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Pneumonia Diet: What to Eat & Avoid During Recovery 

Introduction

Good nutrition plays a crucial role in helping the body recover from any illness, and pneumonia is no exception1,2. Studies2,3,4 show that undernutrition in children can significantly increase the risk of contracting pneumonia and worsen its outcomes, as a weakened immune system makes them more vulnerable to respiratory infections. 

Pneumonia can spread through droplets, inhalation, or in newborns, through the bloodstream during or just after birth. Although it isn’t always contagious (as its spread depends on the cause), more research is needed to understand the transmission of pneumonia better2. 

While precise numbers may vary, evidence consistently demonstrates that good nutrition can play a vital role in supporting pneumonia recovery5. In fact, targeted dietary interventions in malnourished older adults led to a 77% reduction in pneumonia-related hospital readmission, highlighting the importance of improved nutrition for recovery, immune function, and long-term management of pneumonia6. 

If you’ve been diagnosed with pneumonia, adhering to your prescribed treatment plan, which typically includes antibiotics (for bacterial pneumonia only), and respiratory support is essential for recovery7. While it is not the primary treatment, a balanced, nutrient-rich diet can help promote the healing process by strengthening your immune system5,7. Additionally, monitoring your symptoms and maintaining good hygiene can help prevent the infection from spreading to others.  

Following a nutritionally supportive diet during pneumonia helps ensure your body receives all the essential nutrients needed to fight the infection and recover quickly. In this article, we’ll share valuable tips on what to avoid during pneumonia recovery to help support a faster, safer, and more complete healing process. 

How Diet Affects Pneumonia Recovery

A well-balanced nutritious diet plays a crucial role in recovering from pneumonia. When the body is fighting an infection, it needs extra nutrients to repair tissues, restore energy, and strengthen the immune system. A proper diet can support recovery from pneumonia by: 

Foods to Eat During Pneumonia

A balanced diet for pneumonia patients plays a crucial role in speeding up recovery by providing essential nutrients. In individuals with pneumonia, diet that includes the following five types of foods is beneficial: 

Foods to Avoid During Pneumonia

In patients with pneumonia, foods to avoid include certain food products that may increase mucus production. Here’s what to limit or avoid and why: 

Note: Some people report increased mucus production after consuming dairy, but scientific evidence on this is inconclusive. Thus, the focus should instead be on avoiding foods that may impair immunity or promote inflammation. Always consult a doctor or a registered dietitian for personalised dietary advice, especially during illness. 

Sample Diet Chart for Pneumonia Recovery

The ideal diet for pneumonia patients includes warm fluids, soft foods, and meals high in vitamins A, C, and E to support lung health. You can follow the below-mentioned pneumonia diet chart to help with pneumonia recovery7,12: 

Mealtime Options 
Breakfast  Mixed fruits (apple, grapes, prunes), A handful of almonds or sunflower seeds 100% fruit or vegetable juice 
Mid-Morning Snack  Mixed fruits (apple, grapes, prunes), A handful of almonds or sunflower seeds, 100% fruit or vegetable juice 
Lunch Brown rice or whole-grain bread, Stir-fried tofu or lean turkey with kale, Mixed legume soup, Steamed carrots or beans 
Afternoon Snack Brown rice or whole grain roti, Steamed vegetables (carrot, broccoli, spinach) Grilled salmon or skinless chicken, Low-fat yoghurt 
Dinner Brown rice or whole-grain bread, Stir-fried tofu or lean turkey with kale, Mixed legume soup Steamed carrots or beans 

Tip: Stay hydrated by consuming plenty of water throughout the day. 

Lifestyle Tips Alongside Diet

A pneumonia diet chart helps plan meals that are light, nutritious, and rich in essential vitamins to support better health. Along with dietary guidance, adopting a few lifestyle tips can further speed up the healing process: 

Conclusion

Choosing the right diet for a pneumonia patient may help reduce inflammation and support lung function. Nutrient-rich foods that may support recovery include warm soups, fruits rich in vitamin C, and leafy green vegetables. Additionally, knowing which foods may hinder recovery or worsen inflammation can help prevent complications and promote faster healing.  

By providing essential nutrients, staying hydrated, getting adequate rest, and avoiding harmful substances like tobacco smoke and alcohol, you can support your immune system and significantly enhance your healing process. Also, staying up to date with vaccines, especially pneumococcus and the flu vaccine, can help reduce the risk of developing pneumonia or experiencing severe complications.

Also Read: Pneumococcal Vaccine: Types, Side Effects, and Who Needs It

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

How much fluid should a pneumonia patient drink daily? 

A pneumonia patient should aim for at least 1.5 litres of fluids per day unless advised otherwise by a doctor17,19. Staying hydrated helps thin mucus and ease coughing. 

Can pneumonia patients take supplements like vitamin C? 

Yes, supplements like vitamin C may help strengthen the immune response18,20. However, they should be taken under medical supervision, especially if the patient is already on medication. 

Can pneumonia patients eat outside or restaurant food? 

It’s best to avoid restaurant food during recovery, as it may contain excess salt, sugar, oil, and preservatives. Home-cooked, hygienic, and freshly prepared food is safer and more nourishing for pneumonia patients7. 

Are herbal teas helpful for pneumonia? 

Yes, warm herbal teas like black tea, green tea, peppermint tea, sage tea, and thyme tea can soothe the throat, reduce coughing, allow mucus clearance, and may boost the body’s anti-inflammatory processes16.

References

  1. World Health Organization. Healthy diet [Internet]. World Health Organization; [cited 2025 Jun 10]. Available from: https://www.who.int/initiatives/behealthy/healthy-diet 
  1. World Health Organization. Pneumonia in children [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2022 Nov 11 [cited 2025 Jun 10]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pneumonia 
  1. Srivastava AD, Awasthi S, Jauhari S. Prevalence of persistent pneumonia among severe pneumonia and nutritional status as its associated risk factor: A prospective observational study among under-five children. J Family Med Prim Care. 2024 May;13(5):1911-1916. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11213408/ 
  1. Prastika M, Astutik E. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MALNUTRITION AND SEVERE PNEUMONIA AMONG TODDLERS IN EAST JAVA, INDONESIA: AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY. Journal of Public Health Research and Community Health Development. 2023;6:93-101. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369106207_THE_RELATIONSHIP_BETWEEN_MALNUTRITION_AND_SEVERE_PNEUMONIA_AMONG_TODDLERS_IN_EAST_JAVA_INDONESIA_AN_ECOLOGICAL_STUDY 
  1. Vu TT, Van Horn L, Achenbach CJ, Rydland KJ, Cornelis MC. Diet and Respiratory Infections: Specific or Generalized Associations? Nutrients. 2022 Mar 11;14(6):1195. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8954090/ 
  1. Yang PH, Lin MC, Liu YY, Lee CL, Chang NJ. Effect of Nutritional Intervention Programs on Nutritional Status and Readmission Rate in Malnourished Older Adults with Pneumonia: A Randomized Control Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Nov 27;16(23):4758. Available from : https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6926802/ 
  1. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Pneumonia Recovery [Internet]. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; [cited 2025 Jun 10]. Available from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/recovery 
  1. Office of Dietary Supplements. Dietary Supplements for Immune Function and Infectious Diseases – Health Professional Fact Sheet [Internet]. National Institutes of Health; [cited 2025 Jun 10]. Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/ImmuneFunction-HealthProfessional/ 
  1. Katagiri R, Yamaji T, Sawada N, Iwasaki M, Inoue M, Tsugane S; Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study Group. Total, animal, and plant protein intake and pneumonia mortality in the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022 Mar 4;115(3):781-789. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34918031/ 
  1. Masters B, Aarabi S, Sidhwa F, Wood F. High-carbohydrate, high-protein, low-fat versus low-carbohydrate, high-protein, high-fat enteral feeds for burns. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jan 18;1(1):CD006122. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22258965/ 
  1. Alperovich M, Neuman MI, Willett WC, Curhan GC. Fatty acid intake and the risk of community-acquired pneumonia in U.S. women. Nutrition. 2007 Mar;23(3):196-202. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2293281/ 
  1. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Heart-Healthy Living – Choose Heart-Healthy Foods [Internet]. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; 2022 Mar 24 [cited 2025 Jun 10]. Available from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-healthy-living/healthy-foods 
  1. Rennard BO, Ertl RF, Gossman GL, Robbins RA, Rennard SI. Chicken soup inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro. Chest. 2000 Oct;118(4):1150-7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11035691/ 
  1. PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board. Selected Vegetables/Sun’s Soup (PDQ®): Health Professional Version. 2018 Aug 24. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. [cited 2025 Jun 10]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65862/ 
  1. Abuelgasim H, Albury C, Lee J. Effectiveness of honey for symptomatic relief in upper respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Evid Based Med. 2021 Apr;26(2):57-64. Available from: https://ebm.bmj.com/lookup/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=32817011 
  1. Hacioglu M, Dosler S, Birteksoz Tan AS, Otuk G. Antimicrobial activities of widely consumed herbal teas, alone or in combination with antibiotics: an in vitro study. PeerJ. 2017 Jul 26;5:e3467. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5533155/ 
  1. Brown RB. Sodium Toxicity in the Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutritional Immunology of COVID-19. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021 Jul 22;57(8):739. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8399536/ 
  1. Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Stress, food, and inflammation: psychoneuroimmunology and nutrition at the cutting edge. Psychosom Med. 2010 May;72(4):365-9. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2868080/ 
  1. Hooper L, Abdelhamid A, Ajabnoor SM, et al. Effects of fluid and drinking on pneumonia mortality in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2022 Feb;47:96-105. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8631606/ 
  1. Padhani ZA, Moazzam Z, Ashraf A, et al. Vitamin C supplementation for prevention and treatment of pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Apr 27;4(4):CD013134. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013134.pub2. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 18;11:CD013134. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7192369/ 

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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Human Papillomavirus (HPV): What Is It, Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention 

Introduction

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) prevalent globally. This virus primarily affects the skin and mucous membranes of the genital area, mouth, and throat, causing asymptomatic infections or growths called as warts. While most HPV infections resolve on their own without medical intervention, persistent infection with certain high-risk strains can lead to serious health issues, including certain cancers such as cervical, oropharyngeal (tonsils, base of tongue), anal, and penile cancers1,2. 

In India, HPV-related cancers pose a significant public health challenge. Projections for 2025 estimate approximately 121,302 new HPV-related cancer cases, accounting for 7.7% of the total cancer burden in the country (3.3% among males and 12.0% among females).3 Therefore, understanding the causes, symptoms, and prevention methods for HPV infections is crucial for reducing the risk of diseases caused by this virus and promoting public health. In this article, we will discuss what is HPV, and why is it something we should all be aware of!  

