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How to Reduce Cortisol Levels for Better Health 

Introduction

Living in a stressful world is a fact of life. Work, personal issues and daily challenges can upset our body’s cortisol balance. Cortisol, also known as the ‘stress hormone,’ is key to this process. But what is the best way to keep cortisol levels in check? Let’s explore. 

This guide will give you a fresh look at cortisol and offer ways to keep it balanced. Plus, it will answer common questions about cortisol. 

What is Cortisol?

Cortisol is a steroid hormone made by our adrenal glands. Usually labelled as the “stress hormone”, it has  more to it. Let’s explore its role and the impact of its ups and downs on us. 

Role of Cortisol in the Body

Cortisol works as follows¹: 

• It keeps our blood sugar in check, giving energy when we’re stressed. 
• It helps reduce inflammation when we get hurt or sick. 
• It controls how fats, proteins, and carbohydrates are used by our bodies, impacting our weight, muscles, and even our cravings. 
• It helps keep our blood pressure and heart running fine when we’re stressed. 
• It boosts our immune system’s reaction to stress, protecting us from harm. 

Effects of High and Low Cortisol Levels

Balance is the key here. Both high and low cortisol levels can cause problems².

• High cortisol for a long time may lead to weight gain, mostly around the belly, tiredness, weak muscles, focus problems, and mood changes. 
• If cortisol is too low, it could trigger symptoms like severe fatigue, lack of hunger, weight loss, low blood pressure, and tummy pain. 

Patients commonly presenting with frequent headaches, unexpected weight gain, irritability, and hypertension may be diagnosed to have increased cortisol levels. Having a correct cortisol balance is essential for your health, and producing too much or too little cortisol can cause health problems.

Dr. Ashish Bajaj, M.B.B.S., M.D. in Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology

Causes of Abnormal Cortisol Levels

What disrupts the cortisol balance? Cortisol levels can get out of sync for several reasons. Common disruptors include:

• Constant Stress
• Poor Sleep
• Unhealthy Diet
• Cushing Syndrome
• Addison’s Disease
• Adrenal Insufficiency²
• Medications as Corticosteroids

Symptoms and Signs of High Cortisol Levels

High cortisol³ may lead to

• Physical Symptoms:
  • Rapid weight gain around the face and belly.
  • Purple or pink stretch marks on the skin.
  • Thin, fragile skin that bruises easily.
• Emotional and Hormonal Symptoms:
  • Mood swings and irritability.
  • Brain fog or trouble focusing.
  • Irregular menstrual cycles in women.

Why Managing Cortisol Levels is Crucial?

As mentioned, cortisol has a hand in many vital functions of the body^4,5. So if its levels go haywire, our health could take a hit, ranging from minor to severe issues. 

• Health Implications of High Cortisol Levels: What happens if cortisol stays high for too long? It exposes the body to potential health woes. High cortisol could lead to conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, chronic fatigue, mental fog, and even hormonal imbalances in both men and women. 

• Emotional and Psychological Impact of High Cortisol: It’s not just the body. The mind can bear the brunt too. Elevated cortisol levels may trigger mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and difficulties with memory and focus. It could also make you feel antsy and short-tempered more often. 

L-theanine is an amino acid found in black tea, green tea, and some brands of dark chocolate. Research suggests it produces a state of calmness for up to three hours by reducing cortisol levels and blunting cortisol responses. 

Dr. M.G. Kartheeka, MBBS, MD(Pediatrics)

Strategies to Manage Cortisol Levels

Now that we know why it’s essential to keep cortisol levels in check, let’s look at ways to manage and regulate them better. 

1. Lowering Stress

Stress and cortisol are linked. A consistent daily routine of stress-management is key to regulating cortisol, as controlling stress directly influences your body’s hormone levels.  

• Recognizing Stressful Thinking: Notice your stress before it notices you! Understanding what stress looks like for you can help you manage it better⁸. Regular reflection, introspection, and adopting healthier viewpoints can help change how you respond to stress. 
• Effective Stress Management Techniques: Now, some smart techniques to keep stress at bay are⁶: 
  • Set a sleep cycle to keep cortisol levels and the sleep-wake pattern in sync. 
  • Exercise regularly to channel the energy built up due to stress. 
  • Use deep breathing or meditative practices for quick calming effects. 
  • Take up a hobby to take your mind off stress. 
  • Mindfulness practices help focus on the now, cutting off stress about the past or future. 

2. Relaxation Techniques

As much as activity matters, so do periods of rest. These ‘rest’ sessions allow your body to relax and cut back on cortisol release. 

• Benefits of Deep Breathing: Deep breathing is a quick fix for stress. It can slow down your heart rate, which gets your body to produce less cortisol⁶. Even a few moments of guided or freestyle deep breathing can make a noticeable difference in your stress and cortisol levels. 
• Role of Meditation in Cortisol Management: Meditation is a game-changer for keeping cortisol in check⁶. Regular practice guides you towards relaxation, which helps lower cortisol levels and alters how you respond to stress. 

3. Dietary Approach

“We are what we eat.” This phrase holds true for cortisol, too. The foods you consume can either contribute to a rise in cortisol or help regulate it^6,7. 

• Nutritious Diet and its Benefits: A balanced diet is key to managing cortisol. Foods with anti-inflammatory benefits or ones that promote calm can help balance cortisol production. 
• Cortisol Reducing Foods: Foods such as green tea, dark chocolate (in moderation, of course), bananas, and garlic are thought to help lessen cortisol levels. Also, Vitamin C-rich foods like citrus fruits, red pepper, strawberries, kiwi, oranges help stabilize cortisol. Eating a potassium-rich diet with foods like bananas, oranges, melons, spinach, broccoli, sweet potatoes, and prunes is good too⁷. 

Although initial studies have shown that these food items may be helpful, further large-scale human trials are needed to prove this. It is best to consume them in moderation. 

Following a healthy diet and lifestyle is beneficial. But cases of high cortisol levels in lab reports must be evaluated and treated by an endocrinologist. Very high cortisol levels will not respond merely by diet and lifestyle changes.

Dr. Arpit Verma, MBBS, MD (Pharmacology)

4. Importance of Avoiding Caffeine 

Caffeine might perk you up, but it’s a cortisol buster. Drinks with caffeine like coffee can kick up cortisol, leading to a brief spike in its levels. Try cutting back on caffeine, especially before bedtime, to avoid throwing off the sleep pattern⁴.

5. Quality Sleep

There’s nothing like a good night’s sleep to revitalize body and mind. Good, consistent sleep lets cortisol levels reset, leaving you fresh for the next day⁶. Create a calming pre-sleep routine, try to wake and sleep at the same time each day, and make sure your resting space invites sleep. 

6. Regular Exercise

Physical activity lifts your mood naturally. Regular exercises at moderate intensity can reduce cortisol and up the levels of endorphins, nature’s happy hormones^6,8. 

7. Maintaining Healthy Relationships

Good times with loved ones and social activities are key to warding off stress. Strong bonds and positive social events breed joy and provide necessary emotional support, all of which help manage stress and, in turn, cortisol levels^6,8. 

8. Additional Lifestyle Modifications

Dealing with cortisol requires a full-picture approach rather than piecemeal solutions. Choosing a lifestyle that includes more calming activities could bring bigger rewards. 

• Role of Hobbies in Reducing Cortisol: Engaging in activities that you love can lower stress, and in turn, cortisol levels. Be it gardening, painting, playing a sport, or any other hobby, find time to indulge in it each week⁸ . 
• Benefits of Laughter and Fun in Cortisol Management: Laughter really is the best medicine! Being a natural stress reliever, laughter brings instant relief and lowers cortisol⁸. So, join in fun and laughter with your loved ones, watch a funny movie or read a comic book together to naturally manage your cortisol. 
• Influence of Having a Pet on Cortisol Levels:Ask any pet parent, pets are calming companions. Interacting with pets has been shown to lower stress, and thus, cortisol⁸ . 
• Impact of Smoking on Cortisol Levels^:While smoking harms you in many ways, one lesser-known reason is that it raises cortisol levels⁶. So, quit smoking if you’re looking to manage cortisol levels. 
• Role of Supplements in Controlling Cortisol Levels: Taking scientifically tested supplements can also help manage cortisol. Omega-3 fatty acids and the adaptogen herb Ashwagandha are known to reduce cortisol^9,10. Yet, its best to consult a healthcare provider before consuming these routinely. 

Conclusion

Dealing with life’s stresses can be challenging and affect our health. Understanding cortisol’s  impact on health, and how to manage it can seem intimidating, but it’s achievable. It’s essential to recognize that cortisol itself is not the problem; the imbalance is. Stress management, a balanced diet, sufficient sleep, exercise, and nurturing relationships are essential for managing cortisol levels. Additionally, simple lifestyle adjustments and the use of scientifically-supported supplements can help maintain a healthy cortisol balance. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

References

1. Thau L, Gandhi J, Sharma S. Physiology, Cortisol [Internet]. National Library of Medicine. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538239/ 

2. Medline Plus. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): MedlinePlus Lab Test Information [Internet]. medlineplus.gov. 2021. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/adrenocorticotropic-hormone-acth/ 

3. Cushing’s Syndrome [Internet]. Medlineplus.gov. National Library of Medicine; 2019. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/cushingssyndrome.html 

4. Çay M. The Effect of Cortisol Level Increasing Due to Stress in Healthy Young Individuals on Dynamic and Static Balance Scores. Northern Clinics of Istanbul [Internet]. 2018 May 29;5(4). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6371989/ 

5. Heinze K, Lin A, Reniers RLEP, Wood SJ. Longer-term increased cortisol levels in young people with mental health problems. Psychiatry Research. 2016 Feb;236:98–104. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4756272/ 

6. CDC. Managing Stress [Internet]. Mental Health. CDC; 2025. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/mental-health/living-with/index.html 

7. Best Foods to Reduce Stress [Internet]. cms.illinois.gov. Available from: https://cms.illinois.gov/benefits/stateemployee/bewell/foodforthought/best-foods-to-reduce-stress.html 

8. University of Colorado . 25 Quick Ways to Reduce Stress [Internet]. Colorado Law. 2014. Available from: https://www.colorado.edu/law/25-quick-ways-reduce-stress 

9. Lovallo WR, Whitsett TL, al’Absi M, Sung BH, Vincent AS, Wilson MF. Caffeine Stimulation of Cortisol Secretion across the Waking Hours in Relation to Caffeine Intake Levels. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2005;67(5):734–9. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2257922/ 

10. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements – Ashwagandha: Is It Helpful for stress, anxiety, or sleep? [Internet]. ods.od.nih.gov. 2023. Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Ashwagandha-HealthProfessional/ 

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability, or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof. 

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation of the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes. 

1

Foods That Naturally Help You Last Longer in Bed

Introduction

Emerging research and traditional health systems suggest that what we eat may play a role in supporting sexual health. This article explores how certain dietary habits and lifestyle adjustments might contribute to improved sexual well-being in both men and women. While diet is not a standalone cure, it can be one part of a broader, medically informed approach to enhancing sexual health. 

This article also highlights the importance of open communication with partners, attention to mental health, and regular medical check-ups. Sexual health is influenced by a complex interplay of physical, psychological, hormonal, and relational factors, far beyond just performance. 

Reminder: The information shared here is for educational purposes only and the reader should consult a registered medical practitioner before implementing any changes to their health routine. 

Understanding Premature Ejaculation and Erectile Dysfunction

To support sexual well-being, it is important to understand common conditions such as premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction. These issues can affect individuals of various ages and may be linked to a range of physical, psychological, and lifestyle factors. 

Definition of Premature Ejaculation and Erectile Dysfunction 

Premature Ejaculation refers to a condition in which ejaculation occurs sooner than desired, often shortly after sexual activity begins, and with minimal stimulation. Erectile Dysfunction is the persistent difficulty in achieving or maintaining an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual intercourse¹.  

Contributing Factors 

A whole lot of things can lead to these conditions, these include, stress, worry, sadness, guilt, or certain physical illnesses². 

The Science Behind It 

Brain chemistry and healthy blood flow to the genital area play a significant role in sexual function. Disruptions in hormone levels, imbalances in neurotransmitters (the brain’s chemical messengers), and impaired circulation can all contribute to conditions such as erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation¹.

Natural Ways to Boost Stamina in Bed

There are several natural approaches that may help improve sexual stamina and overall satisfaction. Making certain lifestyle modifications, such as managing stress, maintaining a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and seeking appropriate therapeutic support can contribute positively to sexual health. However, it is important to note that individual results may vary, and such measures should not be viewed as guaranteed solutions. 

1. Lifestyle Changes 

Sexual stamina may be supported through small yet consistent adjustments to one’s daily routine. Incorporating healthier habits, such as improved sleep, balanced nutrition, regular exercise, and stress reduction can have a beneficial impact on overall sexual well-being². 

2. Giving up Smoking 

Smoking has been shown to impair blood circulation, increase the risk of erectile dysfunction, and reduce sperm quality and count. Quitting tobacco use can significantly improve vascular health and may contribute to better sexual function and fertility outcomes³. 

3. Regular Exercise 

Engaging in regular physical activity supports cardiovascular health, which is essential for maintaining adequate blood flow throughout the body, including the genital area. Improved heart health can, in turn, enhance sexual stamina and overall physical endurance⁴.  

According to Ayurvedic medicine¹⁰, the tuberous roots of Chlorophytum borivilianum, also known as safed musli, have immunomodulatory and adaptogenic properties. These properties are thought to support overall well-being and, in some traditional contexts, have been associated with improved male reproductive health, including enhanced vitality and sexual function. 

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Different Therapies

Some of the different therapies that may help improve sexual stamina are as follows: 

1. Acupuncture 

Acupuncture is a traditional therapy that may stimulate the nervous system and influence hormone release, potentially supporting sexual stamina. However, current evidence is limited, and it should be considered a complementary approach under professional guidance⁵. 

