Is Pneumonia Contagious? Causes, Transmission, Symptoms & Treatment
Introduction
Did you know that you have an increased risk of developing pneumonia if you are above 65 years of age or under 2 years of age1? Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of death worldwide2.
While pneumonia itself is not contagious, the causative agents (bacteria, virus) generally are. Understanding how pneumonia spreads, what causes it, how to recognise whether your infection is contagious and knowing about the right treatment are essential to protect yourself1.
What Is Pneumonia?
Pneumonia is a serious infection that can affect either one or both of your lungs, causing the air sacs of your lungs or alveoli to be filled with fluid or pus3,4.
Pneumonia is a clinical syndrome with multiple aetiologies and classifications, which include5:
Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Pneumonia acquired outside of hospital settings or in a community setting.
Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia: Pneumonia acquired 48 hours or more of admission in any hospital.
Ventilator-associated Pneumonia: Pneumonia acquired more than 48 hours after endotracheal intubation.
What Causes Pneumonia?
Pneumonia is the inflammation of alveoli in your lungs mostly caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. These include6,7,8:
Bacterial Pneumonia: Bacteria are a common cause of pneumonia in adults. The most commonly noticed bacterium is Streptococcus pneumoniae while others like Haemophilus influenzae, Bordetella pertussis etc may also be the cause. Atypical bacteria such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, or Legionella are also causes of pneumonia, especially in younger individuals.
Viral Pneumonia: Viruses such as influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rhinovirus can also cause pneumonia.
Fungal Pneumonia: Not as common as bacterial and viral pneumonia, but fungi such as Pneumocystis jirovecii, cryptococcus, histoplasma and blastomyces may also lead to the development pneumonia, especially in individuals with weak immune systems.
Aspiration Pneumonia is one subtype of pneumonia, which occurs when food, liquids, or vomit are inhaled into the lungs, and is not caused by infectious organisms per se9.
Understanding the cause of pneumonia can help to identify whether it is contagious and prevent its spread.
Is Pneumonia Contagious?
This depends upon the underlying cause of pneumonia. Certain types can be contagious based on the causative organism, while others may not spread directly6.
Contagious pneumonia is generally caused by bacteria or viruses, which can be transmitted through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks6.
Non-contagious pneumonia does not spread from person-to-person. This type of pneumonia occurs due to inhalation of foreign substances (aspiration pneumonia) and is not caused by an infectious agent so cannot spread to others9.
Another type of pneumonia that is less likely to be contagious is that caused by fungal infections, which typically affect people with weakened immune systems. While these are not transmitted between individuals, they can occur in clusters due to shared environmental exposure10,11.
Let’s have a look at the contagious ones in detail.
Which Pneumonia Types are Contagious?
Are you wondering which pneumonia is contagious? Well, as mentioned, not all pneumonias are contagious. Some can spread from person to person, while others do not.
Bacterial pneumonia: Bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause infections that can spread through cough, sneezes, or close contact.
Atypical pneumonia: Some bacteria may cause pneumonia with different symptoms which are usually milder that those in typical pneumonia (referred to as walking pneumonia or atypical pneumonia). This is mostly caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, or Legionella pneumophila and generally affects younger populations. This is contagious and spreads through inhalation of infected respiratory droplets or aerosolised contaminated water.
Viral pneumonia: Viruses such as influenza virus, RSV, or SARS-CoV-2 are also highly contagious and spread similarly via airborne droplets or contact with contaminated surfaces.
Fungal pneumonia: These are acquired from environmental exposure, and person-to-person transmission is exceedingly rare or non-existent, except sometimes in transplant settings (e.g., organ donation from infected donor)12.
How Does Pneumonia Spread?
Pneumonia can spread in several ways, which includes9,10:
Airborne Droplets: This occurs when an individual affected with pneumonia coughs, sneezes or talks. This causes the release of respiratory droplets (infectious as they may contain bacteria or viruses). When you inhale these droplets, you may develop pneumonia.
Contact with Contaminated Surfaces: When an individual touches a surface that is contaminated with bacteria and viruses, and then touches their nose or mouth, they may develop pneumonia.
Aerosols or water droplets: Some organisms which cause pneumonia (such as Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Legionella) are present in the aerosolised soil particles or contaminated water droplets. Hence, when an individual is exposed to these factors, they may inhale an infectious organism and develop pneumonia.
Aspiration: This is not actually a mode for person-to-person transmission, rather a mechanism of entry of oropharyngeal or gastric contents into the lungs. It is a non-infectious event, though it can lead to secondary infection.
Despite these, developing pneumonia depends on host factors, virulence, and exposure dose. Not everyone exposed develops pneumonia. Certain factors may increase risk of pneumonia such as a weakened immune system (this includes HIV, or any chronic diseases like asthma, diabetes, etc). It’s important to be especially vigilant of pneumonia symptoms if you have any preexisting conditions8.
How Long is Pneumonia Contagious?
The contagious period can vary based on the type of pneumonia you are suffering from. The table below lists when pneumonia is contagious6,9:
Type of Pneumonia
Contagious Period
Bacterial Pneumonia
Contagious for approximately 48 hours after starting antibiotics and until fever reduces
Walking Pneumonia
Contagious for several weeks (2-4 weeks before your first symptoms appear and until symptoms resolve)
Viral Pneumonia
Several days to over a week (until fever reduces and symptoms subside)
Fungal Pneumonia
Generally, not contagious
Aspiration Pneumonia
Not contagious
Is Pneumonia Contagious After Antibiotics?
An individual infected with bacterial pneumonia is said to be contagious for approximately 48 hours after starting effective antibiotics, while viral pneumonia may remain contagious longer (several weeks). You are likely to be contagious until your symptoms subside and fever resolves. It is always best to consult your doctor and follow instructions to reduce the spread of infection6.
Symptoms of Pneumonia
The signs and symptoms of pneumonia may include4,13,14:
Fever and chills
Headache
Chest pain (pleuritic pain, which is a sharp pain on breathing and coughing)
Muscle pain or myalgia
Productive cough (may be associated with greenish, yellow or even bloody mucus)
If you are facing any of these symptoms, consult your doctor and seek immediate medical care.
How to Tell If a Cough Might Be Pneumonia
A cough can indicate any infection from a common cold, bronchitis, to pneumonia. The below table summarises the key differences in these 3 infections and helps you to understand if your cough might be pneumonia14,16,17.
Common Cold
Bronchitis
Pneumonia
Duration of Cough
Short duration
Short duration
Persistent Cough
Type of Cough
Productive / nonproductive cough
Productive cough (Clear or yellow-green mucous)
Productive cough (greenish, yellowish or blood stained mucous)
Symptoms
Sore throat, runny nose, sneezing, coughing and headache
Chest discomfort, productive cough, tiredness, low-grade fever, shortness of breath
Rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain or cold or cough medicines
Rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain or cold or cough medicines
Antibiotic treatment
Diagnosis
After a careful assessment of your symptoms, your doctor will be able to diagnose your condition with the help of18,19:
Chest X-ray: If you present with clinical symptoms, your chest X-ray may show infiltrates, consolidation, or opacities in your lungs which maybe a sign of pneumonia.
Blood Tests: Your doctor may recommend laboratory tests such as:
Complete blood count: To check for any infections, such as leucocytosis with neutrophilia (bacterial) or lymphocytosis (viral).
Arterial blood gases: Used only in severe cases. It can be used to help assess the oxygenation and acid-base balance in cases of hypoxia or when any other respiratory compromise is expected.
Pulse Oximetry: To measure your oxygen level in your blood. Pneumonia fills air spaces in lungs with fluids, impairing gas exchange, which leads to hypoxemia. If you are suffering from pneumonia, it can prevent your lungs from getting enough oxygen into your blood.
Sputum Test: To identify the organism causing your illness.
Blood Culture Test: To identify the causative agent and to check for bacterial infection in your blood which has prognostic implications in severe CAP or suspected sepsis.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Test: To identify the DNA of the causative agent
Bronchoscopy: A tube is inserted into your airway and your doctor may collect samples of the tissue and fluid from your lungs to identify the cause of your pneumonia. This method is only done in complicated cases, cases of unresolved pneumonia or immunocompromised patients.
Chest Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: This tool can help to identify the extent to which your lungs are affected by pneumonia and can also identify abscesses and other lung disorders.
Based on these tests, your doctor will be able to accurately diagnose your condition and will suggest the appropriate treatment for your condition18.
Treatment for Pneumonia
Depending on the type of pneumonia you have, your doctor may suggest the following treatments20,21:
Bacterial pneumonia: Antibiotics may be prescribed. You should start to notice a reduction in your symptoms in 48-72 hours. However, complete recovery can take a much longer time in elderly patients (several weeks). Take your medications as prescribed by your doctor and do not discontinue your medication.
Viral pneumonia: While in most cases, viral pneumonias clear up by itself, Influenza, RSV and SARS-CoV-2 can cause severe disease, especially in children, elderly individuals and individuals who are immunocompromised. Oseltamivir may be prescribed for managing influenza, ribavirin may be prescribed for RSV, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, and measles virus22.
Fungal pneumonia: Treatment prescribed is dependent on the causative organism. For example, if your infection is caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii, your doctor may prescribe a combination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or if your infection is caused by Histoplasma, your doctor may prescribe itraconazole or amphotericin B for the management of your condition22.
Apart from these medications, it is important to get plenty of rest, drink plenty of fluids, and you may take over-the-counter medications for pain, cough, cold and fever.
In cases of severe pneumonia, you may have to be a hospitalised to receive medications (antibiotics and fluids) through an intravenous (IV) line. Your doctor may also recommend oxygen therapy to increase the amount of oxygen in your blood. If you are suffering from a serious infection, you may need ventilator support20,21.
Prevention Tips
Taking a few proactive steps and getting vaccinated, can reduce your chances of developing pneumonia. This includes23:
Apart from getting vaccinated, certain simple tips that you can follow to protect yourself against pneumonia include23,25:
Avoid close contact with infected and sick individuals.
If you are sick, stay at home to prevent the spread of infection.
When in a public place, cover your nose and mouth with a tissue while sneezing and coughing or cough or sneeze into your elbow followed by good hand hygiene.
Quit smoking and avoid alcohol consumption.
Make sure you wash your hands regularly with warm water and soap for at least 20 seconds.
It is important to clean and disinfect frequently contacted surfaces to reduce the risk of infection.
Consult your doctor for any medical issues such as heart disease, diabetes and take medications as directed. These conditions can lead to secondary pneumonia and managing them is essential for pneumonia prevention.
You should consult a doctor if you experience symptoms of pneumonia. If you face difficulty in breathing, high fever, difficulty breathing, chest pain, and a productive cough, seek immediate medical care26.
Moreover, it is important to get immediate medical care in high-risk individuals (adults over the age of 65, children below the age of 2 and adults with any underlying health condition such as diabetes, heart disease) or weakened immune system (immunocompromised individuals) as the disease can progress quickly in these individuals. Moreover, if you notice symptoms such as bluish lips or nails (cyanosis), confusion, and rapid breathing, it is best to seek prompt medical care26,27.
Conclusion
Talking about the main question – is pneumonia contagious in adults? Well, it may or may not be, depending on its underlying cause. It is important to recognise the type of pneumonia you have and how it may be transmitted. Taking appropriate precautions such as getting timely vaccinations and promoting good hygiene can help prevent its spread. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for a quick recovery.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What are the complications of pneumonia, if left untreated?
The complications of untreated or incompletely treated pneumonia include respiratory failure, accumulation of pus in between the lung and the lining of the chest wall (empyema), lung abscess, sepsis and may also lead to multi organ failure5.
Is pneumonia more dangerous during pregnancy?
Yes, pregnant individuals are at higher risk of complications of pneumonia such as low weight at birth and increased risk of preterm birth due to weakened immunity28.
Can pets transmit pneumonia to humans?
Yes, this can occur, though rarely. Certain infections such as Q fever (caused by Coxiella burnetii) and Psittacosis (caused by Chlamydophila psittaci) may occur in individuals working closely with animals or livestock29,30.
What is the difference between bronchitis and pneumonia?
Bronchitis affects your bronchial tubes (airways), while pneumonia affects the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. The symptoms of pneumonia tend to be more severe and may involve high-grade fever, chest pain, and shortness of breath14,17.
Troeger C, Blacker B, Khalil IA, Rao PC, Cao J, Zimsen SRM, et al. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Infectious Diseases [Internet]. 2018 Nov;18(11):1191–210. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6202443/
Smith DJ, Williams SL, Benedict KM, Jackson BR, Toda M, Adame G, et al. Surveillance for Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, and Blastomycosis — United States, 2019. MMWR Surveillance Summaries [Internet]. 2022 Aug 19;71(7):1–14. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/ss/ss7107a1.htm
José RJ, Periselneris JN, Brown JS. Opportunistic bacterial, viral and fungal infections of the lung. Medicine [Internet]. 2020 Jun 1;48(6):366–72. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7206443/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Bacterial Pneumonia: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
Introduction
Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of mortality in the world, making it a global health concern1. It is a serious infection that affects your lungs by causing inflammation and fluid or pus accumulation in the alveoli (air sacs) of your lungs2. Bacterial pneumonia, especially from Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae type b, is a common cause of pneumonia-related deaths. However, viral pneumonia, caused by viruses like respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza, also contributes significantly to pneumonia cases and fatalities1,3.
What Is Bacterial Pneumonia?
Bacterial pneumonia, as the name suggests, is caused by various bacteria that invade your lungs. Your body’s natural defence system tries to fight these bacteria as a part of the immune response, leading to inflammation of the air sacs of your lungs and the accumulation of fluid and pus in them4. Inflammation occurs as part of the immune response, but sometimes pathogenic bacterial factors also directly damage tissue, e.g., inflammation caused by the toxin pneumolysin from S. pneumoniae5. Bacterial pneumonia can be of different types, including3:
Community-acquired Pneumonia: Occurs in individuals who acquire the infection outside of hospital settings or within 48 hours of admission.
Hospital-acquired Pneumonia: This type of pneumonia occurs in individuals who develop the infection 48 hours after admission to any hospital.
Atypical Pneumonia: This type of pneumonia is generally caused by bacteria that are less commonly associated with pneumonia, e.g., Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Legionella spp. These organisms are not generally identified by the traditional staining methods (Gram stain), but the pneumonia often presents with symptoms that occur outside the lungs. Though atypical bacterial pneumonia is mostly bacterial in origin, it may not be categorised as typical bacterial pneumonia6.
Ventilator-associated Pneumonia: This type of pneumonia occurs 48 hours or more after a person has been placed on a ventilator to help them breathe.
Community-acquired Pneumonia: The main organisms that cause this infection include S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. pneumoniae, Legionella spp., Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus (especially methicillin-resistant S. aureus), which is commonly associated with severe cases or following a viral infection like influenza.
Hospital-acquired Pneumonia: The main organisms that cause this infection include S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii.
Atypical Pneumonia: The main organisms that cause this infection include M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, or Legionella pneumophila.
Ventilator-associated Pneumonia: The main organisms that cause this infection include S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, enterobacter species (such as Klebsiella, E. coli) and gram-negative bacilli8.
In 50% of pneumonia cases, the etiological factor remains unknown. Identifying the causative organism is essential for appropriate treatment7.
How Does Bacterial Pneumonia Spread?
Bacterial pneumonia is contagious and can spread from person to person. This infection is transmitted through contact with infected surfaces. It can also spread when the droplets released when an infected person coughs or sneezes are inhaled by another person3,7.
