HPV (Human Papillomavirus) infection is a sexually transmitted infection commonly affecting both men and women. Some types of HPV are considered low-risk and may cause warts, while others are high-risk types and that can even lead to cancer.
HPV is more often discussed in women due to the risk of cervical cancer. However, there a 90% probability of men too being infected with HPV through their lifetime. Though not always serious, it can sometimes cause cancer of the penis, anus, or certain parts of the throat, such as the base of the tongue and tonsils1.
In this blog, we will focus on HPV in men, how to get tested and manage this infection.
HPV is a virus that infects the surface layers of the skin and mucus membranes (thin linings) of the body areas like the genitals, anus, and parts of the throat, commonly spread through sexual contact. It can cause infections in these areas of skin with minor or sometimes even no symptoms, especially in cases of genital infection. The rate of HPV in men is high throughout their lives, while in women, the infection rate reduces as they age.
There are over 200 HPV types and are mainly classified as: the low-risk type (like HPV-6, 11) the high-risk type (like HPV-16, 18) of HPV. Women are infected more often with the high-risk type, while in men, both the high- and low-risk types are equally common1,2.
HPV is easily spread from one person to another in different ways, such as:
The risk is higher in men who have sex with men, in those who are HIV-positive, or in those with infected partners. In rare cases, HPV can also pass to a unborn children through sperm or egg, leading to infection3.
HPV infections can be concerning for men because they often have no symptoms, and many are unaware that they have an infection which can easily pass to their partners.
In men, the low-risk type HPV can cause warts (growths on skin) on gentiles or mouth/throat, but the high-risk type can lead to more serious health issues like cancers affecting the skin around the penis and anus and some mouth/throat cancers. Some research studies also suggest that HPV may affect sperm quality in men, although a clear link has not been proven yet.
Moreover in men, the immune response to HPV is often less effective in clearing the virus completely, and it may remain in the body or come back later. This means the virus can stay for a long time in the body or become active again, causing reinfection and unintentional spread to their partner.
Unlike for women who have HPV related cervical cancer screening, there is no regular screening for the HPV test for men. However, the risk of HIV infections is higher in some categories of men such as those who have sex with other men or those with HIV3,4.
Therefore, though HPV is commonly spoken about in women, men may also have serious health issues when infected with HPV and need regular HPV-related cancer screening using anal smears or HPV DNA testing, especially in certain groups4,5.
HPV is not always dangerous and often goes away without causing much trouble5. But in some cases, it can lead to various health issues like:
These risks show that it is important for men to be aware of HPV, identify the symptoms and take steps to manage it early.
Usually, men with HPV do not show many symptoms. But when symptoms are present, they depend on the type of HPV and the location of the infection. Some possible symptoms include:
These symptoms may also occur in other conditions. While there is no standard test for HPV in men, a specific test like the anal pap smear test may be advised for those who have sex with men or HIV patients. So, it is better to consult a doctor who may advise you to get the HPV test male and accordingly manage the condition based on the results1,6.
Several cancers in men are linked to the high-risk HPV type, especially HPV-16 and HPV-18. HPV is a major cause of certain throat cancers, especially those in the oropharynx (like the base of the tongue and tonsils), often seen in men with a history of oral sex. It also causes 40–50% of penile cancers and about 90% of anal cancers, particularly in men who have sex with men or in HIV-positive men. These cancers may start as small precancerous growths and progress to become cancerous1,2.
But how do men test for HPV to reduce the risk of getting these cancers? We will find it in the next section.
As of now, there are no standard HPV test for men that are approved for screening. In males without any symptoms, it is hard to test for HPV. However, HPV testing may be recommended in the following situations:
Most of the time, warts are checked by doctors just by looking at them and are diagnosed based on how they appear. Testing is usually done on warts or visible spots only if the doctor thinks it could be a serious type of HPV.
While not routinely done, anal cytology (Pap smear) can be advised for detecting HPV in men who may have weakened immune systems or those who engage in anal intercourse (high-risk categories). Here, a soft swab is used to collect cells from the anal region to check for early signs of cancer4.
Male HPV tests, particularly for high-risk categories, also include molecular tests like PCR, used to detect HPV DNA (genetic material of virus) and identify its type. Samples can be taken from areas like the penis, throat, mouth, or skin growths2.
For men who had cancer linked to HPV, their follow-up after treatment involves regular check-ups, scans, or cytology. HPV DNA test may be done only if the doctor recommends it2,6.
HPV infection cannot be cleared by any specific antiviral medicine, and there is no standard management plan. In most cases, the immune system clears the HPV virus on its own7,8,9. However, for HPV related growths and cancers, especially genital warts and early signs of cell changes that could turn into cancer, there are clear treatment options available10.
The focus is mainly on addressing visible growths and related health problems. For growths around the penis, topical creams like imiquimod may stimulate an immune response and clear the warts, though they do not remove the virus completely in that area.
Surgery, radiation, or cancer-related medicines may be suggested in cases where cancer has developed due to HPV8,9.
Immunotherapy medicines such as nivolumab, and pembrolizumab help the body’s immune system fight cancer and are used in some HPV-related cancers of certain areas of the throat11.
Managing HPV should include both partners to help reduce the chance of passing the virus back and forth8,9.
HPV vaccines may help reduce the chances of getting HPV and may lower the risk of HPV-related cancers by up to 90%. Though vaccines are often focused more on women, men may also benefit, as they experience more than 90% of certain HPV-related cancers. HPV vaccines help protect against the many high-risk types of the virus (like types 16 and 18), which can cause cervical cancers and many other cancers in the genital and throat areas.
HPV vaccines have shown strong benefits with good efficacy and immune response. In India, in 2021, Gardasil 9, a vaccine that may be given to both men and women, was introduced8.
The HPV vaccine can be given to males aged 9 to 26 years. It may also be given up to age 45, based on a person’s health and risk factors, as advised by a doctor.
For boys aged 9 to 14 years, two doses are given. The second dose is given 6 to 12 months after the first. If the second dose is given too early (less than 5 months apart), a third dose is needed.
For males aged 15 to 45 years, three doses are given. The second dose is given after 2 months, and the third dose after 6 months from the first8,12.
Getting vaccinated is one way you may help reduce the risk of spreading HPV and avoid the health risks associated with HPV.
You can reduce the chances of getting HPV and its related complications by following these tips13,14:
By taking timely action and staying aware, you and your partner may be safeguarded from serious health risks related to HPV.
Also Read: HPV in Women: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options
You need to see a doctor if you observe any changes in your body or any symptoms that are unusual. This could include a new growth or lump in the genital or anal area, sometimes with pain or bleeding. If you come to know that your partner has HPV, you may ask the doctor if you can get the HPV testing for men and, also get guidance on whether the vaccine can be taken to reduce the risk of exposure6,13.
Also Read: Is HPV Herpes? Our Doctor Explains the Difference
HPV cannot be taken lightly in men, as it may lead to cancer in some cases. The symptoms may not always be visible, but being aware, taking necessary precautions, getting vaccinated, and seeking medical advice can help you and your partner stay healthy and safe.
HPV symptoms do not appear immediately after getting infected with HPV. It may take weeks, months, or even years for signs to show up6.
Genital warts are usually non-cancerous. They are typically caused by low-risk HPV and resolve on their own. However, in case of persistent lesions, it’s best to consult your doctor. They will examine the lesion and advise HPV testing if needed1.
HPV can cause genital warts and, in some cases, lead to cancers in the anus, penis, mouth, or throat, even in men. You may get your son vaccinated before the start of sexual activity. Consult your doctor to know more about the HPV vaccine and prevention strategies.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Are you wondering what is walking pneumonia? Walking pneumonia or atypical pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract1. This condition is generally a milder form of pneumonia where the patient may be well enough to walk around, that’s why it’s called “walking pneumonia2”.
This type of pneumonia is usually acquired outside of hospital or healthcare settings and caused by pathogens that are not commonly associated with pneumonia and not easily detectable by common staining and culture methods1. The most common organisms associated with walking pneumonia include the bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, or Legionella pneumoniae3.