What is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)?

HPV belongs to a group of small, non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses known as papillomaviruses. It mainly infects the basal cells of the skin or mucous membranes, usually entering through tiny cuts or tears on the surface3.  

Once inside the basal layer of the skin (stratified squamous epithelium), the virus begins its life cycle. As the infected skin cells mature and move toward the surface, HPV replicates along with them.  

In some cases (especially with high-risk types like HPV 16 and 18) the virus can interfere with normal cell functions. These high-risk types may integrate with the  DNA of host cells, leading to the continuous production of proteins that block the body’s natural control over cell growth. Over time, this uncontrolled cell growth can lead to cancer, such as cervical cancer. 

On the other hand, low-risk HPV types (like types 6 and 11) are not linked to cancer occurrence, though they can cause conditions like genital warts3.  

Scientists have made major progress in understanding HPV, especially through genetic research, but there is still more to learn about how the virus behaves and changes over time4. 

Types of HPV

There are over 200 types of HPV viruses, and they are classified based on where they infect and the level of risk they pose. These types are broadly divided into: 

Non-mucosal Infection Site 

These infect the skin rather than the mucosal (tissue lining of organs) areas5,6,7: 

Mucosal Infection Site 

These infect the mucosal (tissue lining of organs) areas and are classified into two types: 

Low-risk HPV types: These conditions are non-cancerous but can be recurrent or obstructive and may require ongoing medical treatment:5,6,7 

High-risk HPV types: These types can cause pre-cancerous changes and cancers, especially5,6,7: 

Causes of HPV

The HPV virus is mainly spread when a healthy person comes in direct contact with an infected person. Common human papillomavirus causes/modes of transmission include: 

Symptoms of HPV

In most cases, human papillomavirus infection causes no symptoms and goes unnoticed, especially in the early stages. However, in some cases, HPV symptoms may appear due to warts or long-term complications of persistent infection: 

Note: Vaginal or anal bleeding may occur in advanced cervical/anal disease; however, this is not an early or direct symptom of HPV itself.  

Complications of HPV

HPV can lead to several serious health complications, particularly when caused by high-risk strains of the virus. While many human papillomavirus infections are asymptomatic and clear on their own, persistent infections can result in the following complications: 

Diagnosis and Testing for HPV

Since human papillomavirus infections are often asymptomatic, routine screening and specific diagnostic tests are essential, especially for women. While there is no general screening test for HPV in men, several tests can help identify HPV-related complications in both sexes. Common methods of HPV diagnosis include: 

Treatment and Management for HPV

There is currently no cure for human papillomavirus infection itself, but various treatment options are available for HPV-related conditions, including genital warts and HPV-associated cancers. 

Warts 

Warts caused by HPV can be managed using various methods, depending on their location, size, and the patient’s immune response. However, it’s important to note that there is no antiviral cure to eliminate the HPV virus itself. Most HPV infections are cleared naturally by the immune system within 1 to 2 years. Treatment focuses on removing visible warts and relieving symptoms, not eradicating the virus. Common treatment options include2,4: 

HPV-Related Cancers

If HPV infection progresses to cancer (such as cervical, anal, vulvar, penile, or mouth cancer), management involves2: 

Note: HPV-positive cancers, especially oropharyngeal cancers, generally have a better prognosis and may respond differently to therapy, which can influence treatment planning. 

Prevention Steps

While HPV is a quite common virus, several steps can significantly reduce the risk of infection and its complications. These measures include: 

1. Getting Vaccinated 

The HPV vaccine is the most effective way to avoid infection from the most harmful types of HPV virus, including those that cause genital warts and cancer. It is ideally given before the onset of sexual activity, typically recommended for children aged 9 to 14, with a 2-dose schedule. Older individuals (aged 27 to 45) may also benefit from vaccination based on risk factors and in consultation with their doctor11. 

2. Practicing Safe Sex 

Using condoms and protection during vaginal, anal, and oral sex also helps to reduce the risk of HPV transmission1. Additionally, limiting the number of sexual partners can also decrease the risk of exposure.  

3. Getting Regular Health Screenings 

Routine cervical cancer screening is recommended for women aged 21 to 65 years. This includes a Pap test every 3 years, or for women aged 30 and above, a combination of Pap test plus HPV co-testing every 5 years12. These screenings help detect early abnormal cell changes caused by HPV, allowing for timely intervention and prevention of cervical cancer. 

4. Educating Yourself and Others 

Increasing awareness about HPV transmission, symptoms, and prevention methods helps reduce stigma and encourages initiative-taking healthcare. Parents should also be informed about the benefits of HPV vaccination for their children. 

When to See a Doctor

Although many HPV infections clear on their own without causing symptoms, it’s important to seek medical attention if you: 

Conclusion

Human papillomavirus causes an cause warts and serious cancers, but most infections have no symptoms and clear on their own. Therefore, understanding what HPV is, what are the common HPV symptoms, and how to protect yourself through vaccination, testing, and awareness, are key to preserving long-term health and reducing the risk of serious complications.  

Vaccines protect against the high-risk cancer-causing types (like HPV 16 and 18) and some low-risk types that cause warts (like 6 and 11), but they do not treat existing infections. Additionally, regular testing helps detect early changes caused by HPV for timely treatment. Together, vaccination, testing, and awareness are key to reducing HPV-related health problems and protecting public health.

Also Read: HPV Vaccine: What is It, When to Be Taken, Importance & Side Effects 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

How long does it take for HPV to cause cancer? 

It can take several years, often 15 to 20 years, for a persistent HPV infection to develop into cancer1. 

What are the risk factors for acquiring HPV? 

Several factors can increase the risk of HPV infection, including early age at first sexual intercourse, having multiple sexual partners, smoking, long-term use of oral contraceptives (over 5 years), chewing betel nut, and exposure to radiation or ultraviolet (UV) light4.  

Can HPV be cured? 

There is no cure for the virus itself, but most infections clear naturally. Treatments are available for warts and precancerous changes2. 

How is HPV different from other STIs? 

HPV is unique because many infections cause no symptoms and clear on their own, but some types can lead to cancer, unlike many other STIs1. 

References

  1. World Health Organization. Human papillomavirus and cancer [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2024 Mar 5; [cited 2025 May 26]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer 
  1. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Human Papillomaviruses. Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2007. (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 90.) 1, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321770/ 
  1. Ramamoorthy T, Sathishkumar K, Das P, Sudarshan KL, Mathur P. Epidemiology of human papillomavirus related cancers in India: findings from the National Cancer Registry Programme. Ecancermedicalscience. 2022 Sep 7;16:1444. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9666279/  
  1. Luria L, Cardoza-Favarato G. Human Papillomavirus [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. 2025 Jan; [Cited May 26]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448132/ 
  1. Meites E, Gee J, Unger E, Markowitz L. Chapter 11: Human Papillomavirus. In: Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; [cited 2025 May 26]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-11-human-papillomavirus.html 
  1. Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska B, Rudnicka L. HPV Infections-Classification, Pathogenesis, and Potential New Therapies. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Jul 11;25(14):7616. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11277246/ 
  1. Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska B, Rudnicka L. HPV Infections-Classification, Pathogenesis, and Potential New Therapies. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Jul 11;25(14):7616. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/39062859/ 
  1. National Cancer Institute. HPV and cancer [Internet]. National Cancer Institute; [cited 2025 May 26]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer 
  1. Dunne EF, Park IU. HPV and HPV-associated diseases. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2013 Dec;27(4):765-78. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24275269/ 
  1. Okunade KS. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2020 Jul;40(5):602-608. doi: 10.1080/01443615.2019.1634030. Epub 2019 Sep 10. Erratum in: J Obstet Gynaecol. 2020 May;40(4):590. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31500479/ 
  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HPV vaccination recommendations [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; [cited 2025 May 26]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html 
  1. National Cancer Institute. Cervical Cancer Screening [Internet]. National Cancer Institute; [cited 2025 May 29]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/screening 

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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What Happens if Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) is High? 

Introduction

Your blood can reveal a lot about what’s happening inside your body, and there are several parameters which help detect the same. One such commonly used indicator is the ESR or Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, which helps assess the presence of inflammation or infection in the body.  ESR measures how quickly your red blood cells (erythrocytes) settle at the bottom of a test tube. When there is inflammation in the body, the red blood cells tend to clump with each other and settle more quickly, resulting in a higher ESR value. 

In this blog, let’s explore the causes of high ESR, what does high ESR indicates, how it’s diagnosed, and how to reduce ESR. But before that, let’s understand what ESR is, what the normal range looks like, and which values are considered abnormal.  

What is ESR?

ESR is a measure of how quickly your red blood cells settle to the bottom of a test tube, which is related to the presence of inflammation in your body. Inflammation is how your body reacts to injury, infection, or other health issues like immune disorders, certain cancers, or blood problems. 

Normally, red blood cells fall slowly, but when there’s inflammation, they stick together. These clusters are heavier, so they settle more quickly. The speed at which they fall helps doctors assess the level of inflammation. The faster the cells settle, the more inflammation is likely present. However, the ESR values do not reveal the exact cause of the inflammation2. 

ESR values along with a detailed history, physical examination and other investigations can help diagnose and monitor conditions that cause inflammation such as infections or autoimmune conditions. It can also help doctors track how well treatment is working2. 

Normal ESR Range

ESR is recorded in millimeters per hour (mm/hr). Its normal values are: 

Please note the normal values can differ based on factors like age, sex, overall health, and even the lab conducting the test3. 

Your ESR value gives information about the inflammation in your body. However, a value outside the typical range doesn’t always mean something is wrong. It’s best to talk to your doctor to understand what your results mean for you. 

What Does a High ESR Indicate?

A high ESR may point to several underlying conditions. It can be associated with infections, such as osteomyelitis (bone infection) or septic arthritis (joint infection), autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, or Inflammatory disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It may also be elevated during flares or relapses of chronic inflammation4, and specific conditions like pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, end-stage kidney disease, heart disease, and certain cancers3. 

However, a high ESR is not always due to inflammation. Certain non-inflammatory conditions can also affect it. For example, anaemia (low red blood cell count) makes RBCs clump more easily, which increases ESR4. 

While ESR is a helpful clue, it’s a non-specific test, meaning it doesn’t pinpoint the exact cause. Your doctor will consider it along with other tests and symptoms to understand what’s going on in your body. 

Common Symptoms of a High ESR

If your ESR is higher than normal, your body might be telling you something. Below are some common signs and symptoms that may be present along with a raised ESR:

While the symptoms associated with high ESR may seem non-specific at first, it is always advisable to seek medical help when you experience the earliest symptoms to diagnose your condition.   

