Cancer is considered one of the major health concerns worldwide. Cancer can affect any organ or tissue, and based on these, the causes, symptoms, and treatments can vary from case to case. Though not all cancers are preventable, adopting some healthy lifestyle habits and limiting the known risk factors can help in reducing the risk of developing certain types of cancers. This blog helps you understand what cancer is, its risk factors, how to prevent cancer, its diagnosis, treatment and when to seek medical advice to avoid unnecessary concerns and make informed decisions about one’s health.
Cancer is a disease in which certain cells in the body grow and multiply uncontrollably. In the human body, a natural process takes place as new cells are formed along with the removal of old, damaged cells. Normally, this process is controlled by many factors and in cancer, this normal mechanism is disturbed, which leads to the increased growth and multiplication of damaged cells.
Cancer cells behave differently from normal cells with regard to the processes involved in cell growth, division, repair, death and response to body’s immune system1.
Did You Know?
Cancers are caused by changes (mutations) in genetic materials which control the normal cell division process1. Several factors can control this, and avoiding these can help in the prevention of cancer occurrence. However, not every cancer is preventable, as some factors are non-modifiable, such as age and family history. However, 30%-50% of deaths due to cancer can be prevented by avoiding the risk factors and adopting evidence-based measures3.
Factors which might put a person at an increased chance for being affected by cancer are termed risk factors. These include:
Increasing age is considered one of the common risk factors of cancer. However, the age at which cancer may develop can vary based on the type of cancer. Cancers affecting the breast, colon, lung, and prostate usually occur around 63-72 years of age, while cancers like leukaemia are more common in children4.
Certain cancers can run in families through the passing down of genetic changes, which might increase the risk of cancer from their parents. This does not mean that cancer itself is passed down from the parents; rather, the changes in genes that put the person at an increased risk can be passed5.
Alcohol intake is linked with mouth, throat, liver and breast cancers. While, there is no completely risk-free level of alcohol consumption with to respect to cancer, the risk can be higher for those people who drink alcohol along with the use of tobacco6.
Certain infectious agents can increase the risk for developing cancer. Some viruses act by disturbing normal cell proliferation, and some infections might lead to weaker immunity and thereby to cancer. Viruses such as Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV), Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), human T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV-1) and a bacterium named Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) might increase the risk of certain cancers. Certain parasitic flatworms can also be involved in cancer development7.
High-energy radiation such as X-rays and gamma rays is most involved in the incidence of certain cancers. Some of the diagnostic procedures, including X-rays, computed tomography (CT), or positron emission tomography (PET) scans, might produce small changes in cells, though the risk for developing cancers is limited. Low-energy radiation such as that from cell phones and visible light has not proved to induce cancers in humans8. Radiotherapy on the other hand, intentionally uses high doses of ionizing radiation and can cause DNA damage to normal tissues; however, its benefits usually outweigh the long-term secondary-cancer risk when appropriately indicated.
Inflammation that lasts for a prolonged period might be caused by some infections, certain conditions such as obesity and abnormal immune reactions. The changes induced by these can also be reflected in DNA abnormalities and thereby lead to cancer. Chronic inflammatory diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease can increase the risk of developing colon cancer9.
Hormones such as oestrogen are found to be associated with an increased risk for developing cancers, though they possess some normal functions in the human body. Evidence highlights the risk of breast cancer in women is more linked with the production of hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone from their ovaries. Long exposure to these hormones from early menstruation (menarche) and late permanent stoppage of monthly periods (menopause), delayed pregnancies and no history of any childbirth can be considered risk factors10.
In healthy individuals, under normal physiologic conditions, certain types of cancer cells can be detected by the body’s immune system, which tries to eliminate these abnormal cells. But, in people who have undergone organ transplants, certain immunosuppressive medicines are given to avoid rejection by the body. When these immunosuppressive drugs are taken, or under in case of certain infections like HIV, which weakens the immune system, these cells fail to detect the cancer cells. In HIV affected people, most cancers caused by certain viral infections are seen, although some non-infectious related cancers such as lung cancers can also be seen11.
Obese people are more prone to get affected with cancers of the breast, colon, rectum, kidney cancer, pancreas and gallbladder, although some other factors can also contribute to the development12.