2. Mentoring or Counselling 

Seeking professional support, such as counselling, can provide valuable guidance and strategies to address challenges related to sexual health⁶. 

3. Analysis of Underlying Health Issues 

Finally, it is important to consult a healthcare professional to exclude any underlying medical conditions that may be affecting your sexual health². 

Foods That Can Promote Sexual Stamina 

1. Oysters 

Oysters are traditionally regarded as an aphrodisiac, largely because they are rich in zinc. Zinc plays an important role in testosterone production, which may contribute to supporting sexual health and stamina. However, it is important to note that scientific evidence linking oyster consumption directly to improved sexual performance is limited⁷.  

2. Dark Chocolate 

Dark chocolate contains flavonoids that help improve blood flow and boost mood. It also contains a chemical called phenylethylamine which can stimulate the release of endorphins, thereby, promoting feelings of pleasure and well-being⁷.

3. Watermelon 

Watermelon is a refreshing fruit that contains an amino acid called citrulline which relaxes blood vessels and improving circulation. Improved blood flow can potentially enhance sexual performance⁷.

4. Spinach 

Spinach is rich in nutrients, such as folate, magnesium, and vitamins, which help increase blood flow and promote overall cardiovascular health. These benefits may help boost energy and support vitality⁷. 

5. Bananas 

Bananas are rich in potassium, which supports muscle function, including the muscles involved in sexual activity. They also contain bromelain, an enzyme that some traditional sources suggest may enhance libido. However, scientific evidence supporting this effect is limited and inconclusive⁷.

6. Avocados 

Avocados are a source of healthy fats, vitamin E, and potassium. These nutrients support cardiovascular health, enhance blood flow, and promote energy levels, potentially helping sexual stamina⁷.

7. Strawberries 

Strawberries are not only delicious but also contain high levels of antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals. They can improve blood flow and promote heart health, potentially contributing to sexual stamina⁷.

8. Almonds

Almonds are a nutrient-dense snack that provides essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. They contribute to cardiovascular health and provide sustained energy, which may help support physical endurance, including sexual stamina⁷.

9. Ginseng 

Ginseng is an adaptogenic herb that has been used traditionally to boost energy levels and enhance sexual performance. Some preliminary studies suggest that it may help improve stamina and reduce feelings of fatigue⁷.

10. Fatty Fish 

Fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which promote cardiovascular health and improve blood flow. These benefits may contribute positively to overall sexual vitality⁷.

Based on traditional use and preliminary observations, Tribulus terrestris (commonly known as Gokharu) is believed to support libido and sperm production. It is thought that extracts of this plant may influence androgen metabolism, potentially increasing levels of testosterone, luteinising hormone, and related hormones. These hormonal effects are proposed to contribute to improved sexual function and reproductive health in men¹⁰. 

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

Noteworthy Precautions and Unproven Treatments

Many over-the-counter products claim to treat premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction; however, in the absence of rigorous scientific evidence, these remedies may be ineffective or potentially unsafe. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional before using such products. 

Risks Associated with Unverified Treatments 

Although some treatments are available without a prescription, they may carry significant risks, including side effects, allergic reactions, or dangerous interactions with other medications. It is important to exercise caution and seek medical advice before using any such products².

Things to Avoid 

Avoid using treatments that have not been approved or recommended by a qualified healthcare professional. Always consult your doctor before commencing any therapy for sexual health concerns.

Also Read: Top 18 Zinc-Rich Foods For Vegetarians

Looking Beyond Nutrition

While nutrition plays an important role in supporting sexual health, it is only one part of a broader picture. Other crucial factors include mental well-being, hormonal balance, physical fitness, and open communication with one’s partner. 

1. Importance of Communication with a Partner 

Discussing concerns and strategies to enhance sexual well-being with your partner can strengthen emotional intimacy and improve relationship satisfaction.  

2. Addressing the Role of Foreplay and other Sexual Techniques 

Engaging in extended foreplay and exploring a variety of sexual techniques can enhance mutual satisfaction and reduce performance-related anxiety, contributing to a more fulfilling and relaxed sexual experience⁹. 

3. Role of Devices and Medication 

In some cases, medical devices or prescribed medications may be necessary to address sexual health concerns. It is essential to consult a qualified healthcare professional before initiating any such treatment. 

Based on traditional use, Mondia whitei, commonly known as White’s ginger has been used in some cultures to help manage erectile dysfunction and enhance libido. It is also traditionally believed to support sperm production and male reproductive health¹⁰. 

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Mental Well-being and Sexual Health

It is important to recognise that psychological well-being plays a significant role in sexual performance. Factors such as stress, anxiety, and self-esteem can greatly influence one’s sexual experience and satisfaction².

Importance of Stress Management Techniques 

Chronic stress can significantly reduce libido and impact overall sexual well-being. Incorporating stress-reducing practices such as deep breathing exercises, mindfulness meditation, or yoga into your daily routine may help improve mental balance and support a healthier sex life².

Impact of Mindfulness and Mental Health on Sexual Stamina 

Practising mindfulness can support better mental health by enhancing focus and self-awareness. This may, in turn, improve self-control and contribute to increased sexual stamina⁸. 

Also Read: Why Does Sperm Sometimes Smell Fishy?

Conclusion

Experiencing challenges related to sexual health can feel overwhelming, but they are often manageable with the right support and guidance. A multifaceted approach—including nutritious food choices, the inclusion of omega-3 fatty acids, mental wellness practices, and open communication with one’s partner can be beneficial. 

Combining these strategies with a clear understanding of one’s condition, appropriate lifestyle modifications, professional counselling, and, where necessary, medical treatment, can lead to a more satisfying and balanced sex life. 

It is essential to remember that sexual health is not solely about performance. It also encompasses comfort, consent, emotional intimacy, and mutual satisfaction. Both men and women are encouraged to consult a qualified healthcare professional for personalised advice, especially when facing issues such as chronic pain, vaginal dryness, or hormonal imbalances that may affect intimacy. 

Also Read: Does Masturbation Cause Weight Loss? Debunking Sexual Health Misconceptions

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

References

1. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Erectile dysfunction in fit and healthy young men: psychological or pathological? – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jul 17]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5313296 

2. Graziottin A. Libido: the biologic scenario. Maturitas [Internet]. 2000 Jan [cited 2025 Jun 6];34:S9–16. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378512299000729  

3. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Effects of cigarette smoking on erectile dysfunction – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jul 17]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4485976 
4. HACKNEY AC, LANE AR, REGISTER-MIHALIK J, OʼLEARY CB. Endurance Exercise Training and Male Sexual Libido. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise [Internet]. 2017 Jul [cited 2025 Jun 6];49(7):1383–8. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313740861_Endurance_Exercise_Training_and_Male_Sexual_Libido
5. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The safety and efficacy of acupuncture for erectile dysfunction – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jul 17]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6336605 
6. Hargons C, Mosley DV, Stevens-Watkins D. Studying Sex: A Content Analysis of Sexuality Research in Counseling Psychology. The Counseling Psychologist [Internet]. 2017 May [cited 2025 Jun 6];45(4):528–46. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5576496/  
7. Neelesh Kumar Maurya. Libido Boosting Functional Foods. 2022 Nov 26 [cited 2025 Jun 6]; Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365801843_Libido_Boosting_Functional_Food   
8. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Lifestyles and sexuality in men and women: the gender perspective in sexual medicine – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jul 17]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7025405 
9. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. Premature ejaculation: Overview [Internet]. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2019 [cited 2025 Jun 6]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547548/
10. Ali J, Ansari S, Kotta S. Exploring scientifically proven herbal aphrodisiacs. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 2013 [cited 2025 Jul 14]. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3731873/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

41

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & More

Introduction

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, also known as GERD or GORD, is a prevalent condition where stomach acid flows back into the oesophagus, causing discomfort and unpleasant symptoms. The condition often arises from a weakened muscle at the bottom of the oesophagus and can lead to heartburn and an unpleasant taste in the mouth. While it can be a minor inconvenience for some, others may suffer from severe, long-term effects. There are many measures and medications available to manage GERD, and in some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary¹. Let us further explore the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for GERD.

Signs and Symptoms of GERD

Here are some signs and symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease:

Signs of GERD

• Oesophagitis
• Bad breath
• Bloating
• Pain when swallowing or difficulty swallowing

Symptoms of GERD

• Heartburn (occurs frequently after eating)
• Acid reflux (when stomach acid returns to your mouth, causing an unpleasant, sour taste)
• Feeling or being sick
• Persistent cough
• Chest pain
• Nausea
• Pain while swallowing
• Loss of appetite
• Persistent vomiting
• Bleeding in the digestive tract, such as vomit that contains blood or looks like coffee grounds, stool that contains blood. 
• Unexplained weight loss^1,2.

Causes of GERD

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can occur when the lower oesophageal sphincter weakens or relaxes at inappropriate times. Certain factors that may cause the lower oesophageal sphincter to malfunction and lead to GERD include: 

• Being overweight or obese
• Smoking
• Pregnancy
• Certain medications such as benzodiazepines, calcium channel blockers, asthma medications, NSAIDs, and tricyclic antidepressants can cause GERD or exacerbate GERD symptoms.
• Hiatal hernia may also increase the likelihood of developing GERD or worsen GERD symptoms². 

Risk Factors for GERD

GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) has both non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors that can lead to its symptoms. Here are some factors that can contribute to GERD:

Non-modifiable factors

• Age: Age is a risk factor for GERD symptoms in adults. People aged over 50 have a 30% higher risk of GERD symptoms than younger respondents.
• Sex: Gender may also play a role, with some studies suggesting that women are more likely to develop GERD, while men are more likely to develop reflux oesophagitis.
• Genetic factors: Genetic factors may also contribute to the development of GERD, with twin studies indicating that genetic factors account for 31% to 43% of cases^3,11. 

Modifiable factors

• Obesity: Excessive body weight (obesity) can increase the risk of GERD symptoms.
• Alcohol consumption: Moderate to high alcohol consumption and smoking are also risk factors for GERD.
• Postprandial activity: Symptoms of GERD can be triggered by vigorous physical activity after a meal, also known as postprandial activity.
• Lack of physical activity: A lack of regular physical activity can also increase the risk of GERD
• Foods: Certain foods, including fatty, greasy, sour, and spicy foods/products, orange and grapefruit juice, tomatoes and tomato preserves, chocolate, coffee/tea, and carbonated beverages, may aggravate GERD symptoms.
• Eating habits: Eating habits such as irregular meal patterns, consuming large meal volumes, and eating meals just before bedtime may also be associated with GERD symptoms.

It’s crucial to identify modifiable risk factors for GERD to prevent and manage its symptoms effectively through dietary interventions³.

Diagnosis of GERD

Diagnosis of GERD can involve the following steps:

• Physical examination and medical history review
• Patient describes their symptoms and medical history
• Treatment without diagnostic tests may be initiated if typical GERD symptoms are present, such as heartburn and regurgitation.

Diagnostic tests may be performed if:

• Symptoms are atypical
• Reflux severity raises concerns about oesophageal damage
• Symptoms fail to respond to initial treatment
• Anti-reflux surgery is being considered

Diagnostic procedures for GERD may include:

• Upper endoscopy: This is a procedure used to examine the oesophagus, stomach, and small intestine.
• Reflux testing: Reflux testing or 24-hour pH impedance is used to evaluate reflux activity.
• Oesophageal pH monitoring: This includes catheter or capsule monitoring, which is the most accurate diagnostic method to detect stomach acid in the oesophagus. It helps doctors to confirm GERD diagnosis, assess treatment effectiveness, and study the relationship between diet, sleep, and symptoms in relation to acid reflux.
• Oesophageal manometry: These tests are done to make sure symptoms are not caused by other conditions and to evaluate muscle contractions and the function of the lower oesophageal sphincter in GERD.
• Barium esophagram: It is an X-ray study performed to detect abnormalities and evaluate oesophageal motor function

Diagnostic tests are necessary to evaluate the complications and rule out other serious conditions^4,5.

Treatment of GERD

Treatment for GERD may include the following:

1. Lifestyle Changes

• Eating smaller and more frequent meals
• Avoiding trigger foods like coffee, chocolate, tomatoes, alcohol, fatty or spicy food
• Not wearing tight clothing
• Raising the head of your bed by up to 20cm
• Trying to relax
• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Stop smoking
• Check with your healthcare provider about medications and their impact on symptoms.

2. Medications

GERD can be treated with medicines but it’s important to talk to your doctor first. Some of the medications may include:

• Antacids can be used to relieve mild symptoms but should not be used every day or for severe symptoms without discussing it with your doctor. They may cause side effects like diarrhoea or constipation.
• H2 blockers and PPIs (Proton pump inhibitors): They both may lower the amount of acid your stomach makes. H2 blockers may help provide relief to the oesophagus, but PPIs may be better at treating GERD symptoms and may give relief to the oesophageal lining.
• However, it is important to note that PPIs may have side effects like headache, diarrhoea, and upset in stomach. Talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits of taking PPIs.
• If antacids, H2 blockers, and PPIs don’t improve symptoms, your healthcare provider may recommend other medicines.

3. Surgery

Surgery is recommended if other treatments have not been effective or if you wish to stop taking long-term medications. Here are some surgical treatments for GERD:

• Fundoplication: This is the most common surgery for GERD. During this surgery, a surgeon sews the top of your stomach around the end of your oesophagus to add pressure to the lower oesophageal sphincter and prevent reflux. This surgery can be performed using either laparoscopic or open techniques.
• Bariatric surgery: If you have GERD and obesity, weight-loss surgery may be recommended. Gastric bypass surgery is the most common type of weight-loss surgery for GERD. This surgery can help you lose weight and reduce GERD symptoms.
• Endoscopy: In some cases, doctors may recommend endoscopic procedures to treat GERD. During these procedures, doctors use an endoscope to sew the top of your stomach around the lower oesophageal sphincter or to deliver radiofrequency energy to the sphincter. However, these procedures are not used very often^1,6.