Causes of High ESR 

ESR can be influenced by a variety of factors. For instance, women generally have slightly higher ESR values compared to men, and factors like aging and pregnancy can also contribute to an increase. However, certain medical conditions may also cause ESR levels to rise due to increased inflammation in the body. These illnesses may include3: 

While an elevated ESR can indicate the presence of underlying conditions, it is not a definitive diagnosis on its own. It is important to look at your full health picture, such as symptoms, history, and other tests to identify the cause of the inflammation. 

Risks of High ESR

If you’re wondering what happens if erythrocyte sedimentation rate is high for long, note that it means there is active inflammation in your body, especially when the underlying cause is undiagnosed and untreated. This can indicate an increased risk of certain medical conditions or higher chances of complications from persistent infections and inflammatory conditions, also possibly having a poorer prognosis (treatment outcome) in some cases. Let’s have a detailed look at these.  

It is important to receive timely high ESR treatment to manage the underlying causes and reduce the risks associated with high ESR. 

Diagnosis and Further Evaluation

To measure the sedimentation rate of red blood cells, an ESR test is done. This test makes use of a small sample of your blood which is placed in a test tube and watched for the settling of your red blood cells. There are several methods to perform the ESR test: 

While the ESR test helps doctors check if there is inflammation in the body, it doesn’t point to any specific condition. When checking your ESR results, do remember the following: 

Doctors always look at your ESR result along with your symptoms, physical examination results and other test findings. This helps them decide the right next steps for your care. 

Ways to Manage High ESR

If your ESR levels are high, it is important to identify the cause, which could be related to infection, autoimmune disorders, or other medical conditions. If you are wondering how to reduce ESR, here are some tips that can help reduce ESR levels: 

It’s important to talk to your doctor before making lifestyle changes to understand how to reduce high ESR and inflammation in your body. 

Conclusion

High ESR is an indicator of underlying inflammation in the body. It is linked to conditions like infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain cancers. While ESR is a non-specific tool that cannot be used for diagnosis on its own, it helps doctors detect inflammatory and certain non-inflammatory conditions in the body, as well as monitor the response to ongoing treatments. You can manage your ESR levels through a healthy diet, regular exercise, and lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking and limiting alcohol intake. But remember, if your results show abnormal levels of ESR, it is important to contact your doctor for a proper diagnosis and management plan.  

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What other tests can indicate inflammation besides ESR?

Just like ESR, C-reactive protein (CRP) is a test that shows there might be inflammation in the body4. 

Can ESR or CRP alone diagnose a disease? 

No. ESR is a non-specific test. This means it must be interpreted along with clinical symptoms and other diagnostic tests to know the actual cause of symptoms. CRP is more sensitive and specific for detecting acute inflammation compared to ESR1. 

Can medications affect ESR levels? 

Yes. Anti-inflammatory medications like NSAIDs22 or corticosteroids23 may lower ESR values, even if inflammation is present in the body, and other medications like biologics or immunosuppressants can elevate it. You must always take medication for managing your ESR as prescribed by your doctor. Never self-medicate. 

What conditions cause a low ESR? 

Low ESR levels can happen in conditions where there are too many red blood cells (like polycythaemia) and in blood disorders like sickle cell anaemia3. 

Can ESR be elevated in healthy individuals? 

Yes, ESR can be elevated in healthy individuals during pregnancy, aging, periods, or even due to lab errors3. 

References

  1. Healthdirect [Internet]. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test Canberra (AU): Healthdirect Australia. 2022 [cited 2025 Apr 24]. Available from: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/erythrocyte-sedimentation-rate-ESR-test 
  1. National Library of Medicine (US) [Internet]. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR): MedlinePlus Medical Test Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). [updated 2024 Dec 02] [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/erythrocyte-sedimentation-rate-esr/​ 
  1. Tishkowski K, Zubair M. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate [Internet]. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2025 Jan. [updated 2023 Apr 23] [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557485/ 
  1. Batlivala SP. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate and the C-reactive Protein Test [Internet]. Pediatrics in Review. 2009 Feb;30(2):72–74. [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://renaissance.stonybrookmedicine.edu/sites/default/files/ESR%20and%20CRP.pdf 
  1. Younger DS. Systemic vasculitis and headache. Curr Opin Neurol. 2023 Dec 1;36(6):631-646. doi: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000001223. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10624412/ 
  1. Baker JF, O’Dell JR. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis [Internet]. UpToDate. Waltham (MA): UpToDate; [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-differential-diagnosis-of-rheumatoid-arthritis 
  1. Elizabeth C, Hersch, Col, MC, et al. Prolonged Febrile Illness and Fever of Unknown Origin in Adults. Am Fam Physician. 2014;90(2):91-96. Available from: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=136408e2d4746d5a27f2288ba1a5ab77a990a30d  
  1. University of Rochester Medical Center [Internet]. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Rochester (NY): URMC. [cited 2025 Apr 24]. Available from: https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=167&contentid=erythrocyte_sedimentation_rate 
  1. Van Hecke O. Polymyalgia rheumatica – diagnosis and management. Aust Fam Physician. 2011 May;40(5):303–306. Available from: https://www.racgp.org.au/getattachment/fda350a5-7187-4e50-aa81-f02ebdf351ee/Polymyalgia-rheumatica.aspx  
  1. Nemeth E, Ganz T. Anemia of inflammation. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2014 Aug;28(4):671–681. doi: 10.1016/j.hoc.2014.04.005. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4115203/ 
  1. Chakraborty S, Dimaio D, Vanschooneveld T. Palpable maculopapular rash with elevated ESR: what is your diagnosis? Ups J Med Sci. 2013 Nov;118(4):285-6. doi: 10.3109/03009734.2013. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4190890/  
  1. Liang H, Xin M, Zhao L, Wang L, et al. Serum creatinine level and ESR values associated to clinical pathology types and prognosis of patients with renal injury caused by ANCA-associated vasculitis. Exp Ther Med. 2017 Dec;14(6):6059–63. doi:10.3892/etm.2017.5306. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5740565/  
  1. Andresdottir MB, Sigfusson N, Sigvaldason H, Gudnason V. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, an independent predictor of coronary heart disease in men and women: The Reykjavik Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2003 Nov 1;158(9):844–51. doi:10.1093/aje/kwg222. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14585762/ 
  1. Zhang YH, Guo LJ, Kuang TG, Zhu M, et al. Association between the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum C-reactive protein and risk of lung cancer. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2010 Jan;32(1):48–51. Chinese. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20211068/ 
  1. Tas F, Erturk K. Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate is associated with metastatic disease and worse survival in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma. Mol Clin Oncol. 2017 Dec;7(6):1142-1146. doi: 10.3892/mco.2017.1440. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5740825/#:~:text=A%20number%20of%20studies%20indicated,cancer%20(9)%2C%20had%20a  
  1. Poudel P, Lappin SL. Inflammatory Arthritis [Internet]. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2025 Jan. [updated 2023 Apr 17] [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507704/ 
  1. Louati K, Berenbaum F. Fatigue in chronic inflammation – a link to pain pathways. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:254. doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0784-1. Available from: Louati K, Berenbaum F. Fatigue in chronic inflammation – a link to pain pathways. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:254. doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0784-1. 
  1. Hulander E, Barebring L, Turesson Wadell A, Gjertsson I, et al. Proposed anti-inflammatory diet reduces inflammation in compliant, weight-stable patients with rheumatoid arthritis in a randomized controlled crossover trial. J Nutr. 2021 Dec 3;151(12):3856-3864. doi:10.1093/jn/nxab313. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8643575/ 
  1. Sedighiyan M, Abdollahi H, Karimi E, Badeli M, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation improve clinical symptoms in patients with Covid-19: A randomised clinical trial. Int J Clin Pract. 2021 Dec;75(12):e14854. doi:10.1111/ijcp.14854. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34516692/ 
  1. Ranjbar M, Rahimlou M, Fallah M, Djafarian K, Mohammadi H. Effects of vitamin D supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon. 2025 Mar;11(3):e42463. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42463. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844025008436  
  1. Alende-Castro V, Alonso-Sampedro M, Vazquez-Temprano N, Tuñez C, et al. Factors influencing erythrocyte sedimentation rate in adults: New evidence for an old test. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Aug;98(34):e16816. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000016816. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6716712/ 
  1. Hegg R, Lee AG, Tagg NT, Zimmerman MB. Statin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use is associated with lower erythrocyte sedimentation rate in patients with giant cell arteritis. J Neuroophthalmol. 2011 Jun;31(2):135-8. doi: 10.1097/WNO.0b013e31820c4421. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21358421/  
  1. McConkey B, Davies P, Crockson RA, Crockson AP, et al. Effects of gold, dapsone, and prednisone on serum C-reactive protein and haptoglobin and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1979 Apr;38(2):141-4. doi: 10.1136/ard.38.2.141. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1000338/  

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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Is It Possible to Increase Penis Size? Myths vs. Medical Facts

Introduction

Penis size is a common concern for many men, but it’s important to understand that size does not necessarily correlate with sexual satisfaction or performance[3]. While there are no exercises that can significantly increase the size of the penis, some practices can improve blood flow and contribute to better sexual health. It’s essential to approach any claims of penis enlargement with caution, as many are not supported by scientific evidence. Prioritizing general sexual health and fitness is the most reliable way to support sexual function.
What is the average penis size? How to get a bigger penis? If you are trying to find answers for these frequently searched questions- this article can help you with medically correct information.

How to Measure Penis Size?

You need some privacy, a clean ruler, a clean measuring tape or a non-stretchable string (for measuring the girth of penis).

Anatomy of the Penis

Main Parts of the Penis:

Internal Structure:

Understanding the Growth Of Penis

Factors Affecting Penis Size in Men

5 Exercises That Claim To Increase Penis Size

Penis stretching exercises have gained popularity over the years. People often search online- how to increase penis size? and start following the remedies and exercises given on the internet. But do not set your expectations high if you are planning to try exercises to make your penis big. Let’s read more about different exercises known to increase penis size and understand the scientific logic behind them-  

1. Massage Exercise

In this type of manual exercise, a safe lubricant is applied to the penis and massaged gently. This exercise is intended to stretch the skin of your penis which may aid in the enlargement of the penis.

Caution: Vigorous massaging can lead to tissue injury.

2. Penis Pump Exercise

This stretching device can be attached to the penis and it tends to create immediate erection. The device creates a vacuum and increases the blood flow to penis with the help of suction[2],[8].

Steps:

Caution: There are limited studies around the long-term effectiveness of such devices. Always consult your doctor before using any such device around your sensitive areas.

3. Jelqing Exercise

This is the most common form of exercise among men. It may help in improving the blood circulation to penis[1].