Ultraviolet radiation (UVA and UVB) in sunlight is considered an inducing factor of cancer development. These radiations can accelerate skin ageing and cancers. People of any skin tone can develop skin cancer; however, people with a light skin tone are more prone to develop it13.
Use of tobacco is considered one of the common causes of death due to cancers. People who use tobacco or who are constantly exposed to environmental tobacco smoke might develop cancer due to the presence of certain chemicals in it. They are more prone to develop lung, mouth, throat, kidney, liver, stomach, colon and rectum cancers. Smokeless tobacco is involved in inducing mouth cancers, and it increases the risk of oesophageal or pancreatic cancers14.
Certain chemicals in the environment, including the ones in the air, water, food or in the materials we use, might cause some DNA damage. Some of these can be avoided, such as tobacco smoke, radiation, and UV rays. Other substances that might also cause cancer are arsenic, cadmium, radon, untreated mineral oils, etc. However, chances of developing cancers depend on many other factors, including the exposure duration and amount15.
These risk factors can be modifiable, that is those which can be altered by adopting some healthy lifestyle measures, or nonmodifiable, those which cannot be controlled. While nothing can be done about the nonmodifiable factors, reducing exposure or avoiding the modifiable risk factors might be helpful in cancer prevention.
Limiting or avoiding the modifiable risk factors along with adopting the evidence-based preventive measures are beneficial in preventing the deaths associated with certain cancers. The complications associated with these cancers can also be reduced by timely detection and early initiation of management strategies:
Avoiding all forms of tobacco, including smoking and smokeless tobacco is advised16.
Achieving a healthy weight can help in preventing obesity associated cancers16.
A diet including a lot of fruits and vegetables is recommended16.
Intake of alcohol can be seen linked with many cancers, such as mouth, throat, liver and breast and avoiding it can help in preventing the associated cancers6.
Regular exercise can help in prevention16. For adults, aiming for at least 150 minutes of moderate activity or at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity activity weekly is recommended17.
Also Read: Can Exercise Reduce The Risk Of Cancer?
Vaccinations against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) can be beneficial in preventing the cancers caused by them3.
Limiting sun exposure, particularly between mid-morning and late afternoon, can be beneficial in preventing UV-induced cancers. Wearing a hat that covers the face, neck and ears, wearing sunglasses when under sunlight, and wearing dresses with long sleeves and pants are preferred. Application of sunscreen with sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30 and 30 minutes before going outside is recommended. Reapplication every two hours or after swimming or sweating can provide an added advantage13.
Also Read: Can Sunscreen Cause Cancer? What the Research Says
Reducing unnecessary exposure to radiation from occupational sites or following safe medical use of radiation in diagnosis and management can help in the prevention of certain cancers8.
No single test is available to detect cancer. Your doctor can diagnose cancer by sequential diagnostic methods. However, these tests can vary from person to person based on the type of cancer and their symptoms18:
Note: Specific screening tests for selected cancers also need to be considered such as mammography for breast cancer, HPV testing for cervical cancer screening, sputum cytology for lung cancer, colonoscopy for colorectal screening etc.
Screening and early detection can reduce cancer mortality for selected cancers.
Many types of cancer treatments are available, and the type of treatment for one person may vary from another based on the type of cancer and how advanced it is. Most people will have a combination of treatments, though some have only one. These can include19:
Certain common myths about cancer might lead to unnecessary concerns and related anxieties, which can lead to other complications. These myths can sometimes delay evidence-based preventive measures, timely identification and management strategies20:
Also Read: Early Warning Signs of Cancer You Should Know
If you notice any unusual symptoms such as new lumps, persistent fatigue or fever, unexplained weight loss or any changes that are not normal or if you are worried that these could be signs of cancer, you need to consult a doctor.
Cancer is considered one of the major health burdens worldwide. Cancer is considered the abnormal growth and multiplication of certain cells following certain mutations in associated genes. Cancer can affect any organ, and there can be several cancers which vary in their causes, symptoms, preventive measures, and treatment modalities. Having proper awareness about cancer can avoid unnecessary concerns and can help in timely medical evaluation and taking appropriate management measures.
Also Read: 10 Foods to Include in Your Diet for Lowering Your Cancer Risk
Though all cancers are not completely preventable or treatable, certain types of cancers can be prevented by adopting some healthy lifestyle measures such as limiting alcohol and tobacco, being physically active, avoiding UV radiation from sunlight and maintaining a healthy weight21. If persistent anxiety about cancer is affecting daily life, consulting a doctor is recommended.