Bacterial atypical pneumonia comprises around 15% of the total pneumonia cases acquired outside of hospital and healthcare settings4. Although, usually these infections are not very severe, the mortality of walking pneumonia among the elderly is 8.0%, while in younger, healthy individuals, the mortality is 0.5-2.0%5.
Walking Pneumonia, scientifically referred to as atypical pneumonia, is a milder form of lung infection, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, that generally does not require hospitalisation.
As this pneumonia usually has a mild course , most affected individuals can still continue their routine without any interruption to your daily activities and hence, this condition is commonly referred to as walking pneumonia2.
However, it is important to note that the severity of pneumonia can range from mild to life-threatening depending on factors such as age, the type of organism causing the infection, and when the walking pneumonia treatment is started1.
You may be wondering what causes walking pneumonia. Actually, walking or atypical pneumonia is caused by an invasion of bacteria (most commonly), and viruses or fungi (less commonly), that leads to inflammation of your air sacs or alveoli in your lungs1.
Walking pneumonia is typically acquired from the community (outside a hospital setting), most often by inhalation of respiratory secretions that contain the causative organism.
Based on what causes walking pneumonia, the different types of atypical pneumonia include:
Though walking pneumonia is a mild infection, it does not always mean that you may be asymptomatic or fully functional. The walking pneumonia symptoms are generally mild and mainly include1,7:
Less common signs of walking pneumonia that may be noticed in the different types of walking pneumonia include7:
General risk factors include7,14
You may pose an increased risk of developing specific types of atypical pneumonia if you are:
Yes, it is contagious and walking pneumonia symptoms can spread from person to person. However, infections caused by Legionella pneumonia and Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) are not spread from person-to-person1.
The most common type of walking pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumonia is highly contagious and spreads through infected droplets of affected individuals especially when they cough and sneeze. The disease spreads when you inhale these infected droplets15.
Hence, close proximity with an infected individual over an extended period of time causes the spread of infection. The symptoms are generally noticed two to three weeks post exposure to the causative agent (Mycoplasma pneumonia). However, it is important to note that you may be contagious before any symptoms appear and generally, once infected, the contagious period is around 10 days and may be longer, if not treated15.
Your doctor will be able to diagnose walking pneumonia with certain examinations and laboratory tests such as7:
Based on these tests, your doctor will be able to accurately diagnose your condition and will suggest the appropriate walking pneumonia treatment.
After a careful assessment of your condition, your doctor will be able to suggest the best walking pneumonia treatment suitable for you.
Delayed treatment in individuals suffering from Legionella or weakened immune systems can worsen treatment outcomes. While delayed treatment may not always lead to severe disease in cases of Mycoplasma infections, early treatment is key for good recovery and prognosis1,11.
To reduce your risk of infection, you can follow these steps2,7:
By following these simple methods, you can avoid catching pneumonia especially if you are at high risk and protect your overall health2.
Also Read: Is Bronchitis Contagious? Causes, Transmission, Symptoms & Treatment
While individuals with walking pneumonia may be able to carry on with routine activities, certain self-care and hygiene measures can aid in a faster recovery. These include2,7,17:
Remember, if you are walking around with pneumonia, it’s your responsibility to prevent its spread to others. Avoid any unnecessary contact with other individuals. Avoid going to public places and always cover your mouth while sneezing and coughing or wear a protective mask. Wash your hands with soap and water regularly. Following these simple measures can have a huge public health impact.
Also Read: Bacterial Pneumonia: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
You should consult your doctor if you develop signs of walking pneumonia such as fever, shortness of breath, or cough. Your doctor will thoroughly assess your condition and will advise you on the best method to manage your condition.
You should also consult your doctor if you have been diagnosed with pneumonia and if your walking pneumonia symptoms get worse after an initial improvement7.
Also Read: Is Pneumonia Contagious? Causes, Transmission, Symptoms & Treatment
Walking pneumonia, or atypical pneumonia, is generally a mild respiratory infection commonly caused by atypical bacteria such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumoniae. While walking pneumonia symptoms are not very severe, it still requires proper medical care. With timely diagnosis, appropriate walking pneumonia treatment, and good hygiene, you can recover smoothly and avoid complications. Tips like handwashing, vaccinations, and avoiding smoking play a key role in reducing your risk and promoting your overall health.
Although not very common, walking pneumonia can recur after treatment. The chances of recurrence are increased if the infection is not completely removed with antibiotics or if you face any antibiotic resistance1.
If not diagnosed and treated properly, complications may arise and may include brain and nervous system infections (such as meningitis, encephalitis), severe lung damage, haemolytic anaemia (a condition in which the body destroys its own red blood cells) and respiratory failure7.
Walking pneumonia may not be detected on a routine physical exam alone and your doctor may require a chest X-ray or other laboratory tests to confirm the diagnosis7.
Exercise may be beneficial in pneumonia. A study18 has shown lower mortality rate in elderly individuals having pneumonia who walk daily compared to individuals who did not walk or exercise in any other form. However, you doctor will guide you best if exercising or walking is suitable for you if you have pneumonia.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Good nutrition plays a crucial role in helping the body recover from any illness, and pneumonia is no exception1,2. Studies2,3,4 show that undernutrition in children can significantly increase the risk of contracting pneumonia and worsen its outcomes, as a weakened immune system makes them more vulnerable to respiratory infections.
Pneumonia can spread through droplets, inhalation, or in newborns, through the bloodstream during or just after birth. Although it isn’t always contagious (as its spread depends on the cause), more research is needed to understand the transmission of pneumonia better2.
While precise numbers may vary, evidence consistently demonstrates that good nutrition can play a vital role in supporting pneumonia recovery5. In fact, targeted dietary interventions in malnourished older adults led to a 77% reduction in pneumonia-related hospital readmission, highlighting the importance of improved nutrition for recovery, immune function, and long-term management of pneumonia6.
If you’ve been diagnosed with pneumonia, adhering to your prescribed treatment plan, which typically includes antibiotics (for bacterial pneumonia only), and respiratory support is essential for recovery7. While it is not the primary treatment, a balanced, nutrient-rich diet can help promote the healing process by strengthening your immune system5,7. Additionally, monitoring your symptoms and maintaining good hygiene can help prevent the infection from spreading to others.
Following a nutritionally supportive diet during pneumonia helps ensure your body receives all the essential nutrients needed to fight the infection and recover quickly. In this article, we’ll share valuable tips on what to avoid during pneumonia recovery to help support a faster, safer, and more complete healing process.
A well-balanced nutritious diet plays a crucial role in recovering from pneumonia. When the body is fighting an infection, it needs extra nutrients to repair tissues, restore energy, and strengthen the immune system. A proper diet can support recovery from pneumonia by:
A balanced diet for pneumonia patients plays a crucial role in speeding up recovery by providing essential nutrients. In individuals with pneumonia, diet that includes the following five types of foods is beneficial:
In patients with pneumonia, foods to avoid include certain food products that may increase mucus production. Here’s what to limit or avoid and why:
Note: Some people report increased mucus production after consuming dairy, but scientific evidence on this is inconclusive. Thus, the focus should instead be on avoiding foods that may impair immunity or promote inflammation. Always consult a doctor or a registered dietitian for personalised dietary advice, especially during illness.
The ideal diet for pneumonia patients includes warm fluids, soft foods, and meals high in vitamins A, C, and E to support lung health. You can follow the below-mentioned pneumonia diet chart to help with pneumonia recovery7,12:
| Mealtime | Options |
| Breakfast | Mixed fruits (apple, grapes, prunes), A handful of almonds or sunflower seeds 100% fruit or vegetable juice |
| Mid-Morning Snack | Mixed fruits (apple, grapes, prunes), A handful of almonds or sunflower seeds, 100% fruit or vegetable juice |
| Lunch | Brown rice or whole-grain bread, Stir-fried tofu or lean turkey with kale, Mixed legume soup, Steamed carrots or beans |
| Afternoon Snack | Brown rice or whole grain roti, Steamed vegetables (carrot, broccoli, spinach) Grilled salmon or skinless chicken, Low-fat yoghurt |
| Dinner | Brown rice or whole-grain bread, Stir-fried tofu or lean turkey with kale, Mixed legume soup Steamed carrots or beans |
Tip: Stay hydrated by consuming plenty of water throughout the day.