Steps:

4. Stretching Exercise

There is no scientific evidence that stretching exercises can increase penis size. This exercise is similar to milking a cow. This is a kind of jelqing exercise, but it uses only your thumb and index finger. 

Steps:

5. Kegel Exercise

Kegel exercises help strengthen the pelvic floor muscles and may support performance. Stay focused throughout the exercise[9].

How To Do?

Note: Before implementing any exercise or technique mentioned in this article, it is important to consult a urologist to understand the pros and cons of performing any exercise for penis. Incorrect practices may injure the penis.

Penoscortal rings are devices that may help in keeping an erection for a longer period and create the appearance of a larger penis. These rings fit around the base of the scrotum and penis, helping to keep the blood in the penis, which might make make it look bigger during sexual activities. However, it should be worn cautiously and after consulting a doctor, as it may also cause discomfort and injury.

Dr. Nayana Shetty, MBBS, MD

Can You Increase the Size of Your Penis Naturally?

While many products and techniques claim to increase penis size, there is little scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness. However, maintaining a healthy lifestyle can contribute to better overall sexual health, which might indirectly influence penis function and appearance.

1. Healthy Diet

A balanced diet rich in macro and micro nutrients, such as fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, is essential for overall health, including sexual health[10]. Proper nutrition supports blood flow and hormone levels, which are crucial for sexual function.

2. Regular Exercise

kegel exercise

Regular physical activity improves cardiovascular health, which is vital for maintaining proper blood flow. Exercises like Kegels specifically target the pelvic floor muscles, potentially improving sexual performance and penile function.

3. Weight Management

Maintaining a healthy weight can prevent conditions like obesity and diabetes, which are known to negatively impact sexual health. Excessive body fat can also reduce testosterone levels, leading to potential issues with libido and erectile function[11].

4. Sufficient Sleep

sufficient sleep

Adequate sleep is crucial for hormonal balance, including testosterone production. Poor sleep can lead to lower energy levels and reduced sexual desire, affecting overall sexual health.

5. Stress Management

mediation

Chronic stress can lead to hormonal imbalances, including reduced testosterone levels, which may impact sexual function. Techniques such as meditation, deep breathing, and yoga can help manage stress, promoting better overall and sexual health[12].

6. Avoid Smoking and Alcohol Consumption

no smoking

Smoking[13] and excessive alcohol intake can impair blood flow and lead to erectile dysfunction. Quitting smoking and moderating alcohol consumption are important steps in maintaining sexual health and overall well-being.

Penis Enlargement Products that Claim to Achieve Bigger Size

Various products are marketed as remedies for increasing penis size naturally. These can be dangerous to your health. Never consume or use anything for penis enlargement without consulting a doctor. Here are some popular examples that you need to be cautious about-

1. Pills

People often ask if Penis enlargement pills increase penis size? Often marketed as natural supplements, these pills claim to increase penis size by boosting blood flow or enhancing hormone levels. However, there is little scientific evidence to support their effectiveness, and some may contain harmful or unregulated ingredients.

2. Creams

These topical products claim to enlarge the penis by improving circulation or stimulating tissue growth. However, there is no reliable proof that they work, and they can sometimes cause skin irritation or serious allergic reactions.

3. Pumps

Vacuum pumps create temporary swelling by drawing blood into the penis, which can make it appear larger temporarily. While they can help temporarily with erectile dysfunction, they do not result in permanent size increase and overuse can lead to tissue damage.

Penis Enlargement Surgery

Penis-enlargement surgery (phalloplasty)[2] is rarely needed and is usually reserved for cases where the penis doesn’t function properly due to a congenital issue or injury. Some surgeons offer cosmetic procedures to enlarge the penis, but these are controversial and often deemed unnecessary by experts. There is a lack of sufficient research to fully understand the risks and benefits of these procedures.

A penis enlargement surgery can be involve any one of the following : 

To know more about the risks and benefits associated with surgery to increase penis size, consult a urologist and plastic surgeon.

Many people are not aware that filler injections might also help in increasing penis size. Studies have shown that using these fillers may lead to a modest increase in some, especially in the initial months. These injections may also improve erectile dysfunction in the long run. However, more studies are needed to validate these treatments for their effectiveness and safety.

Dr. Nayana Shetty, MBBS, MD

Stop Worrying About Penis Size. Here’s What Experts Have to Say!

Consult a psychiatrist and a urologist first. Many-a-times it’s not the size but the self doubt related to the normal size of penis that creates the entire problem. Consulting an expert can solve the problem. They may help you in understanding the following- 

Also Read: Things You Shouldn’t Do Before And After Sex

Conclusion

Worrying about penis size is common, but it’s crucial to remember that size doesn’t determine masculinity or sexual ability. Confidence in and acceptance of your natural size is key to a fulfilling and healthy sexual life. If you are constantly looking for options to increase penis size, if concerns about penis size are affecting your mental health or relationships, consulting a sexologist (MBBS, MD Psychiatry) can help address these issues and provide guidance on managing anxiety and self-esteem.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

When does a penis stop growing?

Your penis stops growing once you finish your puberty phase. However, it may vary from person to person. Usually, by the time you are 16 years old, your body and its parts should be close to your adult size.

Which foods are good for the penis?

You can have foods such as spinach, apples, avocados, carrots, oats and tomatoes, nuts and seeds along with a balanced diet. Good nutrition is  known to support overall sexual wellness.

Is penis enlargement surgery safe?

A penis enlargement surgery may add half an inch to the penis but does not change the actual length of the penis. Surgery can result in complications such as infection, scarring, and loss of sensation or function. A plastic surgeon can help you understand the risks vs benefits of undergoing a penis enlargement surgery after assessing your health.

Does height affect penis size?

No, height does not have a direct impact on penis size. Penis size is primarily determined by genetic and hormonal factors during fetal development and puberty, while height is influenced by different genetic and environmental factors. The growth of the penis is mainly governed by hormones like testosterone, whereas height is influenced by hormones like growth hormone and IGF-1. Therefore, variations in height do not correlate with variations in penis size, and each individual’s body proportions are unique and unrelated to one another.

Is there a correlation between penis size and sexual performance?

Penis size alone does not determine sexual performance. Sexual satisfaction involves various factors, including emotional connection, communication, technique, and understanding a partner’s needs and desires.

Can a small penis size cause sexual difficulties or performance anxiety?

Some individuals may experience performance anxiety or low self-esteem related to their perceived penis size. These concerns can affect sexual confidence and satisfaction. Open communication with a partner and seeking professional support, such as counselling or therapy, can be helpful.

Can penis size affect fertility or sexual health?

Penis size generally does not affect fertility or sexual health. Fertility is determined by factors such as sperm quality and reproductive health. Sexual health is influenced by overall well-being, emotional connection, and practising safe and consensual sexual behaviours.

Can age affect penis size?

The size of the penis generally remains stable throughout adulthood. However, with age, men may experience a decrease in testosterone levels, which can lead to reduced sexual desire and erectile function. These changes are typically unrelated to actual penis size.

Can losing weight increase penis size?

Losing weight may not directly increase penis size, but it can affect the visibility of the penis. As excess weight is lost, the pubic fat pad may become less prominent, making the penis appear more visible and potentially giving the illusion of increased size.

Is penis size genetic?

Yes, penis size has a genetic component, with factors such as genetics and hormonal influences playing a role in determining an individual’s natural size. However, environmental factors and overall health can also influence development.

Does creatine increase penis size?

There is no scientific evidence to suggest that creatine supplementation has any impact on penis size. Penis size is primarily determined by genetic and hormonal factors, while creatine is commonly used to enhance athletic performance and muscle strength.

Can apple juice grow your penis size?

There is no scientific evidence to support the idea that apple juice can influence penis size. Penis size is primarily determined by genetic and hormonal factors, and no specific food or drink has been proven to affect its growth.

What determines penis size?

Penis size is primarily determined by genetic factors, including the influence of hormones during fetal development. While genetics play a crucial role, environmental factors and overall health can also contribute to individual variations in penis size.

How to measure penis size?

To measure penis size accurately, use a ruler or measuring tape to measure from the base to the tip along the top side. Ensure the measurement is taken when the penis is fully erect for more reliable results.

Does testosterone increase penis size?

While testosterone plays a crucial role in sexual development, its impact on penis size during adulthood is limited. The growth of the penis primarily occurs during puberty, and testosterone influences overall sexual function rather than significant changes in size.

Do penis pumps increase size?

Penis pumps temporarily increase blood flow to the genital area, causing a temporary and modest size increase. However, the effects are not permanent, and the size change is typically temporary, diminishing after disuse.

How to make your penis bigger?

Achieving a larger penis size is challenging and often involves accepting one’s natural dimensions. Be cautious of products or methods claiming rapid results, as many lack scientific support. If concerned, consult a healthcare professional for advice on safe and evidence-based approaches.

References

  1. Gold Journal. Penile and Foreskin Stretching Practices Through Time and Culture.[Internet].Available from:https://www.goldjournal.net/article/S0090-4295(23)00183-8/fulltext 
  2. The Aesthetic Society.Penis Enlargement.[Internet].Available from:https://www.theaestheticsociety.org/procedures/genital/penis-enlargement 
  3. Eisenman R. Penis size: Survey of female perceptions of sexual satisfaction. BMC Womens Health. 2001;1(1):1. doi:10.1186/1472-6874-1-1. PMID: 11415468; PMCID: PMC33342. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33342/
  4. Habous M, Muir G, Soliman T, Farag M, Williamson B, Binsaleh S, et al. Outcomes of variation in technique and variation in accuracy of measurement in penile length measurement. Int J Impot Res. 2018 Feb;30(1):21–6. doi:10.1038/s41443-017-0013-3. Epub 2017 Nov 27. PMID: 29180797; PMCID: PMC8519169. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8519169/
  5. Sam P, LaGrange CA. Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Penis. [Updated 2023 Jul 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482236/
  6. Hong S, Choi W, Lee KW, Lee YT, Kwon T. Penile length and circumference: are they related to nose size? Transl Androl Urol. 2023 May 31;12(5):708–14. doi:10.21037/tau-22-869. Epub 2023 May 9. PMID: 37305632; PMCID: PMC10251097. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10251097/
  7. Nerli RB, Guntaka AK, Patne PB, Hiremath MB. Penile growth in response to hormone treatment in children with micropenis. Indian J Urol. 2013 Oct;29(4):288–91. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.120107. PMID: 24235789; PMCID: PMC3822343. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3822343/
  8. Hoyland K, Vasdev N, Adshead J. The use of vacuum erection devices in erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy. Rev Urol. 2013;15(2):67–71. PMID: 24082845; PMCID: PMC3784970. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3784970/
  9. Huang YC, Chang KV. Kegel Exercises. [Updated 2023 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555898/
  10. Yang H, Breyer BN, Rimm EB, Giovannucci E, Loeb S, Kenfield SA, Bauer SR. Plant-based diet index and erectile dysfunction in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. BJU Int. 2022 Oct;130(4):514–21. doi:10.1111/bju.15765. Epub 2022 Jun 9. PMID: 35484829; PMCID: PMC9474604. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9474604/
  11. Majzoub A, Elbardisi H, Madani S, Leisegang K, Mahdi M, Agarwal A, et al. Impact of body composition analysis on male sexual function: A metabolic age study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Jan 4;13:1050441. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1050441. PMID: 36686453; PMCID: PMC9846759. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9846759/
  12. Joshi AM, Arkiath Veettil R, Deshpande S. Role of Yoga in the management of premature ejaculation. World J Mens Health. 2020 Oct;38(4):495–505. doi:10.5534/wjmh.190062. Epub 2019 Sep 3. PMID: 31496152; PMCID: PMC7502310. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7502310/
  13. Kovac JR, Labbate C, Ramasamy R, Tang D, Lipshultz LI. Effects of cigarette smoking on erectile dysfunction. Andrologia. 2015 Dec;47(10):1087–92. doi:10.1111/and.12393. Epub 2014 Dec 29. PMID: 25557907; PMCID: PMC4485976. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4485976/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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PDW Blood Test: Understanding Its Purpose and Results

Introduction

The PDW blood test is a medical test that checks for size differences in blood platelets. The main function of platelets includes clotting and ensuring smooth blood flow in the body3.  

