mezquita-Raya P, Carretero-Gómez J, et al. Clinical Recommendations to Manage Gastrointestinal Adverse Events in Patients Treated with Glp-1 Receptor Agonists: A Multidisciplinary Expert Consensus. J Clin Med. 2022;12(1):145. Published 2022 Dec 24. doi:10.3390/jcm12010145. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9821052/
Malhotra A, Grunstein RR, Fietze I, et al. Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(13):1193-1205. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2404881. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11168245/
Semaglutide for cardiovascular risk reduction in people who are overweight or have obesity without diabetes (new indication). AustPrescr. 2025;48(3):107-108. doi:10.18773/austprescr.2025.024. Available from:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12187477/
Jabbour S, Paik JS, Aleppo G, Sharma P, Gomez Valderas E, Benneyworth BD. Switching to Tirzepatide 5 mg From Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: Clinical Expectations in the First 12 Weeks of Treatment. EndocrPract. 2024;30(8):701-709. doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2024.05.005. Available from:https://www.endocrinepractice.org/article/S1530-891X(24)00515-9/fulltext
Almandoz JP, Lingvay I, Morales J, Campos C. Switching Between Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: Rationale and Practical Guidance. Clin Diabetes. 2020;38(4):390-402. doi:10.2337/cd19-0100. Available from:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7566932/
Ryan, D.H., Lingvay, I., Deanfield, J. et al. Long-term weight loss effects of semaglutide in obesity without diabetes in the SELECT trial. Nat Med 30, 2049–2057 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-02996-7.
Qin W, Yang J, Ni Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly tirzepatide for weight management compared to placebo: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis including the latest SURMOUNT-2 trial. Endocrine. 2024;86(1):70-84. doi:10.1007/s12020-024-03896-zAvailable from:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11445313/
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Falls in the Elderly: Life expectancy, Causes, Prevention, & Safety Tips
Introduction
The World Health Organisation defines fall as “an event which results in a person coming to rest inadvertently on the ground or floor or other lower level.” About 684,000 falls are reported each year worldwide involving all ages1. However, accidental falls are more common in the elderly (over the age of 65 years). An estimated 30% of the elderly population have one or more falls each year, increasing up to 50% in adults over 80 years, worldwide2. By 2050, there are expected to be about 200 crore (2 billion) people over the age of 60 years worldwide.In India, the percentage of elderly people is estimated to be 12.4% of the entire population by the end of 20263. About 10 lakh (1 million) elderly people die in India annually, and almost twice as many are injured due to accidental falls. About 10% of the elderly experience recurrent falls4.This can lead to increased health care costs, especially out-of-pocket expenses. Accidental falls in the elderly are fast becoming a major health concern, leading to mental health issues in them and impacting their quality of life5. Fall prevention in the elderly and management of related injuries is a critical challenge for health care personnel globally.
Who is at Most Risk?
Although anyone can fall anytime, certain groups of people are at a higher risk of experiencing a fall, such as:
Increasing age, women, more than men of the same age
People with a previous episode of accidental falls
People with special socioeconomic factors like poor nutrition or individuals staying alone (single individuals)
People with certain medical conditions like:
Parkinson’s disease
Osteoporosis (women are more prone to osteoporosis)
Cataracts
Incontinence of urine
Joint pain, arthritis, osteoarthritis
Dementia
Orthostatic or postural hypotension
Numbness in the feet (peripheral neuropathy as seen in diabetes
Stroke
Diabetes
Cardiac arrythmias (heart rate disturbances) and other heart conditions
Dehydration
Orthostatic hypotension (a condition where there is a sudden fall in blood pressure when you change positions quickly, like sitting to standing)
Sarcopenia (muscle weakness)
Labyrinthitis and vestibular dysfunction (ear problems that can lead to poor balance)6,7,8
There is no one specific reason why the elderly fall. However, there are several factors which can increase the risk of falls and injury in the elderly. Some of these include:
1. Extrinsic or environmental factors
Uneven flooring, stairs, bunched up carpets, wet and slippery floors
Inadequate lighting, cramped spaces, clutter
2. Intrinsic or personalised factors
Improper footwear
Poor vision
Age-related balance or mobility issues
People with certain medical conditions that can cause impaired balance, unsteady gait (way of walking), cognitive impairment (forgetfulness, poor thinking and judgment and inability to make decisions), disabilities, joint and muscle problems, hearing disability, and vision problems
People taking certain medicines (mentioned in the section above)
3. Factors involving special circumstances
Rushing to the bathroom or to answer the phone or doorbell
Doing multiple things at a time causes distraction, for example, talking while walking
Most falls are the result of a combination of one or more factors.
Symptoms of Falls in the Elderly
Symptoms such as dizziness or light-headedness often precede some accidental falls. Many accidental falls may not cause major injuries. However, it is best to watch out for the following symptoms after a fall that may lead to serious complications:
Dizziness or light-headedness
Headache
Vision disturbances
Pain around the joints and the muscles
Difficulty in walking, moving, or getting up
Unconsciousness, strange behaviour
Bruises and bleeding cuts
Clear fluid or bleeding coming out of the nose or ears
Fits or seizures
Contact your doctor immediately if you have any serious symptoms after a fall10,11.
Falls in elderly can be a component of Frailty syndrome. Frailty includes unintentional weight loss, exhaustion, weak grip, low strength, slow gait, low physical activity, poor balance etc. A fall occuring due to this condition can be difficult to manage and have more serious consequences.