Also Read: Walking Pneumonia: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
A pneumonia diet chart helps plan meals that are light, nutritious, and rich in essential vitamins to support better health. Along with dietary guidance, adopting a few lifestyle tips can further speed up the healing process:
Also Read: Bacterial Pneumonia: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
Choosing the right diet for a pneumonia patient may help reduce inflammation and support lung function. Nutrient-rich foods that may support recovery include warm soups, fruits rich in vitamin C, and leafy green vegetables. Additionally, knowing which foods may hinder recovery or worsen inflammation can help prevent complications and promote faster healing.
By providing essential nutrients, staying hydrated, getting adequate rest, and avoiding harmful substances like tobacco smoke and alcohol, you can support your immune system and significantly enhance your healing process. Also, staying up to date with vaccines, especially the pneumococcus vaccine and the flu vaccine, can help reduce the risk of developing pneumonia or experiencing severe complications.
Also Read: Pneumococcal Vaccine: Types, Side Effects, and Who Needs It
A pneumonia patient should aim for at least 1.5 litres of fluids per day unless advised otherwise by a doctor17,19. Staying hydrated helps thin mucus and ease coughing.
Yes, supplements like vitamin C may help strengthen the immune response18,20. However, they should be taken under medical supervision, especially if the patient is already on medication.
It’s best to avoid restaurant food during recovery, as it may contain excess salt, sugar, oil, and preservatives. Home-cooked, hygienic, and freshly prepared food is safer and more nourishing for pneumonia patients7.
Yes, warm herbal teas like black tea, green tea, peppermint tea, sage tea, and thyme tea can soothe the throat, reduce coughing, allow mucus clearance, and may boost the body’s anti-inflammatory processes16.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) prevalent globally. This virus primarily affects the skin and mucous membranes of the genital area, mouth, and throat, causing asymptomatic infections or growths called as warts. While most HPV infections resolve on their own without medical intervention, persistent infection with certain high-risk strains can lead to serious health issues, including certain cancers such as cervical, oropharyngeal (tonsils, base of tongue), anal, and penile cancers1,2.
In India, HPV-related cancers pose a significant public health challenge. Projections for 2025 estimate approximately 121,302 new HPV-related cancer cases, accounting for 7.7% of the total cancer burden in the country (3.3% among males and 12.0% among females).3 Therefore, understanding the causes, symptoms, and prevention methods for HPV infections is crucial for reducing the risk of diseases caused by this virus and promoting public health. In this article, we will discuss what is HPV, and why is it something we should all be aware of!
HPV belongs to a group of small, non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses known as papillomaviruses. It mainly infects the basal cells of the skin or mucous membranes, usually entering through tiny cuts or tears on the surface3.
Once inside the basal layer of the skin (stratified squamous epithelium), the virus begins its life cycle. As the infected skin cells mature and move toward the surface, HPV replicates along with them.
In some cases (especially with high-risk types like HPV 16 and 18) the virus can interfere with normal cell functions. These high-risk types may integrate with the DNA of host cells, leading to the continuous production of proteins that block the body’s natural control over cell growth. Over time, this uncontrolled cell growth can lead to cancer, such as cervical cancer.
On the other hand, low-risk HPV types (like types 6 and 11) are not linked to cancer occurrence, though they can cause conditions like genital warts3.
Scientists have made major progress in understanding HPV, especially through genetic research, but there is still more to learn about how the virus behaves and changes over time4.
There are over 200 types of HPV viruses, and they are classified based on where they infect and the level of risk they pose. These types are broadly divided into:
These infect the skin rather than the mucosal (tissue lining of organs) areas5,6,7:
These infect the mucosal (tissue lining of organs) areas and are classified into two types:
Low-risk HPV types: These conditions are non-cancerous but can be recurrent or obstructive and may require ongoing medical treatment:5,6,7
High-risk HPV types: These types can cause pre-cancerous changes and cancers, especially5,6,7:
The HPV virus is mainly spread when a healthy person comes in direct contact with an infected person. Common human papillomavirus causes/modes of transmission include:
In most cases, human papillomavirus infection causes no symptoms and goes unnoticed, especially in the early stages. However, in some cases, HPV symptoms may appear due to warts or long-term complications of persistent infection:
Note: Vaginal or anal bleeding may occur in advanced cervical/anal disease; however, this is not an early or direct symptom of HPV itself.
HPV can lead to several serious health complications, particularly when caused by high-risk strains of the virus. While many human papillomavirus infections are asymptomatic and clear on their own, persistent infections can result in the following complications:
Since human papillomavirus infections are often asymptomatic, routine screening and specific diagnostic tests are essential, especially for women. While there is no general screening test for HPV in men, several tests can help identify HPV-related complications in both sexes. Common methods of HPV diagnosis include:
There is currently no cure for human papillomavirus infection itself, but various treatment options are available for HPV-related conditions, including genital warts and HPV-associated cancers.
Warts caused by HPV can be managed using various methods, depending on their location, size, and the patient’s immune response. However, it’s important to note that there is no antiviral cure to eliminate the HPV virus itself. Most HPV infections are cleared naturally by the immune system within 1 to 2 years. Treatment focuses on removing visible warts and relieving symptoms, not eradicating the virus. Common treatment options include2,4:
If HPV infection progresses to cancer (such as cervical, anal, vulvar, penile, or mouth cancer), management involves2:
Note: HPV-positive cancers, especially oropharyngeal cancers, generally have a better prognosis and may respond differently to therapy, which can influence treatment planning.
While HPV is a quite common virus, several steps can significantly reduce the risk of infection and its complications. These measures include:
The HPV vaccine is the most effective way to avoid infection from the most harmful types of HPV virus, including those that cause genital warts and cancer. It is ideally given before the onset of sexual activity, typically recommended for children aged 9 to 14, with a 2-dose schedule. Older individuals (aged 27 to 45) may also benefit from vaccination based on risk factors and in consultation with their doctor11.
Using condoms and protection during vaginal, anal, and oral sex also helps to reduce the risk of HPV transmission1. Additionally, limiting the number of sexual partners can also decrease the risk of exposure.
Routine cervical cancer screening is recommended for women aged 21 to 65 years. This includes a Pap test every 3 years, or for women aged 30 and above, a combination of Pap test plus HPV co-testing every 5 years12. These screenings help detect early abnormal cell changes caused by HPV, allowing for timely intervention and prevention of cervical cancer.
Increasing awareness about HPV transmission, symptoms, and prevention methods helps reduce stigma and encourages initiative-taking healthcare. Parents should also be informed about the benefits of HPV vaccination for their children.
Also Read: HPV in Men: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
Although many HPV infections clear on their own without causing symptoms, it’s important to seek medical attention if you:
Also Read: HPV in Women: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options
Human papillomavirus causes an cause warts and serious cancers, but most infections have no symptoms and clear on their own. Therefore, understanding what HPV is, what are the common HPV symptoms, and how to protect yourself through vaccination, testing, and awareness, are key to preserving long-term health and reducing the risk of serious complications.
Vaccines protect against the high-risk cancer-causing types (like HPV 16 and 18) and some low-risk types that cause warts (like 6 and 11), but they do not treat existing infections. Additionally, regular testing helps detect early changes caused by HPV for timely treatment. Together, vaccination, testing, and awareness are key to reducing HPV-related health problems and protecting public health.
Also Read: HPV Vaccine: What is It, When to Be Taken, Importance & Side Effects
It can take several years, often 15 to 20 years, for a persistent HPV infection to develop into cancer1.
Several factors can increase the risk of HPV infection, including early age at first sexual intercourse, having multiple sexual partners, smoking, long-term use of oral contraceptives (over 5 years), chewing betel nut, and exposure to radiation or ultraviolet (UV) light4.
There is no cure for the virus itself, but most infections clear naturally. Treatments are available for warts and precancerous changes2.