It is always recommended to avoid close contact with infected individuals, wear a mask and practice proper hand hygiene to reduce your risk of infection9.
Who Is More Likely to Get Bacterial Pneumonia?
While bacterial pneumonia can affect anyone, certain groups of people, including the following, are more likely to develop bacterial pneumonia3,7,10:
Children (under 5 years of age) or older adults (over 65 years of age).
Chronic conditions (such as diabetes, chronic lung disease, and heart disease).
Weakened immune system.
Smoking and alcohol consumption.
Poor oral hygiene
Use of certain medications (e.g., proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole and pantoprazole).
Symptoms of Bacterial Pneumonia
The signs and symptoms of bacterial pneumonia include3,7:
Productive cough with mucus that can be clear, yellow/green, or contain blood. Dry cough is more common with viral and atypical pneumonia6,11.
Systemic symptoms of bacterial pneumonia may include3,7:
Headache
Sweaty and clammy skin or chills
Altered mental status or confusion
Hypotension
Cyanosis due to low oxygen levels
Increased heart rate (tachycardia). Decreased heart rate (bradycardia) is uncommon and may be associated with pneumonia caused by Chlamydia sp, Legionnaire’s disease, and typhoid12.
In children under 5 years of age, the signs and symptoms of bacterial pneumonia may include rapid breathing, chest pain, abdominal pain, and pale colour of the face3,7.
Diagnosis of Bacterial Pneumonia
After a careful assessment of your symptoms, your doctor will be able to diagnose your condition with the help of3,7:
Chest X-ray: If you present with symptoms of pneumonia, your chest X-ray serves as a first-line imaging tool for the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia. Your chest X-ray may show pulmonary infiltrates and may suggest the type of pneumonia present (for example, lobar or interstitial pneumonia). However, it cannot accurately distinguish between bacterial and non-bacterial pneumonia (such as viral pneumonia).
Computed Tomography: Helpful in unclear cases or when other conditions may be present.
Blood Tests: Your doctor may recommend laboratory tests such as:
Complete blood count: Creatinine levels and complete white blood cell count (for the diagnosis and detection of severity of infection)
Liver function tests: Abnormalities on the liver function tests may be observed in cases of severe or complicated pneumonia or Legionella infections13.
Inflammatory biomarkers (e.g., erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein): Supportive markers for inflammation and severity. Elevated levels of C-reactive protein are suggestive of bacterial pneumonia. However, this result is not definitive, and these tests cannot distinguish between bacterial and viral pneumonia.
Arterial blood gases: Used in severe cases where hypoxia (low oxygen supply to tissues) and respiratory acidosis (acidic blood due to the presence of carbon dioxide) are present.
Sputum Culture: May be advised in severe cases or hospitalised cases to identify the bacteria causing your illness.
Gram Staining: To identify the bacteria and guide your treatment. For example, Gram-positive cocci, such as S. pneumoniae, and Gram-negative bacilli like H. influenzae.
Respiratory Viral Panel (including influenza): Done by collecting a sample from your respiratory tract (nasopharyngeal swab) to check for viral pathogens such as influenza, RSV or SARS-CoV-2. The results may indicate a secondary bacterial infection, which is common after a viral infection.
Based on these tests, your doctor will be able to diagnose your condition accurately and will suggest the appropriate treatment for your condition. A definitive diagnosis, especially in hospitalised cases or complicated cases will always require identification of the organism.
Bacterial vs. Viral Pneumonia
While bacterial and viral pneumonia are two common types of lung infections that share similar symptoms, the table below highlights the key differences between the two types of pneumonia3,7,11.
Bacterial Pneumonia
Viral Pneumonia
Aetiology
Bacterial (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus)
Viral (for example, Respiratory syncytial virus or RSV, influenza virus, adenovirus and coronaviruses like SARS-CoV-2)
Onset
Sudden onset and more severe symptoms
Gradual onset and symptoms may not be severe initially
Nasal or throat swab (PCR), Chest X-ray, and patient’s history
Treatment
Antibiotics
Supportive care (rest, fluids, fever control); antivirals in some cases (e.g., influenza)
Complications
Abscess, empyema, and sepsis
Respiratory failure, liver failure, heart failure, and secondary bacterial infection
If you are suffering from any lung infection and are unsure whether it is a bacterial or viral infection, it is best to consult your doctor and get appropriate medical treatment.
Bacterial Pneumonia Treatment
The main treatment of bacterial pneumonia involves the use of antibiotics. If you are healthy and do not have any other chronic medical conditions, the treatment may include antibiotics like3,7:
If you have any chronic medical conditions such as diabetes or heart disease, the treatment may include combination treatments like3,7:
Amoxicillin/clavulanate or cephalosporins (such as cefpodoxime or cefuroxime) along with a macrolide (such as azithromycin or clarithromycin) or doxycycline.
Alternatively, your doctor may recommend a single stronger antibiotic like levofloxacin or moxifloxacin.
If you are admitted to the hospital but your pneumonia is not too severe, your doctors may recommend3,7:
A beta-lactam antibiotic (such as ceftriaxone) along with a macrolide (such as azithromycin or doxycycline).
Alternatively, a single respiratory fluoroquinolone (such as levofloxacin) may be used. However, it is important to note that overuse of these respiratory fluoroquinolones may lead to resistance to the antibiotic and an increased risk of Clostridium difficile infection14.
If you are admitted to the hospital and your pneumonia is severe, your treatment will be more aggressive and usually includes3,7:
A beta-lactam antibiotic plus a macrolide
Alternatively, your doctor may recommend a beta-lactam antibiotic along with a respiratory fluoroquinolone.
Prevention of Bacterial Pneumonia
Certain tips that you can follow to reduce your risk of pneumonia include3,7,9:
Ensure good hand hygiene by washing your hands regularly with warm water and soap.
Avoid smoking and alcohol consumption.
Maintain good oral hygiene, as poor oral hygiene is a risk factor for bacterial pneumonia.
Ensure prompt medical care if you have chronic conditions such as asthma.
Consult your doctor regarding the following vaccinations for infants and children to prevent pneumonia:
H. influenzae type b vaccination (Hib Vaccination): Recommended for infants and children under 5 years of age. The vaccination schedule can be a 3-dose series with doses taken at 2, 4, and 6 months plus a booster dose at 12-15 months or a 2-dose series with doses taken at 2 and 4 months plus a booster dose)15,16
Pertussis vaccination (DTaP / Tdap Vaccination): The DTaP vaccine is administered during childhood, while the Tdap booster is advised for adolescents and adults, especially for pregnant women. However, this vaccination does not directly prevent bacterial pneumonia17.
Pneumococcal vaccination (PCV 15/PCV20 and PPSV23): Helps protect against S. pneumoniae. This vaccination is recommended for all children under 5 years of age and for children and adults with chronic conditions like diabetes and chronic lung disease18.
By following these steps, you can reduce your risk of developing bacterial pneumonia and improve your overall health3,7.
If left untreated, bacterial pneumonia can lead to complications like7:
Fluid buildup around the lungs (pleural effusion)
Pus collection in the lung area (empyema)
Infection in the lung (lung abscess)
Breathing difficulty due to lung damage
Residual lung scarring after severe pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)19
Widespread infection in the body (sepsis)
Bacteria in the bloodstream (bacteraemia)
Low oxygen levels in the blood (hypoxemia)
Early diagnosis and proper treatment of bacterial pneumonia can help prevent serious and potentially life-threatening complications7.
When to See a Doctor
You should consult a doctor for bacterial pneumonia if you experience symptoms like a persistent cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, or a high fever3,7.
You should seek immediate medical attention if you are at an increased risk of developing bacterial pneumonia (if you are an adult over 65 years of age, a child under 5 years of age, or if you are facing any other chronic medical conditions)3,7.
Bacterial pneumonia is a serious infection that continues to pose a major global health challenge. Understanding its causes, risk factors, symptoms, and the importance of timely diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment is key to improving outcomes. Preventive measures such as good hygiene, vaccination, and lifestyle modifications play a crucial role in reducing the risk of bacterial pneumonia. Most importantly, early medical attention, especially for high-risk individuals, can significantly lower the chances of complications and ensure better recovery.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Can bacterial pneumonia recur after treatment?
Yes, bacterial pneumonia can recur after treatment. The chances of recurrence are increased in individuals with underlying health conditions, weakened immunity, or poor lung function. Recurrence may also happen if the initial infection wasn’t completely treated3,7.
When will my symptoms start to improve?
Most patients show improvement in 48 to 72 hours. If there is no improvement, an alternative cause should be suspected3.
Can bacterial pneumonia develop as a complication of viral pneumonia?
Yes, bacterial pneumonia can often develop as a secondary infection following viral illnesses like COVID-19 or influenza, often worsening the clinical outcome11.
What benefits does walking have for individuals with bacterial pneumonia?
Mild physical activity like walking can aid recovery; however, strenuous exercise should be avoided until your doctor confirms full recovery and lung function is stable. Consult your doctor to understand if exercises are suitable for your condition20.
References
Troeger C, Blacker B, Khalil IA, Rao PC, Cao J, Zimsen SRM, et al. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Infectious Diseases [Internet]. 2018 Nov;18(11):1191–210. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6202443/
Miyashita N. Atypical pneumonia: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Respiratory Investigation [Internet]. 2021 Nov;60(1). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34750083/
Pahal P, Rajasurya V, Sharma S. Typical Bacterial Pneumonia [Internet]. National Library of Medicine. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534295/
Kohbodi GA, Rajasurya V, Noor A. Ventilator-associated Pneumonia [Internet]. PubMed. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507711/
Ostergaard L, Huniche B, Andersen PL. Relative bradycardia in infectious diseases. The Journal of Infection [Internet]. 1996 Nov 1;33(3):185–91. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8945708/
Patterson CM, Loebinger MR. Community acquired pneumonia: assessment and treatment. Clinical Medicine [Internet]. 2012 Jun;12(3):283–6. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4953496/
Shea KM, Hobbs ALV, Jaso TC, Bissett JD, Cruz CM, Douglass ET, et al. Effect of a Health Care System Respiratory Fluoroquinolone Restriction Program To Alter Utilization and Impact Rates of Clostridium difficile Infection. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy [Internet]. 2017 Jun;61(6). Available from: https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/aac.00125-17
Gilsdorf JR. Hib Vaccines: Their Impact on Haemophilus influenzae Type b Disease. The Journal of Infectious Diseases [Internet]. 2021 Sep 30;224(Supplement_4):S321–30. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8482018/
Matthay MA, Zemans RL, Zimmerman GA, Arabi YM, Beitler JR, Mercat A, et al. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Nature Reviews Disease Primers [Internet]. 2019 Mar 14;5(1). Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6709677/
Ikeda T, Inoue S, Konta T, Murakami M, Fujimoto S, Iseki K, et al. Can Daily Walking Alone Reduce Pneumonia-Related Mortality among Older People? Scientific Reports [Internet]. 2020 May 22;10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7244731/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
HPV in Men: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
Introduction
HPV (Human Papillomavirus) infection is a sexually transmitted infection commonly affecting both men and women. Some types of HPV are considered low-risk and may cause warts, while others are high-risk types and that can even lead to cancer.
HPV is more often discussed in women due to the risk of cervical cancer. However, there a 90% probability of men too being infected with HPV through their lifetime. Though not always serious, it can sometimes cause cancer of the penis, anus, or certain parts of the throat, such as the base of the tongue and tonsils1.
In this blog, we will focus on HPV in men, how to get tested and manage this infection.
What is HPV (Human Papillomavirus)?
HPV is a virus that infects the surface layers of the skin and mucus membranes (thin linings) of the body areas like the genitals, anus, and parts of the throat, commonly spread through sexual contact. It can cause infections in these areas of skin with minor or sometimes even no symptoms, especially in cases of genital infection. The rate of HPV in men is high throughout their lives, while in women, the infection rate reduces as they age.
There are over 200 HPV types and are mainly classified as: the low-risk type (like HPV-6, 11) the high-risk type (like HPV-16, 18) of HPV. Women are infected more often with the high-risk type, while in men, both the high- and low-risk types are equally common1,2.
How is HPV Transmitted?
HPV is easily spread from one person to another in different ways, such as:
Through vaginal, oral, and anal sex.
Through skin-to-skin contact.
By touching contaminated underwear or shared objects.
By hand contact, if the virus is present on the skin2.
The risk is higher in men who have sex with men, in those who are HIV-positive, or in those with infected partners. In rare cases, HPV can also pass to a unborn children through sperm or egg, leading to infection3.
Why HPV is a Concern for Men
HPV infections can be concerning for men because they often have no symptoms, and many are unaware that they have an infection which can easily pass to their partners.
In men, the low-risk type HPV can cause warts (growths on skin) on gentiles or mouth/throat, but the high-risk type can lead to more serious health issues like cancers affecting the skin around the penis and anus and some mouth/throat cancers. Some research studies also suggest that HPV may affect sperm quality in men, although a clear link has not been proven yet.
Moreover in men, the immune response to HPV is often less effective in clearing the virus completely, and it may remain in the body or come back later. This means the virus can stay for a long time in the body or become active again, causing reinfection and unintentional spread to their partner.
Unlike for women who have HPV related cervical cancer screening, there is no regular screening for the HPV test for men. However, the risk of HIV infections is higher in some categories of men such as those who have sex with other men or those with HIV3,4.
Therefore, though HPV is commonly spoken about in women, men may also have serious health issues when infected with HPV and need regular HPV-related cancer screening using anal smears or HPV DNA testing, especially in certain groups4,5.
Risks & Complications of HPV in Men
HPV is not always dangerous and often goes away without causing much trouble5. But in some cases, it can lead to various health issues like:
Condyloma acuminata: Small, flesh-coloured or grey, painless growths (warts) around the penis, anus, or nearby areas, usually caused by low-risk HPV types.
Adult-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (AoRRP): A rare condition where HPV (mainly types 6 and 11) causes wart-like growths in the throat. It typically appears in men in their 30s–40s and presents with symptoms such as hoarseness. Seen in men who have oral sex.
Cancers: High-risk HPV types may cause cancers in the penis, anus, mouth, certain parts of the throat, tongue and tonsils1,2.
These risks show that it is important for men to be aware of HPV, identify the symptoms and take steps to manage it early.
Symptoms of HPV in Men
Usually, men with HPV do not show many symptoms. But when symptoms are present, they depend on the type of HPV and the location of the infection. Some possible symptoms include:
Warts: Small, painless, flat, or cauliflower-like growths on the penis, anus, or groin (usually caused by low-risk HPV).
Throat symptoms: Hoarse voice, breathing trouble, or airway blockage due to wart-like growths (seen in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis).
Cancer signs: High-risk HPV may cause penile or anal cancer. Penile cancer may show red or painful growths. Anal cancer may cause lumps, bleeding, discharge, pain, itching, or bowel changes1,6. HPV related cancer in the base of the tongue or tonsils often shows up as a neck lump or sore throat. It may also cause trouble swallowing, throat pain, or an earache. All these symptoms may not appear early, but later as the disease progresses7.
These symptoms may also occur in other conditions. While there is no standard test for HPV in men, a specific test like the anal pap smear test may be advised for those who have sex with men or HIV patients. So, it is better to consult a doctor who may advise you to get the HPV test male and accordingly manage the condition based on the results1,6.