Prevention of GERD

• Keep a healthy weight: Maintaining a healthy weight may be a good step to prevent GERD (Obesity increases abdominal pressure and makes reflux worse).
• Avoid trigger foods and medications:  Avoiding trigger foods such as fatty and fried foods, carbonated beverages, garlic and onions, chocolate, peppermint, and spearmint, acidic vegetables including tomatoes and tomato sauces, citrus fruits, and certain medications like muscle relaxers and blood pressure medications.
• Eating habits: Eat smaller, more frequent meals, and drink smaller amounts of water throughout the day to avoid putting pressure on the LES. Chewing gum can also help neutralize stomach acid.
• Lying down right after a meal: Wait at least 2-3 hours after eating before lying down or bending over. Take a walk after meals and avoid bedtime snacks.
• Head elevation: Elevate your head and torso while sleeping to help gravity keep stomach contents down. Use a foam wedge or wooden blocks to raise the head of your bed.
• Quit smoking and avoid alcohol: Smoking and drinking alcohol may weaken the lower oesophageal sphincter and increase stomach acid production.
• Clothing: Wear loose-fitting clothes (avoid pressure on your stomach).
• Notice your symptoms: Keep a record of your symptoms to help your doctor to understand your condition.
• Relaxation: Practice stress-reducing techniques like visualization, breathing exercises, or meditation, and get enough sleep and exercise regularly.
• Seek medical treatment: If your symptoms persist make sure you contact your healthcare provider immediately⁷.

Complications of GERD

GERD can lead to various complications, especially if left untreated. Some of the possible complications of GERD include:

• Erosive esophagitis: Stomach acid can damage the lining of the oesophagus, causing erosions or ulcers that may bleed. This condition can be detected through stool tests.
• Oesophageal stricture: Acid damage can cause scarring and narrowing of the oesophagus, leading to a partial blockage that can make it difficult to swallow. This is caused by the formation of scar tissue due to repeated damage.
• Barrett’s oesophagus: GERD can cause the replacement of normal oesophageal cells with a different type of cell, which may increase the risk of developing oesophageal cancer over time. Regular upper endoscopies are recommended for people with this condition to monitor for early signs of cancer.
• Lung and throat problems: Backflow of stomach acid into the throat can cause inflammation of the vocal cords, sore throat, or hoarseness. Inhaling acid into the lungs can lead to pneumonia or asthma symptoms and even permanent lung damage.
• Dental problems: Repeated episodes of acid reflux can damage tooth enamel over time⁸.

When to See a Doctor?

It is advisable to seek medical attention from your healthcare provider if:

• You are worried about your symptoms.
• You are experiencing symptoms several times a week.
• If medications are not helping.
• Your symptoms are severe.
• You have difficulty swallowing.
• You are displaying possible signs of a more serious problem such as persistent vomiting, vomiting blood, or unexplained weight loss¹.

Also Read: Acidity Problems? 21 Home Remedies That Can Help

Conclusion

GERD is a common but potentially serious condition that affects the digestive system and can significantly impact daily life. Although manageable, GERD can worsen over time and lead to serious complications such as Barrett’s oesophagus and oesophageal damage if not identified and treated early. Since there is no permanent cure for GERD, a combination of lifestyle changes and appropriate medical treatment remains the most effective way to control symptoms and prevent complications.

Eating smaller meals, avoiding trigger foods, maintaining a healthy weight, quitting smoking, and seeking timely medical attention when symptoms persist are essential steps in managing GERD effectively. In addition to this, increased awareness of the risk factors and early diagnosis can play a crucial role in improving outcomes and preventing long-term damage to the oesophagus.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

References

1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 15]. Available from: https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/gastro-oesophageal-reflux-disease-gord 
2. Symptoms & causes of ger & gerd – niddk [Internet]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; [cited 2023 May 15]. Available from: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/symptoms-causes 
3. Taraszewska A. Risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms related to lifestyle and diet. Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny. 2021;72(1):21-8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33882662/#:~:text=Lifestyle%20risk%20factors%20that%20may,lack%20of%20regular%20physical%20activity. 
4. Diagnosis of ger & gerd – niddk [Internet]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; [cited 2023 May 15]. Available from: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/diagnosis 
5. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 15]. Available from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-gerd 
6. Treatment for ger & gerd – niddk [Internet]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; [cited 2023 May 15]. Available from: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/treatment 
7. Tips to prevent reflux disease – Compliments of johns hopkins medicine; [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 15]. Available from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/international/_downloads/JHI130231%20Tipsheet%2010%20tips%20to%20prevent%20Reflux%20Disease-5%20JHMI.pdf 
8. Kahrilas PJ. Patient education: Gastroesophageal reflux disease in adults (Beyond the Basics). Uptodate [consultado Abril 2020] Disponível em: http://www. uptodate. com. 2022 Jun. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-in-adults-beyond-the-basics 
9. Antunes C, Aleem A, Curtis SA. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. [Updated 2022 Jul 4]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441938/ 
10. Jacobson BC, Somers SC, Fuchs CS, Kelly CP, Camargo CA. Association Between Body Mass Index and Gastroesophageal Reflux Symptoms in Both Normal Weight and Overweight Women. New England Journal of Medicine. 2006 Jun;354(22):2340–8. doi:10.1056/nejmoa054391. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782772/ 
11. Kim SY, Jung HK, Lim J, Kim TO, Choe AR, Tae CH, Shim KN, Moon CM, Kim SE, Jung SA. Gender specific differences in prevalence and risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Journal of Korean medical science. 2019 Jun 2;34(21). Available from: https://www.jkms.org/pdf/10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e158 

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability, or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation of the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Does Masturbating Increase Risk of Prostate Cancer or Vice Versa?

Introduction

Discussing the pleasures and health benefits of certain solo endeavours may raise many eyebrows, such as in the case of masturbation and its association with prostate cancer. It is a malignant tumour of the prostate gland and is one of the main causes of death due to cancer in men worldwide. It is the third most common cancer in Indian men and has been linked to risk factors like vasectomy procedures, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and poor BMI¹. Men will be glad to know that studies suggest that frequent ejaculation through intercourse or masturbation has health benefits, and lowering the risk of prostate cancer is one of them². Contrary to popular belief, masturbation, if done in moderation, does not increase the risk of prostate cancer.

The Link between Masturbation and Prostate Cancer

Masturbation is a common sexual act that has been misunderstood and seen as taboo by society. It involves self-stimulation of the genitalia to achieve sexual release, orgasm, or ejaculation and feel sexual pleasure. People of all genders and sexual orientations can engage in this private activity. It can be both self or partner-assisted.

The ejaculate in men is essentially semen, which contains a large portion of the seminal fluid, a sperm-nourishing liquid. The prostate gland, which is found in men just below the urinary bladder, is responsible for producing this seminal fluid. Hence, the close link between masturbation and prostate cancer cannot be ignored².

Regular masturbation can be beneficial for the prostate’s health, which can thereby reduce the risk of prostate cancer. Here are a few benefits of masturbation:

• It supports healthy blood flow to the gland
• Increases the flushing of accumulated toxins and waste
• Aids in maintaining the prostate gland’s proper functioning

One of the most extensive studies was published in European Urology in 2016, in which over 31,000 males were followed for over 20 years. The researchers concluded that frequent ejaculators (irrespective of masturbation or intercourse) had lower prostate cancer rates than other males⁴.

The precise reason for the positive relationship between masturbation and prostate cancer is not entirely understood since the cancer of the prostate gland is multifactorial. Studies show prolonged contact between the cells of the prostate gland and their secretions, such as seminal fluid, which contains sufficient levels of zinc, phosphates, citric acid, and the male hormone di-hydrotestosterone (DHT), may accelerate the growth of cancer⁵. Hence, it may be derived that masturbation reduces the contact between the cells and fluids of the prostate gland. However, this fact has yet to be proven.

Other Factors That Affect Prostate Cancer Risk

There are several factors as mentioned below that affect the risk of developing prostate cancer. While some of these factors are beyond our control, knowing them can still help men make wise choices regarding their health⁶. 

• Age: The most significant risk factor for prostate cancer is age. The majority of cases are found in men over 65, and the risk increases with age. Younger men rarely develop prostate cancer⁶. 
• Genetics and Family History: A family history of prostate cancer can increase the risk of the disease. If a close relative, such as a father or brother, has had prostate cancer, the risk increases. Specific gene mutations, such as those in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, can also raise the risk⁶. 
• Race & Ethnicity: Prostate cancer is more prevalent in some racial and ethnic groups. African-American males have a higher risk of developing more aggressive forms of prostate cancer. Men of Asian and Hispanic descent had a lower mortality rate compared to Caucasian and African-American men⁶. 
• Geographical Location: Different regions show different incidences of prostate cancer. In contrast to Asia, Africa, and South America, it is more widespread in North America, Europe, Australia, and the Caribbean. Different regions may experience these variations due to differing environmental and lifestyle conditions⁶.
• Diet and lifestyle: Your lifestyle choices can affect your likelihood of getting prostate cancer. A diet high in processed foods, dairy, and red meat and low in fruits and vegetables may increase the risk. Smoking, a sedentary lifestyle, and obesity are also linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer⁶. 
• Occupational Exposures: Some studies⁶ suggest that exposure to chemicals like cadmium or colouring agents such as Agent Orange may increase the risk of prostate cancer. 
• Hormonal Factors: Hormonal imbalances or exposure to particular hormones may increase the risk of prostate cancer. High levels of testosterone, and low levels of vitamin D, have both been associated with an elevated risk⁶. 

Also Read: Penile Cancer: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

The Benefits of Masturbation for Prostate Health

While the research on the specific benefits of masturbation for prostate health is still developing, several studies have been conducted to provide an overview of the psychological and physiological health advantages of masturbation and other sexual behaviours that cause ejaculation in men^5,7. 

The following are a few potential advantages of masturbation for prostate health:

1. Reduces the Risk of Prostate Cancer

Masturbation and prostate cancer have an intricate relationship. As explained, prostate cancer risk can be decreased by ejaculations through sexual acts like masturbation^5,7.

2. Stimulation of The Prostate Gland

Masturbation involves external genital stimulation, which indirectly affects the prostate gland. This stimulation may keep the gland active, induce the healthy formation of seminal fluid, and drain the fluid periodically. All of these processes are natural and necessary to maintain the health of a secretory gland^5,7. 

3. Better Blood Flow to the Lower Abdomen and Groin

Sexual activity, including masturbation, improves blood flow to the genital area. An increase in blood flow can help the prostate gland function optimally by supplying it with oxygen and other vital nutrients^5,7. 

4. Stress Relief and Happiness

Masturbation is a private, intimate, fulfilling, and pleasurable sexual activity that can help people unwind and reduce stress. Prostate difficulties and other health problems have been related to chronic stress. Masturbation may indirectly improve prostate health by lowering stress levels^5,7. 

5. Masturbation Encourages Sexual Well-Being

Masturbation gives people a chance to know their bodies, sexual preferences, and reactions. Understanding sexual desires and pleasure can help with sexual self-awareness. Accepting your own sexuality and engaging in sexual behaviours that are pleasurable and satisfying, can both be beneficial for your sexual well-being^5,7.

6. Ejaculation Affects Sperm Quality

Studies suggest that infrequent ejaculation can improve sperm count and volume, while frequent ejaculation can often enhance sperm quality, morphology, and DNA fragmentation (breakages and patterns in the genetic material of the sperm)⁸. 

7. Ejaculation Results in Better Sleep

Following an orgasm, your body releases oxytocin, a stress-reducing hormone, and blocks cortisol, a stress-inducing hormone. Research⁹ says that orgasms shorten the time it takes to fall asleep and enhance the quality of sleep. 

Also Read: How Exercise Can Help You Deal with Breast Cancer

Conclusion

The inverse relationship between masturbation and prostate cancer clearly requires more scientific studies. In a country like India, it is still difficult for physicians to record a detailed history of self-stimulation or masturbation. There is a long way to go before doctors start prescribing ‘masturbation’ for better sexual health. The majority of factors that increase the chances of prostrate cancer, such as age and family history of the illness, are unchangeable. Hence, if there exists a natural and pleasurable way of reducing the risks of prostate cancer, then why not try it?

Also Read: Is Daily Sex Good for Health?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

References

1. Hariharan K, Padmanabha V. Demography and disease characteristics of prostate cancer in India. Indian J Urol. 2016 Apr-Jun;32(2):103-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4831497/
2. Aboul-Enein BH, Bernstein J, Ross MW. Evidence for masturbation and prostate cancer risk: do we have a verdict? Sexual medicine reviews. 2016 Jul;4(3):229-34. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27871956/ 
3. Leitzmann MF, Platz EA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Giovannucci E. Ejaculation frequency and subsequent risk of prostate cancer. Jama. 2004 Apr 7;291(13):1578-86. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/198487
4. Rider JR, Wilson KM, Sinnott JA, Kelly RS, Mucci LA, Giovannucci EL. Ejaculation frequency and risk of prostate cancer: updated results with an additional decade of follow-up. European urology. 2016 Dec 1;70(6):974-82. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0302283816003778
5. Levin RJ. Sexual activity, health and well-being–the beneficial roles of coitus and masturbation. Sexual and relationship therapy. 2007 Feb 1;22(1):135-48. Available from:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14681990601149197
6. Bostwick DG, Burke HB, Djakiew D, Euling S, Ho SM, Landolph J, Morrison H, Sonawane B, Shifflett T, Waters DJ, Timms B. Human prostate cancer risk factors. Cancer: Interdisciplinary International Journal of the American Cancer Society. 2004 Nov 15;101(S10):2371-490. Available from: https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/cncr.20408
7. Brody S. The relative health benefits of different sexual activities. The journal of sexual medicine. 2010 Apr;7(4_Part_1):1336-61. Available from:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01677.x
8. Hanson BM, Aston KI, Jenkins TG, Carrell DT, Hotaling JM. The impact of ejaculatory abstinence on semen analysis parameters: a systematic review. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics. 2018 Feb;35:213-20. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10815-017-1086-0
9. Lastella M, O’Mullan C, Paterson JL, Reynolds AC. Sex and sleep: Perceptions of sex as a sleep promoting behavior in the general adult population. Frontiers in Public Health. 2019 Mar 4;7:33. Available from:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00033/full
10. Peng H, Chen Q, Tan Y. Frequent ejaculation associated free radical and lactic acid accumulation cause non-infectious inflammation and muscle dysfunction: a potential mechanism for symptoms in Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome. Med Hypotheses. 2009 Sep;73(3):372-3. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19435656

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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Low Platelet Count – Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

Introduction

Blood cells known as platelets help stop bleeding by the formation of blood clots. In adults, an ordinary platelet count or level is between 150,000 and 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood. However, sometimes these levels might differ and get reduced due to certain conditions.