In this article, we will cover the basics of a PDW blood test. We’ll discuss why it’s done, how it’s done, and what the results mean. We will also touch on the connection between PDW and blood disorders tied to platelets. Lastly, we’ll share ways to get ready for a doctor’s visit for a PDW test. 

Overview of PDW Blood Test

The role of a PDW (platelet distribution width) blood test is to assess how well a person’s platelets are working whose main function is to create clots and aid in wound repair and stop blood loss3. 

What is PDW?

PDW test measures the size differences in platelets in a person’s blood. High PDW means that there is a range of platelet sizes, and low PDW suggests more similar sized platelets3. Knowing these variations helps doctors understand how a person’s platelets are functioning. 

Importance of PDW Blood Test

The purpose of doing a PDW blood test is as follows.  

How is the PDW Blood Test Performed?

A PDW blood test needs a blood sample from a vein in your arm or hand. Below we have described how to get ready for the test and what happens during the process.  

Preparing for the Test 

Typically, no unique preparations are needed for a PDW blood test. But if you’re also doing other tests on the same day, your healthcare provider may suggest some things. Always let your provider know about any drugs, vitamins, supplements, or herbal products you’re taking. This avoids an unexpected impact on test results.  

The Blood Test Procedure 

During the test, a medic places a small needle into a vein in your arm or hand to take blood. Once they get the sample, it’s sent to a laboratory for study. Though the test is quick and mostly painless, some people might feel dizzy or sick. Deep, slow breaths help lessen these feelings. Also, some people may feel slight pain or see bruises where the needle went in4. 

Understanding PDW Blood Test Results

1. Normal PDW Levels 

Normal PDW levels fall between 8 to 12 femtoliters. This indicates that your platelets are at peak performance and no medical action is needed3. 

2. Low PDW Levels 

Low PDW levels (below 8 femtoliters) could mean that a majority of your platelets are old or that your bone marrow is making fewer platelets than usual3. 

3. High PDW Levels 

High PDW levels (above 12 femtoliters) show higher levels of young platelets in the blood3.  

Platelet-Related Blood Disorders

With PDW blood tests, doctors can check for blood disorders tied to platelets. Two common types include thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) and essential thrombocythaemia (high platelet count). 

Thrombocytopenia (Low Platelet Count) 

Thrombocytopenia means you have too few platelets in your blood, which raises the risk of bleeding and bruising. Likely causes include problems with the immune system, some medications, and inherited diseases5. Doctors can diagnose it through blood tests, physical exams, and by looking at your medical history. 

Essential Thrombocythaemia (High Platelet Count) 

In essential thrombocythaemia, the bone marrow makes too many platelets. This overproduction could be due to gene changes or conditions like cancer. With too many platelets, your risk of forming blood clots increases. This could lead to serious issues like strokes or heart attacks6. 

Diagnosis and Management

After finding a blood disorder through PDW blood tests or other ways, it’s time to look at management choices. These help control symptoms and avoid likely issues. 

Diagnosing Blood Disorders

Diagnosing blood disorders often involves several steps. It starts with looking at your medical past, physical examination findings, and laboratory test results that matter. Depending on the suspected disease, you may need more blood or imaging tests. 

Step-by-Step Process:

A typical way to diagnose blood disorders might include the following steps.  

Additional Blood Tests:  

Doctors may recommend extra blood tests. These tests could be coagulation tests, complete blood count (CBC), or specialised tests like peripheral blood smear or quantitative immunoglobulins. 

Management Options 

The type of blood disorder, how severe it is, and its causes shape the management choices. Possible options could include the ones below. 

Complications of Platelet Disorders

Platelet disorders may bring forth different complications. These depend on the person and the exact disorder.  

Preparing for your Doctor’s Appointment

If your PDW blood test results are not normal, or you have symptoms that hint at a bleeding or clotting issue, it’s vital to book an appointment with your healthcare provider.  

What to Bring?

Here’s what to take to your doctor’s visit. 

Questions to Ask?

Try to ask these questions during your visit.  

Also Read: Natural Blood Thinners: Benefits, Risks, and Precautions

Conclusion

Knowing why PDW blood tests are done and what their results mean provides information on how a person’s platelets are working and the overall health of their blood. Noticing abnormal PDW levels is the key to finding possible blood disorders and their management options.  

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What factors can affect PDW test results? 

PDW test results can be affected by some drugs, temporary health issues, and age. Also, factors like low or high altitude, smoking, and high glucose levels can change PDW test results. 

What is the difference between PDW and MPV? 

PDW checks for size differences in platelets, while MPV tells the average platelet size in a blood sample. While both give vital information on how platelets are working, they show different sides of blood health. 

How important is a high or low PDW level, and under what circumstances should someone be concerned? 

High or low PDW levels alone may not mean much. But if these levels are not normal over time, or you have other symptoms, they could hint at a basic health issue that needs more tests and potential therapy. Talk to a healthcare provider if your PDW test results or symptoms tied to a platelet-related disorder worry you. 

Are there any foods or lifestyle changes that can help to normalise PDW levels? 

Eating a balanced diet full of vitamins, minerals, and anti-inflammation items may boost overall blood health. Regular physical activities, reducing or stopping alcohol and tobacco use, may also help make blood cells healthier. 

Are there any risks or side effects linked to PDW blood tests? 

Key risks tied to PDW blood tests include slight pain or bruises at the needle site and brief feelings of dizziness or sickness in some people. But these risks are few and don’t last long. 

References

  1. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Thrombocytopenia [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 13]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542208 
  2. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Platelet function and ageing – PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 13]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4935731 
  3. Tzur I, Barchel D, Izhakian S, Swarka M, Garach-Jehoshua O, Krutkina E, Plotnikov G, Gorelik O. Platelet distribution width: a novel prognostic marker in an internal medicine ward. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2019 Dec 14;9(6):464-470. Doi: 10.1080/20009666.2019.1688095. PMID: 32002150; PMCID: PMC6968671 Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6968671/
  4. WHO Guidelines on Drawing Blood: Best Practices in Phlebotomy. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. Annex F, Explaining the procedure to a patient. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK138658/
  5. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Platelet Disorders – Thrombocytopenia. NHLBI, NIH. [Internet]. Available from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/thrombocytopenia
  6. Ashorobi D, Gohari P. Essential Thrombocytosis. [Updated 2023 Aug 6]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539709/
  7. Armitage JO. Spleen. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Boston: Butterworths; 1990. Chapter 150. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK258/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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Does Masturbating Increase Risk of Prostate Cancer or Vice Versa?

Introduction

Discussing the pleasures and health benefits of certain solo endeavours may raise many eyebrows, such as in the case of masturbation and its association with prostate cancer. It is a malignant tumour of the prostate gland and is one of the main causes of death due to cancer in men worldwide. It is the third most common cancer in Indian men and has been linked to risk factors like vasectomy procedures, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and poor BMI1. Men will be glad to know that studies suggest that frequent ejaculation through intercourse or masturbation has health benefits, and lowering the risk of prostate cancer is one of them2. Contrary to popular belief, masturbation, if done in moderation, does not increase the risk of prostate cancer.

The Link between Masturbation and Prostate Cancer

Masturbation is a common sexual act that has been misunderstood and seen as taboo by society. It involves self-stimulation of the genitalia to achieve sexual release, orgasm, or ejaculation and feel sexual pleasure. People of all genders and sexual orientations can engage in this private activity. It can be both self or partner-assisted.

The ejaculate in men is essentially semen, which contains a large portion of the seminal fluid, a sperm-nourishing liquid. The prostate gland, which is found in men just below the urinary bladder, is responsible for producing this seminal fluid. Hence, the close link between masturbation and prostate cancer cannot be ignored2.

Regular masturbation can be beneficial for the prostate’s health, which can thereby reduce the risk of prostate cancer. Here are a few benefits of masturbation:

One of the most extensive studies was published in European Urology in 2016, in which over 31,000 males were followed for over 20 years. The researchers concluded that frequent ejaculators (irrespective of masturbation or intercourse) had lower prostate cancer rates than other males4.

The precise reason for the positive relationship between masturbation and prostate cancer is not entirely understood since the cancer of the prostate gland is multifactorial. Studies show prolonged contact between the cells of the prostate gland and their secretions, such as seminal fluid, which contains sufficient levels of zinc, phosphates, citric acid, and the male hormone di-hydrotestosterone (DHT), may accelerate the growth of cancer5. Hence, it may be derived that masturbation reduces the contact between the cells and fluids of the prostate gland. However, this fact has yet to be proven.

Other Factors That Affect Prostate Cancer Risk

There are several factors as mentioned below that affect the risk of developing prostate cancer. While some of these factors are beyond our control, knowing them can still help men make wise choices regarding their health6. 

The Benefits of Masturbation for Prostate Health

While the research on the specific benefits of masturbation for prostate health is still developing, several studies have been conducted to provide an overview of the psychological and physiological health advantages of masturbation and other sexual behaviours that cause ejaculation in men5,7. 

The following are a few potential advantages of masturbation for prostate health:

1. Reduces the Risk of Prostate Cancer

Masturbation and prostate cancer have an intricate relationship. As explained, prostate cancer risk can be decreased by ejaculations through sexual acts like masturbation5,7.