Cancers Linked to HPV in Men
Several cancers in men are linked to the high-risk HPV type, especially HPV-16 and HPV-18. HPV is a major cause of certain throat cancers, especially those in the oropharynx (like the base of the tongue and tonsils), often seen in men with a history of oral sex. It also causes 40–50% of penile cancers and about 90% of anal cancers, particularly in men who have sex with men or in HIV-positive men. These cancers may start as small precancerous growths and progress to become cancerous1,2.
But how do men test for HPV to reduce the risk of getting these cancers? We will find it in the next section.
HPV Testing for Men
As of now, there are no standard HPV test for men that are approved for screening. In males without any symptoms, it is hard to test for HPV. However, HPV testing may be recommended in the following situations:
When the man’s partner is HPV positive or has an HPV-related disease.
When he shows HPV symptoms.
In high-risk categories such as men who have sex with men or men who have HIV2,4.
Most of the time, warts are checked by doctors just by looking at them and are diagnosed based on how they appear. Testing is usually done on warts or visible spots only if the doctor thinks it could be a serious type of HPV.
While not routinely done, anal cytology (Pap smear) can be advised for detecting HPV in men who may have weakened immune systems or those who engage in anal intercourse (high-risk categories). Here, a soft swab is used to collect cells from the anal region to check for early signs of cancer4.
Male HPV tests, particularly for high-risk categories, also include molecular tests like PCR, used to detect HPV DNA (genetic material of virus) and identify its type. Samples can be taken from areas like the penis, throat, mouth, or skin growths2.
For men who had cancer linked to HPV, their follow-up after treatment involves regular check-ups, scans, or cytology. HPV DNA test may be done only if the doctor recommends it2,6.
Treatment Options for HPV in Men
HPV infection cannot be cleared by any specific antiviral medicine, and there is no standard management plan. In most cases, the immune system clears the HPV virus on its own7,8,9. However, for HPV related growths and cancers, especially genital warts and early signs of cell changes that could turn into cancer, there are clear treatment options available10.
The focus is mainly on addressing visible growths and related health problems. For growths around the penis, topical creams like imiquimod may stimulate an immune response and clear the warts, though they do not remove the virus completely in that area.
Surgery, radiation, or cancer-related medicines may be suggested in cases where cancer has developed due to HPV8,9.
Immunotherapy medicines such as nivolumab, and pembrolizumab help the body’s immune system fight cancer and are used in some HPV-related cancers of certain areas of the throat11.
Managing HPV should include both partners to help reduce the chance of passing the virus back and forth8,9.
HPV Vaccine for Men
HPV vaccines may help reduce the chances of getting HPV and may lower the risk of HPV-related cancers by up to 90%. Though vaccines are often focused more on women, men may also benefit, as they experience more than 90% of certain HPV-related cancers. HPV vaccines help protect against the many high-risk types of the virus (like types 16 and 18), which can cause cervical cancers and many other cancers in the genital and throat areas.
HPV vaccines have shown strong benefits with good efficacy and immune response. In India, in 2021, Gardasil 9, a vaccine that may be given to both men and women, was introduced8.
The HPV vaccine can be given to males aged 9 to 26 years. It may also be given up to age 45, based on a person’s health and risk factors, as advised by a doctor.
For boys aged 9 to 14 years, two doses are given. The second dose is given 6 to 12 months after the first. If the second dose is given too early (less than 5 months apart), a third dose is needed.
For males aged 15 to 45 years, three doses are given. The second dose is given after 2 months, and the third dose after 6 months from the first8,12.
Getting vaccinated is one way you may help reduce the risk of spreading HPV and avoid the health risks associated with HPV.
How to Prevent Spreading HPV
You can reduce the chances of getting HPV and its related complications by following these tips13,14:
Safe sex: If you are sexually active, using condoms may give you some protection against HPV, though the virus can still spread through skin contact in uncovered areas.
HPV vaccine: This vaccine may help you and your partner stay protected from certain types of HPV that are linked to cancer.
Screening: Routine screening is usually not done in men, but a Male HPV test, such as an anal Pap test for anal cancer or an HPV DNA test may be used in certain high-risk groups like men who have sex with men or those with HIV. If you have a female partner, she may need screening for cervical cancer, as HPV can be a cause in both.
Quit smoking: Avoiding smoking is advised, as it may make it harder for the body to clear HPV and increase the risk of HPV-related cancers.
By taking timely action and staying aware, you and your partner may be safeguarded from serious health risks related to HPV.
You need to see a doctor if you observe any changes in your body or any symptoms that are unusual. This could include a new growth or lump in the genital or anal area, sometimes with pain or bleeding. If you come to know that your partner has HPV, you may ask the doctor if you can get the HPV testing for men and, also get guidance on whether the vaccine can be taken to reduce the risk of exposure6,13.
HPV cannot be taken lightly in men, as it may lead to cancer in some cases. The symptoms may not always be visible, but being aware, taking necessary precautions, getting vaccinated, and seeking medical advice can help you and your partner stay healthy and safe.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
How long does it take for symptoms to develop if I have HPV?
HPV symptoms do not appear immediately after getting infected with HPV. It may take weeks, months, or even years for signs to show up6.
If I have genital warts, will I have cancer?
Genital warts are usually non-cancerous. They are typically caused by low-risk HPV and resolve on their own. However, in case of persistent lesions, it’s best to consult your doctor. They will examine the lesion and advise HPV testing if needed1.
How can I protect my son from HPV?
HPV can cause genital warts and, in some cases, lead to cancers in the anus, penis, mouth, or throat, even in men. You may get your son vaccinated before the start of sexual activity. Consult your doctor to know more about the HPV vaccine and prevention strategies.
Can men be tested for HPV related cancer?
Yes, anal cancer screening through cytology may be advised for men at high risk, such as those who have sex with men or are HIV-positive. Regular checkups can help detect early signs6,8.
References
A. Garolla, Graziani A, Grande G, Ortolani C, Ferlin A. HPV-related diseases in male patients: an underestimated conundrum. Journal of endocrinological investigation. 2023 Sep 28;47(2):261–Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10859347/
Lenzi A, Mirone V, Gentile V, Bartoletti R, Ficarra V, Foresta C, et al. Rome consensus conference – statement; human papillomavirus diseases in males. BMC Public Health. 2013 Feb 7;13(1). Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3642007/
Naidoo D, Govender K, Mantell JE. Breaking barriers: why including boys and men is key to HPV prevention. BMC Medicine. 2024 Nov 8;22(1). Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11549739/
Giovannelli L, Migliore MC, Capra G, Caleca MP, Bellavia C, Perino A, et al. Penile, Urethral, and Seminal Sampling for Diagnosis of Human Papillomavirus Infection in Men. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2007 Jan;45(1):248–51. Available from: https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jcm.01576-06
Lechner M, Liu J, Masterson L, Fenton TR. HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer: epidemiology, molecular biology and clinical management. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology. 2022 Feb 1;19(19). Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8805140/
Zou K, Huang Y, Li Z. Prevention and treatment of human papillomavirus in men benefits both men and women. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2022 Nov 24;12. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9729793/#s4
Kaur KN, Niazi F, Nandi D, Taneja N. Gender-Neutral HPV Vaccine in India; Requisite for a Healthy Community: A Review. Cancer Control. 2024 Jan 1;31. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11440547/
O’Mahony C, Gomberg M, Skerlev M, Alraddadi A, de las Heras‐Alonso ME, Majewski S, et al. Position statement for the diagnosis and management of anogenital warts. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology [Internet]. 2019 Jun 1 [cited 2021 Aug 9];33(6):1006–19. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6593709/
Huang Y, Lan Y, Zhang Z, Xiao X, Huang T. An Update on the Immunotherapy for Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Frontiers in Oncology [Internet]. 2022 Mar 15 [cited 2024 Jan 27];12. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8965058/
Gallego LS, Dominguez A, Parmar M. Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine [Internet]. Nih.gov. StatPearls Publishing; 2024 [cited 2025 Jul 21]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562186/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Walking Pneumonia: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
Introduction
Are you wondering what is walking pneumonia? Walking pneumonia or atypical pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract1. This condition is generally a milder form of pneumonia where the patient may be well enough to walk around, that’s why it’s called “walking pneumonia2”.
This type of pneumonia is usually acquired outside of hospital or healthcare settings and caused by pathogens that are not commonly associated with pneumonia and not easily detectable by common staining and culture methods1. The most common organisms associated with walking pneumonia include the bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, or Legionella pneumoniae3.
Bacterial atypical pneumonia comprises around 15% of the total pneumonia cases acquired outside of hospital and healthcare settings4.Although, usually these infections are not very severe, the mortality of walking pneumonia among the elderly is 8.0%, while in younger, healthy individuals, the mortality is 0.5-2.0%5.
What Is Walking Pneumonia?
Walking Pneumonia, scientifically referred to as atypical pneumonia, is a milder form of lung infection, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, that generally does not require hospitalisation.
As this pneumonia usually has a mild course , most affected individuals can still continue their routine without any interruption to your daily activities and hence, this condition is commonly referred to as walking pneumonia2. However, it is important to note that the severity of pneumonia can range from mild to life-threatening depending on factors such as age, the type of organism causing the infection, and when the walking pneumonia treatment is started1.
Causes of Walking Pneumonia
You may be wondering what causes walking pneumonia. Actually, walking or atypical pneumonia is caused by an invasion of bacteria (most commonly), and viruses or fungi (less commonly), that leads to inflammation of your air sacs or alveoli in your lungs1.
Bacteria: Bacteria such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Legionella pneumoniae are the most common causative organisms of atypical pneumonia3.
Viruses: Viruses such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 may cause atypical pneumonia3.
Fungi: Rarely, pneumonia may be caused by fungi, especially in individuals with a weak immune system6.
Walking pneumonia is typically acquired from the community (outside a hospital setting), most often by inhalation of respiratory secretions that contain the causative organism.
Types of Atypical Pneumonia
Based on what causes walking pneumonia, the different types of atypical pneumonia include:
Mycoplasma pneumonia: This condition generally affects children, adolescents and young individuals (typically 5-15 years), but it can occur at any age7,8. In individuals, it can cause a range of symptoms, from mild respiratory tract infections to severe atypical pneumonia9.
Chlamydia pneumonia: This condition can cause upper and lower respiratory tract infections causing symptoms such as headaches, tiredness, hoarseness of voice, fever, sore throat and cough that becomes worse over time10.
Legionnaire’s disease: This condition generally affects middle age and older individuals. It is more often noticed in individuals with a weak immune system or chronic illness and in smokers7. This infection mainly spreads by inhalation or aspiration of contaminated water (For example: showers, hot tubs, etc) The symptoms noticed include fever, muscle pain, headaches, shortness of breath, diarrhoea and cough11.
Q Fever: This condition is caused by the bacteria Coxiella burnetii which may present with symptoms such as fever, tiredness, muscle aches and chills. Q fever is often zoonotic (infection transmitted from animals to humans) and it is commonly noticed in individuals who work closely with animals or livestock. Individuals may get infected by inhaling dust contaminated with animal products and excreta such as faeces, urine and milk3,12.
Psittacosis: Less commonly noticed, this condition generally affects individuals in close contact with pet birds and poultry and is caused by the bacteria, Chlamydophila psittaci (formerly Chlamydia psittaci) which is a zoonotic atypical pneumonia. Common symptoms of psittacosis include headaches, fever, chills, dry cough and muscle pain3,13.
Signs and Symptoms
Though walking pneumonia is a mild infection, it does not always mean that you may be asymptomatic or fully functional. The walking pneumonia symptoms are generally mild and mainly include1,7:
Fever and chills
Shortness of breath
Dry cough that worsens at night
Sore throat
Headaches
Loss of appetite
Tiredness and low energy
Chest pain
Sweaty skin
Muscle pain and joint stiffness
Less common signs of walking pneumonia that may be noticed in the different types of walking pneumonia include7:
Mycoplasma pneumonia: Otitis media (Ear pain), cervical lymphadenopathy (lump in the neck), erythema multiforme (rashes), and conjunctivitis (eye pain and soreness)
Legionella pneumonia: Diarrhoea, vomiting, blood in mucous
Chronic medical conditions such as diabetes, heart or lung disease, chronic liver disease, etc.
Living in crowded settings
Smoking
Excessive alcohol consumption
You may pose an increased risk of developing specific types of atypical pneumonia if you are:
A child, teenager or an adult under 40 years of age (Risk factor for Mycoplasma pneumonia). Although it can occur in older adults, it is less common7.
Increased age, smoking, weak immune system, chronic lung disease and exposure to contaminated water (Risk factor for Legionella pneumonia)7 ,11.
In close contact with infected birds and poultry or exposure to bird droppings and secretions increase your risk of Psittacosis infection. (Risk factor for Psittacosis)13.
Is walking pneumonia contagious?
Yes, it is contagious and walking pneumonia symptoms can spread from person to person. However, infections caused by Legionella pneumonia and Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) are not spread from person-to-person1.
The most common type of walking pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumonia is highly contagious and spreads through infected droplets of affected individuals especially when they cough and sneeze. The disease spreads when you inhale these infected droplets15.
Hence, close proximity with an infected individual over an extended period of time causes the spread of infection. The symptoms are generally noticed two to three weeks post exposure to the causative agent (Mycoplasma pneumonia). However, it is important to note that you may be contagious before any symptoms appear and generally, once infected, the contagious period is around 10 days and may be longer, if not treated15.
How is walking pneumonia diagnosed?
Your doctor will be able to diagnose walking pneumonia with certain examinations and laboratory tests such as7:
Chest X-ray: Your Chest X-ray may show patchy infiltrates which is a feature of atypical pneumonia. However, it cannot accurately distinguish between walking pneumonia and other pneumonias or respiratory conditions like bronchitis4.
Blood Tests: Based on the severity of your condition, your doctor may recommend laboratory tests such as:
Measurement of arterial blood gases: To check oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in blood (Used in cases where ventilatory failure or hypoxia is suspected)16.
Other blood tests: To identify the specific bacteria causing your illness.
Bronchoscopy (Tube with a camera is passed to your lungs): Only used when diagnosis is unclear, atypical presentations, or failure to respond to treatment.
Swab of nose or throat: To identify any bacteria and viruses
Sputum Culture: To identify specific bacteria causing your illness.
Urine Test: To help in the diagnosis of Legionella pneumonia.
Based on these tests, your doctor will be able to accurately diagnose your condition and will suggest the appropriate walking pneumonia treatment.
Treatment
After a careful assessment of your condition, your doctor will be able to suggest the best walking pneumonia treatment suitable for you.
Macrolide antibiotics: This is generally the first line of treatment to manage walking pneumonia. Macrolide antibiotics prescribed may include azithromycin and clarithromycin1.
The macrolide antibiotics may be combined with broad-spectrum medications including ceftriaxone, cefotaxime depending on the severity of your condition (particularly when both typical and atypical pathogens are suspected)1. If your condition is severe, your doctor may recommend antibiotics intravenously7.
Over-the-counter medications: Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs or NSAIDs (such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen) and cough medication may be effective in managing symptoms such as fever and cough7. However, in children, aspirin is not recommended.
Drink lots of fluid. This will help to loosen your secretions and bring up the phlegm7.
Delayed treatment in individuals suffering from Legionella or weakened immune systems can worsen treatment outcomes. While delayed treatment may not always lead to severe disease in cases of Mycoplasma infections, early treatment is key for good recovery and prognosis1,11.
Prevention
To reduce your risk of infection, you can follow these steps2,7:
Wash your hands regularly with warm water and soap.