There are no specific mandatory tests to be performed after a fall. However, doctors follow standard guidelines and may advise testing depending on the suspected cause of the fall, the type of injuries and your physical condition. These may include:
A thorough physical examination to evaluate the risk and assess the cause of the fall. Blood pressure measurement (to rule out orthostatic hypotension), vision and hearing assessment, and an electrocardiogram.
Doctors may perform one or more of the following tests to assess the balance and determine overall cognitive status in their clinics:
Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA), involving 5 domains of health, when combined, also assesses the risk of falls
Timed Up-and-Go Test for checking the gait
30-second Chair Stand test to check balance and strength
4-stage balance test for balance while standing in 4 different positions
Berg balance test involving 14 tasks with scores allocated to each task (the lower the score, the higher the risk)
Falls Efficacy Scale does not assess the risk of falls directly. It involves 16 activities with scores allocated to each activity on how concerned/fearful they are about falling (the higher the score, the greater the fear of falling)9,12.
Blood tests for measuring blood glucose levels, electrolytes, haemoglobin, vitamin D levels, etc, to determine the cause of the fall.
Imaging tests like X-rays, Ultrasound, CT scans, and/or MRIs to assess the damage, like broken bones, brain bleeds, etc., depending on your condition9,11.
Treatment of Falls in the Elderly
Treatment of falls in the elderly depends on the cause of the fall, the injuries caused by the fall and the physical condition. Broadly, they can be categorised as:
Treatment of injuries, like casting for fractures, physiotherapy for sprains, dressing and care for cuts and wounds. Only pain medication may be given for minor injuries, while surgical management may be needed for major ones. Treatment for some injuries requires a specialised setting (especially head and neck injuries, and fractures). For instance, in case of head injuries, neuroimaging and monitoring for intracranial bleeding are done, and neurosurgical care may be needed.
Treatment of the cause, like a change in medications, treatment of heart disease or muscle weakness, etc
Prevention of recurrence with exercises for improving balance and muscle strength
Every treatment should be tailored to each case, specifically involving multiple specialists like doctors, nurses, physiotherapists, social and community workers, etc. It is best to discuss the treatment options with your doctor13,14.
How to Prevent Falls in the Elderly?
Although it may not be realistically possible to prevent falls completely, steps may be taken to reduce the chances of falling and fall-related injury in elderly. Fall prevention in the elderly requires a multidimensional approach, for example:
Besides medical or clinical interventions, lifestyle changes and exercise programs should be incorporated in routine. Environmental or home modifications may be required to make the surroundings safer13,15.
Let’s have a look at these in detail in the next section.
In my clinical experience, I have observed elderly people responding well with proprioceptive training which involves exercises like single leg balance on stable or unstable surface, weighted activities like crawling etc which challenges the joints and muscle awareness. These have an advantage of improving stability and body awareness in space, which are useful to avoid falls in them.
Making the elderly feel safe and building their confidence is of prime importance. Adopting certain lifestyle changes and following some safety guidelines can help reduce the risk of accidental falls, such as:
Installing grab bars wherever necessary, especially in the bathroom and toilets
Making things accessible easily, like light switches, telephones, cupboards, and cabinets
Maintaining good and adequate lighting, and installing night lights wherever possible
Removing clutter and making the furniture stable by removing wheels and rickety legs
Using non-slip mats under the carpets, in the bathtubs or showers, on the stairs, in areas where it can be wet and slippery
Keeping corridors and passageways clear of wires, cables, and cords
Removing crumpled or folded carpets, floor rugs and such from the floors and hallways
Replacing locks that can be opened from both sides to have access to a family member or medical team in case of an emergency.
Using a cane or a walker of optimal height for support
Using a personal alarm, emergency telephone or medical alert button, like a necklace or bracelet, with you always so that you can reach out for help in an emergency
Wearing comfortable footwear with anti-slip soles
Being mindful of your movements and surroundings. Get up or stand up slowly, taking enough time to adjust to the new position
Switching to comfortable, functional, and adaptive clothing. Sit down and dress. Keep your ankles clear of fabrics to avoid tripping over them
Resistance and/or strength training to improve balance and muscle strength
Endurance training, like treadmills, bicycles
Doing specific exercises focused on flexibility, functionality, and gait improvement, including Yoga and Tai Chi
Being regular with general checkups, eye exams, and hearing tests
Discussing with your doctor and being aware of the side effects of your medications, especially sleep medications like benzodiazepines (drowsiness), blood pressure medication (orthostatic hypotension), and medications used to treat mental health conditions like psychotropic medications Your doctor may prescribe safer combinations of medications or reduce the dosage of existing medications whenever possible to reduce your fall risk.
Carrying a list of emergency contacts with you if someone else needs to contact your loved ones or caregivers
Eating a balanced, nutritious diet and getting enough sleep
Avoiding smoking and alcohol
Supplementation with vitamin D and calcium (if advised), under medical supervision16, 17,18
Emergency Response and Follow-up
If you are attending to someone who has had a fall, call for an ambulance or emergency services if:
The person is unconscious
Is bleeding from cuts or through the ears or nose
Has problems with moving, speaking, or understanding instructions or advice
Many falls may cause only a slight injury or discomfort. However, if you do not recover from the mild symptoms within a couple of weeks, you should consult your doctor5,10. If you or someone around you is not feeling well or is uncomfortable after a fall, contact your doctor immediately. Seek medical help if you experience worsening of symptoms or developing new serious symptoms like:
Vomiting
Headaches
Dizziness, sleepiness, or drowsiness
Problems with vision, speech, orientation (like places and people), and balance
Seizures or fits
Clear fluid or blood from the nose or ears or worsening of bleeding
Weakness in thelimbs, unsteady walking or losing balance.