Antioxidants are beneficial in preventing the damage caused by free radicals associated with cancer. However, limited evidence is available regarding the role of antioxidants in preventing the development of cancer. Some studies have shown an increased risk for cancer development linked with antioxidant usage22.
Regular exercise can help alter some risk factors associated with cancer occurrence. Being physically active can help maintaining a healthy body weight and lower inflammation, which have been linked to cancer development3.
Certain vaccines against hepatitis B and human papillomavirus (HPV) might help prevent the cancers that are caused by these viruses3. However, these vaccines might not prevent all cancers.
Autophagy is a natural process that occur in cells which involve transportation of cell components to lysosomes for their digestion. Autophagy is involved in several processes associated with cancer. It can limit cell death and inflammation and the spreading of tumour cells to other sites in the body. In contrast, it can also promote the invasion of tumour cells to new sites in its later stages. So, the role of autophagy as a lethal or protective factors are needed to be explored further23.
1. What Is Cancer? – NCI. September 17, 2007. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer
2. Cancer. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer
3. Cancer. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.who.int/health-topics/cancer
4. Risk Factors: Age – NCI. April 29, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/age
5. The Genetics of Cancer – NCI. April 22, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics
6. Risk Factors: Alcohol – NCI. April 29, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/alcohol
7. Risk Factors: Infectious Agents – NCI. April 29, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents
8. Risk Factors: Radiation – NCI. April 29, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/radiation
9. Risk Factors: Chronic Inflammation – NCI. April 29, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/chronic-inflammation
10. Risk Factors: Hormones – NCI. April 29, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/hormones
11. Risk Factors: Immunosuppression – NCI. April 29, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/immunosuppression
12. Risk Factors: Obesity – NCI. April 29, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/obesity
13. Cancer Risk Factors: Sunlight – NCI. April 29, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/sunlight
14. Risk Factors: Tobacco – NCI. April 29, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco
15. Cancer-Causing Substances in the Environment – NCI. March 18, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/substances
16. Dart H, Wolin KY, Colditz GA. Commentary: Eight Ways to Prevent Cancer: a framework for effective prevention messages for the public. Cancer Causes Control CCC. 2012;23(4):601-608. doi:10.1007/s10552-012-9924-y https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3631124/
17. Physical activity. Accessed August 26, 2026. https://www.who.int/initiatives/behealthy/physical-activity
18. Tests and Procedures Used to Diagnose Cancer – NCI. March 9, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/diagnosis
19. Types of Cancer Treatment – NCI. July 31, 2017. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types
20. Common Cancer Myths and Misconceptions – NCI. January 18, 2023. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/myths
21. Risk Factors for Cancer – NCI. April 29, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk
22. Risk Factors: Diet – NCI. January 31, 2024. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet
23. Bhutia SK, Mukhopadhyay S, Sinha N, et al. Autophagy: Cancer’s Friend or Foe? Adv Cancer Res. 2013;118:61-95. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-407173-5.00003-0 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4349374/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Do you often feel unusually tired, unwell, or uncomfortable in your upper abdomen without knowing why? Many women may link these changes to stress or hormonal fluctuations. However, they can also be signs of fatty liver disease, especially when risk factors such as weight gain, diabetes, high cholesterol, polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS), or menopause are present1. This blog explains the common symptoms of fatty liver in women, why they may happen, and when to speak with a doctor.
Fatty liver disease means there is excess accumulation of fat within liver cells, exceeding 5%–10% of total liver weight, a condition called steatosis2,3. The liver produces bile, which helps digest fats and supports the absorption of fat-soluble substances, stores energy, and metabolises waste products from the body2. Excess fat accumulation can cause inflammation of the liver and may lead to swelling of the liver cells due to fat deposition, scarring (also known as liver fibrosis), or long-term liver damage in the form of cirrhosis if it is not managed3.
Fatty liver disease is renamed steatotic liver disease. The common forms are:
Fatty liver can affect both women and men. In women, the risk may increase with hormonal changes after menopause and with conditions such as PMOS, which can be linked to insulin resistance and weight gain. If fatty liver is not managed, it can progress in some people to liver inflammation, injury to the liver cells, or liver failure5.