Avoid close contact with individuals who are sick and wear a mask to reduce your risk of infection.
Exercise regularly and eat timely meals with a well-balanced diet.
Ensure that you get a flu vaccination every year to reduce your chance of infection.
If you have a weak immunity, it is recommended to avoid crowds.
Consult your doctor about pneumonia vaccination. Your doctor may suggest that you get vaccinated for pneumococcal pneumonia as it can help protect against Streptococcus pneumoniae, which causes a type of pneumonia not associated with healthcare settings.
To ensure good respiratory health, consult your doctor about DTaP/ Tdap Vaccination (Diptheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine) as it helpful for your respiratory health.
By following these simple methods, you can avoid catching pneumonia especially if you are at high risk and protect your overall health2.
While individuals with walking pneumonia may be able to carry on with routine activities, certain self-care and hygiene measures can aid in a faster recovery. These include2,7,17:
Get adequate rest and sleep well.
Pay attention to your diet; choose food that is healthy for your heart and stay hydrated.
Quit smoking and avoid alcohol.
Do light exercise. (You doctor can suggest the appropriate regimen)
Practise deep breathing.
Take medications as advised by your doctor.
Keep a watch of your symptoms. If there is no improvement or there is worsening of symptoms even after taking antibiotics, contact your doctor immediately.
Remember, if you are walking around with pneumonia, it’s your responsibility to prevent its spread to others. Avoid any unnecessary contact with other individuals. Avoid going to public places and always cover your mouth while sneezing and coughing or wear a protective mask. Wash your hands with soap and water regularly. Following these simple measures can have a huge public health impact.
You should consult your doctor if you develop signs of walking pneumonia such as fever, shortness of breath, or cough. Your doctor will thoroughly assess your condition and will advise you on the best method to manage your condition.
You should also consult your doctor if you have been diagnosed with pneumonia and if your walking pneumonia symptoms get worse after an initial improvement7.
Walking pneumonia, or atypical pneumonia, is generally a mild respiratory infection commonly caused by atypical bacteria such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumoniae. While walking pneumonia symptoms are not very severe, it still requires proper medical care. With timely diagnosis, appropriate walking pneumonia treatment, and good hygiene, you can recover smoothly and avoid complications. Tips like handwashing, vaccinations, and avoiding smoking play a key role in reducing your risk and promoting your overall health.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Can walking pneumonia recur after treatment?
Although not very common, walking pneumonia can recur after treatment. The chances of recurrence are increased if the infection is not completely removed with antibiotics or if you face any antibiotic resistance1.
What are the complications of walking pneumonia?
If not diagnosed and treated properly, complications may arise and may include brain and nervous system infections (such as meningitis, encephalitis), severe lung damage, haemolytic anaemia (a condition in which the body destroys its own red blood cells) and respiratory failure7.
Can walking pneumonia be detected on a regular physical exam?
Walking pneumonia may not be detected on a routine physical exam alone and your doctor may require a chest X-ray or other laboratory tests to confirm the diagnosis7.
Can I exercise if I have pneumonia?
Exercise may be beneficial in pneumonia. A study18 has shown lower mortality rate in elderly individuals having pneumonia who walk daily compared to individuals who did not walk or exercise in any other form. However, you doctor will guide you best if exercising or walking is suitable for you if you have pneumonia.
References
Stamm DR, Stankewicz HA. Atypical Bacterial Pneumonia [Internet]. PubMed. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532239/
Miyashita N. Atypical pneumonia: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Respiratory Investigation [Internet]. 2021 Nov;60(1). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34750083/
Dueck NP, Epstein S, Franquet T, Moore CC, Bueno J. Atypical Pneumonia: Definition, Causes, and Imaging Features. RadioGraphics [Internet]. 2021 Apr 9;41(3):200131. Available from: https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/rg.2021200131
Bajantri B, Toolsie O, Venkatram S, Diaz-Fuentes G. Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Pneumonia: Walking Pneumonia Can Cripple the Susceptible. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research [Internet]. 2018 Dec 1;10(12):891–7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6225856/
Meyer Sauteur PM, Unger WWJ, Nadal D, Berger C, Vink C, van Rossum AMC. Infection with and Carriage of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Children. Frontiers in Microbiology [Internet]. 2016 Mar 23;7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4803743/
Levin KP, Hanusa BH, Rotondi A, Singer DE, Coley CM, Marrie TJ, et al. Arterial blood gas and pulse oximetry in initial management of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2001 Sep;16(9):590–8. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1495269/
Ikeda T, Inoue S, Konta T, Murakami M, Fujimoto S, Iseki K, et al. Can Daily Walking Alone Reduce Pneumonia-Related Mortality among Older People? Scientific Reports [Internet]. 2020 May 22;10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7244731/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Pneumonia Diet: What to Eat & Avoid During Recovery
Introduction
Good nutrition plays a crucial role in helping the body recover from any illness, and pneumonia is no exception1,2. Studies2,3,4 show that undernutrition in children can significantly increase the risk of contracting pneumonia and worsen its outcomes, as a weakened immune system makes them more vulnerable to respiratory infections.
Pneumonia can spread through droplets, inhalation, or in newborns, through the bloodstream during or just after birth. Although it isn’t always contagious (as its spread depends on the cause), more research is needed to understand the transmission of pneumonia better2.
While precise numbers may vary, evidence consistently demonstrates that good nutrition can play a vital role in supporting pneumonia recovery5. In fact, targeted dietary interventions in malnourished older adults led to a 77% reduction in pneumonia-related hospital readmission, highlighting the importance of improved nutrition for recovery, immune function, and long-term management of pneumonia6.
If you’ve been diagnosed with pneumonia, adhering to your prescribed treatment plan, which typically includes antibiotics (for bacterial pneumonia only), and respiratory support is essential for recovery7. While it is not the primary treatment, a balanced, nutrient-rich diet can help promote the healing process by strengthening your immune system5,7. Additionally, monitoring your symptoms and maintaining good hygiene can help prevent the infection from spreading to others.
Following a nutritionally supportive diet during pneumonia helps ensure your body receives all the essential nutrients needed to fight the infection and recover quickly. In this article, we’ll share valuable tips on what to avoid during pneumonia recovery to help support a faster, safer, and more complete healing process.
How Diet Affects Pneumonia Recovery
A well-balanced nutritious diet plays a crucial role in recovering from pneumonia. When the body is fighting an infection, it needs extra nutrients to repair tissues, restore energy, and strengthen the immune system. A proper diet can support recovery from pneumonia by:
Promoting tissue repairand minimising muscle loss during illness8,9.
Improving energy levels andproviding the energy needed to combat fatigue8,10.
Supporting lung health and healing (with certain anti-inflammatory foods like omega-3 fatty acids)8,11.
Foods to Eat During Pneumonia
A balanced diet for pneumonia patients plays a crucial role in speeding up recovery by providing essential nutrients. In individuals with pneumonia, diet that includes the following five types of foods is beneficial:
Fruits and Vegetables: Foods like oranges and apples and vegetables like spinach, carrots, and broccoli are rich in vitamins, antioxidants, and fibre and help boost immunity and fight infections7,8,12.
Lean Proteins: Protein-rich foods for pneumonia, such as chicken, eggs, and legumes, help repair body tissues, support muscle strength, and help improve overall health7,10,12.
Whole Grains: Brown rice, oats, and whole wheat bread provide long-lasting energy and fibre to support digestive health7,10,12.
Healthy Fats (Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated Fats): Good fats such as olive oils, walnuts, and avocados support the body’s anti-inflammatory processes and help in cell repair11,12.
Warm Fluids Like Soups, Broths, and Teas: Warm and easily digestible food for pneumonia, such as chicken soup or vegetable broth, herbal teas, and warm water with honey can soothe the throat, help in mucus clearance, and provide the much-needed energy13,14,15,16.
Foods to Avoid During Pneumonia
In patients with pneumonia, foods to avoid include certain food products that may increase mucus production. Here’s what to limit or avoid and why:
High-Sodium Foods: Processed meats, salty snacks, and canned soups might worsen respiratory distress in patients with compromised lung function due to fluid retention12,17.
Saturated Fats: Fatty meats, butter, full-fat dairy, and fried foods may contribute to inflammation, which can further impair lung function and the immune system in individuals with pneumonia12,18.
Added Sugars: Sugary beverages, desserts, and candy may suppress immune function and promote inflammation12,18.
Highly Processed Foods: Fast food, instant noodles, and ready-made sauces often contain unhealthy fats, excess sodium, and preservatives that might impair recovery12.
Alcohol: Alcohol may interfere with medications, weaken immunity, and slow healing. It’s best to avoid alcohol entirely during recovery12.
Note: Some people report increased mucus production after consuming dairy, but scientific evidence on this is inconclusive. Thus, the focus should instead be on avoiding foods that may impair immunity or promote inflammation. Always consult a doctor or a registered dietitian for personalised dietary advice, especially during illness.
Sample Diet Chart for Pneumonia Recovery
The ideal diet for pneumonia patients includes warm fluids, soft foods, and meals high in vitamins A, C, and E to support lung health. You can follow the below-mentioned pneumonia diet chart to help with pneumonia recovery7,12:
Mealtime
Options
Breakfast
Mixed fruits (apple, grapes, prunes), A handful of almonds or sunflower seeds 100% fruit or vegetable juice
Mid-Morning Snack
Mixed fruits (apple, grapes, prunes), A handful of almonds or sunflower seeds, 100% fruit or vegetable juice
Lunch
Brown rice or whole-grain bread, Stir-fried tofu or lean turkey with kale, Mixed legume soup, Steamed carrots or beans
Afternoon Snack
Brown rice or whole grain roti, Steamed vegetables (carrot, broccoli, spinach) Grilled salmon or skinless chicken, Low-fat yoghurt
Dinner
Brown rice or whole-grain bread, Stir-fried tofu or lean turkey with kale, Mixed legume soup Steamed carrots or beans
Tip: Stay hydrated by consuming plenty of water throughout the day.
A pneumonia diet chart helps plan meals that are light, nutritious, and rich in essential vitamins to support better health. Along with dietary guidance, adopting a few lifestyle tips can further speed up the healing process:
Practice Deep Breathing: Perform several deep breathing exercises daily to help improve lung function.
Prioritise Rest and Sleep: Ensure you get ample sleep to allow your body to strengthen and repair your immune system.
Maintain Good Posture: Sit upright to enhance comfort and facilitate easier breathing.
Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of fluids throughout the day to maintain good hydration, which is crucial for recovery.
Engage in Light Physical Activity: Gradually incorporate gentle movement into your routine to rebuild strength. However, avoid strenuous activity that causes dizziness or significant shortness of breath; consult your doctor for guidance on appropriate activity levels.
Avoid Smoking and Second-hand Smoke: Refrain from smoking and avoid exposure to second-hand smoke (inhaling smoke from being near people who are smoking), as both can worsen pneumonia.
Limit Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use: Steer clear of alcohol and illegal drugs, as they can compromise your immune system and increase the risk of complications12.
Choosing the right diet for a pneumonia patient may help reduce inflammation and support lung function. Nutrient-rich foods that may support recovery include warm soups, fruits rich in vitamin C, and leafy green vegetables. Additionally, knowing which foods may hinder recovery or worsen inflammation can help prevent complications and promote faster healing.
By providing essential nutrients, staying hydrated, getting adequate rest, and avoiding harmful substances like tobacco smoke and alcohol, you can support your immune system and significantly enhance your healing process. Also, staying up to date with vaccines, especially the pneumococcus vaccine and the flu vaccine, can help reduce the risk of developing pneumonia or experiencing severe complications.
How much fluid should a pneumonia patient drink daily?
A pneumonia patient should aim for at least 1.5 litres of fluids per day unless advised otherwise by a doctor17,19. Staying hydrated helps thin mucus and ease coughing.
Can pneumonia patients take supplements like vitamin C?
Yes, supplements like vitamin C may help strengthen the immune response18,20. However, they should be taken under medical supervision, especially if the patient is already on medication.
Can pneumonia patients eat outside or restaurant food?
It’s best to avoid restaurant food during recovery, as it may contain excess salt, sugar, oil, and preservatives. Home-cooked, hygienic, and freshly prepared food is safer and more nourishing for pneumonia patients7.
Are herbal teas helpful for pneumonia?
Yes, warm herbal teas like black tea, green tea, peppermint tea, sage tea, and thyme tea can soothe the throat, reduce coughing, allow mucus clearance, and may boost the body’s anti-inflammatory processes16.
Srivastava AD, Awasthi S, Jauhari S. Prevalence of persistent pneumonia among severe pneumonia and nutritional status as its associated risk factor: A prospective observational study among under-five children. J Family Med Prim Care. 2024 May;13(5):1911-1916. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11213408/
Vu TT, Van Horn L, Achenbach CJ, Rydland KJ, Cornelis MC. Diet and Respiratory Infections: Specific or Generalized Associations? Nutrients. 2022 Mar 11;14(6):1195. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8954090/
Yang PH, Lin MC, Liu YY, Lee CL, Chang NJ. Effect of Nutritional Intervention Programs on Nutritional Status and Readmission Rate in Malnourished Older Adults with Pneumonia: A Randomized Control Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Nov 27;16(23):4758. Available from : https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6926802/
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Pneumonia Recovery [Internet]. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; [cited 2025 Jun 10]. Available from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/recovery
Office of Dietary Supplements. Dietary Supplements for Immune Function and Infectious Diseases – Health Professional Fact Sheet [Internet]. National Institutes of Health; [cited 2025 Jun 10]. Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/ImmuneFunction-HealthProfessional/
Katagiri R, Yamaji T, Sawada N, Iwasaki M, Inoue M, Tsugane S; Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study Group. Total, animal, and plant protein intake and pneumonia mortality in the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022 Mar 4;115(3):781-789. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34918031/
Masters B, Aarabi S, Sidhwa F, Wood F. High-carbohydrate, high-protein, low-fat versus low-carbohydrate, high-protein, high-fat enteral feeds for burns. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jan 18;1(1):CD006122. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22258965/
Alperovich M, Neuman MI, Willett WC, Curhan GC. Fatty acid intake and the risk of community-acquired pneumonia in U.S. women. Nutrition. 2007 Mar;23(3):196-202. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2293281/
PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board. Selected Vegetables/Sun’s Soup (PDQ®): Health Professional Version. 2018 Aug 24. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. [cited 2025 Jun 10]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65862/
Abuelgasim H, Albury C, Lee J. Effectiveness of honey for symptomatic relief in upper respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Evid Based Med. 2021 Apr;26(2):57-64. Available from: https://ebm.bmj.com/lookup/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=32817011
Hacioglu M, Dosler S, Birteksoz Tan AS, Otuk G. Antimicrobial activities of widely consumed herbal teas, alone or in combination with antibiotics: an in vitro study. PeerJ. 2017 Jul 26;5:e3467. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5533155/
Brown RB. Sodium Toxicity in the Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutritional Immunology of COVID-19. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021 Jul 22;57(8):739. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8399536/
Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Stress, food, and inflammation: psychoneuroimmunology and nutrition at the cutting edge. Psychosom Med. 2010 May;72(4):365-9. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2868080/
Hooper L, Abdelhamid A, Ajabnoor SM, et al. Effects of fluid and drinking on pneumonia mortality in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2022 Feb;47:96-105. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8631606/
Padhani ZA, Moazzam Z, Ashraf A, et al. Vitamin C supplementation for prevention and treatment of pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Apr 27;4(4):CD013134. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013134.pub2. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 18;11:CD013134. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7192369/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
3
Human Papillomavirus (HPV): What Is It, Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention
Introduction
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) prevalent globally. This virus primarily affects the skin and mucous membranes of the genital area, mouth, and throat, causing asymptomatic infections or growths called as warts. While most HPV infections resolve on their own without medical intervention, persistent infection with certain high-risk strains can lead to serious health issues, including certain cancers such as cervical, oropharyngeal (tonsils, base of tongue), anal, and penile cancers1,2.