Falls in elderly are common and can be dangerous. A single fall can lead to a domino effect of health issues ranging from minor injuries to prolonged hospitalisations, immobility, and loss of independence. Fortunately, avoiding a fall or reducing the chances of a fall is frequently possible with the certain proactive measures. Fall prevention in the elderly is achievable by adopting a multidimensional approach of early recognition and reduction of the risk factors, regular health check-ups, and making optimal lifestyle changes. The responsibility of fall prevention is shared by health care professionals, family members, caregivers, the elderly themselves, and the wider community. Together, with a multidisciplinary, holistic approach, our elderly can not only avoid falls, but also enjoy a life of dignity, independence, and vitality that they deserve in their golden years.
Doctors can assess your risk of falling with the help of STEADI (Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, and Injuries) protocol, which is developed by the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention in three stages: -Screening: A detailed history of previous falls, medical conditions, and problems with movement, like unsteadiness, imbalance, etc –Assessment: Your doctor can perform a series of tests to assess your fall risk. Ask your doctor if you want to know more about them. –Intervention: By helping you to make decisions on your health and implement strategies to reduce fall risk19.
What types of injuries are common with falls in the elderly?
Depending on the force of the fall and how you fall, different parts of the body may be involved, such as bones, joints, muscles, nerves, ligaments, tendons, and blood vessels. A fall can cause fractures of the bones or inside the joints, dislocations, sprains, muscle pulls, nerve damage, cuts, and bruises3,15.
How long does it take to recover from a fall?
The recovery process is slow in the elderly. The recovery time depends on the nature of the fall, injuries caused and the physical condition of an individual. Minor injuries may take a few days to heal. Major injuries like fractures, brain injuries, etc, may take a few months to more than a year. Ask your doctor about the recovery plan and how long it might take in your specific case20.
What is Tai Chi? How does it help reduce the risk of falls??
Tai Chi is a type of exercise routine used in China. It involves several `poses´ that use body weight and gravity to improve balance and strength. Movements like twisting of the torso, shifting of weight, squatting, and controlling the posture help with cognitive improvement. Tai Chi exercises may reduce the risk of falls by improving balance and strength21,22.
Which yoga exercises can help reduce my risk of falls?
Work under the supervision of a certified yoga teacher to learn `asanas´ or poses that improve balance and strength. Follow a simple yoga routine that is tailored to your fitness level and health conditions. To begin with, start with slow and simple exercises, gradually increasing in complexity to achieve the optimal benefits of yoga, and to reduce the risk of falls. Some such poses are: Tree pose Dancer pose Crescent warrior pose Warrior III pose Side plank Figure 4 pose Upward and downward facing dog poses23,24.
Vaishya R, Vaish A. Falls in Older Adults are Serious. Indian J Orthop. 2020 Jan 24;54(1):69-74.[Cited 2025 Aug 15]. doi: 10.1007/s43465-019-00037-x. PMID: 32257019; PMCID: PMC7093636. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7093636/
Amaljith A, Marzo RR, Lekamwasam S, Kisa A, Behera A, S P, Saravanan PB, Shah PB, Mahapatra SS, Gopi K, P V, Swathika R, Baddar NU, John DM, Rajagopal V, Prevalence of fall and its associated factors among elderly population in India: Evidence from the Longitudinal Aging Study of India (LASI). The Evi. 2024:2(2):1-. DOI:10.61505/evidence.2024.2.1.47 [Cited 2025 Aug 15]. Available From https://the.evidencejournals.com/index.php/j/article/view/47
Biswas I, Adebusoye B, Chattopadhyay K. Risk factors for falls among older adults in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Sci Rep. 2022 Jun 21;5(4):e637. [Cited 2025 Aug 15]. doi: 10.1002/hsr2.637. PMID: 35774830; PMCID: PMC9213836. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35774830/
Joseph A, Kumar D, Bagavandas M. A Review of Epidemiology of Fall among Elderly in India. Indian J Community Med. 2019 Apr-Jun;44(2):166-168. [Cited 2025 Aug 15]. doi: 10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_201_18. PMID: 31333298; PMCID: PMC6625258. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6625258/
Lee AK, Juraschek SP, Windham BG, Lee CJ, Sharrett AR, Coresh J, Selvin E. Severe Hypoglycemia and Risk of Falls in Type 2 Diabetes: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Diabetes Care. 2020 Sep;43(9):2060-2065. doi: 10.2337/dc20-0316. Epub 2020 Jul 1. PMID: 32611607; PMCID: PMC7440903. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32611607/
Appeadu MK, Bordoni B. Falls and Fall Prevention in Older Adults. [Updated 2023 Jun 4]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan- [Cited 2025 Aug 15]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560761/
Burns E, Kakara R, Moreland B, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. A CDC COMPENDIUM OF EFFECTIVE FALL INTERVENTIONS: What Works for Community-Dwelling Older Adults [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2022. [Cited 2025 Aug 15]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/falls/pdf/Steadi_Compendium_2023_508.pdf
Biswas I, Adebusoye B, Chattopadhyay K. Health Consequences of Falls among Older Adults in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Geriatrics [Internet]. 2023 Apr 18;8(2):43. [Cited 2025 Aug 15]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics8020043