HPV is unique because many infections cause no symptoms and clear on their own, but some types can lead to cancer, unlike many other STIs1.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Your blood can reveal a lot about what’s happening inside your body, and there are several parameters which help detect the same. One such commonly used indicator is the ESR or Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, which helps assess the presence of inflammation or infection in the body. ESR measures how quickly your red blood cells (erythrocytes) settle at the bottom of a test tube. When there is inflammation in the body, the red blood cells tend to clump with each other and settle more quickly, resulting in a higher ESR value.
In this blog, let’s explore the causes of high ESR, what does high ESR indicates, how it’s diagnosed, and how to reduce ESR. But before that, let’s understand what ESR is, what the normal range looks like, and which values are considered abnormal.
ESR is a measure of how quickly your red blood cells settle to the bottom of a test tube, which is related to the presence of inflammation in your body. Inflammation is how your body reacts to injury, infection, or other health issues like immune disorders, certain cancers, or blood problems.
Normally, red blood cells fall slowly, but when there’s inflammation, they stick together. These clusters are heavier, so they settle more quickly. The speed at which they fall helps doctors assess the level of inflammation. The faster the cells settle, the more inflammation is likely present. However, the ESR values do not reveal the exact cause of the inflammation2.
ESR values along with a detailed history, physical examination and other investigations can help diagnose and monitor conditions that cause inflammation such as infections or autoimmune conditions. It can also help doctors track how well treatment is working2.
ESR is recorded in millimeters per hour (mm/hr). Its normal values are:
Please note the normal values can differ based on factors like age, sex, overall health, and even the lab conducting the test3.
Your ESR value gives information about the inflammation in your body. However, a value outside the typical range doesn’t always mean something is wrong. It’s best to talk to your doctor to understand what your results mean for you.
A high ESR may point to several underlying conditions. It can be associated with infections, such as osteomyelitis (bone infection) or septic arthritis (joint infection), autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, or Inflammatory disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It may also be elevated during flares or relapses of chronic inflammation4, and specific conditions like pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, end-stage kidney disease, heart disease, and certain cancers3.
However, a high ESR is not always due to inflammation. Certain non-inflammatory conditions can also affect it. For example, anaemia (low red blood cell count) makes RBCs clump more easily, which increases ESR4.
While ESR is a helpful clue, it’s a non-specific test, meaning it doesn’t pinpoint the exact cause. Your doctor will consider it along with other tests and symptoms to understand what’s going on in your body.
If your ESR is higher than normal, your body might be telling you something. Below are some common signs and symptoms that may be present along with a raised ESR:
While the symptoms associated with high ESR may seem non-specific at first, it is always advisable to seek medical help when you experience the earliest symptoms to diagnose your condition.
ESR can be influenced by a variety of factors. For instance, women generally have slightly higher ESR values compared to men, and factors like aging and pregnancy can also contribute to an increase. However, certain medical conditions may also cause ESR levels to rise due to increased inflammation in the body. These illnesses may include3:
While an elevated ESR can indicate the presence of underlying conditions, it is not a definitive diagnosis on its own. It is important to look at your full health picture, such as symptoms, history, and other tests to identify the cause of the inflammation.
If you’re wondering what happens if erythrocyte sedimentation rate is high for long, note that it means there is active inflammation in your body, especially when the underlying cause is undiagnosed and untreated. This can indicate an increased risk of certain medical conditions or higher chances of complications from persistent infections and inflammatory conditions, also possibly having a poorer prognosis (treatment outcome) in some cases. Let’s have a detailed look at these.
It is important to receive timely high ESR treatment to manage the underlying causes and reduce the risks associated with high ESR.
To measure the sedimentation rate of red blood cells, an ESR test is done. This test makes use of a small sample of your blood which is placed in a test tube and watched for the settling of your red blood cells. There are several methods to perform the ESR test:
While the ESR test helps doctors check if there is inflammation in the body, it doesn’t point to any specific condition. When checking your ESR results, do remember the following:
Doctors always look at your ESR result along with your symptoms, physical examination results and other test findings. This helps them decide the right next steps for your care.
If your ESR levels are high, it is important to identify the cause, which could be related to infection, autoimmune disorders, or other medical conditions. If you are wondering how to reduce ESR, here are some tips that can help reduce ESR levels:
It’s important to talk to your doctor before making lifestyle changes to understand how to reduce high ESR and inflammation in your body.
Also Read: Can You Check Thyroid at Home
High ESR is an indicator of underlying inflammation in the body. It is linked to conditions like infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain cancers. While ESR is a non-specific tool that cannot be used for diagnosis on its own, it helps doctors detect inflammatory and certain non-inflammatory conditions in the body, as well as monitor the response to ongoing treatments. You can manage your ESR levels through a healthy diet, regular exercise, and lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking and limiting alcohol intake. But remember, if your results show abnormal levels of ESR, it is important to contact your doctor for a proper diagnosis and management plan.
Just like ESR, C-reactive protein (CRP) is a test that shows there might be inflammation in the body4.
No. ESR is a non-specific test. This means it must be interpreted along with clinical symptoms and other diagnostic tests to know the actual cause of symptoms. CRP is more sensitive and specific for detecting acute inflammation compared to ESR1.
Yes. Anti-inflammatory medications like NSAIDs22 or corticosteroids23 may lower ESR values, even if inflammation is present in the body, and other medications like biologics or immunosuppressants can elevate it. You must always take medication for managing your ESR as prescribed by your doctor. Never self-medicate.
Low ESR levels can happen in conditions where there are too many red blood cells (like polycythaemia) and in blood disorders like sickle cell anaemia3.
Yes, ESR can be elevated in healthy individuals during pregnancy, aging, periods, or even due to lab errors3.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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Penis size is a common concern for many men, but it’s important to understand that size does not necessarily correlate with sexual satisfaction or performance[3]. While there are no exercises that can significantly increase the size of the penis, some practices can improve blood flow and contribute to better sexual health. It’s essential to approach any claims of penis enlargement with caution, as many are not supported by scientific evidence. Prioritizing general sexual health and fitness is the most reliable way to support sexual function.
What is the average penis size? How to get a bigger penis? If you are trying to find answers for these frequently searched questions- this article can help you with medically correct information.
You need some privacy, a clean ruler, a clean measuring tape or a non-stretchable string (for measuring the girth of penis).
Penis stretching exercises have gained popularity over the years. People often search online- how to increase penis size? and start following the remedies and exercises given on the internet. But do not set your expectations high if you are planning to try exercises to make your penis big. Let’s read more about different exercises known to increase penis size and understand the scientific logic behind them-
In this type of manual exercise, a safe lubricant is applied to the penis and massaged gently. This exercise is intended to stretch the skin of your penis which may aid in the enlargement of the penis.
Caution: Vigorous massaging can lead to tissue injury.
This stretching device can be attached to the penis and it tends to create immediate erection. The device creates a vacuum and increases the blood flow to penis with the help of suction[2],[8].
Steps:
Caution: There are limited studies around the long-term effectiveness of such devices. Always consult your doctor before using any such device around your sensitive areas.
This is the most common form of exercise among men. It may help in improving the blood circulation to penis[1].
Steps:
There is no scientific evidence that stretching exercises can increase penis size. This exercise is similar to milking a cow. This is a kind of jelqing exercise, but it uses only your thumb and index finger.
Steps:
Kegel exercises help strengthen the pelvic floor muscles and may support performance. Stay focused throughout the exercise[9].
How To Do?
Note: Before implementing any exercise or technique mentioned in this article, it is important to consult a urologist to understand the pros and cons of performing any exercise for penis. Incorrect practices may injure the penis.
Penoscortal rings are devices that may help in keeping an erection for a longer period and create the appearance of a larger penis. These rings fit around the base of the scrotum and penis, helping to keep the blood in the penis, which might make make it look bigger during sexual activities. However, it should be worn cautiously and after consulting a doctor, as it may also cause discomfort and injury.
Dr. Nayana Shetty, MBBS, MD
While many products and techniques claim to increase penis size, there is little scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness. However, maintaining a healthy lifestyle can contribute to better overall sexual health, which might indirectly influence penis function and appearance.