Fatty liver disease often has no clear symptoms, and hence it is important to screen for MASLD6. When symptoms do occur, they may be mild and easy to confuse with other health issues. Symptoms may very rarely include:
Symptoms that may suggest more serious liver damage/end stage liver disease, requiring urgent medical care, include:
Several factors can increase a woman’s risk of developing fatty liver disease. These include:
Doctors diagnose fatty liver disease based on a person’s medical history, symptoms, and other associated risk factors such as concomitant alcohol use or chronic viral hepatitis, physical examination, and test results. They may recommend:
Treatment mainly focuses on healthy lifestyle changes and managing related health conditions. The goal is to reduce fat in the liver, lower the chance of scarring, and improve overall health. It is recommended to start the following:
If you are overweight, gradual and steady weight loss can reduce liver fat. Even modest weight loss (target of 0.7-1 kg/ week while maintaining a sustainable diet) may help, and larger sustained weight loss may improve liver swelling and scarring in some people5,9.
Inherently, a staple Indian diet lacks protein; hence, incorporating adequate protein helps counteract the quantity of fat and carbohydrate intake, in turn leading to a balanced meal. A balanced diet with vegetables, fruits, whole grains, pulses or lean proteins, and healthy fats can support liver health. It is helpful to abstain from alcohol- there is no “safe limit” of alcohol it is not recommended in small quantities, sugary drinks, sweets, fried foods, processed foods, and foods high in saturated fat. Quitting smoking is also important for overall health9.
Activities such as brisk walking, cycling, swimming, along with strength exercises can help improve blood sugar control, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and weight. Many guidelines suggest aiming for about 150 minutes of moderate activity or 75 minutes of intense physical activity each week, if your doctor says it is safe for you9.
Managing conditions such as type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and PMOS can help reduce the risk of fatty liver progression5,9.
Follow-up tests may be recommended to track liver health and check for any signs of progression.
Speak with a doctor if you have:
Fatty liver disease in women often has no symptoms at first, but it can become serious if it is not managed. Knowing your risk factors, maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet, staying active, and abstaining from alcohol can help protect your liver. Regular check-ups are especially important for women with diabetes, PCOS, obesity, high blood pressure, or high cholesterol.
Also Read: Best Exercises for Fatty Liver You Should Try
Yes, fatty liver can be asymptomatic (without any specific symptoms) in both men and women during the early stages. However, when symptoms occur, women may experience fatigue, a general feeling of being unwell, or abdominal discomfort1,11.
Yes, PMOS can increase the risk of fatty liver, as it is associated with insulin resistance, weight gain, hormonal changes, etc5.
Yes, menopause can increase the risk of fatty liver disease, as the decline in oestrogen levels during this phase is associated with increased fat accumulation in the liver5.
Women with fatty liver should limit foods high in sugar, unhealthy fats, and refined carbohydrates, as they can increase fat buildup in the liver. Examples include sugary drinks, sweets, processed foods, and fried foods9.
Fatty liver symptoms in females are generally similar to those in males, but many people may not experience symptoms in the early stages11. However, women may have certain risk factors, such as menopause and PMOS, that can increase their likelihood of developing fatty liver disease5.
Fatty liver disease may cause bloating or a feeling of fullness in some people. However, weight gain is generally a risk factor for fatty liver, rather than a direct symptom of the condition5.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Hypertension means an increase in blood pressure, i.e., greater than 140/90 mmHg. This happens when the blood pushes against the arteries at high pressure. People with hypertension may not feel any symptoms. But very high blood pressure can cause headaches, chest pain, and blurred vision. Severe hypertension can cause major complications like heart disease, stroke, etc1.
Appropriate treatment is important to prevent complications of hypertension, and the condition usually requires long-term treatment2. Since high blood pressure requires long-term treatment, generic high blood pressure medicines can help reduce the treatment cost and encourage patients to take medicines consistently, leading to better blood pressure control3.
A generic drug is an approved form of the brand drug that mimics the branded drug in its safety, effectiveness, dosage and route of administration4. Many people with high blood pressure prefer switching from branded medicines to generics, which provide the same clinical effect at a lower cost. As hypertension is a long-term disease condition, affordability plays an important role in helping patients take their medications regularly. Doctors recommend generic medicines when an approved generic medicine is available in the market.