Jindal HA, Duggal M, Jamir L, Sharma D, Kankaria A, Rohilla L, Avasthi A, Nehra R, Grover S. Mental health and environmental factors associated with falls in the elderly in North India: A naturalistic community study. Asian J Psychiatr. 2019 Jan;39:17-21. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2018.11.013. Epub 2018 Nov 15. PMID: 30472349 Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30472349/
Tillou A, Kelley-Quon L, Burruss S, Morley E, Cryer H, Cohen M, Min L. Long-term postinjury functional recovery: outcomes of geriatric consultation. JAMA Surg. 2014 Jan;149(1):83-9. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2013.4244. PMID: 24284836; PMCID: PMC3947094.[Cited 2025 Aug 20]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24284836/
Chen W, Li M, Li H, Lin Y, Feng Z. Tai Chi for fall prevention and balance improvement in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Public Health. 2023 Sep 1;11:1236050. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1236050. PMID: 37736087; PMCID: PMC10509476. [Cited 2025 Aug 20]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37736087/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
In India, obesity is on the rise, especially in cities, where almost 4 out of 10 adults are affected. This can increase the risk of serious health problems like high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease1,2. Wegovy is a prescription medicine that contains semaglutide, a medicine belonging to the GLP-1 receptor agonist group. This medicine may help to manage weight in people aged 12 years and above who are overweight or obese, and may also help reduce the risk of heart problems in some people. The starting dose of Wegovy is 0.25 mg, and it goes up to 2.4 mg. It should be taken along with a proper diet and regular physical activity2,3. In this blog, we will explore options for a healthy eating plan which works well with Wegovy as well as helps manage its side effects and supports long-term health.
How Wegovy Works & Why Diet Matters?
Wegovy works by acting like a natural hormone called GLP-1, which helps control appetite and how much we eat. It works in two ways. In the stomach, it slows down how quickly food leaves, so you feel full for a longer time and eat less. In the brain, it reduces hunger and lowers cravings for high calorie foods. It also helps balance the hunger and fullness hormones in the body4.
As Wegovy affects the appetite and digestion, it is important to pay attention to the diet while taking the same. The medication reduces how much you eat, lowers calorie intake, and slows stomach emptying, which can make it harder for the body to absorb all essential nutrients. This may lead to lower energy levels, tiredness, or fatigue. Keeping this in mind your diet should focus on getting all the necessary vitamins and minerals5,6.
Many people may also experience gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, or constipation. These effects happen because Wegovy acts on certain areas in the brain and gut, affecting digestion. Adjusting what and when you eat can help reduce these side effects7,8.
Long-term results with Wegovy also depend on food choices. The medication is most effective when combined with a structured, calorie-controlled diet and regular physical activity, leading to an average body weight reduction of around 16% in clinical studies9.
Following a balanced and properly structured diet is important for using Wegovy effectively. In the next section, we will explore the core principles of a Wegovy-friendly diet.
Core Principles of a Wegovy-Friendly Diet?
Any person who is on Wegovy medicine needs to adopt a dietary approach that not only supports the treatment but also reduces side effects and improves overall outcomes. The key principles of a Wegovy diet include:
Calorie intake: The daily calorie intake should be between 1200 to 1800 per day. You should aim for at least 500 calories less than what your body normally uses each day to support weight loss10.
Balanced diet: A healthy diet should include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, healthy fats, and low-fat dairy products11.
Macronutrients: A good balance of macronutrients looks like:
50% of calories from carbohydrates (135–245 g/day)
30% from fats (25–60 g/day)
20% from protein (0.8g/kg/day)
Healthy carbohydrates should include whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and dairy. Don’t go for very low-carbohydrate diets, as you may lose out on important nutrients and fibre. Healthy fats should be consumed as they also help support gallbladder health. Also, the right amount of protein should be taken, and preferably first at each meal11,12.
Fibre: Fibre is important for gastrointestinal health and also lowers the risk of heart problems. Daily requirements are:
21–25 g/day for women
30–38 g/day for men
Get your fibre from fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. For those on Wegovy medicine, the fibre intake may be slowly increased along with a good amount of water or fluids to prevent constipation.
Hydration & electrolytes: About 2 to 3 litres of fluids should be consumed per day, and even more for those who are active or live in places where there is a hot climate. Sometimes Wegovy can make you feel less thirsty, so keeping hydrated is even more important. This also helps reduce side effects of Wegovy like nausea and constipation8,11.
Meal timing: Consuming smaller but more frequent meals is helpful, and so is ceasing to eat before completely full11.
Chewing: When food is chewed well, it stimulates the release of GLP-1 and gut hormones that aid digestion and naturally slow stomach emptying. This matches how Wegovy works, helping food leave the stomach more gradually, which supports appetite control and makes digestion easier for people on GLP-1 treatment13.