In India, HPV-related cancers pose a significant public health challenge. Projections for 2025 estimate approximately 121,302 new HPV-related cancer cases, accounting for 7.7% of the total cancer burden in the country (3.3% among males and 12.0% among females).3 Therefore, understanding the causes, symptoms, and prevention methods for HPV infections is crucial for reducing the risk of diseases caused by this virus and promoting public health. In this article, we will discuss what is HPV, and why is it something we should all be aware of!
What is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)?
HPV belongs to a group of small, non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses known as papillomaviruses. It mainly infects the basal cells of the skin or mucous membranes, usually entering through tiny cuts or tears on the surface3.
Once inside the basal layer of the skin (stratified squamous epithelium), the virus begins its life cycle. As the infected skin cells mature and move toward the surface, HPV replicates along with them.
In some cases (especially with high-risk types like HPV 16 and 18) the virus can interfere with normal cell functions. These high-risk types may integrate with the DNA of host cells, leading to the continuous production of proteins that block the body’s natural control over cell growth. Over time, this uncontrolled cell growth can lead to cancer, such as cervical cancer.
On the other hand, low-risk HPV types (like types 6 and 11) are not linked to cancer occurrence, though they can cause conditions like genital warts3.
Scientists have made major progress in understanding HPV, especially through genetic research, but there is still more to learn about how the virus behaves and changes over time4.
Types of HPV
There are over 200 types of HPV viruses, and they are classified based on where they infect and the level of risk they pose. These types are broadly divided into:
1. Non-mucosal Infection Site
These infect the skin rather than the mucosal (tissue lining of organs) areas5,6,7:
These infect the mucosal (tissue lining of organs) areas and are classified into two types:
Low-risk HPV types: These conditions are non-cancerous but can be recurrent or obstructive and may require ongoing medical treatment:5,6,7
Genital warts and respiratory papillomatosis (e.g., HPV types 6 and 11)
Other low-risk HPV types include 40, 42, 44, 54, 55, 61, 62, 71, 74, 81, 84, 89, and 90.
High-risk HPV types: These types can cause pre-cancerous changes and cancers, especially5,6,7:
Cervical cancer (mostly caused by HPV types 16 and 18). These types are also linked to anal, vaginal, vulvar, penile, and throat cancers
Other high-risk HPV types include HPV 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 73, and 82.
Causes of HPV
The HPV virus is mainly spread when a healthy person comes in direct contact with an infected person. Common human papillomavirus causes/modes of transmission include:
Skin-to-skin contact (especially genital-to-genital contact, even without intercourse or ejaculation).It is important to note thatHPV can spread through contact with infected genital, anal, or oral areas, even if there is no penetrative sex.
Having multiple sexual partners (which increases the exposure risk)5
Early age of sexual activity (linked to longer lifetime exposure)5
Weakened immune system (makes the body more susceptible to infection)8
Transmission from mother to baby during childbirth (rare)5. This is known as vertical transmission, and in some cases, it can lead to a condition called juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JORRP) in the newborn, where non-cancerous growths develop in the airways.
HPV is mostly transmitted sexually, in very few instances it is non-sexual for example when an infected person shares certain personal items ( like towel etc.). In such cases educating masses on maintaining personal hygiene is of paramount importance.
In most cases, human papillomavirus infection causes no symptoms and goes unnoticed, especially in the early stages. However, in some cases, HPV symptoms may appear due to wartsorlong-term complications of persistent infection:
Small, rough, lump-like growths (called genital warts) on or around the genitals, anus, groin, or thighs.1,8
Itching or irritation in the genital or anal area may occur if warts are present, however, this is not specific to HPV and could be caused by other skin problems or STIs1.
Note: Vaginal or anal bleeding may occur in advanced cervical/anal disease; however, this is not an early or direct symptom of HPV itself.
Complications of HPV
HPV can lead to several serious health complications, particularly when caused by high-risk strains of the virus. While many human papillomavirus infections are asymptomatic and clear on their own, persistent infections can result in the following complications:
Genital Warts: These growths are non-cancerous, but they can recur due to persistence or reactivation of the virus1.
Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP): A rare condition where warts grow in the respiratory tract, particularly the larynx (voice box), leading to breathing difficulties9.
Cervical Cancer: Almost all cervical cancer cases (over 99%) are linked to persistent infection with high-risk HPV types10.
Other Cancers: Oropharyngeal cancers (including tonsil and base of tongue),anal cancer, vaginal and vulvar cancers (in women), penile cancer (in men)7,8.
Diagnosis and Testingfor HPV
Since human papillomavirus infections are often asymptomatic, routine screening and specific diagnostic tests are essential, especially for women. While there is no general screening test for HPV in men, several tests can help identify HPV-related complications in both sexes. Common methods of HPV diagnosis include:
Visual Inspection: Doctors may examine visible warts during a physical exam. In some cases, acetic acid (vinegar) may be applied to highlight mucosal lesions, such as cervical or anal abnormalities to detect areas that may require further evaluation2.
Biopsy and Histopathological Examination: Cells of warts may be examined under a microscope to confirm HPV involvement and rule out any other cause2.
Pap Test (Pap Smear): This test checks for abnormal changes in cells that may develop into cancer. It includes Pap smears for the cervix and anus and can be done in both men and women2,8.
HPV DNA Test: This test detects the presence of high-risk HPV types in cervical cells and is commonly used alongside the Pap test to assess the risk of cervical cancer. While HPV DNA testing can also be done on anal cells, it is not part of routine screening and is typically used in research settings or high risks groups2,4.
Colposcopy: A follow-up diagnostic procedure using a colposcope to closely examine the cervix, vagina, or anus for abnormal areas after an abnormal Pap or HPV test result2.
Treatment and Management for HPV
There is currently no cure for human papillomavirus infection itself, but various treatment options are available for HPV-related conditions, including genital warts and HPV-associated cancers.
Warts
Warts caused by HPV can be managed using various methods, depending on their location, size, and the patient’s immune response. However, it’s important to note that there is no antiviral cure to eliminate the HPV virus itself. Most HPV infections are cleared naturally by the immune system within 1 to 2 years. Treatment focuses on removing visible warts and relieving symptoms, not eradicating the virus. Common treatment options include2,4:
Cryotherapy: Freezing the wart tissue using liquid nitrogen.
Laser therapy: Using focused light to destroy wart tissue.
Surgical removal: Physically excising the warts, typically in cases where other treatments are ineffective.
HPV-Related Cancers
If HPV infection progresses to cancer (such as cervical, anal, vulvar, penile, or mouth cancer), management involves2:
Surgical removal of the tumour
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy therapy
Note: HPV-positive cancers, especially oropharyngeal cancers, generally have a better prognosis and may respond differently to therapy, which can influence treatment planning.
Prevention Steps
While HPV is a quite common virus, several steps can significantly reduce the risk of infection and its complications. These measures include:
1. Getting Vaccinated
The HPV vaccine is the most effective way to avoid infection from the most harmful types of HPV virus, including those that cause genital warts and cancer. It is ideally given before the onset of sexual activity, typically recommended for children aged 9 to 14, with a 2-dose schedule. Older individuals (aged 27 to 45) may also benefit from vaccination based on risk factors and in consultation with their doctor11.
HPV vaccine should be taken by all boys as well as girls. Talk to your doctor about the right age to take vaccine for your daughter/sister/ wife.
Using condoms and protection during vaginal, anal, and oral sex also helps to reduce the risk of HPV transmission1. Additionally, limiting the number of sexual partners can also decrease the risk of exposure.
3. Getting Regular Health Screenings
Routine cervical cancer screening is recommended for women aged 21 to 65 years. This includes a Pap test every 3 years, or for women aged 30 and above, a combination of Pap test plus HPV co-testing every 5 years12. These screenings help detect early abnormal cell changes caused by HPV, allowing for timely intervention and prevention of cervical cancer.
4. Educating Yourself and Others
Increasing awareness about HPV transmission, symptoms, and prevention methods helps reduce stigma and encourages initiative-taking healthcare. Parents should also be informed about the benefits of HPV vaccination for their children.
Human papillomavirus causes an cause warts and serious cancers, but most infections have no symptoms and clear on their own. Therefore, understanding what HPV is, what are the common HPV symptoms, and how to protect yourself through vaccination, testing, and awareness, are key to preserving long-term health and reducing the risk of serious complications.
Vaccines protect against the high-risk cancer-causing types (like HPV 16 and 18) and some low-risk types that cause warts (like 6 and 11), but they do not treat existing infections. Additionally, regular testing helps detect early changes caused by HPV for timely treatment. Together, vaccination, testing, and awareness are key to reducing HPV-related health problems and protecting public health.
It can take several years, often 15 to 20 years, for a persistent HPV infection to develop into cancer1.
What are the risk factors for acquiring HPV?
Several factors can increase the risk of HPV infection, including early age at first sexual intercourse, having multiple sexual partners, smoking, long-term use of oral contraceptives (over 5 years), chewing betel nut, and exposure to radiation or ultraviolet (UV) light4.
Can HPV be cured?
There is no cure for the virus itself, but most infections clear naturally. Treatments are available for warts and precancerous changes2.
How is HPV different from other STIs?
HPV is unique because many infections cause no symptoms and clear on their own, but some types can lead to cancer, unlike many other STIs1.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Human Papillomaviruses. Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2007. (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 90.) 1, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321770/
Ramamoorthy T, Sathishkumar K, Das P, Sudarshan KL, Mathur P. Epidemiology of human papillomavirus related cancers in India: findings from the National Cancer Registry Programme. Ecancermedicalscience. 2022 Sep 7;16:1444. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9666279/
Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska B, Rudnicka L. HPV Infections-Classification, Pathogenesis, and Potential New Therapies. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Jul 11;25(14):7616. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11277246/
Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska B, Rudnicka L. HPV Infections-Classification, Pathogenesis, and Potential New Therapies. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Jul 11;25(14):7616. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/39062859/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
What Happens if Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) is High?
Introduction
Your blood can reveal a lot about what’s happening inside your body, and there are several parameters which help detect the same. One such commonly used indicator is the ESR or Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, which helps assess the presence of inflammation or infection in the body. ESR measures how quickly your red blood cells (erythrocytes) settle at the bottom of a test tube. When there is inflammation in the body, the red blood cells tend to clump with each other and settle more quickly, resulting in a higher ESR value.
In this blog, let’s explore the causes of high ESR, what does high ESR indicates, how it’s diagnosed, and how to reduce ESR. But before that, let’s understand what ESR is, what the normal range looks like, and which values are considered abnormal.
What is ESR?
ESR is a measure of how quickly your red blood cells settle to the bottom of a test tube, which is related to the presence of inflammation in your body. Inflammation is how your body reacts to injury, infection, or other health issues like immune disorders, certain cancers, or blood problems.
Normally, red blood cells fall slowly, but when there’s inflammation, they stick together. These clusters are heavier, so they settle more quickly. The speed at which they fall helps doctors assess the level of inflammation. The faster the cells settle, the more inflammation is likely present. However, the ESR values do not reveal the exact cause of the inflammation2.
ESR values along with a detailed history, physical examination and other investigations can help diagnose and monitor conditions that cause inflammation such as infections or autoimmune conditions. It can also help doctors track how well treatment is working2.
Normal ESR Range
ESR is recorded in millimeters per hour (mm/hr). Its normal values are:
0 to 15 mm/hr in men under 50.
0 to 20 mm/hr in women under 50.
0 to 20 mm/hr in men over 50.
0 to 30 mm/hr in women over 50.
0 to 10 mm/hr in children.
Please note the normal values can differ based on factors like age, sex, overall health, and even the lab conducting the test3.
Your ESR value gives information about the inflammation in your body. However, a value outside the typical range doesn’t always mean something is wrong. It’s best to talk to your doctor to understand what your results mean for you.
What Does a High ESR Indicate?
A high ESR may point to several underlying conditions. It can be associated with infections, such as osteomyelitis (bone infection) or septic arthritis (joint infection), autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, or Inflammatory disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It may also be elevated during flares or relapses of chronic inflammation4, and specific conditions like pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, end-stage kidney disease, heart disease, and certain cancers3.
However, a high ESR is not always due to inflammation. Certain non-inflammatory conditions can also affect it. For example, anaemia (low red blood cell count) makes RBCs clump more easily, which increases ESR4.
While ESR is a helpful clue, it’s a non-specific test, meaning it doesn’t pinpoint the exact cause. Your doctor will consider it along with other tests and symptoms to understand what’s going on in your body.
Common Symptoms of a High ESR
If your ESR is higher than normal, your body might be telling you something. Below are some common signs and symptoms that may be present along with a raised ESR:
Headaches: May be seen in infections or inflammatory diseases such as vasculitis (Condition affecting the blood vessels)5.
Joint swelling or pain: Present in inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, gout, lupus, or psoriatic arthritis6.
Unexplained fever: In case of infections or some inflammatory diseases7.
Unexplained weight loss: Sometimes seen in autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica8.
Neck or shoulder pain: Common in conditions like polymyalgia rheumatica causing pain and stiffness in shoulders, neck, and hips9.
Anaemia: While this can be caused by many factors such as iron deficiency, chronic disease, or vitamin B12 deficiency, chronic inflammation can contribute to anaemia of chronic disease10.
Fatigue or tiredness: Due to anaemia10 or chronic inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis6.
Skin rashes or lesions: Sometimes occur in inflammatory diseases such as vasculitis, which affects blood vessels11.
While the symptoms associated with high ESR may seem non-specific at first, it is always advisable to seek medical help when you experience the earliest symptoms to diagnose your condition.
Causes of High ESR
ESR can be influenced by a variety of factors. For instance, women generally have slightly higher ESR values compared to men, and factors like aging and pregnancy can also contribute to an increase. However, certain medical conditions may also cause ESR levels to rise due to increased inflammation in the body. These illnesses may include3:
Infections: Serious infections, especially in bones or joints, can raise ESR.
Rheumatoid arthritis: Swelling and pain in the joints often cause a higher ESR.
Lupus (SLE): An autoimmune disease that attacks your own body, raising ESR levels.
Cancer: Certain cancers, particularly blood or bone marrow cancers (e.g., lymphoma, leukaemia, myeloma), can lead to a high ESR.
Kidney problems: Long-term kidney disease may increase ESR.
Polymyalgia rheumatica & giant cell arteritis: Conditions in older adults that cause muscle pain and headaches, often with very high ESR.
Heart disease: Inflammation in the heart or blood vessels may cause a higher ESR.
Diabetes: Poorly controlled diabetes can trigger hidden inflammation, which may raise ESR.
Thyroid issues: Problems with the thyroid (hypo or hyperthyroidism) can lead to an increased ESR.
Bone infection (osteomyelitis): ESR can help diagnose and track treatment for bone infections.
While an elevated ESR can indicate the presence of underlying conditions, it is not a definitive diagnosis on its own. It is important to look at your full health picture, such as symptoms, history, and other tests to identify the cause of the inflammation.