Reasons to switch to generic hypertension drugs can be as follows5:
There are several types of generic high blood pressure medicines available. Each belongs to a different drug class and lowers blood pressure in a different way. Your doctor will choose the most suitable medicine based on your blood pressure, age, overall health, and other medical conditions. As per the regulatory authorities, these medicines are categorized as follows6,7:
How do they work?
These medicines reduce the production of a hormone called angiotensin II, which normally causes constriction of blood vessels.
How do they work?
Instead of reducing the production of angiotensin II, ARBs prevent it from attaching to its receptors. This keeps blood vessels relaxed and helps lower blood pressure.
How do they work?
These medicines reduce the amount of calcium entering the muscle cells of the heart and blood vessels. As a result, blood vessels relax, making it easier for blood to circulate.
How do they work?
Diuretics help the kidneys remove extra salt and water from the body through urine. This reduces the amount of fluid in the blood vessels, lowering blood pressure.
How do they work?
Reduces the heart rate and the force of heart contraction. This helps reduce blood pressure.
Generic medicines used to treat high blood pressure are considered safe, effective, and reliable once they have been approved by regulatory authorities. Before a generic medicine becomes available to patients, it undergoes a thorough scientific evaluation to confirm that it performs in the same way as the original brand-name medicine. This means it must contain the same active ingredient, be available in the same strength and dosage form (such as a tablet or capsule) and be administered in the same way. It must also show that the body absorbs and uses the medicine similarly to the branded product, ensuring that patients receive the same blood pressure-lowering effect.
In addition to proving effectiveness, manufacturers must comply with strict quality standards during production. Every batch of an approved generic medicine is expected to meet the same manufacturing, purity, and quality requirements as the corresponding brand-name medicine. Therefore, patients can use approved generic blood pressure medicines with confidence, knowing they provide effective blood pressure control at a more affordable cost4,5.
All blood pressure medicines have side effects. Mild side effects may improve over time. Some of the common side effects of blood pressure medicines include8:
Contact your healthcare provider as soon as you observe any side effects. Changes in the dose of the medicines can help reduce the side effects. Do not stop or skip any medicines on your own.
The following are a few tips to be considered while taking generic high blood pressure medicines9:
Although hypertension has no symptoms, regular blood pressure check-ups are important. Regular monitoring by a healthcare professional is particularly needed if you have factors that increase your risk of having hypertension, like a sedentary lifestyle, an unhealthy diet typically high in sodium, excessive body weight, smoking or alcohol habit, or a family history.
Immediate medical attention may be needed in the following situations:
Also Read: Generic Medicines for Diabetes: Options, Safety and How Much You Can Save
Generic high blood pressure medicines play an important role in the treatment of hypertension. They provide the same therapeutic benefits at a reduced cost as compared to branded medicines. This helps patients to take the medicines regularly, improving medication adherence. Patients should take medicines as prescribed, not stop/change medicine on their own, monitor their blood pressure regularly and adapt lifestyle changes along with medication for optimal management of hypertension. Keeping a check of warning signs is important to avoid any complications.
Also Read: Are Generic Medicines Effective for the Elderly?
Yes. Generic blood pressure medicines are as effective as brand-name medicines. They have the same active pharmaceutical ingredient, strength, dosage form, etc. Regulatory authorities ensure that generic medicines are safe and effective as brand-name medicines3,5.
The commonly prescribed generic medicines for blood pressure are ACE Inhibitors, Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers, Calcium Channel Blockers or Diuretics6. Your doctor decides which is the best suited for you.
No. Do not stop or skip your blood pressure medicine without consulting your doctor. A normal blood pressure reading often means that your medicine is working effectively. Stopping treatment suddenly can cause your blood pressure to rise again, increasing the risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney disease, and other complications8.
Yes. In most cases, you can safely switch from a brand-name medicine to its approved generic equivalent after discussing it with your doctor. Generic medicines are designed to provide the same clinical effect as brand-name medicines while being more affordable. However, always consult your doctor before making any changes to your medication to ensure the generic medicine is appropriate for your individual health needs11.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Have you ever noticed changes in your bowel habits, blood in your stool, unexplained abdominal discomfort, or ongoing tiredness and wondered if it could be bowel cancer? These symptoms can have many causes and may occur with a number of benign (non-cancerous) diseases, but it is important not to ignore them when they persist1. This article explains everything you should know about bowel cancer in a simple and easy-to-understand way.