While following the Wegovy diet, one should keep in mind the GI disturbances and add foods to aid in better digestion. Some quick hacks to avoid any acid reflux issues or bloating issues should be incorporated while planning the diet. In my clinic practice, chewing a tsp of Saunf/ Fennel Seeds (roasted) or 4 Raisins (if not a Diabetic) post meals has shown an immense response to patients on wegovy to avoid any acidity post meals
You must be wondering what to eat on Wegovy if you are using this medicine. Actually, choosing the right foods is key to get the best results in weight loss and manage side effects when on Wegovy. The best foods to include are:
1. Protein Sources
Adding protein to the diet helps to build muscle, boosts metabolism, and makes you feel full for longer. It also reduces cravings and helps you eat less, which supports weight loss. Losing weight can reduce muscle and bone mass, especially in older people or those who don’t eat enough protein or exercise. To prevent this, it’s important to include nutrient-rich, smaller-portion protein foods like:
Cottage cheese, eggs
Chicken, fish
Seeds, nuts, and spreads like almond or peanut butter
Soy, whole grains, lentils, beans, peas
Dairy products
Protein bars, shakes, or fortified foods if whole-food intake is insufficient5,14
2. Low-GI Carbs
Foods with a glycaemic index of 55 or lower provide slow, steady energy release that helps with appetite control and blood sugar balance, which can help specially those who are on Wegovy. Examples of low-GI carbs that can be included in wegovy food list:
Quinoa, oats, muesli
Lentils, beans, chickpeas, sweet potato
Mixed grain or soy and linseed bread
Fruits like cherries, pears, apples, and oranges
Soy milk, milk, and yoghurt
Some “extra” items like low-GI chocolate and cashew nuts in moderation11,15
3. Healthy Fats
Healthy fats help absorb vitamins A, D, E, and K, stimulate gallbladder emptying, and prevent stone formation. Recommended sources of healthy fats include:
Fibre is good for digestive health, helps feel full, lowers cholesterol, and keeps blood sugar under control. Some fibre-rich foods that can be included are:
Adequate hydration is essential. Suitable options include:
Water
Tea or coffee (low-calorie)
Low-fat milk or soy milk
Foods with water content, like chicken broth or yoghurt
Additionally, easy-to-digest, low-fat foods, mainly bland ones, may be included in a Wegovy diet plan, prepared using cooking methods such as oven baking, boiling, or pan-searing8,11.
Foods to Limit or Avoid?
When taking Wegovy, some foods can cause nausea, bloating, and other digestive issues, and can also affect weight loss results. These are some foods to avoid when taking Wegovy:
High-fat and fried foods: Consuming very oily, fried, or made with lots of animal fat or tropical oils may cause stomach upset and nausea17.
Sugary and processed foods: Eating too many sweets, sugary drinks, white bread, or refined grains can make digestion harder and may potentially slow weight loss.
Red and processed meats: Eating red meat, sausages, bacon, and most fast foods should be limited, as they can be hard on the stomach and are not ideal for weight loss5,11.
Spicy or heavily seasoned foods: Very spicy dishes, canned sauces, dressings, or foods with too many strong flavours can irritate the stomach8,17.
Alcohol and caffeine: Alcohol should be avoided as it can negatively affect health. Excessive coffee or caffeinated drinks can cause stomach upset or dehydration11.
Bonus tips: Soups or broths consumed late in the evening slow digestion. Large amounts of fruit with large meals can contribute to bloating, which has to be considered while meal planning8,17.
Managing Side Effects Through Diet
To avoid digestive problems such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, or constipation when taking Wegovy, the following recommendations may be helpful:
Nausea: Wegovy foods to avoid nausea, such as crackers, mint, ginger, apples, or ginger drinks, can be helpful, while strong smells are to be avoided.
Vomiting: It is advisable to stay well hydrated and consume small amounts of food more frequently.
Diarrhoea: Plenty of fluids such as water, lemon water, or a little bicarbonate should be consumed. Isotonic drinks, dairy, coffee, alcohol, soft drinks, very hot or cold foods, and candy or gum with sweeteners ending in “-ol” are to be avoided. Soft foods such as rice, carrots, chicken broth, and ripe peeled fruit are recommended, while high-fibre foods such as grains, nuts, seeds, beans, cabbage, onions, peas, mushrooms, apples, mango, and cherries should be limited.
Constipation: Adequate fibre intake, physical activity, sufficient hydration, and a balanced, healthy diet are recommended8,17.
Bloating: More low-FODMAP (Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides And Polyols) foods that are gentle on the gut, like capsicum, beans, carrots, cucumber, zucchini, oranges, kiwi, pineapple, eggs, meat, oats, peanuts, macadamias, and walnuts can be included; These carbohydrates are easier to digest and may help reduce bloating19.
If digestive symptoms like nausea, vomiting, or other side effects occur while on Wegovy, drinking water or other fluids during meals should be avoided, with intake timed 30–60 minutes before or after eating instead.
One key instruction I emphasise to all my patients is to avoid eating until the stomach feels completely full. Overeating significantly increases the likelihood of nausea, bloating, and reflux while on GLP-1 therapy. Healthy fats and high-quality proteins naturally complement the mechanism of GLP-1 receptor agonists by promoting satiety and metabolic stability. Hydration is just as important as protein. Thirst is frequently misinterpreted as hunger, and increasing protein intake should always be accompanied by proportionate water intake. To reduce constipation, I would recommend 1–2 teaspoons of chia seeds soaked overnight.