Risks of High ESR
If you’re wondering what happens if erythrocyte sedimentation rate is high for long, note that it means there is active inflammation in your body, especially when the underlying cause is undiagnosed and untreated. This can indicate an increased risk of certain medical conditions or higher chances of complications from persistent infections and inflammatory conditions, also possibly having a poorer prognosis (treatment outcome) in some cases. Let’s have a detailed look at these.
Multiple organ dysfunction: Chronic high ESR, especially in untreated autoimmune diseases, can reflect advancing inflammation in the body that may start affecting multiple organs12.
Heart disease: High ESR can indicate an increased risk of heart disease and stroke, as it shows the presence of ongoing inflammation which is linked to heart-related issues. Although, there are more specific markers for determining heart disease risk like the C-Reactive Protein13.
Kidney disease: Elevated ESR levels in certain kidney problems like chronic kidney disease or AAV (ANCA-Associated Vasculitis, which causes inflammation in the small blood vessels of the kidney) can indicate more serious kidney damage and a higher risk of complications, especially in older adults13.
Cancer: High ESR can also be found in people with certain cancers, like lung cancer, which may help doctors spot potential risks14.Consistently high ESR values in cancer patients are also related to poorer prognosis in various cancers15.
Permanent Joint Damage: High ESR levels can indicate serious inflammation in conditions like arthritis, and if not treated early, it can cause long-term damage to the joints16.
Fatigue and Pain: High ESR levels in conditions like infections, rheumatoid diseases, or cancers can lead to persistent fatigue and pain due to inflammation affecting the body and nervous system17.
It is important to receive timely high ESR treatment to manage the underlying causes and reduce the risks associated with high ESR.
Adopting lifestyle changes to reduce high ESR is advisable as these are beneficial practices with no harm that is preferable to incorporate even if the ESR is normal. But if you are considering any kind of supplementation to reduce high ESR or prevent rise of ESR like vitamin D or omega-3-fatty acid supplements and OTC anti-inflammatory drugs, don’t do so without the advice of your registered medical doctor.
To measure the sedimentation rate of red blood cells, an ESR test is done. This test makes use of a small sample of your blood which is placed in a test tube and watched for the settling of your red blood cells. There are several methods to perform the ESR test:
Westergren method: This is the most widely used and reliable method. Blood is placed in a long (200 mm), thin tube, and the distance the red blood cells fall in one hour is measured. It’s often considered the gold standard for ESR testing due to its accuracy.
Wintrobe method: This uses a shorter (100 mm), narrower tube, making it less sensitive compared to the Westergren method but still used in some labs.
Micro-ESR and automated ESR analysers: These make use of more advanced techniques that can give quicker and more consistent results.
While the ESR test helps doctors check if there is inflammation in the body, it doesn’t point to any specific condition. When checking your ESR results, do remember the following:
A slightly high ESR isn’t always a reason to worry it can happen due to aging, pregnancy, periods, or even a lab error3.
The ESR test alone doesn’t confirm any disease, so it should always be combined with other tests and a proper check-up3.
If the ESR is only a little high and there are no other signs of illness, doctors might suggest waiting or doing a few more tests3.
If someone feels fine, it’s usually okay to repeat the ESR test after a few months instead of going for more tests right away3.
A very high ESR (above 100 mm/hr) can sometimes mean a serious issue like an infection, cancer, or inflammatory disease. These require timely high ESR treatment to prevent complications3.
If the ESR stays high for a long time, doctors might check further to see if there’s a hidden problem3.
Doctors always look at your ESR result along with your symptoms, physical examination results and other test findings. This helps them decide the right next steps for your care.
Ways to Manage High ESR
If your ESR levels are high, it is important to identify the cause, which could be related to infection, autoimmune disorders, or other medical conditions. If you are wondering how to reduce ESR, here are some tips that can help reduce ESR levels:
Eat a healthy diet: Focusing on antioxidant-rich foods like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help reduce inflammation in the body and support healthy ESR levels18.
Consume foods rich in Omega-3 fatty acids: Consuming foods rich in this, such as walnuts, flaxseeds, and fish, can help reduce inflammation and lower ESR levels19.
Consume Vitamin D supplements: Consuming Vitamin D supplements can help reduce inflammation and lower ESR levels20.
Exercise regularly: Getting active, especially with more intense exercise, can help lower ESR by reducing inflammation in the body21.
Maintain a healthy weight: Being overweight or having metabolic issues like high blood sugar can increase ESR, so keeping your weight in check is important21.
Avoid smoking: Smoking can raise ESR levels, so quitting or not smoking helps lower it21.
Avoid drinking alcohol: Drinking too much alcohol can raise ESR levels, so avoiding or minimizing intake helps lower it21.
Understand how age and gender affect ESR: ESR naturally increases with age, and women generally have higher ESR levels than men. It’s important to consider these factors when looking at ESR results21.
Take medications as prescribed: Anti-inflammatory drugs22 or steroids23 may be recommended by your doctor to address the underlying cause and help lower ESR levels.
It’s important to talk to your doctor before making lifestyle changes to understand how to reduce high ESR and inflammation in your body.
Consuming foods high in antioxidants can help fight inflammation over time. This may be helpful in reducing markers of inflammation like ESR. Few such anti-inflammatory foods are yogurt, avocado, berries, broccoli, chia seeds, etc24.
High ESR is an indicator of underlying inflammation in the body. It is linked to conditions like infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain cancers. While ESR is a non-specific tool that cannot be used for diagnosis on its own, it helps doctors detect inflammatory and certain non-inflammatory conditions in the body, as well as monitor the response to ongoing treatments. You can manage your ESR levels through a healthy diet, regular exercise, and lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking and limiting alcohol intake. But remember, if your results show abnormal levels of ESR, it is important to contact your doctor for a proper diagnosis and management plan.
What other tests can indicate inflammation besides ESR?
Just like ESR, C-reactive protein (CRP) is a test that shows there might be inflammation in the body4.
Can ESR or CRP alone diagnose a disease?
No. ESR is a non-specific test. This means it must be interpreted along with clinical symptoms and other diagnostic tests to know the actual cause of symptoms. CRP is more sensitive and specific for detecting acute inflammation compared to ESR1.
Can medications affect ESR levels?
Yes. Anti-inflammatory medications like NSAIDs22 or corticosteroids23 may lower ESR values, even if inflammation is present in the body, and other medications like biologics or immunosuppressants can elevate it. You must always take medication for managing your ESR as prescribed by your doctor. Never self-medicate.
What conditions cause a low ESR?
Low ESR levels can happen in conditions where there are too many red blood cells (like polycythaemia) and in blood disorders like sickle cell anaemia3.
Can ESR be elevated in healthy individuals?
Yes, ESR can be elevated in healthy individuals during pregnancy, aging, periods, or even due to lab errors3.
National Library of Medicine (US) [Internet]. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR): MedlinePlus Medical Test Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). [updated 2024 Dec 02] [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/erythrocyte-sedimentation-rate-esr/
Tishkowski K, Zubair M. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate [Internet]. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2025 Jan. [updated 2023 Apr 23] [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557485/
Chakraborty S, Dimaio D, Vanschooneveld T. Palpable maculopapular rash with elevated ESR: what is your diagnosis? Ups J Med Sci. 2013 Nov;118(4):285-6. doi: 10.3109/03009734.2013. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4190890/
Liang H, Xin M, Zhao L, Wang L, et al. Serum creatinine level and ESR values associated to clinical pathology types and prognosis of patients with renal injury caused by ANCA-associated vasculitis. Exp Ther Med. 2017 Dec;14(6):6059–63. doi:10.3892/etm.2017.5306. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5740565/
Andresdottir MB, Sigfusson N, Sigvaldason H, Gudnason V. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, an independent predictor of coronary heart disease in men and women: The Reykjavik Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2003 Nov 1;158(9):844–51. doi:10.1093/aje/kwg222. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14585762/
Zhang YH, Guo LJ, Kuang TG, Zhu M, et al. Association between the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum C-reactive protein and risk of lung cancer. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2010 Jan;32(1):48–51. Chinese. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20211068/
Poudel P, Lappin SL. Inflammatory Arthritis [Internet]. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2025 Jan. [updated 2023 Apr 17] [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507704/
Louati K, Berenbaum F. Fatigue in chronic inflammation – a link to pain pathways. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:254. doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0784-1. Available from: Louati K, Berenbaum F. Fatigue in chronic inflammation – a link to pain pathways. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:254. doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0784-1.
Hulander E, Barebring L, Turesson Wadell A, Gjertsson I, et al. Proposed anti-inflammatory diet reduces inflammation in compliant, weight-stable patients with rheumatoid arthritis in a randomized controlled crossover trial. J Nutr. 2021 Dec 3;151(12):3856-3864. doi:10.1093/jn/nxab313. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8643575/
Sedighiyan M, Abdollahi H, Karimi E, Badeli M, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation improve clinical symptoms in patients with Covid-19: A randomised clinical trial. Int J Clin Pract. 2021 Dec;75(12):e14854. doi:10.1111/ijcp.14854. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34516692/
Ranjbar M, Rahimlou M, Fallah M, Djafarian K, Mohammadi H. Effects of vitamin D supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon. 2025 Mar;11(3):e42463. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42463. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844025008436
Alende-Castro V, Alonso-Sampedro M, Vazquez-Temprano N, Tuñez C, et al. Factors influencing erythrocyte sedimentation rate in adults: New evidence for an old test. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Aug;98(34):e16816. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000016816. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6716712/
Hegg R, Lee AG, Tagg NT, Zimmerman MB. Statin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use is associated with lower erythrocyte sedimentation rate in patients with giant cell arteritis. J Neuroophthalmol. 2011 Jun;31(2):135-8. doi: 10.1097/WNO.0b013e31820c4421. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21358421/
McConkey B, Davies P, Crockson RA, Crockson AP, et al. Effects of gold, dapsone, and prednisone on serum C-reactive protein and haptoglobin and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1979 Apr;38(2):141-4. doi: 10.1136/ard.38.2.141. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1000338/
24. Yu X, Pu H, Voss M. Overview of anti-inflammatory diets and their promising effects on non-communicable diseases. Br J Nutr. 2024 Oct 14;132(7):898-918. doi: 10.1017/S0007114524001405. Epub 2024 Oct 16. PMID: 39411832; PMCID: PMC11576095. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11576095/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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Is It Possible to Increase Penis Size? Myths vs. Medical Facts
Introduction
Penis size is a common concern for many men, but it’s important to understand that size does not necessarily correlate with sexual satisfaction or performance[3]. While there are no exercises that can significantly increase the size of the penis, some practices can improve blood flow and contribute to better sexual health. It’s essential to approach any claims of penis enlargement with caution, as many are not supported by scientific evidence. Prioritizing general sexual health and fitness is the most reliable way to support sexual function. What is the average penis size? How to get a bigger penis? If you are trying to find answers for these frequently searched questions- this article can help you with medically correct information.
How to Measure Penis Size?
You need some privacy, a clean ruler, a clean measuring tape or a non-stretchable string (for measuring the girth of penis).
Prepare for the measurement: Ensure that the penis is fully erect for accurate measurement. You may also measure while flaccid, but results will vary more significantly[4].
Measure the length: Place a ruler or measuring tape at the base of the penis, where it meets the pubic bone, and measure along the top side up to the tip of the glans. Make sure the ruler is pressed gently against the skin[4].
Measure the girth: Wrap a soft measuring tape around the thickest part of the erect penis shaft, usually at the middle. Record the circumference[4].
Repeat for accuracy: Take multiple measurements at different times to account for natural variations in size due to factors like temperature or level of arousal[4].
Record your measurements: Write down your measurements to keep track and compare if needed[4].
Anatomy of the Penis
Main Parts of the Penis:
Shaft or Body of Penis: The long, cylindrical portion of the penis.
Corpora Cavernosa: Two cylindrical chambers inside the shaft that fill with blood during an erection[5].
Corpus Spongiosum: Surrounds the urethra and maintains the penis’s shape during erection. Urethra is the common passage for semen and urine[5].
Understanding the Growth Of Penis
The penis is formed during the growth of the baby in the mother’s womb.
Penile growth begins during puberty, typically between ages 9 and 14.
Growth is influenced by hormonal changes, especially testosterone.
The penis reaches its adult size by the end of puberty, with no further natural growth occurring afterward.
Factors Affecting Penis Size in Men
Genetics: The primary determinant of penis size is genetics, much like other physical traits such as height or eye color. Your genes play a key role in shaping the size and appearance of your penis.
Hormonal Levels: Hormones, particularly testosterone, influence penis growth during puberty. Any imbalance in these hormones during this critical period can affect final size[7].
Health and Nutrition: Proper nutrition during childhood and adolescence supports overall development, including penis growth. Poor nutrition or chronic illness during these years may impact growth.
Body Weight: Excessive body fat, especially around the pubic area, can make the penis appear smaller, as fat can obscure part of the shaft. Maintaining a healthy weight can help in accurately assessing size[6].
Developmental and Endocrine abnormalities: The size and shape of penis can be affected by developmental or hormonal disorders.
5 Exercises That Claim To Increase Penis Size
Penis stretching exercises have gained popularity over the years. People often search online- how to increase penis size? and start following the remedies and exercises given on the internet. But do not set your expectations high if you are planning to try exercises to make your penis big. Let’s read more about different exercises known to increase penis size and understand the scientific logic behind them-
1. Massage Exercise
In this type of manual exercise, a safe lubricant is applied to the penis and massaged gently. This exercise is intended to stretch the skin of your penis which may aid in the enlargement of the penis.
Caution: Vigorous massaging can lead to tissue injury.
2. Penis Pump Exercise
This stretching device can be attached to the penis and it tends to create immediate erection. The device creates a vacuum and increases the blood flow to penis with the help of suction[2],[8].
Steps:
Firstly, apply lubricant on penis to avoid irritation.
Place the tube over your penis.
Turn on the pump and it will take a few minutes for an erection to happen.
Caution: There are limited studies around the long-term effectiveness of such devices. Always consult your doctor before using any such device around your sensitive areas.
3. Jelqing Exercise
This is the most common form of exercise among men. It may help in improving the blood circulation to penis[1].
Steps:
Place both hands on the penis and gently move it from top to bottom.
Repeat for 5-10 times
Stop immediately if you experience any pain or discomfort.
4. Stretching Exercise
There is no scientific evidence that stretching exercises can increase penis size. This exercise is similar to milking a cow. This is a kind of jelqing exercise, but it uses only your thumb and index finger.
Steps:
Use your thumb and index finger to slide the skin from top to bottom.
Do it 5-10 times. (Make sure you do not masturbate).
If there is erection, let the penis relax and continue after 5 minutes
5. Kegel Exercise
Kegel exercises help strengthen the pelvic floor muscles and may support performance. Stay focused throughout the exercise[9].
How To Do?
Contract your pelvic floor muscles and hold for three seconds
Relax for three seconds.
Repeat this a few times in succession. As your muscles strengthen, try doing Kegel exercises in different positions, such as sitting, standing, or walking
Note: Before implementing any exercise or technique mentioned in this article, it is important to consult a urologist to understand the pros and cons of performing any exercise for penis. Incorrect practices may injure the penis.
Penoscortal rings are devices that may help in keeping an erection for a longer period and create the appearance of a larger penis. These rings fit around the base of the scrotum and penis, helping to keep the blood in the penis, which might make make it look bigger during sexual activities. However, it should be worn cautiously and after consulting a doctor, as it may also cause discomfort and injury.