Insufficient platelet count known as thrombocytopenia, causes easy bruising and bleeding tendencies. It lead to lack of blood clot formation making it difficult for the bleeding to stop after an injury¹. In this blog, we will discuss about low platelet counts in detail- their causes, presentation and management.

Signs and Symptoms of Low Platelet Count

One of the initial signs, when they do occur, is a cut that will not stop bleeding. Additional signs include^2,3:

• Nose bleeding: Sudden profuse bleeding that won’t stop.
• Gum bleeding: Blood on your toothbrush or swollen-looking gums.
• Blood in stool: Dark-coloured stool due to the presence of blood.
• Blood in the pee (urine): Blood in your urine (toilet water may turn into a pale pink colour after urination).
• Hematemesis: Having blood in your vomit (a symptom of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage).

Symptoms of low platelet count²:

• Heavy menstrual periods: Menorrhagia may be present if your periods run longer than seven days or if you are bleeding more heavily than normal.
• Petechiae: In this condition, the skin of your lower thighs has tiny, red, or purple dots.
• Purpura: It involves purple, crimson, or large brown spots on your skin. This happens when small blood vessels underneath your pores and skin leak blood.
• Bruises: Bruises appear while blood pools underneath your skin. You may develop bruises more easily than usual.
• Rectal bleeding: You might also spot blood in the toilet water or when you wipe¹.

Some patients with moderately low platelet count do not exhibit any symptoms. They may also report nonspecific symptoms like easy bruising, skin rashes and bleeding from gums and other areas of mouth^1,2.

Causes of Low Platelet Count

There are three primary causes of reduced platelets:

Insufficient platelets are produced in the bone marrow

If you suffer from either of the following kinds of disorders, your bone marrow might not produce enough platelets.

1. Aplastic anaemia or myelodysplastic syndrome

In aplastic anaemia, the bone marrow fails to produce enough blood cells. This might be due to¹:

• Bone marrow cancer
• Liver scarring caused by cirrhosis
• Folate/Vitamin B9 deficiency

In the case of myelodysplastic syndrome, the bone marrow either produces insufficient or faulty blood cells. This might be due to¹:

• Vitamin B12 insufficiency
• Chemotherapy, as many cancer medications may cause bone marrow damage.

2. Increased platelet deterioration in the blood

• Certain types of cancers (such as leukaemia or lymphoma) can lower platelet count. The unusual cells in such cancers can outnumber healthy cells inside the bone marrow, where platelets are made¹.

3. Increased platelet deterioration in the liver or spleen

• It may be due to a disorder in which the proteins responsible for blood clotting become overly active, usually occurring during a severe illness.
• This can be due to an enlarged spleen.
• May also be due to a condition in which the immune system mistakenly destroys platelets (referred to as ITP- idiopathic or immune thrombocytopenia)¹.

4. Infections

• Viral infections such as HIV, hepatitis C, Epstein-Barr virus, parvovirus, mumps, varicella (chickenpox), rubella (German measles), and Zika virus can lead to low platelet count.
• Sepsis, a severe infection in the body, can cause suppression of bone marrow function.
• The bacteria Helicobacter pylori and tick-borne infections like leptospirosis, brucellosis, and anaplasmosis are associated with low platelet count.
• Infections caused by malaria and parasites can result in both low platelet count and hemolytic anaemia (breakdown of red blood cells)¹.

Risk Factors for Low Platelet Count

The factors that contribute to a low platelet count are crucial for identifying individuals who may be at risk⁴:

• Age
• Genetics
• Autoimmune conditions such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.
• Leukaemia and lymphoma
• Chemotherapy and radiation therapy
• Already existing bacterial infections
• Use of alcohol 
• Exposure to toxic chemicals like arsenic, benzene, and pesticides
• Medications like Heparin (a blood thinner), medications for seizures and heart disorders, and antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections can all have an impact on platelet levels. Just before giving birth, moderate thrombocytopenia may impact about 1% of pregnant women⁵.

Diagnosis of Low Platelet Count

Diagnostic methods for low platelet count:

Physical examination

• A physical examination will be performed by medical professionals.
• They will look for bruises, rashes, and other signs of thrombocytopenia.
• They will take your medical history, along with any drugs you are now taking¹.

Blood tests

• Complete blood count (CBC): Healthcare professionals will measure your white and red blood cell, platelet, and haemoglobin levels.
• Peripheral blood smear: Using a microscope, healthcare professionals will look at your platelets.
• Prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) assays: To determine the time taken by the blood to clot.
• Bone marrow biopsy: Your healthcare practitioner might do a bone marrow biopsy if blood tests reveal a low platelet count².

Treatment of Low Platelet Count

Healthcare providers can often improve platelet counts by addressing the underlying cause, which may involve changes in medication. Additional treatment options may include:

Diet and medicine

• Mediterranean diet: Adopting a Mediterranean diet helps keep platelet counts in the normal range, which is important for reducing the risk of chronic diseases⁶.
• It lowers the chances of developing thrombocytopenia, a condition characterised by low platelet count.
• It lessens the link between changes in platelet count and the risk of mortality.
• Steroids: The doctor might prescribe steroids to help increase platelet production².

Medical procedures

• Platelet transfusion: In cases of very low platelet levels, a healthcare provider may administer a blood transfusion to raise platelet levels for approximately three days temporarily⁷.
• Splenectomy: This surgical procedure involves removing the spleen if tests indicate that it is trapping an excess number of platelets. It is important to note that individuals who undergo splenectomy have an increased risk of developing infections and may receive vaccinations to prevent them¹.

Also Read: How To Increase Platelet Count Naturally

Prevention of Low Platelet Count

It is important for your doctor to know if you have any medical conditions or take medications that increase your risk of developing thrombocytopenia. If you are not sure, consult your doctor to find out if there are any prescription drugs or activities you should avoid.

• There is currently no cure for genetic platelet disorders.
• Many platelet problems are caused by other diseases or medications and cannot be prevented or avoided.
• Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, such as quitting smoking and limiting alcohol intake, may help reduce the chances of having low platelet levels⁴.
• As mentioned earlier, adopting a Mediterranean diet helps to keep platelet counts in a healthy range, which is important for reducing the risk of various chronic diseases that tend to worsen over time.

Complications of Low Platelet Count

Severe low platelet count can make patients more prone to^1,8:

• Severe internal bleeding: Low platelet count can lead to serious bleeding in the brain or gastrointestinal tract, which can be life-threatening.
• Increased risk of heart attack: Low platelet count may make it more difficult for the heart to receive an adequate blood supply.
• Pregnancy complications: Maintaining a pregnancy can be more challenging for women with low platelet count.
• Menorrhagia: Low platelet count can cause prolonged and heavy menstrual bleeding that lasts for more than a week.

When to See a Doctor?

Thrombocytopenia symptoms can develop suddenly or over the years. It might also cause bleeding in more than one part of your body. Seek immediate medical help if¹:

• When you notice any signs of low platelet count, such as unexpected bleeding or spots that cannot be categorised otherwise.
• You have a fever or other symptoms of infection.
• If you had a splenectomy, you are at increased risk of infection.

Conclusion

Low platelet count, or thrombocytopenia, can arise from various causes ranging from infections and medications to chronic health conditions. Therefore, recognising symptoms such as easy bruising, prolonged bleeding, or unexplained fatigue is crucial for timely diagnosis.

With proper medical evaluation and treatment, whether through lifestyle changes, medications, or targeted therapies, most cases can be effectively managed. Keep in mind that early detection and appropriate care play a key role in preventing complications and ensuring better health outcomes.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

References

1. Jinna S, Khandhar PB. Thrombocytopenia. [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; [cited 2025 Sep 16]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542208/

2. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Platelet Disorders – Thrombocytopenia [Internet]. NHLBI, NIH; [cited 2025 Sep 16]. Available from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/thrombocytopenia

3. Wilson ID. Hematemesis, Melena, and Hematochezia. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd ed. Boston: Butterworths; 1990. Chapter 85. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK411/

4. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Platelet Disorders – Causes and Risk Factors [Internet]. NHLBI, NIH; [cited 2025 Sep 16]. Available from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/platelet-disorders/causes

5. Mangla A, Hamad H. Thrombocytopenia in Pregnancy [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; [cited 2025 Sep 16]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547705/

6. Hernáez Á, Lassale C, Castro-Barquero S, Ros E, Tresserra-Rimbau A, Castañer O, et al. Mediterranean Diet Maintained Platelet Count within a Healthy Range and Decreased Thrombocytopenia-Related Mortality Risk: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2021 Feb 8;13(2):559. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33567733/

7. Izak M, Bussel JB. Management of thrombocytopenia. F1000Prime Rep. 2014 Jun 2;6:45. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4047949/

8. Ashworth I, Thielemans L, Chevassut T. Thrombocytopenia: the good, the bad and the ugly. Clin Med (Lond). 2022 May;22(3):214-217. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9135082/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation of the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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1

Pneumonia: Types, Symptoms, Characteristics & More!

Introduction

Pneumonia is a respiratory infection that affects the lungs. It can range from mild to severe and is caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Pneumonia is a common illness that affects millions of people every year, and it can be especially dangerous for young children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems. Let us discuss and learn more about the different types of pneumonia, their symptoms, and their characteristics¹.

Types of Pneumonia

There are several types of pneumonia that can cause respiratory distress and discomfort. Let us see more about in detail:

1. Bacterial Pneumonia

Bacterial pneumonia is a type of lung infection that is caused by bacteria. There are a few types of bacterial pneumonia, they include:

• Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)
• Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) 
• Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) 
• Healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) ^1,4

Causes

Bacterial pneumonia is caused by different types of bacteria like: 

• Streptococcus pneumonia, Group A Streptococcus 
• Klebsiella pneumonia
• Haemophilus influenza
• Moraxella catarrhalis
• Anaerobes 
• Gram-negative organisms.
• Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
• Escherichia coli
• Other Enterobacteriaceae^1,2.

Symptoms

• High fever (up to 105°F) and profuse sweating.
• Rapidly increased breathing and a high pulse rate.
• Bluish lips and nailbeds (cyanosis) indicate a lack of oxygen in the blood.
• Confusion due to changes in mental state³.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia involves clinical evaluation, laboratory evaluation, and radiological evaluation.

• Clinical evaluation: It involves taking a patient’s medical history and conducting a physical examination to identify signs and symptoms of bacterial pneumonia.
• Laboratory evaluation: This includes blood tests to check for inflammation and infection, sputum analysis, urine antigen testing, and polymerase chain reaction.
• Radiological evaluation: It involves a chest X-ray or CT scan to identify pulmonary infiltrates or effusion.
• Bronchoalveolar lavage: This is performed in intubated patients to collect samples for bacterial culture⁴.

2. Viral Pneumonia

Viral pneumonia is a condition where the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs are inflamed due to a viral infection or immune response⁵.

Causes

Viral pneumonia is caused by different types of viruses like: 

• Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) 
• Influenza A, B, and C viruses – the greatest cause of mortality and morbidity among viral types, with multiple subtypes including avian and swine flu
• Human metapneumovirus 
• Parainfluenza viruses type 1, 2, 3, and 4 
• Human bocavirus Coronavirus 
• Adenovirus 
• Varicella-zoster virus 
• Hantavirus
• Epstein-Barr virus 
• Herpes simplex virus 
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) 
• Measles 
• Coronavirus
• Metapneumovirus⁵

Symptoms

Symptoms of viral pneumonia develop gradually over several days:

• Early symptoms are similar to the flu, including fever, dry cough, headache, muscle pain, and weakness.
• As the illness progresses, symptoms typically worsen and may include increasing cough, shortness of breath, and muscle pain.
• In severe cases, there may be a high fever and blueness of the lips.

Symptoms of viral pneumonia in newborns and infants:

• May not show any signs of infection or asymptomatic.
• Vomiting
• Fever and cough
• Restlessness, lethargy, and lack of energy

Symptoms of viral pneumonia in older adults and people with serious illnesses or weak immune systems:

• Fewer and milder symptoms compared to younger individuals.
• Sometimes lower than normal body temperature
• Sudden changes in mental awareness in older adults
• Symptoms of any underlying chronic lung disease may worsen³.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing viral pneumonia is important because there are specific treatments available. While history and physical examination may not provide a definitive diagnosis, laboratory tests can help identify the virus causing the pneumonia. Some common diagnostic tests for viral pneumonia are:

• CBC with a differential blood test can show whether the white blood cell count is elevated, normal, or decreased.
• ELISA rapid antigen tests can identify viral pneumonia pathogens in real time.
• PCR testing can identify viruses, including CMV, RSV, HPV, and coronaviruses.
• Chest X-ray and CT scan imaging tests can show the presence of pneumonia in the lungs⁵.

3. Mycoplasma Pneumonia

Mycoplasma pneumonia is a type of bacteria that can infect people and cause respiratory infections, including pneumonia. While it typically affects the upper respiratory system, it can also lead to more serious lung infections⁶.