A balanced diet rich in macro and micro nutrients, such as fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, is essential for overall health, including sexual health[10]. Proper nutrition supports blood flow and hormone levels, which are crucial for sexual function.
Regular physical activity improves cardiovascular health, which is vital for maintaining proper blood flow. Exercises like Kegels specifically target the pelvic floor muscles, potentially improving sexual performance and penile function.
Maintaining a healthy weight can prevent conditions like obesity and diabetes, which are known to negatively impact sexual health. Excessive body fat can also reduce testosterone levels, leading to potential issues with libido and erectile function[11].
Adequate sleep is crucial for hormonal balance, including testosterone production. Poor sleep can lead to lower energy levels and reduced sexual desire, affecting overall sexual health.
Chronic stress can lead to hormonal imbalances, including reduced testosterone levels, which may impact sexual function. Techniques such as meditation, deep breathing, and yoga can help manage stress, promoting better overall and sexual health[12].
Smoking[13] and excessive alcohol intake can impair blood flow and lead to erectile dysfunction. Quitting smoking and moderating alcohol consumption are important steps in maintaining sexual health and overall well-being.
Various products are marketed as remedies for increasing penis size naturally. These can be dangerous to your health. Never consume or use anything for penis enlargement without consulting a doctor. Here are some popular examples that you need to be cautious about-
People often ask if Penis enlargement pills increase penis size? Often marketed as natural supplements, these pills claim to increase penis size by boosting blood flow or enhancing hormone levels. However, there is little scientific evidence to support their effectiveness, and some may contain harmful or unregulated ingredients.
These topical products claim to enlarge the penis by improving circulation or stimulating tissue growth. However, there is no reliable proof that they work, and they can sometimes cause skin irritation or serious allergic reactions.
Vacuum pumps create temporary swelling by drawing blood into the penis, which can make it appear larger temporarily. While they can help temporarily with erectile dysfunction, they do not result in permanent size increase and overuse can lead to tissue damage.
Penis-enlargement surgery (phalloplasty)[2] is rarely needed and is usually reserved for cases where the penis doesn’t function properly due to a congenital issue or injury. Some surgeons offer cosmetic procedures to enlarge the penis, but these are controversial and often deemed unnecessary by experts. There is a lack of sufficient research to fully understand the risks and benefits of these procedures.
A penis enlargement surgery can be involve any one of the following :
To know more about the risks and benefits associated with surgery to increase penis size, consult a urologist and plastic surgeon.
Many people are not aware that filler injections might also help in increasing penis size. Studies have shown that using these fillers may lead to a modest increase in some, especially in the initial months. These injections may also improve erectile dysfunction in the long run. However, more studies are needed to validate these treatments for their effectiveness and safety.
Dr. Nayana Shetty, MBBS, MD
Consult a psychiatrist and a urologist first. Many-a-times it’s not the size but the self doubt related to the normal size of penis that creates the entire problem. Consulting an expert can solve the problem. They may help you in understanding the following-
Also Read: Things You Shouldn’t Do Before And After Sex
Worrying about penis size is common, but it’s crucial to remember that size doesn’t determine masculinity or sexual ability. Confidence in and acceptance of your natural size is key to a fulfilling and healthy sexual life. If you are constantly looking for options to increase penis size, if concerns about penis size are affecting your mental health or relationships, consulting a sexologist (MBBS, MD Psychiatry) can help address these issues and provide guidance on managing anxiety and self-esteem.
Also Read: Is Daily Sex Good for Health?
Your penis stops growing once you finish your puberty phase. However, it may vary from person to person. Usually, by the time you are 16 years old, your body and its parts should be close to your adult size.
You can have foods such as spinach, apples, avocados, carrots, oats and tomatoes, nuts and seeds along with a balanced diet. Good nutrition is known to support overall sexual wellness.
A penis enlargement surgery may add half an inch to the penis but does not change the actual length of the penis. Surgery can result in complications such as infection, scarring, and loss of sensation or function. A plastic surgeon can help you understand the risks vs benefits of undergoing a penis enlargement surgery after assessing your health.
No, height does not have a direct impact on penis size. Penis size is primarily determined by genetic and hormonal factors during fetal development and puberty, while height is influenced by different genetic and environmental factors. The growth of the penis is mainly governed by hormones like testosterone, whereas height is influenced by hormones like growth hormone and IGF-1. Therefore, variations in height do not correlate with variations in penis size, and each individual’s body proportions are unique and unrelated to one another.
Penis size alone does not determine sexual performance. Sexual satisfaction involves various factors, including emotional connection, communication, technique, and understanding a partner’s needs and desires.
Some individuals may experience performance anxiety or low self-esteem related to their perceived penis size. These concerns can affect sexual confidence and satisfaction. Open communication with a partner and seeking professional support, such as counselling or therapy, can be helpful.
Penis size generally does not affect fertility or sexual health. Fertility is determined by factors such as sperm quality and reproductive health. Sexual health is influenced by overall well-being, emotional connection, and practising safe and consensual sexual behaviours.
The size of the penis generally remains stable throughout adulthood. However, with age, men may experience a decrease in testosterone levels, which can lead to reduced sexual desire and erectile function. These changes are typically unrelated to actual penis size.
Losing weight may not directly increase penis size, but it can affect the visibility of the penis. As excess weight is lost, the pubic fat pad may become less prominent, making the penis appear more visible and potentially giving the illusion of increased size.
Yes, penis size has a genetic component, with factors such as genetics and hormonal influences playing a role in determining an individual’s natural size. However, environmental factors and overall health can also influence development.
There is no scientific evidence to suggest that creatine supplementation has any impact on penis size. Penis size is primarily determined by genetic and hormonal factors, while creatine is commonly used to enhance athletic performance and muscle strength.
There is no scientific evidence to support the idea that apple juice can influence penis size. Penis size is primarily determined by genetic and hormonal factors, and no specific food or drink has been proven to affect its growth.
Penis size is primarily determined by genetic factors, including the influence of hormones during fetal development. While genetics play a crucial role, environmental factors and overall health can also contribute to individual variations in penis size.
To measure penis size accurately, use a ruler or measuring tape to measure from the base to the tip along the top side. Ensure the measurement is taken when the penis is fully erect for more reliable results.
While testosterone plays a crucial role in sexual development, its impact on penis size during adulthood is limited. The growth of the penis primarily occurs during puberty, and testosterone influences overall sexual function rather than significant changes in size.
Penis pumps temporarily increase blood flow to the genital area, causing a temporary and modest size increase. However, the effects are not permanent, and the size change is typically temporary, diminishing after disuse.
Achieving a larger penis size is challenging and often involves accepting one’s natural dimensions. Be cautious of products or methods claiming rapid results, as many lack scientific support. If concerned, consult a healthcare professional for advice on safe and evidence-based approaches.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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The PDW blood test is a medical test that checks for size differences in blood platelets. The main function of platelets includes clotting and ensuring smooth blood flow in the body3.
In this article, we will cover the basics of a PDW blood test. We’ll discuss why it’s done, how it’s done, and what the results mean. We will also touch on the connection between PDW and blood disorders tied to platelets. Lastly, we’ll share ways to get ready for a doctor’s visit for a PDW test.
The role of a PDW (platelet distribution width) blood test is to assess how well a person’s platelets are working whose main function is to create clots and aid in wound repair and stop blood loss3.
PDW test measures the size differences in platelets in a person’s blood. High PDW means that there is a range of platelet sizes, and low PDW suggests more similar sized platelets3. Knowing these variations helps doctors understand how a person’s platelets are functioning.
The purpose of doing a PDW blood test is as follows.
A PDW blood test needs a blood sample from a vein in your arm or hand. Below we have described how to get ready for the test and what happens during the process.
Typically, no unique preparations are needed for a PDW blood test. But if you’re also doing other tests on the same day, your healthcare provider may suggest some things. Always let your provider know about any drugs, vitamins, supplements, or herbal products you’re taking. This avoids an unexpected impact on test results.