2. Stimulation of The Prostate Gland

Masturbation involves external genital stimulation, which indirectly affects the prostate gland. This stimulation may keep the gland active, induce the healthy formation of seminal fluid, and drain the fluid periodically. All of these processes are natural and necessary to maintain the health of a secretory gland5,7. 

3. Better Blood Flow to the Lower Abdomen and Groin

Sexual activity, including masturbation, improves blood flow to the genital area. An increase in blood flow can help the prostate gland function optimally by supplying it with oxygen and other vital nutrients5,7. 

4. Stress Relief and Happiness

Masturbation is a private, intimate, fulfilling, and pleasurable sexual activity that can help people unwind and reduce stress. Prostate difficulties and other health problems have been related to chronic stress. Masturbation may indirectly improve prostate health by lowering stress levels5,7. 

5. Masturbation Encourages Sexual Well-Being

Masturbation gives people a chance to know their bodies, sexual preferences, and reactions. Understanding sexual desires and pleasure can help with sexual self-awareness. Accepting your own sexuality and engaging in sexual behaviours that are pleasurable and satisfying, can both be beneficial for your sexual well-being5,7.

6. Ejaculation Affects Sperm Quality

Studies suggest that infrequent ejaculation can improve sperm count and volume, while frequent ejaculation can often enhance sperm quality, morphology, and DNA fragmentation (breakages and patterns in the genetic material of the sperm)8. 

7. Ejaculation Results in Better Sleep

Following an orgasm, your body releases oxytocin, a stress-reducing hormone, and blocks cortisol, a stress-inducing hormone. Research9 says that orgasms shorten the time it takes to fall asleep and enhance the quality of sleep. 

Conclusion

The inverse relationship between masturbation and prostate cancer clearly requires more scientific studies. In a country like India, it is still difficult for physicians to record a detailed history of self-stimulation or masturbation. There is a long way to go before doctors start prescribing ‘masturbation’ for better sexual health. The majority of factors that increase the chances of prostrate cancer, such as age and family history of the illness, are unchangeable. Hence, if there exists a natural and pleasurable way of reducing the risks of prostate cancer, then why not try it? 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

How many times should a man release sperm in a week?

The frequency of ejaculations varies greatly from person to person and is affected by factors like age, health, and sexual choices. There is no set quota or suggested frequency for ejaculation. However, excessive acts of masturbation could be bad.

Can ejaculating too much cause prostatitis?

An infection or inflammation of the prostate gland, known as prostatitis, is caused by bacteria or other elements. In some people, excessive intercourse, including many ejaculations, may cause momentary pain or annoyance in the prostate or pelvic region. A proposed reason for the symptoms of chronic Prostatitis/Chronic pelvic pain syndrome is frequent ejaculation-associated free radical and lactic acid accumulation, which results in noninfectious inflammation and muscle weakness, not prostatitis10. 

What aggravates prostate cancer?

Age, sedentary lifestyle, chronic stress, and processed food/ red meat are a few aggravating factors in prostate cancer. If you have a family history of prostate cancer, it is best that you stay away from these.

How can I naturally protect my prostate?

Maintain a healthy weight, avoid processed foods with preservatives, hydrate yourself better, exercise regularly and avoid self-medicating with hormonal supplements that may derange the levels of testosterone to keep your prostate healthy

What are the 5 warning signs of prostate cancer?

-Difficulty in the start of urination
-An interrupted flow of urine
-The desire to urinate multiple times, especially at night
-Pain while urinating
-Mild specks of blood in the urine and the semen

References

  1. Hariharan K, Padmanabha V. Demography and disease characteristics of prostate cancer in India. Indian J Urol. 2016 Apr-Jun;32(2):103-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4831497/
  2. Aboul-Enein BH, Bernstein J, Ross MW. Evidence for masturbation and prostate cancer risk: do we have a verdict? Sexual medicine reviews. 2016 Jul;4(3):229-34. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27871956/ 
  3. Leitzmann MF, Platz EA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Giovannucci E. Ejaculation frequency and subsequent risk of prostate cancer. Jama. 2004 Apr 7;291(13):1578-86. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/198487
  4. Rider JR, Wilson KM, Sinnott JA, Kelly RS, Mucci LA, Giovannucci EL. Ejaculation frequency and risk of prostate cancer: updated results with an additional decade of follow-up. European urology. 2016 Dec 1;70(6):974-82. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0302283816003778
  5. Levin RJ. Sexual activity, health and well-being–the beneficial roles of coitus and masturbation. Sexual and relationship therapy. 2007 Feb 1;22(1):135-48. Available from:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14681990601149197
  6. Bostwick DG, Burke HB, Djakiew D, Euling S, Ho SM, Landolph J, Morrison H, Sonawane B, Shifflett T, Waters DJ, Timms B. Human prostate cancer risk factors. Cancer: Interdisciplinary International Journal of the American Cancer Society. 2004 Nov 15;101(S10):2371-490. Available from: https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/cncr.20408
  7. Brody S. The relative health benefits of different sexual activities. The journal of sexual medicine. 2010 Apr;7(4_Part_1):1336-61. Available from:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01677.x
  8. Hanson BM, Aston KI, Jenkins TG, Carrell DT, Hotaling JM. The impact of ejaculatory abstinence on semen analysis parameters: a systematic review. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics. 2018 Feb;35:213-20. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10815-017-1086-0
  9. Lastella M, O’Mullan C, Paterson JL, Reynolds AC. Sex and sleep: Perceptions of sex as a sleep promoting behavior in the general adult population. Frontiers in Public Health. 2019 Mar 4;7:33. Available from:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00033/full
  10. Peng H, Chen Q, Tan Y. Frequent ejaculation associated free radical and lactic acid accumulation cause non-infectious inflammation and muscle dysfunction: a potential mechanism for symptoms in Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome. Med Hypotheses. 2009 Sep;73(3):372-3. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19435656

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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Pneumonia: Types, Symptoms, Characteristics & More!

Introduction

Pneumonia is a respiratory infection that affects the lungs. It can range from mild to severe and is caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Pneumonia is a common illness that affects millions of people every year, and it can be especially dangerous for young children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems. Let us discuss and learn more about the different types of pneumonia, their symptoms, and their characteristics1.

Types of Pneumonia

There are several types of pneumonia that can cause respiratory distress and discomfort. Let us see more about in detail:

1. Bacterial Pneumonia

Bacterial pneumonia is a type of lung infection that is caused by bacteria. There are a few types of bacterial pneumonia, they include:

Causes

Bacterial pneumonia is caused by different types of bacteria like: 

Symptoms

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia involves clinical evaluation, laboratory evaluation, and radiological evaluation.

2. Viral Pneumonia

Viral pneumonia is a condition where the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs are inflamed due to a viral infection or immune response5.

Causes

Viral pneumonia is caused by different types of viruses like: 

Symptoms

Symptoms of viral pneumonia develop gradually over several days:

Symptoms of viral pneumonia in newborns and infants:

Symptoms of viral pneumonia in older adults and people with serious illnesses or weak immune systems:

Diagnosis

Diagnosing viral pneumonia is important because there are specific treatments available. While history and physical examination may not provide a definitive diagnosis, laboratory tests can help identify the virus causing the pneumonia. Some common diagnostic tests for viral pneumonia are:

3. Mycoplasma Pneumonia

Mycoplasma pneumonia is a type of bacteria that can infect people and cause respiratory infections, including pneumonia. While it typically affects the upper respiratory system, it can also lead to more serious lung infections6.

Causes

Symptoms

Symptoms commonly associated with Mycoplasma pneumonia include:

Symptoms usually appear within 1 to 4 weeks after the bacteria has infected the body8.

Diagnosis

4. Fungal Pneumonia

Fungal pneumonia is a type of lung infection caused by certain types of fungi. It usually affects people who have weakened immune systems or chronic health problems, or who have been exposed to fungi from contaminated soil or bird droppings9.

Causes

Symptoms

Fungal pneumonia can cause symptoms that develop gradually over several days or weeks. They include:

Diagnosis

5. Aspiration Pneumonia

When food or liquid is inhaled into the lungs or airways as opposed to being swallowed, it leads to aspiration pneumonia11.

Causes

Here are the causes of aspiration pneumonia:

Symptoms

Diagnosis

The following tests are used to diagnose aspiration pneumonia:

Prevention of Pneumonia

1. Vaccinations

2. Good Hygiene

Having good hygiene is an important step in the prevention of pneumonia. 

3. Lifestyle Changes

Here are some lifestyle changes you can make to prevent pneumonia:

Treatment for Different Types of Pneumonia

Also Read: Pneumococcal Vaccine: Types, Side Effects, and Who Needs It

Conclusion

In conclusion, understanding the different types of pneumonia is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment. Identifying the specific type of pneumonia and its underlying cause is essential for selecting the appropriate treatment plan. Although some types of pneumonia can be prevented with vaccines and good hygiene practices, anyone can still contract pneumonia, and it is vital to seek medical attention if you experience symptoms.

References

  1. Pneumonia [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 12]. Available from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/pneumonia#:~ 
  2. Pahal P, Rajasurya V, Sharma S. Typical Bacterial Pneumonia. [Updated 2022 Aug 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534295/ 
  3. Association AL. Pneumonia symptoms and diagnosis [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 12]. Available from: https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/symptoms-and-diagnosis 
  4. Sattar SBA, Sharma S. Bacterial Pneumonia. [Updated 2022 Aug 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513321/ 
  5. Freeman AM, Leigh, Jr TR. Viral Pneumonia. [Updated 2022 Jul 4]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513286/ 
  6. Abdulhadi B, Kiel J. Mycoplasma Pneumonia. [Updated 2023 Jan 16]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430780/ 
  7. Association AL. What causes pneumonia? [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 12]. Available from: https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/what-causes-pneumonia 
  8. What is Aspiration Pneumonia? [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 12]. Available from: https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient-information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/aspiration-pneumonia#:~: 
  9. Association AL. Preventing pneumonia [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 12]. Available from: https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/preventing-pneumonia 
  10. Prevention [Internet]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; [cited 2023 May 12]. Available from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/prevention#:~: 
  11. Treatment [Internet]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; [cited 2023 May 12]. Available from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/treatment#:~ 

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability, or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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Penile Cancer: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

Introduction

Cancer appears as a solid tumor (lump) that is malignant1. Penile cancer is a cancer of the penis (the external part of the male urinary and reproductive system). The cells present in the tissues of the penis give rise to different types of penile cancer.

Depending upon the type of cell affected in the penis, the type of penile cancer is determined. Following are the type of penile cancers: Squamous cell cancer, Melanoma, Basal cell cancer, Adenocarcinoma (Paget’s disease of the penis), and Sarcoma2.  Penile cancers can start in any part of the penis. 