Causes

• Mycoplasma pneumonia is caused by the bacteria called Mycoplasma pneumonia. 
• This bacterium is transmitted through respiratory secretions, such as droplets from coughing or sneezing. It can also be spread through direct contact with contaminated objects, such as tissues or towels. 
• The bacterium is highly contagious and can easily spread through households, schools, and other close-contact settings⁷.

Symptoms

Symptoms commonly associated with Mycoplasma pneumonia include:

• Mycoplasma pneumonia can cause fever and chills in infected individuals.
• Cough 
• Feeling tired or fatigued
• Shortness of breath 

Symptoms usually appear within 1 to 4 weeks after the bacteria has infected the body⁸.

Diagnosis

• History: Diagnosis is often based on the patient’s symptoms and history of exposure to the bacteria.
• PCR tests: Mycoplasma pneumoniae is difficult to culture, but PCR tests can provide a rapid and accurate diagnosis.
• Serologic tests look for changes in antibody levels and can also help diagnose infection.
• Chest X-rays may show a pattern of small nodules or pattern or patchy areas of consolidation in the lungs⁶.

4. Fungal Pneumonia

Fungal pneumonia is a type of lung infection caused by certain types of fungi. It usually affects people who have weakened immune systems or chronic health problems, or who have been exposed to fungi from contaminated soil or bird droppings⁹.

Causes

• Pneumocystis jirovecii: Pneumocystis pneumonia is a serious type of fungal pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii and typically affects individuals with weakened immune systems due to diseases like HIV/AIDS or the use of drugs that suppress the immune system.
• Other fungi that may cause fungal pneumonia include Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, and Cryptococcus⁹.

Symptoms

Fungal pneumonia can cause symptoms that develop gradually over several days or weeks. They include:

• Fever
• Chest pain
• Cough
• Chills
• Breathing difficulty
• Tiredness or fatigue¹⁰.

Diagnosis

• Bronchoalveolar lavage: The diagnosis of fungal pneumonia typically involves taking a sample from a patient’s lungs. The sample is typically mucus, either from the patient’s coughing up sputum or from a process known as bronchoalveolar lavage.
• Biopsy: The diagnosis of fungal pneumonia is made using a small sample of lung tissue (a biopsy). The laboratory receives the patient’s sample, which is often going to be inspected under a microscope.
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): PCR can also be used to detect the DNA of specific fungal organisms in different types of samples.
• Blood Test: A blood test can detect certain components of the fungal cell wall, such as β-D-glucan, which can help diagnose fungal pneumonia¹⁰.

5. Aspiration Pneumonia

When food or liquid is inhaled into the lungs or airways as opposed to being swallowed, it leads to aspiration pneumonia¹¹.

Causes

Here are the causes of aspiration pneumonia:

• Decreased alertness due to medications, illness, surgery, or other factors.
• Coma or altered consciousness.
• Consuming excessive amounts of alcohol.
• Using illicit drugs, particularly opioids, reduce alertness.
• Advanced age.
• Impaired gag reflex in individuals who are unconscious or semi-conscious after a stroke or brain injury.
• Swallowing difficulties.
• Being hospitalized, increases the risk.
• Inhaled materials may include saliva, vomit, liquids, and foods.
• The specific bacteria causing pneumonia can vary based on factors such as overall health, living environment (home or long-term care facility), recent hospitalization, recent antibiotic use, and weakened immune system¹¹.

Symptoms

• Pain in the chest
• Coughing up phlegm that may be greenish or dark in shade, and may contain pus or blood
• Feeling tired or fatigued
• Running a fever
• Shortness of breath
• Wheezing or noisy breathing
• Extreme sweating
• Difficulty swallowing
• Confusion or mental changes¹¹

Diagnosis

The following tests are used to diagnose aspiration pneumonia:

• Listening to chest sounds using a stethoscope to check for crackles or abnormal breath sounds
• Tapping on the chest wall to feel for abnormal sounds
• Chest X-ray 
• Arterial blood gas test
• Blood culture
• Bronchoscopy (in some cases)
• Complete blood count (CBC)
• CT scan of the chest
• Sputum culture
• Swallowing tests to evaluate swallowing ability¹¹

Prevention of Pneumonia

1. Vaccinations

• To avoid seasonal influenza, make sure to get a flu shot every year. 
• The flu can lead to pneumonia, so preventing the flu is a good way to prevent pneumonia.
• Pneumococcal pneumonia is a prevalent type of bacterial pneumonia that should be prevented in particular populations. These populations include children under the age of two, children 2-5 with specific health conditions, adults 19–64 with specific chronic health disorders or risk factors, and all adults 65 and older.
• Depending on their health, additional pneumococcal vaccinations may be advised for children and adults who are at higher risk for pneumococcal illness.
• Other vaccines, including pertussis (whooping cough), COVID-19, chickenpox, and measles, can also prevent infections that may lead to pneumonia.
• Speak to your doctor about whether you and your family are up to date on your vaccines and to determine if any of these vaccines are appropriate for you.

2. Good Hygiene

Having good hygiene is an important step in the prevention of pneumonia. 

• Wash your hands often to maintain good hygiene.
• Quit smoking to reduce your risk of pneumonia.
• Regular physical activity can help to keep your immune system strong.
• Eating healthy is also important to maintain a strong immune system and prevent pneumonia.

3. Lifestyle Changes

Here are some lifestyle changes you can make to prevent pneumonia:

• Be aware of any symptoms that linger for more than a few days after respiratory infections.
• Practice good health habits such as eating a healthy diet, getting enough rest and regular exercise to prevent respiratory illnesses.
• Manage existing health conditions like asthma, COPD, diabetes, and heart disease properly.
• Wash your hands frequently with soap and water or use alcohol-based hand disinfectants to kill germs.
• Quit smoking as it damages your lungs and increases your risk of pneumonia.
• If you have difficulty swallowing, eat smaller meals of thickened food and sleep with the head of your bed raised.
• If you have a planned surgery, follow your healthcare provider’s recommendations to prevent food or drink from getting into your airway while you are sedated.
• If your immune system is impaired, your healthcare provider may recommend antibiotics to prevent bacteria from growing in your lungs.

Also Read: Walking Pneumonia: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

Treatment for Different Types of Pneumonia

• Treatment for pneumonia depends on the severity and risk factors.
• Mild pneumonia can be treated with medicines prescribed by a healthcare provider 
• Antibiotics may be prescribed for bacterial pneumonia, while antiviral and antifungal medicines are prescribed for viral and fungal pneumonia, respectively.
• It’s important to take antibiotics as prescribed to avoid the risk of pneumonia coming back.
• If the pneumonia is serious, hospital treatment may be required to get proper antibiotics and fluids through an IV line, oxygen therapy, or being put on a ventilator in severe cases.
• Procedures or surgeries may be needed to remove seriously infected or damaged parts of the lung to prevent pneumonia from coming back.

Also Read: Pneumococcal Vaccine: Types, Side Effects, and Who Needs It

Conclusion

In conclusion, understanding the different types of pneumonia is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment. Identifying the specific type of pneumonia and its underlying cause is essential for selecting the appropriate treatment plan. Although some types of pneumonia can be prevented with vaccines and good hygiene practices, anyone can still contract pneumonia, and it is vital to seek medical attention if you experience symptoms.

Also Read: Natural Home Remedies for Pneumonia

References

1. Pneumonia [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 12]. Available from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/pneumonia#:~ 
2. Pahal P, Rajasurya V, Sharma S. Typical Bacterial Pneumonia. [Updated 2022 Aug 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534295/ 
3. Association AL. Pneumonia symptoms and diagnosis [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 12]. Available from: https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/symptoms-and-diagnosis 
4. Sattar SBA, Sharma S. Bacterial Pneumonia. [Updated 2022 Aug 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513321/ 
5. Freeman AM, Leigh, Jr TR. Viral Pneumonia. [Updated 2022 Jul 4]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513286/ 
6. Abdulhadi B, Kiel J. Mycoplasma Pneumonia. [Updated 2023 Jan 16]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430780/ 
7. Association AL. What causes pneumonia? [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 12]. Available from: https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/what-causes-pneumonia 
8. What is Aspiration Pneumonia? [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 12]. Available from: https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient-information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/aspiration-pneumonia#:~: 
9. Association AL. Preventing pneumonia [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 12]. Available from: https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/preventing-pneumonia 
10. Prevention [Internet]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; [cited 2023 May 12]. Available from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/prevention#:~: 
11. Treatment [Internet]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; [cited 2023 May 12]. Available from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/treatment#:~ 

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability, or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

1

Penile Cancer: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

Introduction

Cancer appears as a solid tumor (lump) that is malignant¹. Penile cancer is a cancer of the penis (the external part of the male urinary and reproductive system). The cells present in the tissues of the penis give rise to different types of penile cancer.

Depending upon the type of cell affected in the penis, the type of penile cancer is determined. Following are the type of penile cancers: Squamous cell cancer, Melanoma, Basal cell cancer, Adenocarcinoma (Paget’s disease of the penis), and Sarcoma².  Penile cancers can start in any part of the penis. 

Most commonly it has been found to begin on the head or foreskin of the penis.  This cancer goes untreated in many individuals since it is associated with psychological distress. Males suffering from this type of cancer often delay seeking medical opinion because they fear and suffer embarrassment⁴ . Males who are over 55 years are most often detected with penile cancer. However, people who are under the age of 40 can also develop this type of cancer.

Signs and Symptoms of Penile Cancer

Irrespective of the type of penile cancer, mostly the foreskin and the tip of the penis (glans) get affected. Therefore, penile cancer symptoms are first visible on this part of the penis⁵.

Signs of penile cancer are listed as under:

• Skin changes: Skin thickening (phimosis), skin rash⁵, change in skin colour
• Swelling at the tip of the penis, particularly when the foreskin is restricted. It may be difficult to draw the foreskin back. 
• Groin-area lumps beneath the skin: Most frequently, lymph nodes in the groin are the first region affected by the malignancy, leading to the enlargement of lymph nodes. 

The following are the symptoms of penile cancer: 

• Skin thickening (phimosis), skin rash⁵, change in skin colour³
• Flat growth that appears bluish brown in colour³
• Bad-smelling fluid underneath your foreskin³
• A sore or a lump develops that does not heal within 28 days⁵
• Other symptoms include a feeling of tiredness, pain in the stomach, and weight loss⁵

Causes of Penile Cancer

Penile cancer is a rare form of cancer that starts in the tissues of the penis. The exact cause of penile cancer is not clear, but several factors have been identified that may increase the risk of developing this type of cancer:

• Human papillomavirus (HPV): HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection that has been linked to penile cancer. One can get infected with HPV from unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse, sharing of sex toys, and skin-to-skin contact with the genital area⁶.  
• Lack of circumcision: Men who are not circumcised have a higher risk of developing penile cancer than those who are circumcised.
• Smoking: Smoking has been linked to an increased risk of many types of cancer, including penile cancer. 

Risk Factors for Penile Cancer

Risk factors are not the factors causing penile cancer but these factors increase the chance of occurrence of developing penile cancer. Below are some of the risk factors³:

• Age: Individuals who are at the age of 55 or more are at higher risk of developing this cancer³.
• Human papillomavirus (HPV): Unprotected intercourse can result in developing penile cancer and other sexually transmitted diseases³.
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Patients suffering from HIV infections are also prone to penile cancer³.
• Tobacco consumption: Tobacco suppresses immunity and thereby increases the chances of developing penile cancer³. People who smoke cigarettes are 3 to 4.5 times more susceptible to penile cancer⁴.
• Inflammatory disorder of the penis: Lichen sclerosis causes inflammation either on the head of the penis or on the foreskin. If someone has a Lichen sclerosis infection, then they may develop penile cancer³. 

Diagnosis of Penile Cancer

Upon visiting the doctor following diagnostic protocols are carried out to understand the developing penile cancer in an individual. The mean age of diagnosis of penile cancer is at the age of 60 years⁴.

• Clinical evaluation by the doctor helps understand abnormal changes on the penis (changes like skin rash, colour change, soreness, or a lump). 
• Biopsy: In case the doctor suspects a tumour, he can suggest a biopsy. The results of the biopsy will confirm the presence or absence of penile cancer. 
• Imaging studies: Cancer has the characteristic of spreading to other parts of the body and affects healthy tissues. This reveals how much the cancer has grown and where it has spread. Hence, imaging studies are also a part of diagnosis³. 

Treatment of Penile Cancer

Treatment strategy for penile cancer depends on the size of the tumour, cancer stage, spread of the cancer, and its likelihood of relapsing after the treatment³. Often, treatment options are combined to have maximum therapeutic effect, following is a list of treatments that might be employed for treating penile cancer: 

In my experience, a healthy skin cell may become a cancer cell when you have penile cancer. Uncontrolled cancer cell growth results in the formation of a tumour that pushes the healthy cells aside. As time passes, cancer cells have the potential to invade further organs and tissues in your body. I strongly recommend routine complete body checkups for those who have a family history of cancer³.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Treatment for a mild form

• Medicinal creams 
• Removal of the foreskin, i.e., circumcision (restricted to certain religions)
• Laser treatment 

Treatment for a severe form

• Mohs surgery 
• Excision
• Penectomy (some part of the penis is removed)
• Lymphadenectomy (groin area lymph nodes are removed)
• Radiation therapy³

Prevention of Penile Cancer

Following are the possible preventive measures⁷:  

• Circumcision: In the past, circumcision (the removal of the foreskin from the penis) was advocated to reduce the risk of developing penile cancer. This was based on studies⁷ showing that circumcised males have significantly lower rates of penile cancer than uncircumcised men. However, in several investigations, after smegma and phimosis were taken into consideration, the circumcision’s protective effect was no longer evident. Nevertheless, some specialists assert that circumcision guards against penile cancer.
• Genital hygiene: Maintaining proper genital hygiene may be the most crucial element in preventing penile cancer in uncircumcised men. Men who aren’t circumcised must retract (drawback) their foreskin and clean their entire penis. By maintaining adequate genital cleanliness, non-circumcised men can help reduce their risk of developing penile cancer.
• HPV infection: Because HPV is so widespread, even one intercourse can increase your risk. The absence of visible warts cannot be used to diagnose HPV because a man can have the virus for years without showing any signs. A person can still be infected with HPV and transmit the virus to another person even if they do not have warts (or any other symptoms).
• Use of tobacco products: Smoking raises the risk of developing penile cancer; thus, abstaining from all tobacco products may reduce that risk. Using cigarettes less frequently or never at all is an effective method to lower your chance of developing numerous diseases, including penile cancer⁸.