During the test, a medic places a small needle into a vein in your arm or hand to take blood. Once they get the sample, it’s sent to a laboratory for study. Though the test is quick and mostly painless, some people might feel dizzy or sick. Deep, slow breaths help lessen these feelings. Also, some people may feel slight pain or see bruises where the needle went in4.
Normal PDW levels fall between 8 to 12 femtoliters. This indicates that your platelets are at peak performance and no medical action is needed3.
Low PDW levels (below 8 femtoliters) could mean that a majority of your platelets are old or that your bone marrow is making fewer platelets than usual3.
High PDW levels (above 12 femtoliters) show higher levels of young platelets in the blood3.
With PDW blood tests, doctors can check for blood disorders tied to platelets. Two common types include thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) and essential thrombocythaemia (high platelet count).
Thrombocytopenia means you have too few platelets in your blood, which raises the risk of bleeding and bruising. Likely causes include problems with the immune system, some medications, and inherited diseases5. Doctors can diagnose it through blood tests, physical exams, and by looking at your medical history.
In essential thrombocythaemia, the bone marrow makes too many platelets. This overproduction could be due to gene changes or conditions like cancer. With too many platelets, your risk of forming blood clots increases. This could lead to serious issues like strokes or heart attacks6.
After finding a blood disorder through PDW blood tests or other ways, it’s time to look at management choices. These help control symptoms and avoid likely issues.
Diagnosing blood disorders often involves several steps. It starts with looking at your medical past, physical examination findings, and laboratory test results that matter. Depending on the suspected disease, you may need more blood or imaging tests.
Step-by-Step Process:
A typical way to diagnose blood disorders might include the following steps.
Additional Blood Tests:
Doctors may recommend extra blood tests. These tests could be coagulation tests, complete blood count (CBC), or specialised tests like peripheral blood smear or quantitative immunoglobulins.
The type of blood disorder, how severe it is, and its causes shape the management choices. Possible options could include the ones below.
Platelet disorders may bring forth different complications. These depend on the person and the exact disorder.
Also Read: What Happens if Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) is High?
If your PDW blood test results are not normal, or you have symptoms that hint at a bleeding or clotting issue, it’s vital to book an appointment with your healthcare provider.
Here’s what to take to your doctor’s visit.
Try to ask these questions during your visit.
Also Read: Natural Blood Thinners: Benefits, Risks, and Precautions
Knowing why PDW blood tests are done and what their results mean provides information on how a person’s platelets are working and the overall health of their blood. Noticing abnormal PDW levels is the key to finding possible blood disorders and their management options.
PDW test results can be affected by some drugs, temporary health issues, and age. Also, factors like low or high altitude, smoking, and high glucose levels can change PDW test results.
PDW checks for size differences in platelets, while MPV tells the average platelet size in a blood sample. While both give vital information on how platelets are working, they show different sides of blood health.
High or low PDW levels alone may not mean much. But if these levels are not normal over time, or you have other symptoms, they could hint at a basic health issue that needs more tests and potential therapy. Talk to a healthcare provider if your PDW test results or symptoms tied to a platelet-related disorder worry you.
Eating a balanced diet full of vitamins, minerals, and anti-inflammation items may boost overall blood health. Regular physical activities, reducing or stopping alcohol and tobacco use, may also help make blood cells healthier.
Key risks tied to PDW blood tests include slight pain or bruises at the needle site and brief feelings of dizziness or sickness in some people. But these risks are few and don’t last long.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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White hair is a normal part of the ageing process, primarily caused by a gradual loss of melanin, the pigment responsible for hair colour. However, some individuals may experience white hair at an earlier age due to factors beyond ageing, including genetics, stress, and certain health conditions. In this article, we will examine the possible reasons for premature greying and explore measures that may help slow or partially reverse this process. Understanding the underlying causes empowers you to manage early white hair more effectively. Finally, we will address some frequently asked questions on the subject1.
Below, we will explore the factors that can contribute to the early onset of white hair.
A family history of early white hair, such as that of your parents or grandparents, may indicate a genetic predisposition. The way these genes influence your body determines when the pigment-producing cells in your hair begin to decline, leading to the appearance of white hair1.
Stress is a common aspect of modern life and may have an impact on hair health. It is believed that stress can affect the pigment-producing cells in hair follicles, potentially contributing to premature greying2.
Autoimmune conditions arise when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells. In coditions such as alopecia and vitiligo, the immune response can affect the pigment-producing cells in hair follicles. Managing these autoimmune conditions may help limit further loss of hair colour and, in some cases, support partial restoration2.
Hormonal changes from thyroid conditions like hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism could also trigger premature greying of hair. The thyroid gland regulates various bodily functions, including those affecting hair pigmentation. When thyroid function is disrupted, melanin production may decrease, potentially leading to a loss of hair colour2,3.
A deficiency of vitamin B12 may contribute to premature greying of hair. This essential vitamin supports the production of healthy red blood cells, which deliver oxygen to body cells, including those in the hair follicles. Insufficient levels of vitamin B12 can impair the health of hair cells, potentially disrupting melanin production and leading to early whitening4.
Smoking tobacco has been associated with premature greying of hair, with research indicating a link between smoking and greying before the age of 30. In addition to its well-known risks for serious health conditions such as lung cancer and heart disease, long-term tobacco use may contribute to the early onset of white hair1.
If you feel you have started to get white hair before its time, always consult a healthcare professional to rule out the presence of any medical condition that may be causing it.
The science behind white hair involves multiple factors, with melanin production and hair follicle function playing central roles.
Melanin is a pigment made by special cells called melanocytes. It gives colour to our skin, hair, eyes, and also protects our skin from harmful UV rays.
We have two types of melanin, namely, eumelanin and pheomelanin. Eumelanin is responsible dark hair colours while pheomelanin gives a red or yellow tint. Your unique hair colour is determined by the balance of these pigments2.
Melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing pigment, reside within the hair follicles where hair growth occurs. These cells generate melanin, which is incorporated into the growing hair fibre to give it colour. Over time, melanocytes gradually become less active, resulting in a reduction of melanin production and subsequent loss of hair colour.
Hair colour is influenced not only by age and genetics but also by several other factors that are described below.
The chemicals used in hair dyes and products can harm your hair. This can result in loss of colour and white hair. Switching to natural, gentle alternatives may help retain your hair colour2.
Oxidative stress leads to premature white hair. It occurs when there is an imbalance between free radicals and the body’s natural antioxidant defences, potentially leading to damage of hair follicles and a reduction in pigment production. While it cannot guarantee the prevention of greying, adopting a lifestyle that supports overall health, such as consuming antioxidant-rich foods, managing stress levels, and avoiding smoking may help reduce oxidative stress and support the natural condition of the hair2.
Sun rays and pollution can harm your hair and lead to early greying. The key to protecting your hair is to limit sun exposure and include more antioxidants in your diet and hair care routine.
While complete reversal is not generally possible, in certain cases it may be slowed or, to a limited extent, partially reversed, particularly if it is linked to underlying factors such as nutritional deficiencies or stress. Below are some approaches that may help slow the progression of greying or reduce its risk. These should be considered as part of a broader strategy for supporting overall hair health.
Make sure you get enough vitamins and minerals to nourish your hair. Key nutrients to focus on include B vitamins, copper, and antioxidants2.
Natural remedies may help. Using these along with a healthy diet and strong hair care habits may help keep your hair colourful.
While these are a common folk remedy, scientific evidence supporting its effectiveness is limited, and individual results may vary.
Changing your lifestyle in simple ways may boost hair health and colour. To slow down early white hair, focus on stress management, give up smoking, eat a balanced diet, and practice good hair care habits.
A hair care routine may keep your hair healthy and colourful. Using gentle, high-quality hair products may help preserve its natural texture and colour. Additionally, protecting your hair from environmental stressors such as ultraviolet (UV) rays and pollution is important in preventing premature damage1.
Ad* You May Also Explore: Pharmeasy Biotin Tablets
In some cases, medical help may be required for early signs of greying. Based on your specific needs, your healthcare provider may suggest management options.