Can You Increase the Size of Your Penis Naturally?
While many products and techniques claim to increase penis size, there is little scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness. However, maintaining a healthy lifestyle can contribute to better overall sexual health, which might indirectly influence penis function and appearance.
1. Healthy Diet
A balanced diet rich in macro and micro nutrients, such as fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, is essential for overall health, including sexual health[10]. Proper nutrition supports blood flow and hormone levels, which are crucial for sexual function.
2. Regular Exercise
Regular physical activity improves cardiovascular health, which is vital for maintaining proper blood flow. Exercises like Kegels specifically target the pelvic floor muscles, potentially improving sexual performance and penile function.
3. Weight Management
Maintaining a healthy weight can prevent conditions like obesity and diabetes, which are known to negatively impact sexual health. Excessive body fat can also reduce testosterone levels, leading to potential issues with libido and erectile function[11].
4. Sufficient Sleep
Adequate sleep is crucial for hormonal balance, including testosterone production. Poor sleep can lead to lower energy levels and reduced sexual desire, affecting overall sexual health.
5. Stress Management
Chronic stress can lead to hormonal imbalances, including reduced testosterone levels, which may impact sexual function. Techniques such as meditation, deep breathing, and yoga can help manage stress, promoting better overall and sexual health[12].
6. Avoid Smoking and Alcohol Consumption
Smoking[13] and excessive alcohol intake can impair blood flow and lead to erectile dysfunction. Quitting smoking and moderating alcohol consumption are important steps in maintaining sexual health and overall well-being.
Penis Enlargement Products that Claim to Achieve Bigger Size
Various products are marketed as remedies for increasing penis size naturally. These can be dangerous to your health. Never consume or use anything for penis enlargement without consulting a doctor. Here are some popular examples that you need to be cautious about-
1. Pills
People often ask if Penis enlargement pills increase penis size? Often marketed as natural supplements, these pills claim to increase penis size by boosting blood flow or enhancing hormone levels. However, there is little scientific evidence to support their effectiveness, and some may contain harmful or unregulated ingredients.
2. Creams
These topical products claim to enlarge the penis by improving circulation or stimulating tissue growth. However, there is no reliable proof that they work, and they can sometimes cause skin irritation or serious allergic reactions.
3. Pumps
Vacuum pumps create temporary swelling by drawing blood into the penis, which can make it appear larger temporarily. While they can help temporarily with erectile dysfunction, they do not result in permanent size increase and overuse can lead to tissue damage.
Penis-enlargement surgery (phalloplasty)[2] is rarely needed and is usually reserved for cases where the penis doesn’t function properly due to a congenital issue or injury. Some surgeons offer cosmetic procedures to enlarge the penis, but these are controversial and often deemed unnecessary by experts. There is a lack of sufficient research to fully understand the risks and benefits of these procedures.
A penis enlargement surgery can be involve any one of the following :
Cutting the suspensory ligament: This surgery makes the penis appear longer by cutting the ligament that attaches it to the pubic bone, but it doesn’t actually increase length and can lead to instability and potential injury during erection.
Fat injection: Fat is taken from another part of the body and injected into the penis to increase thickness, but results can be uneven, with possible scarring, irregular shape, and issues with sensation.
Tissue grafting: Skin and fat are grafted onto the penis to increase width or length, but the procedure can cause infections, scarring, and deformation, with no proven safety or effectiveness.
Penis implants: Material is implanted under the skin to make the penis appear thicker, but risks include infection, scarring, and potential erectile dysfunction, sometimes requiring additional surgery.
To know more about the risks and benefits associated with surgery to increase penis size, consult a urologist and plastic surgeon.
Many people are not aware that filler injections might also help in increasing penis size. Studies have shown that using these fillers may lead to a modest increase in some, especially in the initial months. These injections may also improve erectile dysfunction in the long run. However, more studies are needed to validate these treatments for their effectiveness and safety.
Stop Worrying About Penis Size. Here’s What Experts Have to Say!
Consult a psychiatrist and a urologist first. Many-a-times it’s not the size but the self doubt related to the normal size of penis that creates the entire problem. Consulting an expert can solve the problem. They may help you in understanding the following-
Psychological Impact: Concerns about penis size can affect self-esteem and sexual confidence. However, focusing on mental and emotional well-being can significantly improve your sexual experience and satisfaction.
Communication with Your Partner: Open communication with your partner about your feelings and concerns can reduce anxiety and strengthen your relationship. Understanding and support from your partner can ease worries about size and improve intimacy.
Role of Exercise: Regular exercise and maintaining a healthy weight can enhance your overall sexual health, boost confidence, and improve your body image, making you feel better about yourself.
Worrying about penis size is common, but it’s crucial to remember that size doesn’t determine masculinity or sexual ability. Confidence in and acceptance of your natural size is key to a fulfilling and healthy sexual life. If you are constantly looking for options to increase penis size, if concerns about penis size are affecting your mental health or relationships, consulting a sexologist (MBBS, MD Psychiatry) can help address these issues and provide guidance on managing anxiety and self-esteem.
Your penis stops growing once you finish your puberty phase. However, it may vary from person to person. Usually, by the time you are 16 years old, your body and its parts should be close to your adult size.
Which foods are good for the penis?
You can have foods such as spinach, apples, avocados, carrots, oats and tomatoes, nuts and seeds along with a balanced diet. Good nutrition is known to support overall sexual wellness.
Is penis enlargement surgery safe?
A penis enlargement surgery may add half an inch to the penis but does not change the actual length of the penis. Surgery can result in complications such as infection, scarring, and loss of sensation or function. A plastic surgeon can help you understand the risks vs benefits of undergoing a penis enlargement surgery after assessing your health.
Does height affect penis size?
No, height does not have a direct impact on penis size. Penis size is primarily determined by genetic and hormonal factors during fetal development and puberty, while height is influenced by different genetic and environmental factors. The growth of the penis is mainly governed by hormones like testosterone, whereas height is influenced by hormones like growth hormone and IGF-1. Therefore, variations in height do not correlate with variations in penis size, and each individual’s body proportions are unique and unrelated to one another.
Is there a correlation between penis size and sexual performance?
Penis size alone does not determine sexual performance. Sexual satisfaction involves various factors, including emotional connection, communication, technique, and understanding a partner’s needs and desires.
Can a small penis size cause sexual difficulties or performance anxiety?
Some individuals may experience performance anxiety or low self-esteem related to their perceived penis size. These concerns can affect sexual confidence and satisfaction. Open communication with a partner and seeking professional support, such as counselling or therapy, can be helpful.
Can penis size affect fertility or sexual health?
Penis size generally does not affect fertility or sexual health. Fertility is determined by factors such as sperm quality and reproductive health. Sexual health is influenced by overall well-being, emotional connection, and practising safe and consensual sexual behaviours.
Can age affect penis size?
The size of the penis generally remains stable throughout adulthood. However, with age, men may experience a decrease in testosterone levels, which can lead to reduced sexual desire and erectile function. These changes are typically unrelated to actual penis size.
Can losing weight increase penis size?
Losing weight may not directly increase penis size, but it can affect the visibility of the penis. As excess weight is lost, the pubic fat pad may become less prominent, making the penis appear more visible and potentially giving the illusion of increased size.
Is penis size genetic?
Yes, penis size has a genetic component, with factors such as genetics and hormonal influences playing a role in determining an individual’s natural size. However, environmental factors and overall health can also influence development.
Does creatine increase penis size?
There is no scientific evidence to suggest that creatine supplementation has any impact on penis size. Penis size is primarily determined by genetic and hormonal factors, while creatine is commonly used to enhance athletic performance and muscle strength.
Can apple juice grow your penis size?
There is no scientific evidence to support the idea that apple juice can influence penis size. Penis size is primarily determined by genetic and hormonal factors, and no specific food or drink has been proven to affect its growth.
What determines penis size?
Penis size is primarily determined by genetic factors, including the influence of hormones during fetal development. While genetics play a crucial role, environmental factors and overall health can also contribute to individual variations in penis size.
How to measure penis size?
To measure penis size accurately, use a ruler or measuring tape to measure from the base to the tip along the top side. Ensure the measurement is taken when the penis is fully erect for more reliable results.
Does testosterone increase penis size?
While testosterone plays a crucial role in sexual development, its impact on penis size during adulthood is limited. The growth of the penis primarily occurs during puberty, and testosterone influences overall sexual function rather than significant changes in size.
Do penis pumps increase size?
Penis pumps temporarily increase blood flow to the genital area, causing a temporary and modest size increase. However, the effects are not permanent, and the size change is typically temporary, diminishing after disuse.
How to make your penis bigger?
Achieving a larger penis size is challenging and often involves accepting one’s natural dimensions. Be cautious of products or methods claiming rapid results, as many lack scientific support. If concerned, consult a healthcare professional for advice on safe and evidence-based approaches.
Eisenman R. Penis size: Survey of female perceptions of sexual satisfaction. BMC Womens Health. 2001;1(1):1. doi:10.1186/1472-6874-1-1. PMID: 11415468; PMCID: PMC33342. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33342/
Habous M, Muir G, Soliman T, Farag M, Williamson B, Binsaleh S, et al. Outcomes of variation in technique and variation in accuracy of measurement in penile length measurement. Int J Impot Res. 2018 Feb;30(1):21–6. doi:10.1038/s41443-017-0013-3. Epub 2017 Nov 27. PMID: 29180797; PMCID: PMC8519169. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8519169/
Sam P, LaGrange CA. Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Penis. [Updated 2023 Jul 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482236/
Hong S, Choi W, Lee KW, Lee YT, Kwon T. Penile length and circumference: are they related to nose size? Transl Androl Urol. 2023 May 31;12(5):708–14. doi:10.21037/tau-22-869. Epub 2023 May 9. PMID: 37305632; PMCID: PMC10251097. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10251097/
Nerli RB, Guntaka AK, Patne PB, Hiremath MB. Penile growth in response to hormone treatment in children with micropenis. Indian J Urol. 2013 Oct;29(4):288–91. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.120107. PMID: 24235789; PMCID: PMC3822343. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3822343/
Hoyland K, Vasdev N, Adshead J. The use of vacuum erection devices in erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy. Rev Urol. 2013;15(2):67–71. PMID: 24082845; PMCID: PMC3784970. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3784970/
Huang YC, Chang KV. Kegel Exercises. [Updated 2023 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555898/
Yang H, Breyer BN, Rimm EB, Giovannucci E, Loeb S, Kenfield SA, Bauer SR. Plant-based diet index and erectile dysfunction in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. BJU Int. 2022 Oct;130(4):514–21. doi:10.1111/bju.15765. Epub 2022 Jun 9. PMID: 35484829; PMCID: PMC9474604. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9474604/
Majzoub A, Elbardisi H, Madani S, Leisegang K, Mahdi M, Agarwal A, et al. Impact of body composition analysis on male sexual function: A metabolic age study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Jan 4;13:1050441. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1050441. PMID: 36686453; PMCID: PMC9846759. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9846759/
Joshi AM, Arkiath Veettil R, Deshpande S. Role of Yoga in the management of premature ejaculation. World J Mens Health. 2020 Oct;38(4):495–505. doi:10.5534/wjmh.190062. Epub 2019 Sep 3. PMID: 31496152; PMCID: PMC7502310. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7502310/
Kovac JR, Labbate C, Ramasamy R, Tang D, Lipshultz LI. Effects of cigarette smoking on erectile dysfunction. Andrologia. 2015 Dec;47(10):1087–92. doi:10.1111/and.12393. Epub 2014 Dec 29. PMID: 25557907; PMCID: PMC4485976. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4485976/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) Blood Test: Understanding Its Importance and Results
Introduction
Platelets are small, colourless cells fragments in your blood1. They play a crucial role in blood clot formation and repairing wounds2. They are created in the bone marrow and then enter the bloodstream3. The mean platelet volume (MPV) blood test can help monitor platelets levels.
In this article, we’ll explore the world of MPV blood tests. We’ll learn what MPV is, how to get ready for the test, analyse the results, and see what happens when the levels are not right. Lastly, we will answer some questions associated with this topic.
Understanding the MPV Blood Test
In this section, we will try to understand MPV and its role in maintaining our health.
What is MPV?
The MPV test is a laboratory test that measures the average size of platelets in your blood.This helps check how well the platelets are working in your body. It also helps in identifying conditions related to bone marrow and bleeding4.
Detect disorders linked with abnormal platelet size or count4.
Helps monitor if treatment for blood-related disorders is working5.
Did you know?
MPV tests are commonly used to evaluate platelet function and production. source: medlineplus.gov
High MPV (mean platelet volume) may indicate platelet dysfunction or bone marrow disorders. source: medlineplus.gov
MPV can be influenced by factors such as age, sex, smoking, and hormonal changes. source: PMC
MPV levels may decrease during acute exacerbation of COPD. source: PMC
An MPV value of less than 8.5 femtolitres (fl) may strongly suggest possible systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), as studies show it is very accurate (sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 100%) in predicting SLE. source: PMC
MPV Blood Test Process
The procedure involved in conducting the MPV test is quite simple, as stated below.
How to Prepare for an MPV Test?
For an MPV blood test, you don’t need to prepare anything special. Have a discussion with your doctor in case they advise any other test along with MPV that might require any special preparation like fasting4. Also, you need to disclose your current health conditions, habits, and any medications that you may be currently on, as they may influence the results of the test6.
What to Expect During an MPV Test?
Testing procedure: The MPV blood test is easy and quick. A lab technician takes blood from a vein in your arm with a needle, while maintaining hygiene. They save the sample in a test tube. The entire process takes just a few minutes with maybe slight discomfort or bruising at the site of needle puncture4. After drawing blood, the technician will remove the needle and apply a bandage on your arm.
Interpreting test results: After the test, the blood sample is sent to a laboratory where your MPV is checked. Once the laboratory report is ready, it will be shared with you. It’s important to discuss the results with your healthcare provider to give you a clear picture of your overall health.
Causes and Implications of Abnormal MPV Results
Your MPV blood test results can show high or low MPV. The causes and possible issues due to abnormal MPV are discussed below.
1. Causes of High MPV
If your MPV result shows higher than the normal range (more than 12 fl), it might be due to the following.
Cancer: Cancer may cause a rise in MPV7. But don’t worry, as high MPV doesn’t always mean you have cancer. If there is a history of cancer in your family or other risk factors, further testing may be suggested by your doctor.
Other Potential Causes: Apart from cancer, several other factors, such as the following, can also increase MPV.
A low MPV indicates that your platelets are mostly old or small in size. This is because the production of new platelets in your bone marrow has slowed down4. Some common causes of low MPV are as follows.
High MPV can occur when the body produces or destroys platelets more than usual15. This may increase the risk of blood clots16. Conversely, a low MPV can be linked to a higher chance of bleeding due to fewer platelets being produced17.
Relation to Certain Medical Conditions
However, MPV levels alone cannot confirm a diagnosis. Your healthcare provider will consider the results of your other tests results and your health history, to find the cause of the abnormal MPV levels.
Certain studies19 indicate that MPV may be higher in COVID-19-positive people than in COVID-19-negative people. However, more research is needed to completely understand the association between the results of an MPV blood test and the severity of COVID-19 infection.
Thrombocytopenia occurs when your blood has fewer platelets than normal. Since platelets help in clotting, a low count of platelets can cause excess bleeding17.