The best time to take Wegovy to help prevent feeling nauseous is at least 30 minutes after the last dose before consuming food. Foods that are gentle on your stomach, like crackers, peeled apples, fresh mint, pieces of ginger root, or ginger-based drinks are recommended to be included in meals. These should be eaten slowly and in small amounts so the stomach can tolerate the medicine better, and nausea is reduced8.
Customizable Meal Frameworks
For individuals taking Wegovy, following a simple food plan can help improve digestion and reduce side effects like nausea, vomiting, bloating or other digestive issues. This plan outlines the types of foods to include each day and how much, while still allowing flexibility for personal preferences.
Wegovy may work best when it is paired with a mindful, balanced diet based on every individual’s body needs. There is no single wegovy food list that fits everyone, so individuals are encouraged to listen to their bodies and adjust their diet based on how they feel. Starting with smaller, consistent changes rather than drastic shifts may bring long-term results. It is always advisable to consult a doctor or dietitian before making major dietary changes while using Wegovy.
It is advised to minimise or totally avoid sweets, ultra-processed foods, and sugar-sweetened beverages. They can be taken only on very rare occasions, but during Wegovy treatment, the focus should be on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, dairy, nuts, and seeds.
Is fasting recommended?
Fasting is not specifically recommended while on Wegovy. Some people may try intermittent fasting to speed up weight loss, but it can increase the risk of hypoglycaemia (low sugar levels). It is better to focus on balanced meals at regular intervals, with more protein, fibre, and nutrient-dense foods22.
How to eat enough on Wegovy?
It is recommended to eat small portions often, ensuring inclusion of protein and fibre. Meals should be eaten slowly, and gentle cooking methods like steaming, baking, or boiling are preferred. Spicy and fried foods should be limited, water should be consumed between meals, and fruits can be chosen as snacks17,22.
Can I eat rice on Wegovy?
Yes, rice can be part of the diet while on Wegovy. Whole grains like brown rice or whole grain rice are encouraged, and these should ideally be paired with vegetables or protein22.
What happens if you overeat on Wegovy?
If large meals are consumed on Wegovy, this may lead to nausea or vomiting. Eating smaller meals more often at regular intervals is therefore recommended5,22.
Does Wegovy cause hair loss?
Some people on Wegovy may notice hair loss from rapid weight loss and nutrient deficiency, but with a balanced, nutrient-rich diet this effect can often be managed23.
Shu Y. Gastrointestinal adverse events associated with semaglutide: a pharmacovigilance study based on FDA adverse event reporting system. PMC. 2022. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9631444/
Gorgojo-Martínez JJ. Clinical recommendations to manage gastrointestinal adverse events in patients treated with GLP-1 receptor agonists: a multidisciplinary expert consensus. PMC. 2022. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36614945/
Fornes A, Huff J, Pritchard RI, Godfrey M. Once-Weekly Semaglutide for Weight Management: A Clinical Review. Journal of Pharmacy Technology. 2022 May 13;38(4):875512252210926. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9272494/
Almandoz JP, Wadden TA, Tewksbury C, Apovian CM, Fitch A, Ard JD, et al. Nutritional Considerations with Antiobesity Medications. Obesity. 2024 Jun 10;32(9). Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.24067
Del Prete M, Gavazzi L, Disoteo OE, Vignati F, Di Sacco G, Muratori F. Real-world effectiveness of Semaglutide treatment on weight loss maintenance after weight loss in patients with obesity or overweight and diabetes. Eating and Weight Disorders – Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. 2025 Jan 9;30(1). Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11717789/
Kamemoto K, Tataka Y, Hiratsu A, Nagayama C, Hamada Y, Kurata K, et al. Effect of vegetable consumption with chewing on postprandial glucose metabolism in healthy young men: a randomised controlled study. Scientific Reports. 2024 Mar 30;14(1). Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10981726/
Gentinetta S, Sottotetti F, Matteo Manuelli, Cena H. Dietary Recommendations for the Management of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients Treated with GLP-1 Receptor Agonist. Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity [Internet]. 2024 Dec 1;Volume 17:4817–24. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11668918/
Wadden TA, Chao AM, Moore MB, Tronieri JS, Iwamoto SJ, Amaro A, et al. The Role of Lifestyle Modification with Second-Generation Anti-obesity Medications: Comparisons, Questions, and Clinical Opportunities. Current Obesity Reports. 2023 Dec 2;12(4). Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10748770/
Despain D, Hoffman B. Optimizing Nutrition, Diet, and Lifestyle Communication in GLP-1 Medication Therapy for Weight Management: A Qualitative Research Study with Registered Dietitians. Obesity Pillars. 2024 Oct;12:100143. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11533596/
Dariush Mozaffarian, Agarwal M, Aggarwal M, Alexander L, Apovian CM, Shagun Bindlish, et al. Nutritional priorities to support GLP‐1 therapy for obesity: A joint Advisory from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and The Obesity Society. Obesity. 2025 May 30; Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12304835/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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What is Influenza (Flu) & Its Types
Introduction
Influenza, commonly called the flu, is an infectious disease that can lead to mild to severe illness, sometimes resulting in hospitalisation or even death1.
Influenza is caused by highly contagious viruses and can lead to seasonal outbreaks worldwide1. According to the National Centre for Disease Control, India recorded 76,030 cases and 2,172 deaths (2019 to April 2025) from Seasonal Influenza A, with significant outbreaks in 2019 and 20242.
This article explores what influenza is, its types, its transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
What is Influenza?