Also Read: Does Masturbating Increase Risk of Prostate Cancer or Vice Versa?

Complications of Penile Cancer

Penile cancer complications are like any complication that arises due to surgical incidents such as:  

• Bleeding
• Infections
• Risks associated with the administration of general anesthesia. 
• Meatal stenosis is a very common complication post-penectomy. (Stenosis means an opening becoming narrower than normal)
• Complications occur repeatedly since the treated tumour might increase in size due to radiation therapy (RT). 
• Urethral strictures, 
• Fistula and pain in the penis 
• Penile necrosis problems that arise due to penile cancer⁴.

Did you know squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) makes up 95% of penile cancer cases? This type of cancer develops in the epithelium that is the top layer of your skin. Different types of tissues may develop other forms of penile cancer: basal cell carcinoma (BCC), melanoma, and sarcoma. Out of these, the malignancy melanoma is more dangerous³.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S M.D (Ayu)

When to See a Doctor

One should visit the doctor if the following conditions are observed. As a regular practice, one should look for the mentioned changes that occur in and around the penis: 

• If there is any bleeding from the penis 
• If the previous treatment for penile cancer was not effective
• If any other penile cancer symptoms prevail⁵

Also Read: How Exercise Can Help You Deal with Breast Cancer

Conclusion

Penile cancer, though rare, is a serious condition that requires timely recognition and treatment. The stigma, fear, and lack of awareness surrounding male reproductive health often lead to delayed diagnoses, affecting outcomes. Understanding the symptoms, risk factors, and causes, especially the role of HPV and poor hygiene can empower men to take preventive steps early on.

Fortunately, with advancements in diagnostics and treatment, many cases can be managed effectively when detected in time. Maintaining proper genital hygiene, avoiding tobacco, practicing safe sex, and not ignoring unusual symptoms are key pillars of prevention. If you notice any persistent changes in or around the penis, do not hesitate to consult a doctor. Early action can make a significant difference, not just in treatment success but also in overall well-being and quality of life.

Also Read: Jaundice: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes and Types

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

References

1. What is Cancer? | Cancer Basics | American Cancer Society [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/what-is-cancer.html
2. What Is Penile Cancer? [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/penile-cancer/about/what-is-penile-cancer.html
3. Symptoms and Causes Diagnosis and Tests Management and Treatment Prevention Outlook / Prognosis Living With Ad [Internet]. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6181-penile-cancer
4. Engelsgjerd JS, Lagrange CA. Penile Cancer Continuing Education Activity [Internet]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499930/
5. Symptoms Penile cancer Main symptoms of penile cancer [Internet]. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/penile-cancer/symptoms/
6. Causes of penile cancer – NHS [Internet]. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/penile-cancer/causes/
7. Penile Cancer: Risk Factors and Prevention | Cancer.Net [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/penile-cancer/risk-factors-and-prevention
8. Can Penile Cancer Be Prevented? [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/penile-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html
9. Sex and relationships | Penile cancer | Cancer Research UK [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/penile-cancer/living-with/sex-relationships
10. Penile Cancer: Symptoms, Stages & Treatment [Internet]. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6181-penile-cancer
11. After surgery | Penile cancer | Cancer Research UK [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/penile-cancer/treatment/surgery/after-surgery

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

3

0

Hepatomegaly (Enlarged Liver): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Introduction

Hepatomegaly, also known as an enlarged liver, occurs when the liver swells beyond its normal size, indicating some health issues. It is not a disease in itself but it is often considered a symptom of underlying liver disease. The liver performs essential functions in the body, including filtering toxins from the blood and regulating cholesterol. An enlarged liver can indicate a potential problem with these functions, and prompt investigation is necessary to identify and address the underlying cause^1,2.

Let’s take a closer look at what is hepatomegaly, its causes, diagnosis and treatment.

Signs and Symptoms of Hepatomegaly

Hepatomegaly may not cause noticeable symptoms on its own. However, it may be accompanied by signs and symptoms like:

• Abdominal pain.
• Fatigue.
• Nausea, vomiting, and jaundice.
• Loss of appetite.
• Weight loss.
• Discomfort in the upper right abdomen.
• Hepatomegaly can also cause symptoms related to liver dysfunction, such as bruising, gynaecomastia (enlargement of breast tissue in men), spider nevi (small, red, spider-like blood vessels that can appear on the surface of the skin, especially near the stomach), and ascites (an accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity).

If you experience any of these symptoms, consult with your healthcare provider promptly for a timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment^1,3.

Causes of Hepatomegaly

The causes of liver enlargement refer to the various medical conditions that lead to an increase in liver size. Several conditions can cause the liver to enlarge. The possible causes include:

• Infections: They include viral infections such as viral hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, and cytomegalovirus and parasitic infections such as malaria and helminthic infections.
• Autoimmune liver diseases: Diseases such as autoimmune liver disease and primary biliary cirrhosis.
• Biliary diseases: Including extra-hepatic obstruction, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis.
• Tumours and infiltrative diseases: Diseases such as metastatic carcinoma, primary hepatic tumour,  leukaemia, lymphoma, and amyloidosis.
• Haematological disorders: Including thalassemia, sickle cell disease, haemolytic anaemia, myeloma, and leukaemia.
• Metabolic disorders: such as hemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease, glycogen storage diseases, and porphyria.
• Liver diseases: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease due to metabolic syndrome or diabetes mellitus and alcohol-associated liver disease including acute alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic fatty liver.
• Drug-induced hepatitis: often due to medication overdose, such as with statins, macrolides, and amiodarone.
• Liver lesions: such as liver cysts, benign liver tumours, and liver cancer.
• Bile duct diseases and strictures: such as primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis.
• Heart and vascular causes: such as congestive heart failure (including right ventricular failure and congestive cardiac failure), pericarditis, and Budd-Chiari syndrome.
• Less common causes of hepatomegaly include genetic disorders, such as alpha-1 anti-trypsin disease and Niemann-Pick disease, as well as systemic diseases like sarcoidosis^1,3.

Fatty liver which a very common cause of hepatomegaly is on the rise primarily because of an increase in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and consumption of alcohol. Appropriate lifestyle changes and early diagnosis helps to beat it.

Dr. M.G. Kartheeka, MBBS MD

Risk Factors for Hepatomegaly

The causes of hepatomegaly may vary and are not the same as risk factors. Risk factors increase the likelihood of developing liver problems but do not necessarily cause liver enlargement. Hepatomegaly, or an enlarged liver, can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

• Alcohol consumption (in excess): Drinking large amounts of alcohol can be damaging to your liver and increase your risk of hepatomegaly.
• Overdosing on medications, vitamins or supplements: Taking more than the recommended dose of medications, vitamins, or supplements, such as acetaminophen, can also lead to an enlarged liver.
• Use of herbal supplements: Taking herbal supplements, such as black cohosh, ma huang, and valerian have been known to increase the risk of liver damage and hepatomegaly.
• Infections: Infectious diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites can also increase the risk of developing an enlarged liver.
• Hepatitis virus: Hepatitis A, B, and C are viruses that can cause liver damage and increase the risk of hepatomegaly.
• Eating habits: Unhealthy eating habits, such as consuming excess fat or sugar, and being overweight can also increase the risk of liver disease and hepatomegaly².

Diagnosis of Hepatomegaly

To diagnose an enlarged liver, your doctor may perform the following procedures⁴:

1. Physical Exam

• Procedure: The doctor may examine the abdomen to feel the liver size, shape, and texture.
• Possible Outcome: May or may not be enough to confirm an enlarged liver.

2. Blood Tests

• Procedure: A blood sample is taken to check liver enzyme levels and identify viruses.
• Possible Outcome: Elevated liver enzymes or presence of viruses that can cause hepatomegaly.

3. Imaging Tests (CT scan, Ultrasound, MRI)

• Procedure: Images of the liver are taken to check for abnormalities.
• Possible Outcome: May show the presence of tumors, cysts, or other abnormalities.

4. Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE)

• Procedure: MRE is a non-invasive test done with the help of sound waves to create an elastogram showing liver tissue stiffness.
• Possible Outcome: May be done as an alternative to a liver biopsy.

5. Liver Biopsy

• Procedure: A small sample of liver tissue is removed using a needle and sent to a lab for testing.
• Possible Outcome: Confirms diagnosis of liver disease, identifies the underlying cause, determines the level of liver damage or inflammation, and helps identify the specific type and severity of liver disease.

Treatment of Hepatomegaly

The treatment for hepatomegaly depends on the underlying cause of the disease. Here are some key points regarding the treatment of hepatomegaly:

• An enlarged liver may require referral to a specialist (hepatologist) for further evaluation and testing.
• Treatment options will depend on the underlying cause of the condition, which may include blood tests, imaging tests, or a liver biopsy.
• The liver can repair and regenerate itself, as long as there is enough healthy tissue remaining.
• Lifestyle changes can often reverse hepatomegaly depending on the cause.

Treatment of Acute Hepatomegaly

• Viral Hepatitis: Supportive care, antiviral medications.
• Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Discontinuing the offending medication.
• Alcoholic Hepatitis: Abstinence from alcohol, medication, nutritional support.
• Toxic Liver Injury: Avoiding the toxin, supportive care.
• Ischemic Hepatitis: Treating the underlying vascular problem.

Treatment of Chronic Hepatomegaly

• Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Weight loss, healthy diet, exercise, medications.
• Alcoholic Liver Disease: Abstinence from alcohol, medication, nutritional support.
• Autoimmune Hepatitis: Corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medications.
• Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: Urso-deoxycholic acid, other medications, liver transplant.
• Hemochromatosis: Phlebotomy, iron chelation therapy.
• Wilson’s Disease: Chelation therapy, zinc supplementation, liver transplant.

Your healthcare provider will advise on the best course of treatment for your specific situation^1,4.

Prevention of Hepatomegaly

To prevent the risk of developing hepatomegaly, here are some do’s and don’ts to follow:

Do’s:

• Consume a healthy diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
• Follow the prescribed dosages for medications, vitamins, and supplements.
• Use chemicals in well-ventilated areas while wearing protective gear such as gloves, long sleeves, and a mask.
• Maintain a healthy weight by adopting a balanced diet and limiting the intake of sugary and fatty foods.
• Discuss the potential risks and benefits of using supplements, especially herbal supplements, with your doctor.

Don’ts:

• Alcohol consumption is a health hazard. Avoid alcohol as much as possible and replace it with other healthier beverages.
• Smoking and the use of substance is an absolute no-no.
• Never self-medicate with alternative medicine treatments without discussing their potential risks and benefits with your doctor².

Also Read: Hepatitis B: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Complications of Hepatomegaly

Hepatomegaly, or an enlarged liver, can lead to several complications, especially if left untreated. Some of the common complications of hepatomegaly are:

• Acute Liver failure: If hepatomegaly is caused by an underlying condition that leads to extensive damage to the liver, it can lead to acute liver failure. This occurs when the liver is no longer able to perform its essential functions that can be life-threatening.
• Hepatic tuberculosis: It is a type of tuberculosis infection that affects the liver. Hepatic tuberculosis may occur due to the spread of tuberculosis bacteria from other infected sites in the body, such as the lungs or lymph nodes, to the liver. It may be a complication of hepatomegaly, as one of the clinical features of hepatic tuberculosis noted in various case series is hepatomegaly, which is present in 80-95% of cases.
• Malaria: Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly are common complications of malaria infection caused by Plasmodium falciparum or vivax. In fact, approximately 60% of patients with these types of malaria infections may experience hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly^5,6.

Hepatomegaly with or without elevated liver function tests may be secondary to multiple causes, which include drug side effects, active lupus infection, fatty infiltration, hepatic vein or artery thrombosis, and congestion secondary to right heart failure.

Dr. Ashish Bajaj, M.B.B.S. M.D. in Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology

When to See a Doctor?

If you suspect any swelling or tenderness in the liver area or have unusual symptoms, it is essential to seek medical attention. Don’t hesitate to contact your healthcare provider if you notice persistent fever, confusion or disorientation, weakness, lightheadedness, or yellowing of the eyes or skin. These signs may indicate a more severe underlying condition and require immediate evaluation and treatment. So, if you are concerned about any symptoms or changes in your body, it’s always better to consult with a medical professional right away¹.