Hair dyes and colouring can hide white hair and give the desired hair colour. Choose hair dyes that are soft on your hair and contain nurturing ingredients to keep it healthy and vivid.
For a more long-lasting solution, you might consider professional hair care like scalp micropigmentation or hair transplantation7.
Also Read: Does Masturbation Cause Weight Loss? Debunking Sexual Health Misconceptions
White hair at an early age can be unsettling. However, understanding the underlying causes and exploring available management strategies may help you take a proactive approach to maintaining your hair’s health and appearance. From addressing nutritional deficiencies and making lifestyle adjustments to trying natural remedies or seeking professional advice, various options may support hair vitality. Ultimately, caring for your hair both internally and externally is key to promoting its overall well-being.
White hair at an early age can be caused by genes, stress, autoimmune diseases, thyroid disorders, vitamin deficiencies, and damage from UV rays and pollution.
Yes, stress is linked to early white hair since it negatively affects hair follicles’ pigment cells, leading to less melanin.
The average, the onset of greying hair follows a general pattern: by the age of 50, approximately half of the population will have developed some degree of grey or white hair.
In certain cases, if the underlying cause of hair greying is identified and properly addressed—such as a vitamin deficiency or an autoimmune condition, there may be a possibility of some natural pigment returning to the hair. However, if greying is primarily due to genetic factors or the natural ageing process, it is generally considered irreversible.
Yes, white hair is often genetic. It occurs when melanocytes in hair follicles produce less melanin and this reduction is typically inherited through genes.
White hair is generally not reversible through natural means, as it results from a decrease in melanin production. Some treatments may temporarily cover or colour the hair, but they don’t restore the natural pigment.
Yes, white hair is a natural part of aging. It occurs when the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for hair colour, decreases or stops, leading to the loss of colour.
Yes, it is possible to be born with white hair, though it is rare. This condition can be due to genetic factors or albinism, which affects melanin production from birth.
Dandruff itself does not cause white hair. However, persistent dandruff can lead to scalp irritation and inflammation, which might affect hair health, but it does not directly change hair colour to white.
You can pluck white hair, but it’s not recommended as a long-term solution. Plucking can damage the hair follicle and lead to potential issues with hair regrowth.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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Creatinine is a metabolic waste product naturally produced in the body and is commonly used as an indicator of muscle function. Understanding creatinine and the factors that may lead to low levels is important for maintaining overall health1.
The body uses creatine as a source of energy, particularly within skeletal muscles2. Creatinine is the waste product formed when creatine is broken down during this process1,3.
Our skeletal muscles create creatinine after metabolising creatine phosphate. The primary function of creatinine is to be filtered out from the blood by the kidneys, after which it is excreted from the body in the urine. This process helps to maintain a consistent level of creatinine in the blood4.
Several factors influence the level of creatinine in the blood. These include, age, gender, muscle mass, and ethnic background4. The common range for adult men is 0.74 to 1.3 mg/dL and for adult women, 0.4 to 1.0 mg/dL5. These values may change from person to person, depending on the laboratory conducting the test and the individual’s body composition.
A variety of factors may contribute to low creatinine levels. These can include reduced muscle mass, liver conditions, dietary factors, certain medical conditions, and pregnancy.
Reduced skeletal muscle mass may lead to lower creatinine levels, as creatinine is a by-product of the breakdown of skeletal muscle tissue.
Liver conditions, such as liver disease or liver failure, may affect the production of creatine. This can subsequently lead to reduced creatinine levels6.
Diet can also influence creatinine levels. A diet low in protein, as well as vegetarian or vegan diets, may be associated with lower creatinine levels.
Pregnant women may experience lower creatinine levels during pregnancy. This occurs due to an increased blood flow to the kidneys and typically returns to normal after childbirth8.
Certain medical conditions may also cause low creatinine levels. These include muscular dystrophy, hyperthyroidism, and anaemia2.
Several factors may contribute to lower creatinine levels, which can cause your estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) to appear higher than it truly is. These factors include following a vegetarian or vegan diet, having low muscle mass, pregnancy, a history of muscular atrophy or amputation, and severe liver cirrhosis. It is essential to consult your healthcare provider if you have any questions about interpreting your eGFR or serum creatinine results1.
Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS
The symptoms and signs vary depending on the underlying cause of the low creatinine level.
Symptoms of low creatinine levels can be difficult to identify and may include9:
It is essential to undergo a comprehensive medical evaluation. Discuss any symptoms you are experiencing with your healthcare provider, who will review your full medical history and arrange any necessary laboratory tests.
Studies3 suggest that since the liver produces creatine, decreased liver function may result in a decrease in the body’s production of creatinine. Overall liver functioning can be affected by liver disease and liver failure caused by various medical conditions.
Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)
Low creatinine levels can be detected through blood and urine tests, a physical examination, and a thorough review of your medical history. These assessments will be conducted by your healthcare provider.
Your healthcare provider will also review your medical history, including any chronic conditions, medication use, and family history of kidney disease. Alongside a physical examination, this helps to determine the possible causes of low creatinine levels.
Your healthcare provider may recommend blood and urine tests to assess how well your kidneys are functioning.
Your healthcare provider will recommend appropriate treatment options if a cause for your low creatinine levels is identified. Managing this condition may involve addressing underlying health issues, modifying medications, and making lifestyle adjustments.
The management of low creatinine levels depends on the underlying cause.
Modifying your daily habits may help to improve your creatinine levels.
Cigarette smoking has several negative effects on the body, including a significantly increased risk of chronic kidney disease. Research suggests that quitting smoking may help reduce the risk of kidney-related issues, which could otherwise contribute to fluctuations in creatinine levels16.
Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.
To help prevent low creatinine levels, you may consider adopting the following measures:
Ensuring a balanced diet, one that includes a variety of protein sources and an appropriate intake of calories may help support healthy creatinine levels2.
Making sure that you eat a balanced diet, including using different sources of proteins and taking in the right amount of calories, may help keep normal creatinine levels14.
Maintaining proper hydration supports kidney function, which in turn may help to keep creatinine levels within the normal range15.
Engaging in regular physical activity and exercises that support the maintenance or development of muscle mass may help in sustaining normal creatinine levels12.
Low creatinine levels can arise from various underlying causes and may pose certain health risks. The implications largely depend on the specific reason behind the decrease. Early identification of the cause significantly improves the chances of effectively managing the condition and maintaining healthy creatinine levels.
Low creatinine levels result from various factors, including reduced muscle mass, liver conditions, dietary habits, and pregnancy. Symptoms can differ depending on the underlying cause. Diagnosis typically involves blood and urine tests, along with a thorough review of the individual’s overall health. By identifying the root cause, healthcare professionals can develop personalised management plans tailored to the patient’s specific needs.
Low creatinine levels may indicate muscle loss, liver problems, poor nutrition, or increased elimination during pregnancy. Proper management begins with identifying the underlying cause.
Low creatinine levels may indicate a range of health issues, from milder concerns such as inadequate nutrition to more serious conditions like liver disease or muscle disorders. It is important to consult a healthcare provider if you have concerns about your creatinine levels.
To naturally increase creatinine levels, you may consider incorporating more protein into your diet, engaging in regular exercise to maintain or build muscle mass, and ensuring adequate hydration.
Yes, older adults, individuals with muscle disorders, those experiencing liver problems, people with inadequate nutrition, and expectant mothers may be at a higher risk of low creatinine levels.
If you notice that your creatinine levels frequently exceed the normal range, or if you experience symptoms associated with low creatinine levels, such as muscle weakness or persistent fatigue, it is important to consult a healthcare professional. They can conduct a thorough evaluation and recommend appropriate management options.
To support healthy creatinine levels, it is advisable to include protein-rich foods such as meat, fish, and dairy products in your diet, alongside maintaining proper hydration. However, it is important to consult a healthcare professional for personalised guidance and to exclude any underlying medical conditions.
Low creatinine levels can indicate potential kidney issues, muscle loss, or pregnancy. However, context is crucial as it may be normal for pregnant women. Always consult a healthcare professional for accurate interpretation.