Influenza is a common respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses that include types A, B, C, and D, however, types A and B are primarily responsible for seasonal epidemics in humans.These viruses infect both the upper and lower parts of the respiratory system and primarily spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, but can also be transmitted via surfaces that have already been contaminated3.
While healthy individuals usually recover within a few days, influenza can lead to serious complications (such as pneumonia and even death) in high-risk groups like young children, the elderly, pregnant women, and those with weakened immune systems1,3.
Note: People with the flu are usually contagious 1 day before symptoms appear and remain so for 5 to 7 days after.
What is the Difference Between Influenza and Common Cold?
Influenza (flu) and the common cold are respiratory infections caused by different viruses, with the flu typically producing more severe symptoms than the common cold. Let’s see the difference:
Onset: Influenza virus symptoms usually come on suddenly, while cold symptoms develop gradually4,5.
Fever: A high fever is common with the flu, but rare with a cold3,4.
Fatigue: The flu often causes significant fatigue and weakness, while the fatigue from a cold is typically mild4,5.
Aches: Flu causes more intense body aches and headaches, unlike the mild discomfort seen with a cold6.
Cough: Both can cause coughing, but flu-related coughs are usually more severe and persistent6.
Complications: The flu can lead to serious complications like pneumonia, especially in high-risk groups6. Colds rarely result in severe health issues.
Duration: Cold symptoms often resolve within a few days, while the influenza virus symptoms can last one to two weeks or longer3,5.
The culprit for common cold is most often rhinoviruses20.
Severity: Not known to cause illness in humans, but should be monitored for possible crossover9
Here’s a quick comparison table to help you understand the key differences between the four types of influenza viruses3,7,9.
Types of Influenza
Feature
Influenza A
Influenza B
Influenza C
Influenza D
Hosts
Humans, birds, pigs, and other animals
Humans only
Humans (rarely pigs)
Cattle and pigs
Pandemic Potential
Yes
No
No
No
Epidemics
Yes (major seasonal outbreaks)
Yes (seasonal, less severe)
Rarely
No
Symptoms
Moderate to severe
Mild to Severe
Mild
Not applicable to humans
Examples
H1N1, H3N2
Victoria, Yamagata lineages
Sporadic mild illness
Not linked to human cases
How Influenza Spreads
You may be wondering is influenza infectious?
Yes, influenza is highly infectious. The virus mainly spreads through respiratory droplets expelled when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. These droplets can land in the mouths or noses of nearby people or be inhaled into their lungs. Additionally, the virus can be transmitted by touching surfaces or objects contaminated with it, and then touching the face (particularly the nose, mouth, or eyes)3,5.Influenza can also spread through tiny airborne particles that linger longer and travel farther, especially indoors.
Each type of influenza virus (A, B, C, and D) spreads differently:
Influenza A: Spreads quickly and extensively, especially during seasonal epidemics. It infects humans and animals and is responsible for major flu pandemics. Contagious from about 1 day before symptoms start to up to 7 days after4,7.
Influenza B: Only affects humans (seals occasionally) and causes seasonal outbreaks, typically less severe than A. Contagious for a similar duration as Influenza A4,7,9.
Influenza C: Causes mild respiratory illness and spreads more slowly. It’s less common and not linked to epidemics, with lower contagiousness than A or B7,9.
Influenza D: Mainly infects cattle and is not known to cause illness in humans. It does not contribute to human flu outbreaks7,9.
Risk Factors for Influenza
Certain groups of people are at an increased risk of developing severe influenza complications. Key high-risk groups include:
Infants and young children (especially under 5 years of age)10
Pregnant women (during all trimesters and the postpartum period)
People with chronic medical conditions (like asthma, diabetes, etc.)3,9
People with weakened immune systems (including those with HIV/AIDS, undergoing cancer chemotherapy, organ transplant recipients, etc.)
Diagnosis and Tests for Influenza
The diagnosis of influenza usually starts with a clinical assessment based on observable symptoms such as fever, cough, body aches, and fatigue. For confirmation, your doctor may use various diagnostic methods to detect influenza viruses. These may include:
Rapid Molecular Assays: These tests detect influenza virus nucleic acids with high sensitivity and deliver results very rapidly12.
RT-PCR and Other Molecular Tests: Considered the gold standard, these tests identify influenza viral RNA and can distinguish between influenza A and B strains, including subtypes12.
Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests (RIDTs): These antigen detection tests provide results quickly but have variable sensitivity (sometimes lower), although its specificity is usually high. While convenient, negative results may require confirmation with molecular assays during high influenza activity12.
Immunofluorescence Assays: Uses a fluorescent microscope to detect influenza A and B antigens12.
Viral Culture: Though not useful for immediate clinical decisions due to slow turnaround (1–10 days), viral culture is important for surveillance and strain characterisation12.
Note: Nasal swabs or suction samples from the nose are the best for accurate flu testing.
RT-PCR is the gold standard diagnostic method for confirming influenza virus and its types. Though cost wise it does lean on the higher end19.
Influenza often resolves itself without medical intervention3. However, treatment options are important for those at higher risk of complications or severe illness.
Antiviral Medications: Antiviral drugs are the main treatment options for influenza types A and B. They may also help reduce complications, hospitalisations, and mortality in high-risk populations. Antiviral medications work best when started within 48 hours of symptom onset, reducing illness severity and duration by about a day13. Common medications include14:
Note:You should only take this medication if your doctor has prescribed it for your condition.