Also Read: Natural Home Remedies for Fatty Liver

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

References

1. Hepatomegaly (enlarged liver): Symptoms, causes & treatment [Internet]. Cleveland Clinic. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17937-hepatomegaly-enlarged-liver 
2. Symptoms and causes [Internet]. Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-liver/symptoms-causes/syc-20372167
3. Knott DL. Hepatomegaly (causes, symptoms, and treatment) [Internet]. Patient.info. 2022. Available from: https://patient.info/doctor/hepatomegaly 
4. Enlarged liver [Internet]. Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2022. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-liver/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372171 
5. Toma D, Lazar O, Bontas E. Acute liver failure. Liver Diseases: A Multidisciplinary Textbook. 2020:369-80. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122204/ 
6. Talwani R, Gilliam BL, Howell C. Infectious diseases and the liver. Clinics in liver disease. 2011 Feb 1;15(1):111-30. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3660095/ 
7. Chatila R, West BA. Hepatomegaly and abnormal liver tests due to glycogenosis in adults with diabetes. Medicine. 1996 Nov 1;75(6):327-33. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8982149/ 
8. Malik A, Brito D, Vaqar S, Chhabra L. Congestive heart failure. InStatPearls [Internet] 2022 May 5. StatPearls Publishing. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430873/ 
9. Paschos P, Paletas K. Non alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome. Hippokratia. 2009 Jan;13(1):9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2633261/ 
10. Giallourakis CC. Liver complications in patients with congestive heart failure. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2013 Apr;9(4):244. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3977644/ 

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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अश्वगंधा (Ashwagandha in hindi) के उपयोग, लाभ और साइड इफ़ेक्ट

परिचय

अश्वगंधा या Withania somnifera, आयुर्वेदिक चिकित्सा प्रणाली में उपयोग की जाने वाली एक लोकप्रिय जड़ी बूटी है। यह एक तरह की छोटी झाड़ी है जो Solanaceae परिवार का एक हिस्सा है। यह अलग-अलग रोगों के लिए और ज़्यादातर एक नर्व टॉनिक के रूप में (नसों पर आरामदायक प्रभाव डालने वाला) उपयोगी हो सकता है। अश्वगंधा को आमतौर पर इंडियन जिनसेंग या इंडियन विंटर चेरी कहा जाता है। अश्वगंधा अपने रसायन (टॉनिक) गुण के लिए जाना जाता है। रसायन एक हर्बल या मैटेलिक फ़ॉर्मूलेशन है जो एक ताज़गी भरे शारीरिक और मानसिक स्वास्थ्य के साथ-साथ खुशी का अहसास भी दिलाता है।

अश्वगंधा की खेती दक्षिण एशिया, अफ्रीका और मध्य एशिया के खुश्क इलाकों में की जाती है। अश्वगंधा के पौधे के अलग-अलग भागों से 50 से अधिक रासायनिक घटकों को अलग किया गया है।[1]

अश्वगंधा की न्यूट्रीशनल वैल्यू (Ashwagandha ki Nutritional Value)

100 ग्राम अश्वगंधा में जो पोषक तत्व पाए जाते हैं वो इस प्रकार हैं:

टेबल 1: अश्वगंधा की न्यूट्रीशनल वैल्यू ²

अश्वगंधा की खूबियाँ (Ashwagandha ki khubiya)

अश्वगंधा की शानदार खूबियाँ इस प्रकार हैं:

• यह दर्द से राहत दे सकता है और नींद लाने में मदद कर सकता है
• यह एक डाययूरेटिक (शरीर से पेशाब को बाहर निकालने वाला) के तौर पर काम कर सकता है
• यह एक एस्ट्रिंजेंट (शरीर के टिशूज़ को सिकोड़ने वाला) के तौर पर काम कर सकता है
• यह एक एंटीहेल्मिन्थिक के तौर पर काम कर सकता है (पैरासाइटिक वर्म्स के खिलाफ काम करता है)
• यह थर्मोजेनिक (गर्मी पैदा करने वाला) हो सकता है।¹
• इसमें एंटी-इन्फ्लेमेट्री गुण (सूजन कम करने की क्षमता) हो सकते हैं
• इसमें एंटी-पायरेटिक गुण (बुखार कम करने वाला) हो सकते हैं
• इसमें डीप्यूरेटिव गुण (डीटॉक्सिफ़ाइ करने वाला) हो सकते हैं।¹
• इसमें दिल की सुरक्षा करने वाली खूबियाँ हो सकती हैं
• यह एक सिडेटिव (नींद लाने वाला) के रूप में काम कर सकता है
• यह थायरोप्रोटेक्टिव (थायराइड ग्लैंड की रक्षा करने वाला) हो सकता है
• इसमें हाइपोग्लाइसेमिक गुण (ब्लड शुगर कम करने वाला) हो सकते हैं।³

अश्वगंधा के शानदार उपयोग (Ashwagandha ke Shandaar Upyog)

मानव स्वास्थ्य के लिए अश्वगंधा के शानदार उपयोग इस प्रकार हैं

1. चिंता और डिप्रेशन के लिए अश्वगंधा का शानदार उपयोग

अश्वगंधा में एंग्ज़योलिटिक (घबराहट से राहत देने वाले) गुण हो सकते हैं जो लॉराज़ेपाम नामक दवा की तरह ही होते हैं। पशुओं में किए गए एक अध्ययन के अनुसार, अश्वगंधा और लोराज़ेपम दोनों ही पशु मॉडल में चिंता को कम करने में मदद कर सकते हैं। अश्वगंधा में एंटीडिप्रेसेंट गुण भी हो सकते हैं। इससे यह पता चलता है कि अश्वगंधा डिप्रेशन और घबराहट को कम करने में मदद कर सकता है।¹ हालाँकि, इस दिशा में अभी और शोध की आवश्यकता है। डिप्रेशन और घबराहट ऐसी स्थितियाँ हैं जिन पर गंभीर ध्यान देने की आवश्यकता हो सकती है और इसके लिए किसी डॉक्टर से मेडिकल सहायता लेनी चाहिए।

2. आर्थराइटिस के लिए अश्वगंधा का शानदार उपयोग

अश्वगंधा में आर्थराइटिस के इलाज के लिए शानदार गुण हो सकते हैं जिन्हें बड़े पैमाने पर स्वीकार और रिपोर्ट किया जा सकता है। अश्वगंधा नर्वस सिस्टम को शांत करके दर्द को दूर करने में मदद कर सकता है।  एक प्रायोगिक अध्ययन में, रोगियों को अश्वगंधा वाला फ़ॉर्मूला दिया गया। इस अध्ययन में यह पाया गया कि यह हर्बल फ़ॉर्मूलेशन दर्द और विकलांगता की गंभीरता को कम कर सकता है।^1,4 हालांकि, आर्थराइटिस एक गंभीर स्थिति है और इसकी पहचान और इलाज डॉक्टर द्वारा किया जाना चाहिए।

3. कोग्नीशन (ज्ञान और समझ हासिल करने में शामिल मानसिक प्रक्रियाएं) के लिए अश्वगंधा का शानदार उपयोग

अश्वगंधा एक लोकप्रिय आयुर्वेदिक रसायन है और रसायन के एक उप-समूह मेध्या रसायन से संबंधित है। मेध्या का अर्थ है मानसिक/बौद्धिक क्षमता। अश्वगंधा याददाश्त और बुद्धि को बढ़ाने में मदद कर सकता है। कोगनीशन के लिए अश्वगंधा का शानदार लाभ कमज़ोर याददाश्त वाले बच्चों और वृद्धावस्था में एनेकडॉटल एविडेंस के रूप में देखा गया।¹ हालांकि, ऐसे दावों का कोई वैज्ञानिक आधार नहीं होता।  इसलिए, इस दिशा में अभी और शोध की आवश्यकता है।

4. तनाव के लिए अश्वगंधा का शानदार उपयोग

मानसिक तनाव के कारण सर्कुलेटरी सिस्टम और दिल के स्वास्थ्य पर उल्टा असर पड़ता है। तनाव शरीर के एंटीऑक्सीडेंट डिफेन्स सिस्टम को भी प्रभावित करता है। अश्वगंधा शरीर को तनाव झेलने के लिए तैयार करने में मदद कर सकता है। यह मानसिक और शारीरिक स्वास्थ्य को बेहतर बनाने में भी प्रभावी हो सकता है।⁵ हालांकि, ऐसे दावों को साबित करने के लिए अभी और ज़्यादा शोध की आवश्यकता है।

5. दर्द के लिए अश्वगंधा का शानदार उपयोग

एक अध्ययन में पाया गया कि प्लेसिबो की तुलना में अश्वगंधा के एक एक्वस एक्सट्रैक्ट के साथ किए गए इलाज ने दर्द की सीमा (एक बिंदु जिसके आगे एक ट्रिगर दर्द पैदा करता है) को बढ़ाने की क्षमता दिखाई, जिससे पता चलता है कि अश्वगंधा एक एनाल्जेसिक एजेंट (दर्द कम करने वाला) हो सकता है।⁴ हालांकि, इन्हें ठोस तथ्यों के रूप में दिखाने के लिए अभी और शोध की आवश्यकता है।

6. अश्वगंधा के अन्य शानदार उपयोग

अश्वगंधा नींद से संबंधित समस्याओं से आराम दिलाने में मदद कर सकता है और इसमें नींद लाने वाले गुण हो सकते हैं। यह जल्दी नींद लाने में भी मदद कर सकता है और नींद को आरामदायक बनाने में भी काफ़ी लाभदायक है।⁷

हालांकि, अलग-अलग परिस्थितियों में अलग-अलग अध्ययन अश्वगंधा के शानदार उपयोग दिखाते हैं, लेकिन ये अध्ययन काफ़ी नहीं हैं और मानव स्वास्थ्य पर अश्वगंधा के लाभ कितने कारगर हैं यह पक्का करने के लिए आगे और अध्ययन की आवश्यकता है। 

अश्वगंधा को कैसे उपयोग करें (How to use Ashwagandha)?

अश्वगंधा के खास फ़ॉर्मूलेशन में शामिल हैं:

• अश्वगंधाद्यारिष्ट (सिरप के रूप में)
• अश्वगंधादि लेह (पाउडर के रूप में)
• बालस्वगंधादि लक्षादी तैल (तेल के रूप में)⁷

यह चाय, गोलियों, गम्मीज़ या टिंचर के रूप में भी उपलब्ध है। अश्वगंधा की जड़ें, बीज, पत्ते और फूल औषधीय कार्यों के लिए उपयोग किए जा सकते हैं।^1,7,8

कोई भी हर्बल सप्लीमेंट लेने से पहले आपको किसी अनुभवी डॉक्टर से सलाह लेनी चाहिए। किसी अनुभवी डॉक्टर से सलाह लिए बिना अपने आधुनिक चिकित्सा के जारी इलाज को न तो बंद करें और न ही इसके बजाय कोई आयुर्वेदिक/हर्बल प्रिपरेशन लेना शुरू करें।  

अश्वगंधा के साइड इफ़ेक्ट

लंबे समय तक अश्वगंधा के उपयोग की सुरक्षा को लेकर कोई भी पुख्ता जानकारी उपलब्ध नहीं है। हालांकि, अश्वगंधा के सबसे आम साइड इफ़ेक्ट इस प्रकार हैं:

• जी मिचलाना
• दस्त
• उल्टी आना
• पेट खराब होना⁷

जो साइड इफेक्ट्स कम देखने को मिलते हैं:

• उनींदापन (नींद आते रहना)
• वर्टिगो (चक्कर आना)
• खांसी और बलगम जमा होना
• ददोरे पड़ना
• नज़र धुंधली होना
• मुँह सूखना
• वज़न बढ़ना
• हैल्युसिनेशन होना (काल्पनिक ख्याल आना)⁷

अश्वगंधा (Ashwagandha) से लिवर डैमेज भी हो सकता है। अगर आप किसी भी साइड इफेक्ट्स का अनुभव करते हैं, खासतौर पर खुजली वाली त्वचा या पीलिया जैसा लिवर डैमेज की स्थिति में होता है, तो अपने डॉक्टर से तुरंत बात करना बहुत ज़रूरी है।⁷ इसलिए, अश्वगंधा का उपयोग करने से पहले कृपया किसी आयुर्वेदिक चिकित्सक से सलाह ज़रूर लें। वे आपके स्वास्थ्य की ज़रूरतों के हिसाब से आपको सही सलाह देंगे।

अश्वगंधा के साथ बरती जाने वाली सावधानियां (Precautions to take with Ashwagandha)

कुछ स्थितियों में अश्वगंधा के उपयोग से बचना चाहिए जैसे:

• प्रेग्नेंसी में
• बच्चे को स्तनपान कराने के दौरान
• ऑटोइम्यून रोगों में (ऐसी स्थितियां जिनमें प्रतिरक्षा प्रणाली शरीर के अपने ही टिशू पर हमला करती है)
• हाल ही में कोई सर्जरी हुई हो या अगर आगे कोई सर्जरी होने वाली हो
• थायराइड डिसऑर्डर में⁷

कृपया अपना इलाज खुद करने की ग़लती न करें, न ही किसी जारी इलाज को बदलें, हटाएं या बंद करें। कृपया डॉक्टर से सलाह ज़रूर लें।

अन्य दवाओं के साथ इंटरैक्शन

नीचे बताई गई चीज़ों के साथ अश्वगंधा का उपयोग करते समय सावधानी बरतना आवश्यक है:

• बार्बिटुरेट्स (दवाओं का एक समूह जो आराम देता है या नींद लाता है): अश्वगंधा बार्बिटुरेट्स के असर को बढ़ा सकता है। इसलिए इस कॉम्बिनेशन को लेते समय सावधानी बरतनी चाहिए।
• शराब: अश्वगंधा को शराब के साथ लेने की सलाह नहीं दी जाती है।
• सिडेटिव्स: अश्वगंधा को सिडेटिव गुणों वाले हैल्थ प्रोडक्ट्स के साथ नहीं लेना चाहिए।

यह जानने के लिए अपने डॉक्टर से सलाह लेना बहुत ज़रूरी है कि कहीं दूसरी दवाओं के साथ अश्वगंधा का टकराव तो नहीं होता है।⁴

Read in English: Ashwagandha: Uses, Benefits & Side Effects

अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल (FAQs)