Low creatinine levels can indicate reduced muscle mass, malnutrition, or potential kidney dysfunction. It’s essential to consult a healthcare provider for proper evaluation and diagnosis to determine the underlying cause and appropriate management.
Low creatinine levels can sometimes indicate kidney disease, particularly if accompanied by other symptoms like fatigue or swelling. However, it is essential to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Yes, low creatinine levels are considered normal during pregnancy due to the increase in blood volume and changes in kidney function. However, it’s essential for expecting mothers to consult their healthcare provider for proper monitoring and guidance.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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Fluctuations in a woman’s sex drive are natural and often influenced by various physical, emotional, and lifestyle factors. However, a noticeable or persistent decline in sexual desire can sometimes indicate an underlying concern that may benefit from professional attention. Understanding female libido, what affects it, and how to support it is an important part of maintaining overall well-being.
This article aims to provide evidence-based information from a gynaecological perspective to help you better understand the factors that may influence female libido. We will discuss potential causes such as hormonal changes, stress, mental health, medical conditions, and lifestyle habits. Additionally, we will explore general wellness strategies and when it may be appropriate to consult a qualified healthcare provider.
Recognising the underlying reasons for a decrease in sexual desire is an important step towards addressing it effectively. Female libido is influenced by a range of physical, emotional, hormonal, and psychological factors. By understanding what may be contributing to low libido, individuals and healthcare professionals can work together to identify safe, appropriate, and personalised approaches that support overall well-being and quality of life.
Several medical conditions can affect female libido. In such cases, a comprehensive clinical assessment by a qualified healthcare professional is essential.
Stress, anxiety and depression can significantly influence a woman’s interest in sexual activity. These conditions often reduce energy levels, affect mood, and interfere with the ability to feel emotionally connected or relaxed, factors that are important for a healthy libido. In some cases, the medications used to treat these conditions may also impact sexual desire4.
Post childbirth, hormonal changes, and fatigue could lead to a decline in libido. The demands of caring for a newborn, combined with fatigue and sleep deprivation, can also affect libido.
Breastfeeding may play a role by lowering oestrogen levels, which can lead to vaginal dryness and reduced interest in sexual activity. In addition, concerns related to body image, healing after delivery, and adapting to new parenting responsibilities may further influence a woman’s sexual well-being during the post-partum period5.
Certain medications may contribute to a decrease in sexual desire. For example, some antidepressants, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are known to affect libido in some individuals. These medications can influence the brain’s chemical balance, which may in turn impact sexual interest and responsiveness.
Additionally, the use of combined oral contraceptive pills may lower libido in some women. This is thought to be due to a reduction in free testosterone levels, a hormone that plays a role in sexual desire6.
It is important not to stop or adjust any prescribed medication without consulting a qualified healthcare professional. If low libido is suspected to be a side effect of medication, a healthcare provider may be able to recommend alternatives or supportive strategies.
Adopting healthy habits is vital for good sexual health. Unhealthy habits like lack of exercise, a poor diet, excessive alcohol, and smoking can decrease libido7.
Mood disorders and the associated medications, high blood pressure, diabetes or simply changing a medicine that you usually take for medical conditions can cause a change in female sex drive (libido). Talk to your gynaecologist or general physician to find out a cause for change in the libido and find a suitable solution for the same.
Dr. Ashish Bajaj, M.B.B.S., M.D. in Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology
A decline in sexual desire can be concerning, but it is important to remember that support is available. Several evidence-based approaches can help address the underlying causes of low libido and improve overall sexual well-being. The most suitable treatment will depend on individual circumstances and should ideally be guided by a qualified healthcare professional.
Counselling and education around sexual health can be highly beneficial, especially when no underlying medical condition is present. Speaking with a qualified mental health professional, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist, can help address emotional, psychological, or relational factors contributing to low libido.
Sexual health counselling may involve exploring communication within relationships, managing stress, improving body image, and understanding sexual response. In many cases, these interventions can significantly enhance intimacy and sexual satisfaction.
Hormone therapy may help improve sexual desire in women with confirmed hormonal imbalances. Oestrogen treatment can relieve symptoms such as vaginal dryness, which may support libido. In select cases, testosterone or DHEA therapy may be considered particularly for postmenopausal women diagnosed with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). These treatments should only be used under specialist medical supervision8.
Adopting healthy lifestyle habits can positively influence sexual desire. Regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and stress management all contribute to overall well-being and may support libido. Ensuring adequate levels of nutrients such as iron and vitamin B12 is also important, as deficiencies particularly anaemia can lead to fatigue and reduced sexual interest.
When conventional approaches are not effective, some individuals explore complementary options.
L-arginine, DHEA, maca root, ginseng, black cohosh, red clover, chasteberry fruit, and ginkgo are some natural supplements that may help increase libido10. Herbal remedies should be used cautiously and only under medical supervision, many lack FDA approval, and some may interfere with medications or hormone-sensitive conditions.
Positive body image and self-esteem can support sexual well-being. Feeling confident and comfortable with oneself may contribute to improved libido.
Foods like honey and coffee are sometimes linked to increased arousal, though evidence is mostly anecdotal. Such foods may complement a healthy lifestyle but should not be relied upon as primary treatments11. While no solution offers instant results, seeking medical advice is advised for improvement in sexual health.
If low libido is causing distress, affecting the quality of life, or impacting your mental health or relationships, you should consult a doctor.
We cannot improve libido instantly. However, Ginseng, L-arginine, gingko biloba, and maca are a few ingredients that have been studied for their ability to improve female libido and sexual function. Certain practices like yoga and acupuncture may also be beneficial when paired with a healthy lifestyle.
Dr. M.G. Kartheeka, MBBS, MD(Pediatrics)
Each person’s libido varies and so do the factors affecting it. Improving libido requires understanding of both medical and emotional factors. From hormone imbalances to lifestyle habits, multiple contributors may be at play. Begin with healthy habits, open communication with your partner, and timely consultation with your gynaecologist. Tailored treatments, ranging from counselling to hormonal or vaginal therapies can offer safe and sustainable solutions.
DHEA, maca root, ashwagandha, vitamin E with ginseng, and zinc are some. But their effectiveness varies and scientific proof backing their claims is limited. So, it is advised to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any supplement regimen.
Female libido booster foods like truffles, coffee, dark chocolate, bananas and avocados have been linked to increased arousal. But the extent to which these foods can specifically boost libido can vary and is yet to be confirmed scientifically.
FDA has approved a drug called flibanserin (Addyi) and bremelanotide (Vyleesi) for premenopausal women with HSDD. These are not female versions of Viagra and work differently
Women can follow good dietary habits, exercise regularly, sleep enough and manage stress. Having honest communication and focusing on foreplay in a relationship can also help. In case these measures don’t work, consult with a healthcare provider about medical treatments
Yes, female libido can often be restored through a combination of addressing underlying physical or psychological factors, adopting a healthy lifestyle, and exploring appropriate therapeutic interventions. Consulting with a healthcare professional can help identify personalized strategies for restoring and enhancing female libido.
While testosterone plays a role in female sexual function, its impact on libido is complex and varies. Some studies13 suggest that testosterone therapy may enhance female libido in certain cases, but it’s essential to consult with a healthcare professional to assess individual needs and potential risks before considering such interventions.
The effectiveness of hypnosis in enhancing female libido is not firmly established, and its impact varies among individuals. Consultation with a healthcare professional is advised to explore evidence-based approaches and address underlying factors contributing to changes in female libido.
While some studies12 suggest fenugreek may have potential benefits in boosting female libido by influencing hormonal levels, more research is needed to establish its effectiveness. It’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional before incorporating fenugreek or any supplements into one’s routine.
Various factors can impact female libido, including hormonal changes, stress, relationship issues, medical conditions, and certain medications. Identifying and addressing these underlying factors, with guidance from a healthcare professional, can help improve female libido.
Vitamin D is associated with female libido, as it plays a role in hormone regulation. Ensuring adequate vitamin D levels through sunlight exposure, diet, or supplements may positively influence female sexual health, but individual needs vary.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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