How is Thrombocytopenia diagnosed?
To find out if you have thrombocytopenia, doctors conduct a complete blood count (CBC) test with clotting test, platelet count, and MPV. If needed, a bone marrow biopsy or aspiration (taking a small sample from your bone marrow) may also be included18.
Management options for Thrombocytopenia
The management for thrombocytopenia depends on how severe it is and its causes. If needed, doctors may advise platelet transfusion to stop or avoid the bleeding18.
Medications: Doctors may give medicines to slow down the immune system, if thrombocytopenia is caused by destruction of platelets due to autoantibodies produced by the immune system. Some common medicines used include corticosteroids or immunoglobulins. On the other hand, if thrombocytopenia is caused by medications, that medicine may need to be stopped in order to increase the production of platelets2.
Lifestyle and Home Remedies: Individuals with thrombocytopenia should take care to avoid activities that may cause injuries or bleeding. They should also be cautious with medicines like blood thinners or NSAIDs that can make bleeding worse, as well as certain herbal teas or beverages containing quinine, which can further reduce platelet levels2.
Research19 has indicated that stress, both emotional and physical, might have an impact on platelet count. Heavy exercise for an extended period of time can raise MPV. Higher-than-normal MPV is possible in people with panic disorders.
Preparing for an Appointment with a Healthcare Provider
What to Expect During a Consultation?
At your appointment, your healthcare provider will go over your past health, current symptoms, and test results. They may order more testing if needed. You should be ready to discuss any concerns, answer questions about your lifestyle, medicines you are currently taking, and your family medical history.
Questions to Ask Your Healthcare Provider?
It’s a good plan to prepare a list of questions for your healthcare provider. These could include the following.
Why is my MPV level not normal?
Do I have to make any lifestyle changes?
Should I go for more tests or future appointments?
Are there any risks or issues related to my MPV levels?
Can you tell me where to find more information about MPV and linked health conditions?
Conclusion
Getting to know your MPV blood test results is key for maintaining health. This article gives a complete and easy-to-understand guide to help you understand the MPV test, its importance, and what it means when results are not normal.
While a low or high MPV can indicate health issues, it’s always important to consult with a healthcare expert to help put the results in context and order more tests if needed.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What does high MPV level indicate?
If your MPV is high, it suggests that your platelets are larger than normal. This might be due to many reasons such as cancer, recovering from injuries, heart disease, and more. Your healthcare provider will consider all factors to find out the cause of high MPV level.
What does low MPV on a blood test indicate?
A low MPV indicates that most of your platelets are old and the production of new platelets in your bone marrow has reduced. The reason for this could be bone marrow failure, lupus, chemotherapy, hypothyroidism, iron-deficiency anaemia, or HIV/AIDS among others.
What is a normal MPV level for a woman?
For women, usual MPV levels are between 8-12 fl. However, you should always consult a healthcare expert to correctly understand your MPV result and what it means for your health.
What cancers cause low MPV?
Some cancers that affect the bone marrow, such as leukaemia or lymphoma, might cause low MPV. They disrupt the normal process of producing platelets. Remember, only measuring MPV cannot diagnose the cancer. An in-depth examination by a healthcare expert is needed.
Is a 9.3 result on an MPV blood test low?
An MPV of 9.3 is generally within the normal range. However, the interpretation of blood test results can vary depending on the reference range provided by the laboratory and the individual’s medical history. It’s advisable to consult a healthcare professional for a comprehensive evaluation of blood test results.
References
Cooper B. Osler’s role in defining the third corpuscle, or “blood plates”. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2005 Oct;18(4):376-8. doi: 10.1080/08998280.2005.11928097.Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1255948/
Akkuş E, Fidan Ç, Demirci G, Kuştaş AA, Yüksel M. Mean platelet volume and response to the first line therapy in newly diagnosed adult immune thrombocytopenia patients: a retrospective study. Turk J Med Sci. 2020 Jun 23;50(4):798-803. doi: 10.3906/sag-1912-242.Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7379428/
Korniluk A, Koper-Lenkiewicz OM, Kamińska J, Kemona H, Dymicka-Piekarska V. Mean Platelet Volume (MPV): New Perspectives for an Old Marker in the Course and Prognosis of Inflammatory Conditions. Mediators Inflamm. 2019 Apr 17;2019:9213074. doi: 10.1155/2019/9213074.Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6501263/
Plantureux L, Mège D, Crescence L, Dignat-George F, Dubois C, Panicot-Dubois L. Impacts of Cancer on Platelet Production, Activation and Education and Mechanisms of Cancer-Associated Thrombosis. Cancers (Basel). 2018 Nov 14;10(11):441. doi: 10.3390/cancers10110441. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6266827/
Ford HC, Toomath RJ, Carter JM, Delahunt JW, Fagerstrom JN. Mean platelet volume is increased in hyperthyroidism. Am J Hematol. 1988 Mar;27(3):190-3. doi: 10.1002/ajh.2830270308.Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3348203/
Cumhur Cure M, Cure E, Yuce S, Yazici T, Karakoyun I, Efe H. Mean platelet volume and vitamin D level. Ann Lab Med. 2014 Mar;34(2):98-103. doi: 10.3343/alm.2014.34.2.98. Epub 2014 Feb 13. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3948840/
Uçar H, Gür M, Gözükara MY, Kıvrak A, Kolcu Z, Akyol S, Kaypaklı O, Elbasan Z, Şahin DY, Türkoğlu C, Şeker T, Çaylı M. Relationship between mean platelet volume and morning blood pressure surge in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. Anatol J Cardiol. 2015 Feb;15(2):107-12. doi: 10.5152/akd.2014.5196. Epub 2014 Apr 8. Available From: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5336993/
Xu RL, Zheng ZJ, Ma YJ, Hu YP, Zhuang SH. Platelet volume indices have low diagnostic efficiency for predicting bone marrow failure in thrombocytopenic patients. Exp Ther Med. 2013 Jan;5(1):209-214. doi: 10.3892/etm.2012.799. Epub 2012 Nov 5.Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3524172/
Ferroni P, Guadagni F, Riondino S, Portarena I, Mariotti S, La Farina F, Davì G, Roselli M. Evaluation of mean platelet volume as a predictive marker for cancer-associated venous thromboembolism during chemotherapy. Haematologica. 2014 Oct;99(10):1638-44. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2014.109470. Epub 2014 Aug 1. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4181262/
Koupenova M, Kehrel BE, Corkrey HA, Freedman JE. Thrombosis and platelets: an update. Eur Heart J. 2017 Mar 14;38(11):785-791. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw550. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11110018/
Walle M, Arkew M, Asmerom H, Tesfaye A, Getu F. The diagnostic accuracy of mean platelet volume in differentiating immune thrombocytopenic purpura from hypo-productive thrombocytopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2023 Nov 30;18(11):e0295011. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295011. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10688894/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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PDW Blood Test: Understanding Its Purpose and Results
Introduction
The PDW blood test is a medical test that checks for size differences in blood platelets. The main function of platelets includes clotting and ensuring smooth blood flow in the body3.
In this article, we will cover the basics of a PDW blood test. We’ll discuss why it’s done, how it’s done, and what the results mean. We will also touch on the connection between PDW and blood disorders tied to platelets. Lastly, we’ll share ways to get ready for a doctor’s visit for a PDW test.
Overview of PDW Blood Test
The role of a PDW (platelet distribution width) blood test is to assess how well a person’s platelets are working whose main function is to create clots and aid in wound repair and stop blood loss3.
What is PDW?
PDW test measures the size differences in platelets in a person’s blood. High PDW means that there is a range of platelet sizes, and low PDW suggests more similar sized platelets3. Knowing these variations helps doctors understand how a person’s platelets are functioning.
Importance of PDW Blood Test
The purpose of doing a PDW blood test is as follows.
Evaluating Platelet Function: Examining how well platelets work helps decide if a person can form blood clots and maintain smooth blood flow. Abnormal platelet activity can hint at health problems that might need further investigation and management2.
Diagnosing Blood Disorders: A PDW blood test is useful for spotting blood disorders. For example, it sheds light on platelet distribution and activity. This means we may spot issues such as thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) or thrombocytosis (high platelet count)1.
How is the PDW Blood Test Performed?
A PDW blood test needs a blood sample from a vein in your arm or hand. Below we have described how to get ready for the test and what happens during the process.
Preparing for the Test
Typically, no unique preparations are needed for a PDW blood test. But if you’re also doing other tests on the same day, your healthcare provider may suggest some things. Always let your provider know about any drugs, vitamins, supplements, or herbal products you’re taking. This avoids an unexpected impact on test results.
The Blood Test Procedure
During the test, a medic places a small needle into a vein in your arm or hand to take blood. Once they get the sample, it’s sent to a laboratory for study. Though the test is quick and mostly painless, some people might feel dizzy or sick. Deep, slow breaths help lessen these feelings. Also, some people may feel slight pain or see bruises where the needle went in4.
Understanding PDW Blood Test Results
1. Normal PDW Levels
Normal PDW levels fall between 8 to 12 femtoliters. This indicates that your platelets are at peak performance and no medical action is needed3.
2. Low PDW Levels
Low PDW levels (below 8 femtoliters) could mean that a majority of your platelets are old or that your bone marrow is making fewer platelets than usual3.
Possible Causes: Low PDW could be due to bone marrow failure, lupus, some medications such as chemotherapeutic agents, hypothyroidism, lack of iron, or HIV/AIDS.
Risks and Complications: With a low PDW level, your blood may have trouble clotting. The risk of heavy bleeding is higher. You might then need more tests to know the cause and work out a management plan with your doctor.
3. High PDW Levels
High PDW levels (above 12 femtoliters) show higher levels of young platelets in the blood3.
Possible Causes: Elevated PDW levels could be due to a recent wound or surgery, blood loss, or too much alcohol/vitamin B12 deficiency. Chronic health problems, infections, or even birth control pills may also affect PDW levels.
Risks and Complications: High PDW levels are linked to an increased risk of forming blood clots. Clots in the arms or legs can be risky if they break loose and travel to other body parts, clogging the blood supply to those parts.
Platelet-Related Blood Disorders
With PDW blood tests, doctors can check for blood disorders tied to platelets. Two common types include thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) and essential thrombocythaemia (high platelet count).
Thrombocytopenia (Low Platelet Count)
Thrombocytopenia means you have too few platelets in your blood, which raises the risk of bleeding and bruising. Likely causes include problems with the immune system, some medications, and inherited diseases5. Doctors can diagnose it through blood tests, physical exams, and by looking at your medical history.
Essential Thrombocythaemia (High Platelet Count)
In essential thrombocythaemia, the bone marrow makes too many platelets. This overproduction could be due to gene changes or conditions like cancer. With too many platelets, your risk of forming blood clots increases. This could lead to serious issues like strokes or heart attacks6.
Diagnosis and Management
After finding a blood disorder through PDW blood tests or other ways, it’s time to look at management choices. These help control symptoms and avoid likely issues.
Diagnosing Blood Disorders
Diagnosing blood disorders often involves several steps. It starts with looking at your medical past, physical examination findings, and laboratory test results that matter. Depending on the suspected disease, you may need more blood or imaging tests.
Step-by-Step Process:
A typical way to diagnose blood disorders might include the following steps.
Looking into your full medical past.
Doing a physical check-up.
Running laboratory tests, imaging tests, or both.
Refer you to a specialist if needed.
Finding a diagnosis from the information collected.
Additional Blood Tests:
Doctors may recommend extra blood tests. These tests could be coagulation tests, complete blood count (CBC), or specialised tests like peripheral blood smear or quantitative immunoglobulins.
Management Options
The type of blood disorder, how severe it is, and its causes shape the management choices. Possible options could include the ones below.
Medications: A doctor may give drugs to boost platelet count, suppress the immune system, or improve overall platelet function.
Blood Transfusions: People with very low platelets or a high risk of bleeding might need blood or platelet transfusions. These replace lost platelets and bring clotting back to normal.
Lifestyle and Home Remedies: In some cases, changing your lifestyle or home remedies may help improve overall blood health. Such changes could include eating a balanced diet full of vitamins and minerals, doing physical activities, or avoiding some drugs known to affect platelet function.
Complications of Platelet Disorders
Platelet disorders may bring forth different complications. These depend on the person and the exact disorder.
Haemorrhages or Clotting Issues: As described above, the first concern with platelet issues is the high chance of uncontrolled bleeding (haemorrhages) or risky blood clots forming. These problems can be life-threatening and may need urgent help.
Enlarged Spleens:The main function of the spleen is to filter out unwanted substances from the blood and help fight disease. Some diseases or medical issues can make the spleen grow larger, which can reduce platelet circulation7. It may also raise the risk of other health issues.
If your PDW blood test results are not normal, or you have symptoms that hint at a bleeding or clotting issue, it’s vital to book an appointment with your healthcare provider.
What to Bring?
Here’s what to take to your doctor’s visit.
A written list of symptoms you’re dealing with, however small they may seem.
A detailed list of all drugs, supplements, and vitamins you’re taking now, plus their doses.
Any important medical records or past test results.
A list of questions or concerns you wish to discuss with your doctor.
Questions to Ask?
Try to ask these questions during your visit.
What could be causing my symptoms or abnormal PDW levels?
Will I need more tests or a referral to experts?
What are the possible risks or issues tied to my PDW levels or symptoms?
What management options may help manage my symptoms or the basic condition?
Are there lifestyle changes or home remedies that may make my overall blood health better?
Knowing why PDW blood tests are done and what their results mean provides information on how a person’s platelets are working and the overall health of their blood. Noticing abnormal PDW levels is the key to finding possible blood disorders and their management options.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What factors can affect PDW test results?
PDW test results can be affected by some drugs, temporary health issues, and age. Also, factors like low or high altitude, smoking, and high glucose levels can change PDW test results.
What is the difference between PDW and MPV?
PDW checks for size differences in platelets, while MPV tells the average platelet size in a blood sample. While both give vital information on how platelets are working, they show different sides of blood health.
How important is a high or low PDW level, and under what circumstances should someone be concerned?
High or low PDW levels alone may not mean much. But if these levels are not normal over time, or you have other symptoms, they could hint at a basic health issue that needs more tests and potential therapy. Talk to a healthcare provider if your PDW test results or symptoms tied to a platelet-related disorder worry you.
Are there any foods or lifestyle changes that can help to normalise PDW levels?
Eating a balanced diet full of vitamins, minerals, and anti-inflammation items may boost overall blood health. Regular physical activities, reducing or stopping alcohol and tobacco use, may also help make blood cells healthier.
Are there any risks or side effects linked to PDW blood tests?
Key risks tied to PDW blood tests include slight pain or bruises at the needle site and brief feelings of dizziness or sickness in some people. But these risks are few and don’t last long.
Tzur I, Barchel D, Izhakian S, Swarka M, Garach-Jehoshua O, Krutkina E, Plotnikov G, Gorelik O. Platelet distribution width: a novel prognostic marker in an internal medicine ward. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2019 Dec 14;9(6):464-470. Doi: 10.1080/20009666.2019.1688095. PMID: 32002150; PMCID: PMC6968671 Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6968671/
WHO Guidelines on Drawing Blood: Best Practices in Phlebotomy. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. Annex F, Explaining the procedure to a patient. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK138658/
Ashorobi D, Gohari P. Essential Thrombocytosis. [Updated 2023 Aug 6]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539709/
Armitage JO. Spleen. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Boston: Butterworths; 1990. Chapter 150. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK258/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