References

1. Narendra Singh, Mohit Bhalla, Prashanti de Jager, Marilena Gilca; An overview on ashwagandha: A rasayana (rejuvenator) of Ayurveda. African journal of traditional, complementary and alternative medicines. 2011 June 3 8(5): 208-213 Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3252722/
2. Kruthika Joshi, Swagata D Tavhare, Kalpesh Pandra, Praveen Kumar; Studies of Ashwagandha (withania Somifera Dunal). International journal of pharmaceutical and biological archives. 2016 7(1): 1-11. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303343480_Studies_of_Ashwagandha_Withania_somnifera_Dunal/link/573dbb3908ae9ace84111bb9/download
3. Swati Dongre, Deepak Langade, And Sauvik Bhattacharyya; Efficacy and safety of ashwagandha (withania somnifera) root extract in improving sexual function in women: A pilot study. BioMed Research International. 2015 Oct. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2015/284154/
4. Sleep foundation. Ashwagandha for sleep. [Internet] Available from: https://www.sleepfoundation.org/naturalsleepaids/ashwagandha#:~:text=unknown%20side%20effects.,Ashwagandha%20as%20a%20Sleep%20Aid,%25%20better14%2C%20on%20average
5. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Part-1 Volume-1. Available from: http://www.ayurveda.hu/api/API-Vol-1.pdf
6. Ramakanth GS, Uday Kumar C, Kishan PV, Usharani P. A randomized, double blind, controlled study of efficacy and tolerability of Withaina somnifera extracts in knee joint pain. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2016 Jul-Sep;7(3):151-157. doi: 10.1016/j.jaim.2016.05.003. Epub 2016 Sep 16. PMID: 27647541; PMCID: PMC5052364. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5052364/
7. Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS), National Institutes of Health. Ashwagandha: Is it helpful for stress, anxiety, or sleep? [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): NIH; [updated 2 May 2025; cited YYYY Mon DD]. Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Ashwagandha-HealthProfessional/
8. Bonilla DA, Moreno Y, Gho C, Petro JL, Odriozola-Martínez A, Kreider RB. Effects of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) on Physical Performance: Systematic Review and Bayesian Meta-Analysis. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2021 Feb 11;6(1):20. doi: 10.3390/jfmk6010020. PMID: 33670194; PMCID: PMC8006238. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8006238/
9. Salve J, Pate S, Debnath K, Langade D. Adaptogenic and Anxiolytic Effects of Ashwagandha Root Extract in Healthy Adults: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Clinical Study. Cureus. 2019 Dec 25;11(12):e6466. doi: 10.7759/cureus.6466. PMID: 32021735; PMCID: PMC6979308. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32021735/
10. Ring C, Heitmiller K, Correia E, Gabriel Z, Saedi N. Nutraceuticals for Androgenetic Alopecia. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2022 Mar;15(3):26-29. PMID: 35342503; PMCID: PMC8944288. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8944288/
11. Chandrasekhar K, Kapoor J, Anishetty S. A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults. Indian J Psychol Med. 2012 Jul;34(3):255-62. doi: 10.4103/0253-7176.106022. PMID: 23439798; PMCID: PMC3573577. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3573577/
12. Alam N, Hossain M, Khalil MI, Moniruzzaman M, Sulaiman SA, Gan SH. High catechin concentrations detected in Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. BMC Complement Alternat Med. 2011 Aug 19;11:65. doi:10.1186/1472‑6882‑11‑65. Available from: https://bmccomplementmedtherapies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6882-11-65

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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4

Dronapushpi (Leucas aspera): Uses, Benefits and Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh 

Introduction

Hippocrates, “the father of medicine,” has rightly described Nature as the best physician. Since ancient times, different parts of plants like leaves, seeds, flowers, roots and stems have been used for their medicinal value. One such plant which is of great significance is dronapushpi. Dronapushpi is a herb commonly found in India, from the Himalayas and down to Ceylon. The scientific name of this plant is Leucas aspera, and it belongs to the family Lamiaceae. In Sanskrit, it is known as dronapushpi, chitrak-shupa and chitrapathrika. In Hindi, it is called goma madhupati. It is known as thumbai, bahuphul in Marathi and Tunni in Southern India. In this article, we will learn more about dronapushpi, its health benefits, side effects, precautions, etc¹.  

Nutritional Value of Dronapushpi

Dronapushpi contains different types of phytochemicals, which include phytosterols (plant sterols) like β-Sitosterol and its glycoside and terpenes (organic compounds found in oils) like norlabdane, labdane, abietane-leucasdins A, B, C and leucastrins A and B. The oil of dronapushpi contains fatty acids like adipic acid, laballenic acid, tridecanoic acid, lauric acid and glutaric acid². 

Properties of Dronapushpi

Dronapushpi shows numerous scientifically proven properties, some of which are mentioned below: 

• It may have antioxidant properties¹. 
• It may have properties to arrest the growth of fungi and bacteria¹. 
• It may have the potential to reduce pain¹. 
• It may have properties to manage fever¹. 
• It may have the potential to reduce cough¹. 
• It may have properties to reduce blood glucose³. 

Based on a study² I read, it was found that dronapushpi flower balls might provide a satisfying combination of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, iron, and calcium. Thus, they may offer a convenient and tasty option that may be enjoyed as a snack while providing the body with valuable nourishment.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

Potential Uses of Dronapushpi for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of dronapushpi are described below. 

1. Potential Use of Dronapushpi on Fungal Infections

Literature states that dronapushpi may have the potential to kill harmful fungi. Prajapati et al. conducted a study¹ in 2010. The findings of this study showed that leaves obtained from dronapushpi plant helped in killing fungi like Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton rubrum. This indicates that it may have the potential to manage hair, skin, scalp and nail infections caused due to these fungi. However, we have yet to claim these results with greater reliability. It is further advised not to self-medicate and consult your physician for proper treatment of any fungal infection. 

2. Potential Uses of Dronapushpi on Bacterial Infections

Ayurvedic literature supports the use of different plant extracts that may help manage bacterial infections. A study¹ conducted by Prajapati et al. in 2010 stated that the oil extracted from dronapushpi might arrest the growth of bacterias like S.aureus, S.typhi, K.aerogenes, E.coli and P.vulgaris and may have the potential to manage pneumonia, typhoid, urinary tract infections and diarrhoea caused by these bacteria. However, due to limited studies, it is advised not to rely on dronapushpi as a remedy and kindly consult your physician for the proper management of any bacterial infections. 

3. Potential Uses of Dronapushpi in Diabetes

Ever wondered what happens to the food that we eat? The food that we eat is broken down into glucose by enzymes like alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase. Verma et al. 2017 conducted a study⁸, and the results of this study show that dronapushpi may help lower blood glucose and may have a positive impact on diabetes. This effect is due to the inhibition of alpha-amylase, which helps in reducing blood glucose levels. However, we need more studies to claim these results with greater reliability. Also, it is advised not to consider dronapushpi as an alternative to modern medicine; you should always consult your doctor for proper management of diabetes³. 

4. Potential Use of Dronapushpi on Fever and Cough

Literature studies support the use of herbs like dronapushpi for managing fever. A study¹ conducted by Prajapati et al. in 2010 stated that dronapushpi might help reduce body temperature if you have a fever. Additionally, it may help manage the cough. This indicates that this herb may positively impact fever and cough. The exact mechanism behind these effects is unclear, and thus, you should not rely on dronapushpi for the treatment of fever or cough. It is best to consult your doctor for the proper treatment. 

5. Potential Uses of Dronapushpi in Peptic Ulcers

Peptic ulcer or gastric ulcers are sores on the lining of the stomach, food pipe (esophagus) or small intestine. Ulcers are usually associated with stomach pain, indigestion and acid reflux. Many literature studies² support the use of herbal preparations like dronapushpi for managing ulcers. Hiremath et al., in 2022 stated that this herb may help in reducing gastric acid production and, thus, help manage ulcers. However, it is advised not to consider dronapushpi as an alternative to modern medicine, and you should consult your doctor for the proper management of peptic ulcers. 

6. Potential Uses of Dronapushpi in Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a skin disease that causes rashes, itchiness, and scaly skin. A review⁴ conducted by Singh et al. in 2022 stated that the presence of antioxidants in dronapushpi may help eliminate the harmful radicals from the body and helps relieve skin itchiness and rashes. This indicates that dronapushpi may positively impact psoriasis. However, you should not consider it as an alternative to modern medicine; it is always advised to consult a physician for the proper management of psoriasis. 

7. Potential Uses of Dronapushpi in Prostate Cancer

Studies show that compounds extracted from different parts of the plants may positively impact prostate cancer. Anjusha et al. conducted a study⁵ in 2017, the results showed that dronapushpi might have the potential to manage prostate cancer. To claim these results with greater reliability, we need more studies. It is further advised not to consider dronapushpi as an alternative to modern medicine; kindly consider your doctor for the proper management of prostate cancer⁵. 

8. Potential Uses of Dronapushpi in Jaundice

Jaundice is a disease condition characterised by the yellowing of skin, nails and eyes due to an increase in bilirubin (a breakdown product of red blood cells). Literature studies⁶ support the use of dronapushpi to reduce bilirubin. A review which was conducted by Das et al. in 2012 stated that the hot water extract of the entire plant of dronapushpi might help manage jaundice. However, you should not consider this herb as an alternative to modern medicine and should consult your doctor for proper treatment of jaundice.  

9. Other Potential Uses of Dronapushpi

• Dronapushpi may help improve menstrual flow¹. 
• It may help manage constipation¹. 
• The juice of the leaves is administered in the ears to provide relief from ear pain⁶. 
• Traditionally, dronapushpi was used for managing snake bites¹. 
• Dronapushpi is a good source of healthy fats and is used as an effective nutraceutical which promotes general well-being³. 
• Inhaling the crushed flowers of dronapushpi may help manage migraine⁶. 

Though there are studies that show the benefits of dronapushpi in various conditions, these are insufficient, and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of dronapushpi on human health.  

From what I have read, the utilisation of the entire dronapushpi plant in a particular herbal composition has been patented for its effectiveness in dealing with epileptic convulsions and cerebral function disorders. This indicates that researchers may have found positive outcomes in using a combination of different parts of the dronapushpi plant, constituting 70% of the herbal composition, to address conditions such as seizures and problems related to brain function⁹.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

How to Use Dronapushpi?

• Dronapushpi is dried and powdered, 1-3 g of this powder is used for the above-mentioned health benefits. 
• Juice prepared from the fresh leaves of dronapushpi is consumed in 5-10ml quantities for its health benefits². 

You must consult a qualified doctor before consuming any herbal supplements. You should not discontinue or replace your ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting your doctor.  

One interesting but surprising use I have come across is the smoking of dried dronapushpi inflorescences and exhaling the smoke through the nose to possibly address nose bleeds. This unique practice suggests that dronapushpi may have been traditionally employed as a remedy for managing nose bleeding⁹.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Side Effects of Dronapushpi

Hiremath et al. conducted a study⁵ in 2022 which found that dronapushpi may result in CNS depression or slowing down of brain activity, which can result in nausea, vomiting, reduced heart rate and breathing, confusion and memory loss. 

Dronapushpi is considered a safe formulation; however, if you experience any adverse reactions to dronapushpi, it is advised to discontinue its intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it, as they will guide you properly for your symptoms. 

Also Read: Triphala Ghrita: Uses, Benefits, Side effects & more!

Precautions to Take with Dronapushpi

Consuming dronapushpi is okay if taken in moderate amounts. However, the following considerations must be taken: 

• The safety of consumption of dronapushpi by special groups like pregnant and lactating children and the elderly is not studied in detail. Therefore, it is advised to consult a physician if you belong to these special groups and plan to take dronapushpi. 
• If you are using fresh leaves of dronapushpi, you should first wash the leaves thoroughly under tap water. 

Also Read: Kabasura Kudineer: Uses, Benefits and Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh 

Interactions with Other Drugs

• There may be an interaction between dronapushpi and your blood glucose-lowering medicines; this may cause blood glucose levels to fall too low. It is best to avoid this combination³. 
• There may be an interaction between dronapushpi and your anti-cancer medicines resulting in adverse effects. It is best to avoid taking them together⁵. 
• Herbal medicines like dronapushpi may interact with your ongoing medications and can result in toxicity or decreased efficacy⁷. 

However, you must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician about the possible interaction of dronapushpi with other drugs. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

References

1. Prajapati MS, Patel JB, Modi K, Shah MB. Leucas aspera: A review. Pharmacognosy reviews. 2010 Jan; 4(7):85. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3249907/ 
2. Hiremath S, Pradeep AJ. Leucas aspera Spreng (Dronapushpi): A Review. Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine. 2022; 8(1):48-54. Available at: https://www.ayurvedjournal.com/JAHM_202281_11.pdf 
3.  Verma A, Kumar A, Upreti DK, Pande V, Pal M. Fatty acid profiling and In vitro antihyperglycemic effect of Leucas cephalotes (Roth) spreng via carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme inhibition. Pharmacognosy Magazine. 2017 Jan; 13(Suppl 1):S22. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5407111/ 
4. Singh R. APPLICATION OF HOMEOPATHY IN VETERINARY PRACTICES. 2022. Available at: https://www.pashudhanpraharee.com/application-of-homeopathy-in-veterinary-practices-3/ 
5. Mohan A, Nair SV, Lakshmanan VK. Leucas aspera nanomedicine shows superior toxicity and cell migration retarded in prostate cancer cells. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology. 2017 Apr; 181:1388-400. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27812900/ 
6. Das SN, Patro VJ, Dinda SC. A review: Ethnobotanical survey of genus Leucas. Pharmacognosy reviews. 2012 Jul; 6(12):100. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3459451/ 
7. Singh A, Zhao K. Treatment of insomnia with traditional Chinese herbal medicine. International Review of Neurobiology. 2017 Jan 1; 135:97-115. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/herb-drug-interaction 
8. Bavarva JH, Narasimhacharya A. Leucas cephalotes regulates carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and improves antioxidant status in IDDM and NIDDM rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;127(1):98–102. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2009.09.042. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26866302_Leucas_cephalotes_regulates_carbohydrate_and_lipid_metabolism_and_improves_antioxidant_status_in_IDDM_and_NIDDM_rats
9. Dr Anthony Melvin Crasto. AYURVEDA……..Dronapushpi (দ্রোনপুষ্পি) [Internet]. New Drug Approvals; 2015 Feb 01 [cited 2026 Feb 06]. Available from: https://newdrugapprovals.org/2015/02/01/ayurveda-dronapushp

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability, or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation of the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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