Most commonly it has been found to begin on the head or foreskin of the penis.  This cancer goes untreated in many individuals since it is associated with psychological distress. Males suffering from this type of cancer often delay seeking medical opinion because they fear and suffer embarrassment4 . Males who are over 55 years are most often detected with penile cancer. However, people who are under the age of 40 can also develop this type of cancer.

Did you know?

Signs and Symptoms of Penile Cancer

Irrespective of the type of penile cancer, mostly the foreskin and the tip of the penis (glans) get affected. Therefore, penile cancer symptoms are first visible on this part of the penis5.

Signs of penile cancer are listed as under:

The following are the symptoms of penile cancer: 

Causes of Penile Cancer

Penile cancer is a rare form of cancer that starts in the tissues of the penis. The exact cause of penile cancer is not clear, but several factors have been identified that may increase the risk of developing this type of cancer:

Risk Factors for Penile Cancer

Risk factors are not the factors causing penile cancer but these factors increase the chance of occurrence of developing penile cancer. Below are some of the risk factors3:

Diagnosis of Penile Cancer

Upon visiting the doctor following diagnostic protocols are carried out to understand the developing penile cancer in an individual. The mean age of diagnosis of penile cancer is at the age of 60 years4.

Treatment of Penile Cancer

Treatment strategy for penile cancer depends on the size of the tumour, cancer stage, spread of the cancer, and its likelihood of relapsing after the treatment3. Often, treatment options are combined to have maximum therapeutic effect, following is a list of treatments that might be employed for treating penile cancer: 

In my experience, a healthy skin cell may become a cancer cell when you have penile cancer. Uncontrolled cancer cell growth results in the formation of a tumour that pushes the healthy cells aside. As time passes, cancer cells have the potential to invade further organs and tissues in your body. I strongly recommend routine complete body checkups for those who have a family history of cancer3.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Treatment for a mild form

Treatment for a severe form

Prevention of Penile Cancer

Following are the possible preventive measures7:  

Complications of Penile Cancer

Penile cancer complications are like any complication that arises due to surgical incidents such as:  

Did you know squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) makes up 95% of penile cancer cases? This type of cancer develops in the epithelium that is the top layer of your skin. Different types of tissues may develop other forms of penile cancer: basal cell carcinoma (BCC), melanoma, and sarcoma. Out of these, the malignancy melanoma is more dangerous3.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S M.D (Ayu)

When to See a Doctor

One should visit the doctor if the following conditions are observed. As a regular practice, one should look for the mentioned changes that occur in and around the penis: 

Conclusion

Penile cancer, though rare, is a serious condition that requires timely recognition and treatment. The stigma, fear, and lack of awareness surrounding male reproductive health often lead to delayed diagnoses, affecting outcomes. Understanding the symptoms, risk factors, and causes, especially the role of HPV and poor hygiene can empower men to take preventive steps early on.

Fortunately, with advancements in diagnostics and treatment, many cases can be managed effectively when detected in time. Maintaining proper genital hygiene, avoiding tobacco, practicing safe sex, and not ignoring unusual symptoms are key pillars of prevention. If you notice any persistent changes in or around the penis, do not hesitate to consult a doctor. Early action can make a significant difference, not just in treatment success but also in overall well-being and quality of life.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

How quickly do we need to decide on treatment for penile cancer? 

As soon as your doctor confirms penile cancer, treatment strategies should be discussed with the doctor.  

Can a person with penile cancer have sex or have children after treatment?

Most men can typically have an erection and continue their sexual life normally after the cancerous area has been removed (wide local excision)9. Most men can typically have an erection and continue their sexual life normally after the cancerous area has been removed (wide local excision)9.

Will treatment affect how I urinate?

Penile tissue is kept alive during many cancer therapies. This means that your penis finally recovers to resemble its pre-treatment appearance almost exactly. You’re still able to urinate when standing10.

For penile cancer, do I need to see any other types of doctors?

A surgical oncologist, a urologist who focuses on urinary tract issues, a medical oncologist, and a radiation oncologist are frequently on a penile cancer team.

How long does it take me to recover from the treatment?

This occurs often 7 to 14 days following your operation11.

References

  1. What is Cancer? | Cancer Basics | American Cancer Society [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/what-is-cancer.html
  2. What Is Penile Cancer? [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/penile-cancer/about/what-is-penile-cancer.html
  3. Symptoms and Causes Diagnosis and Tests Management and Treatment Prevention Outlook / Prognosis Living With Ad [Internet]. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6181-penile-cancer
  4. Engelsgjerd JS, Lagrange CA. Penile Cancer Continuing Education Activity [Internet]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499930/
  5. Symptoms Penile cancer Main symptoms of penile cancer [Internet]. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/penile-cancer/symptoms/
  6. Causes of penile cancer – NHS [Internet]. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/penile-cancer/causes/
  7. Penile Cancer: Risk Factors and Prevention | Cancer.Net [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/penile-cancer/risk-factors-and-prevention
  8. Can Penile Cancer Be Prevented? [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/penile-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html
  9. Sex and relationships | Penile cancer | Cancer Research UK [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/penile-cancer/living-with/sex-relationships
  10. Penile Cancer: Symptoms, Stages & Treatment [Internet]. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6181-penile-cancer
  11. After surgery | Penile cancer | Cancer Research UK [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/penile-cancer/treatment/surgery/after-surgery

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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Best Home Remedies For Lipoma

Introduction

A lipoma is a round or oval-shaped tissue mass that develops right under the skin. It composed of fat and moves easily when touched and rarely causes any discomfort. Lipomas can form in any body part, although the back, torso (trunk), arms, shoulders and neck are the most common parts. 

Lipomas are slow-growing, soft tissue tumours that are typically benign (non-cancerous). In some cases, they may be mistaken for liposarcomas, which are rare malignant tumours; however, liposarcomas usually present differently and require specialist evaluation2. 

Most lipomas don’t require treatment unless symptomatic. If a lipoma bothers you, you can consult a doctor and get it operated on. 

What Causes Lipoma?

what is lipoma, Picture

According to healthcare professionals, the exact cause of lipoma development remains unclear. However, they often have a genetic link, if a family member has a lipoma, your risk of developing one is higher. 

Several conditions are also known to be associated with the formation of multiple lipomas, such as: 

Symptoms of Lipoma

Lipomas are usually not painful, although they can be bothersome if they push against a nerve or form near a joint. Many patients with lipomas do not experience any symptoms. Lipomas are typically encapsulated and they do not disseminate to the surrounding tissues. 

Home Remedies for Lipoma

While scientific evidence supporting the effectiveness of home treatments for lipomas is limited, some traditional practitioners believe that certain herbs and plant-based ingredients may offer benefits for managing the condition. Below is a list of popular natural remedies to consider but keep in mind that none of these can cure or prevent lipomas. 

1. Include a Diet Rich in Omega-3 Fatty Acids

omega-3

To support your body and reduce inflammation, include healthy fats, especially omega-3 fatty acids, in your meals. These essential fats are known to calm inflammation and promote overall wellness. At high enough levels, omega-3s help reduce inflammatory compounds in the body, such as cytokines and reactive oxygen species, which may play a role in fatty tissue growth. 

Natural sources of omega-3 fatty acids include wild-caught salmon, sardines, flaxseeds, walnuts, chia seeds, and hemp seeds. You can eat them directly or use their oils in cooking or homemade remedies. When used consistently, these nutrient-rich fats can support the body’s natural balance and may help reduce discomfort linked to lipomas5. 

2. Incorporate Blood Orange to Your Diet

blood orange

Bioactive compounds found in Moro orange extract (found in blood orange) have demonstrated lipolytic effects, meaning they help break down fat cells. Studies6 suggest that these compounds, particularly anthocyanins like cyanidin-3-glucoside, may support the reduction of abdominal fat by enhancing fat metabolism and reducing the accumulation of fat in adipose tissue. This makes Moro orange extract a potential natural aid in managing localized fat deposits, including those seen in conditions like lipomas. 

3. Include Apple Cider Vinegar as a Detox Drink

apple cider vinegar
Image Source: freepik.com

Apple cider vinegar is rich in acetic acid, has been studied for its potential to reduce fat accumulation and support metabolism. Research7 on obese rats and mice suggests that acetic acid may help prevent fat buildup in the body. To gently support your system, consider a daily detox drink that includes apple cider vinegar along with natural ingredients like ginger and raw honey. This combination may aid in overall detoxification and offer subtle support in managing fatty growths like lipomas. 

3. Make Dietary Adjustments

berries

Adjusting your diet may help support the body’s natural balance in individuals with lipomas. Brightly coloured fruits and vegetables are rich in antioxidants, which may help lower fat levels in the blood and reduce oxidative stress. Prioritise foods like berries, leafy greens, and carrots for their vibrant nutrient content8,9. 

Focus on eating natural, minimally processed foods to reduce exposure to environmental toxins and synthetic additives. Lastly, reduce alcohol consumption and avoid smoking, as both can negatively impact overall health and potentially worsen fatty tissue imbalances. 

When to Seek Professional Help?

lipoma removal, Picture

Consult a doctor if you notice a skin outgrowth, lump, or knot beneath your skin. It’s critical to get it checked and rule out any dangerous illnesses like liposarcoma (a type of cancer)2.  

If you have a lipoma and experience any symptoms, such as acute discomfort, consult the doctor immediately. In case your lipoma is developing quickly (over weeks), feels firm or doesn’t move as readily when touched, you must seek medical attention. Your physician will physically examine the lipoma to determine the right treatment for it. 

Also Read: Natural Home Remedies for Blood Clots

Conclusion

Lipomas are common and affect millions of individuals. While they can be bothersome or cosmetically unappealing, they rarely lead to serious health problems. Most lipomas don’t require treatment, but it’s important to have them evaluated by a healthcare professional. If a lipoma causes pain or shows rapid growth, be sure to consult your doctor. When removal is necessary, lipomas are typically taken out through minimally invasive surgical procedures. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Where do lipomas usually grow? 

Lipomas can form in any part of the body. Although multiple lipomas can grow, most people only have one. These mostly form just beneath the skin on the following areas:
-Arms or legs
-Back
-Neck
-Shoulders
-Trunk (chest and torso)
-Forehead 

What is the procedure for treating lipomas? 

If a lipoma causes discomfort or concern, the doctor can surgically remove it. Lipoma removal is a simple and quick procedure and in most cases, patients are able to return home the same day. As an alternative, liposuction may be considered. In this procedure, a physician uses a thin, hollow instrument to extract fatty tissue from the lump. The choice of treatment depends on the size, location, and nature of the lipoma, and should be discussed with a qualified medical practitioner. 