Symptomatic Care: Healthy individuals with mild flu symptoms should stay home, rest, and avoid contact with other members of the family (to minimise the risk of transmission)13. Fever and pain-relieving medications, when taken under medical supervision, can help relieve fever, headache, and body aches. Options include:
Note: Do not give aspirin to children as it has been associated with the risk of Reye’s Syndrome15.
If your fever has been gone for at least 24 hours without using fever-reducing medicine and you feel better, it’s a sign of recovery. Isolation should continue for at least 24 hours after the fever ends to help prevent the spreading of the flu13.
How to Prevent Influenza
Prevention strategies are essential to reduce flu transmission and protect public health:
Flu Vaccination: It is recommended for everyone aged 6 months and older, annually. Additionally, high-dose vaccines are preferred for adults 65 years and older, as the immune response tends to weaken with age. Pregnant women and other high-risk groups are also strongly recommended to get vaccinated.
Hand Hygiene: Frequent handwashing with soap and water (for at least 20 seconds) or using alcohol-based hand sanitisers reduces the spread of flu viruses.
Avoiding Close Contact with Sick Individuals: Limiting exposure to people who have flu-like symptoms helps prevent infection14.
Wearing Masks: During flu outbreaks or in crowded settings, wearing masks (especially well fitted surgical or N95 marks) can help reduce respiratory droplet spread.
Stay Home When Sick: If flu symptoms develop, staying home minimizes the risk of spreading the virus to others13.
Teaching the 7 steps of hand washing to pre-school and school going kids is beneficial to lower transmission. As seasonal influenza is a common infection seen among paediatric age group21.
While many cases of influenza resolve within a week, the virus can sometimes lead to serious complications, especially in vulnerable populations. Common influenza complications include:
The introduction of influenza as a major public health concern highlights the need for effective prevention and treatment strategies. It is a potentially serious illness that spreads easily and can lead to severe complications if not managed properly. Therefore, recognising symptoms early, seeking timely medical care, and taking preventive measures are key to reducing its impact. While early antiviral treatment (under medical advice) can help reduce the risk of severe outcomes, annual vaccinationremains the most effective way to protect against seasonal flu.
India usually sees two flu peaks: a major one during the post-monsoon season (August to October) due to high humidity and rainfall, and a smaller winter peak (January to March), mainly affecting northern regions17.
Why is it necessary to get a flu vaccine annually?
The influenza virus constantly changes its surface proteins (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) through antigenic drift, so immunity from a previous year’s vaccine may not protect well against new strains. Hence, annual vaccination is needed9.
Is it safe to attend work or school while having the flu?
No. You should stay at home until at least 24 hours after your symptoms/fever subsides without medication to avoid infecting others13.
Can pets catch or spread the flu?
While rare, some animals (like pigs, ferrets, and cats) can contract certain flu viruses. However, transmission from pets to humans is extremely uncommon18.
National Centre for Disease Control. Seasonal Influenza [Internet]. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India; [cited 2025 May 28]. Available from: https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/seasonal-influenza-2/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About influenza [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; [cited 2025 May 28]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/index.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About common cold [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; [cited 2025 May 28]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/common-cold/about/index.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Types of influenza viruses [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; [cited 2025 May 28]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses-types.html
Huang QS, Bandaranayake D, Wood T, et al. Risk Factors and Attack Rates of Seasonal Influenza Infection: Results of the Southern Hemisphere Influenza and Vaccine Effectiveness Research and Surveillance (SHIVERS) Seroepidemiologic Cohort Study. J Infect Dis. 2019 Jan 9;219(3):347-357. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9006182/
Bhalerao-Gandhi A, Chhabra P, Arya S, Simmerman JM. Influenza and pregnancy: a review of the literature from India. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2015;2015:867587. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4355110/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Overview of influenza testing methods [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; [cited 2025 May 28]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/hcp/testing-methods/index.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Treatment of Flu [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; [cited 2025 May 28]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/treatment/index.html
Santibañez S, Fiore AE, Merlin TL, Redd S. A primer on strategies for prevention and control of seasonal and pandemic influenza. Am J Public Health. 2009 Oct;99 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S216-24. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4504386/
Baek JH, Seo YB, Choi WS, Kee SY, Jeong HW, Lee HY, Eun BW, Choo EJ, Lee J, Kim SR, Kim YK, Song JY, Wie SH, Lee JS, Cheong HJ, Kim WJ; Transgovernmental Enterprise for Pandemic Influenza in Korea. Guideline on the prevention and control of seasonal influenza in healthcare setting. Korean J Intern Med. 2014 Mar;29(2):265-80. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3957004/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Signs and Symptoms of Flu [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; [cited 2025 May 28]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/signs-symptoms/index.html
Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Update on Seasonal Influenza. [Internet]. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; [updated 2023 Mar 10; cited 2025 May 28]. Available from: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1905602
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About Influenza A in Animals [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; [cited 2025 May 28]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/flu-in-animals/about/index.html
Mäkelä MJ, Puhakka T, Ruuskanen O, Leinonen M, Saikku P, Kimpimäki M, Blomqvist S, Hyypiä T, Arstila P. Viruses and bacteria in the etiology of the common cold. J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Feb;36(2):539-42. PMCID: PMC104573. doi:10.1128/JCM.36.2.539-542.1998. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC104573/
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