Are lipomas prevalent? 

Lipomas are common and affect about one in every 1,000 people. Lipomas more frequently occur in people between the ages of 40 and 60 but can occur at any age, including at birth. Lipomas are found in both men and women, though some studies2 suggest that they are more prevalent in women. 

References

  1. Bhatted S, Verma P, Latika. Clinical management of lipoma with Triphala Kala Basti—A case study. J Indian Syst Med. 2020 Jul–Sep;8(3):225–9. doi:10.4103/JISM.JISM_68_20. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/jism/fulltext/2020/08030/clinical_management_of_lipoma_with_triphala_kala.9.aspx 
  2. Yee EJ, Stewart CL, Clay MR, McCarter MM. Lipoma and Its Doppelganger. Surgical Clinics of North America [Internet]. 2022 Aug [cited 2025 Jun 3];102(4):637–56. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35952693/  
  3. Kasta RK, Pradhan AK, Giri P, Sahoo PK. Ayurveda treatment of nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis through Ksharasutra: A case report. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2024 Nov-Dec;15(6):101031. doi: 10.1016/j.jaim.2024.101031. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11696782/  
  4. Marzyńska D, Żaba R, Lacka K. Lipomas: genetic basis of common skin lesions and their occurrence in rare diseases. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2023 Aug;40(4):481–6. doi: 10.5114/ada.2023.129529. PMID: 37692275; PMCID: PMC10485760. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10485760/
  5. Calder PC. n−3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition [Internet]. 2006 Jun 1 [cited 2025 Jun 3];83(6):1505S1519S. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/83/6/1505S/4633275  
  6. Briskey D, Malfa GA, Rao A. Effectiveness of “Moro” Blood Orange Citrus sinensis Osbeck (Rutaceae) Standardized Extract on Weight Loss in Overweight but Otherwise Healthy Men and Women—A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients [Internet]. 2022 Jan 18 [cited 2025 Jun 3];14(3):427. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8838101/ 
  7. Beh BK, Mohamad NE, Yeap SK, Ky H, Boo SY, Chua JYH, et al. Anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects of synthetic acetic acid vinegar and Nipa vinegar on high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. Scientific Reports [Internet]. 2017 Jul 27 [cited 2025 Jun 3];7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5532206/  
  8. Shmerling RH. Apple cider vinegar for weight loss: Does it really work? Harv Health Blog Staying Healthy. Updated June 15, 2023 [Internet]. Boston (MA): Harvard Health Publishing; [cited 2025 Jun 9]. Available from: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/apple-cider-vinegar-diet-does-it-really-work-2018042513703
  9. Batta AK. OBESITY AND BALANCED NUTRITION. 2016 Aug 12 [cited 2025 Jun 3];2016,(3 (4),):330–40. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314306858_OBESITY_AND_BALANCED_NUTRITION  

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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Food Choices for Hernia: What to Eat and Avoid

Introduction

Hernia is a condition that can affect anyone. It often develops when a weak spot in your muscles or fatty tissues pushes internal organs through and can lead to a noticeable bulge or swelling on the skin. Hernia can also cause severe pain. While there are various types of hernias, the most common in men is the inguinal hernia, where a portion of the intestines pushes through the inguinal canal near the groin or inner thigh area. 

Managing your diet is important if you have a hernia. The right foods can help ease symptoms and prevent complications, while others may worsen your condition. This article covers the best & worst food options for better hernia management[5].

Friendly Reminder: The information shared here is for educational purposes only and the reader should consult a registered medical practitioner before implementing any changes to their health routine.

9 Best Foods to Help Manage Hernia

1. Non-citrus fruits

source: freepik.com

Fruits like bananas, apples [1], pears, and melons are good sources of nutrients and fibre. An increased fibre intake is necessary for smoother bowel movements and to avoid undue pressure on weak areas.

2. High-fibre greens

source: freepik.com

Spinach[8], green peas, methi (fenugreek), water spinach, and mustard leaves are excellent leafy green fibre options. Compared to other foods, these greens contain vitamins and minerals.

3. Fibre-rich veggies

source: freepik.com

Carrots, sweet potatoes and cucumber are three high-fibre veggies to add to your diet. With more fibre, you can decrease your risk of constipation and ease the pressure your intestines undergo.  

4. Lean protein

source: freepik.com

Protein is an essential nutrient for repairing and building tissues in the body. Many animal protein sources contain unhealthy fats, which can contribute to obesity. Increased weight can stress out your digestive system and strain your hernia further. Lean protein like skinless chicken, some fish, yoghurt, beans, lentils, sprouts salad, and low-fat milk can increase your protein intake without boosting your fat levels[1]. 

5. Healthy oils

source: freepik.com

Certain oils contain high levels of trans fats that are very unhealthy for your overall health. Unhealthy cooking oils may also be involved with digestive issues and heartburn, both of which are bad news for people with a hernia. Opt for healthier oils like olive and coconut oil wherever possible.  

6. Whole grains

source: freepik.com

Whole grains are the best alternative to refined grains, flour and food items. Refined grains and their flour are often called empty carbs since they bring no fibre to your diet. Whole grains, on the other hand, are rich in nutrients and fibre[8].

7. Oatmeal

source: freepik.com

Oatmeal has numerous health benefits, including a high fibre content. However, oatmeal also benefits people with a hernia by being a low-acidic food. Acidic foods can increase your symptoms, but with oatmeal, you can decrease the chance of this occurring[8].

8. Water

source: freepik.com

Water is required for nearly every cell in your body to function normally and is especially essential for smooth digestive function. Make sure you drink enough water every day without drinking too much at one time. Too much water in a short period can result in bloating and this may be painful if you have a hernia.  

9. Mild seasoning

source: freepik.com

Nobody enjoys bland food, but when you have a hernia, you need to pay extra attention to the seasoning you use when preparing your food. Do not add excessive amounts of spicy, acidic powders since these can increase your pain when passing stools.  

In my experience, I have observed that avoiding acidic condiments like tomato sauce can be beneficial for patients with hernia. These foods have the potential to irritate the hernia and worsen symptoms such as heartburn and regurgitation[6]. Based on what I’ve seen, I would advise you to opt for non-acidic alternatives to minimise discomfort and support your overall digestive health.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Foods to Avoid with Hernia

1. Large Meals

Eating a large portion of meals[7] puts sudden pressure inside your stomach, which may result in more pain from your hernia, particularly hiatal and umbilical hernias[2].

Did you know that eating a large meal can sometimes contribute to the occurrence of strangulated hernias? Strangulated hernias involve a segment of bowel becoming trapped and experiencing reduced blood supply, and the increased volume from a large meal can potentially aggravate this complication. So, it’s important to be mindful of portion sizes and maintain a healthy diet to minimise the risk of hernias.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

2. Citrus foods

Citrus foods can increase your risk of acidity and similar conditions (like GERD), which can affect hernia symptoms. Be cautious while consuming citrus and sour food[3]. 

3. Alcoholic beverages

Excessive consumption of alcoholic[4] beverages can lead to a host of health issues as well as digestive problems. Alcohol is a diuretic, meaning it makes your body pass more water than usual. You may end up dehydrated due to this, which can negatively impact your digestive system and any associated symptoms of hernia[3]. 

4. Too much fibre

Although most people can benefit from more fibre in their diet, some foods contain excessive amounts of this nutrient. Mushrooms, cabbage, broccoli, onions, garlic, carbonated beverages and chewing gum may all contribute to higher levels of fibre and gas. In general, these should be avoided or limited as much as possible. 

5. Fried foods

Wherever possible, saute, boil, or bake your food rather than deep-frying it. This will decrease your fat intake and be healthier for your digestive system.

Over the years, I have found that it is beneficial for patients with hernias to eat their meals at least three to four hours before lying down. I would also suggest to perhaps avoid bedtime snacks. When you lie down immediately after eating or consume snacks before bed, it can increase the pressure in the abdomen, potentially worsening the symptoms of a hernia.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

Hernia-Friendly Recipes to Try

When managing a hernia, choosing easy-to-digest, nutritious meals is key. Opt for simple recipes like khichdi, upma, dalia, dhokla, idli, and vegetable soups, all prepared with minimal oil and spices. While there aren’t many strict restrictions, focusing on healthy, easily digestible foods can help ease your symptoms. Here are two recipes you can try:

1. Veggie Oats Upma

2.  Spinach-Banana Smoothie 

Conclusion

Avoiding certain food items plays a major role in managing Hernia, by reducing the risk of stomach problems, and supporting digestion. Nutrient-packed foods that support immunity and reduce inflammation can be beneficial. While diet won’t cure your hernia, it can help you manage it better. It’s always better to check with your doctor before making any changes to your diet or lifestyle.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Does alcohol make a hernia worse?

Alcohol, smoking and diabetes[4] have all been linked to the weakening of the cremaster muscle (which supports the testicle). This may worsen your existing hernia or increase the risk of developing one.

Is walking good for a hernia?

Yes, walking strengthens your body, especially your muscles and can encourage fewer symptoms. Walking may also be part of your recovery after hernia surgery. 

References

  1. The Hospital of Central Connecticut. The best diet for managing a hiatal hernia. The Hospital of Central Connecticut. Available from: https://thocc.org/about/news-press/news-detail?articleId=53912&publicid=395
  2. Doncaster and Bassetlaw Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. Hiatus hernia. Doncaster and Bassetlaw Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; 2017. Available from: https://www.dbth.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/WPR31230-hiatus-hernia.pdf
  3. Johns Hopkins Medicine. Hiatal hernia. Johns Hopkins Medicine. Available from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/hernias/hiatal-hernia
  4. Módena SF, Caldeira EJ, Peres MA, Andreollo NA. Influence of tobacco, alcohol and diabetes on the collagen of cremaster muscle in patients with inguinal hernias. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2016 Nov-Dec;29(4):218-222. doi: 10.1590/0102-6720201600040002. PMID: 28076473; PMCID: PMC5225858. [cited 2025 Feb 25]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5225858/
  5. InformedHealth.org [Internet]. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. Overview: Hernias. [Updated 2023 Dec 13; cited 2025 Feb 25]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK395554/
  6. Veterans Health Library. What Is a Hiatal Hernia? In: Veterans Health Library [Internet]. [cited 2025 Feb 25]. https://www.veteranshealthlibrary.va.gov/3,82162
  7. MedlinePlus. Hiatal hernia. In: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [Internet]. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine; [cited 2025 Feb 25].  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001137.htm
  8. Herdiana Y. Functional food in relation to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Nutrients. 2023 Aug 15;15(16):3583. doi: 10.3390/nu15163583. PMID: 37630773; PMCID: PMC10458865. [cited 2025 Feb 25]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458865/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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