Large bowel cancer, also called colorectal cancer, is a type of cancer that develops in the large intestine1. The large intestine includes parts like the colon and rectum, which help the body process waste before it leaves the body2. Bowel cancer usually begins when abnormal cells in the inner lining of the bowel (intestine) grow and multiply in an uncontrolled manner. Over time, these cells can form a growth called a tumour and may spread to other parts of the body if not treated1.
Did You Know?
The different types of bowel or colorectal cancers include:
The stage of bowel cancer describes how far the cancer has grown or spread. Bowel cancer is generally divided into Stages 0 to IV:
Note: The exact stage is determined using test results, including examination of the tumour and lymph nodes. The stage may be further divided into Stages 2, 3 and 4 and into sub-stages based on the extent of spread.
Bowel cancer symptoms in early stages are minimal. However, symptoms can be more noticeable in the later stages and include:
Bowel cancer does not usually have one single cause. It develops when changes occur in the DNA of bowel cells, causing them to grow and divide abnormally. These changes can build up over time and may eventually lead to cancer. Important causes include:
A risk factor is something that increases the likelihood of a disease. The risk factors for bowel cancer include:
Note: Although these factors increase the risk of developing the disease, having one or more of them does not necessarily mean that a person will develop bowel cancer or that people with none of these risk factors may not develop bowel cancer. Bowel cancer may also occur in people who have no known risk factors.
Bowel cancer is diagnosed using a combination of medical history, physical examination and tests. The doctor may use the following strategies to diagnose a bowel cancer:
Bowel cancer treatment depends on factors such as the location and stage of the cancer, its size and the person’s overall health. Doctors may use one treatment or combine several approaches.
Surgery is an important treatment for many colorectal cancers, and it may be performed during different stages of the cancer as needed. The surgeon removes the cancer along with an appropriate area of surrounding tissue. Nearby lymph nodes will also be removed and examined. The healthy ends of the bowel are then joined back together.
Examples: Hemicolectomy or total colectomy. In case of polyps (which may be precancerous) polypectomy or endoscopic submucosal dissection can be performed for complete & safe removal.
This treatment uses medicines that destroy cancer cells or stop them from multiplying. It may be given in different forms, such as an injection or tablets to be taken orally. Chemotherapy may be done after surgery to reduce the risk of cancer returning, before surgery in selected cases (to shrink the tumour), or for advanced disease.
Examples of chemotherapy medicines: Leucovorin, capecitabine, and oxaliplatin.
This method uses high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be external (radiation is given using a machine, outside the body, to the area where cancer is present) or internal (sending radioactive waves directly into the cancer cells or near them). It may be given before or after surgery depending on the need.
This treatment uses specific medicines that act on specific cancer cells. The doctor may choose the type of medicine based on the biomarker test. It may be given alone or with chemotherapy.
Examples of targeted therapy medicines: Encorafenib, bevacizumab, and panitumumab.
This method uses medicines that help the immune system recognise and attack cancer cells. The doctor may choose the type of medicine based on the biomarker test. It may be suitable for certain colon cancers with specific characteristics.
Examples of immunotherapy agents: Ipilimumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab12.
Note: When colorectal cancer has spread to the distant organs, treatment may include a combination of chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and surgery or other local treatments in selected patients. The treatment plan is individualised based on the area of spread of cancer.
Although not all bowel cancers can be prevented, certain lifestyle changes may help reduce its risk. These include:
Note: These lifestyle measures may help lower the risk of bowel cancer, but they cannot guarantee that cancer will be prevented. Some people may develop bowel cancer even after following a healthy lifestyle.
It is important to seek medical advice if you have any of the following:
You may require urgent medical attention if you have symptoms like heavy bleeding through the rectum, bloody diarrhoea, and severe abdominal pain1,8.
Also Read: Is Bowel Leakage a Sign of Cancer?
Understanding the meaning of bowel cancer can help you recognise the disease and its warning signs early. Regular screening, a healthy lifestyle and timely medical advice can lower the risk and support early detection. If you notice ongoing changes in your bowel habits or other unusual symptoms, consult a doctor without delay.
Survival depends on how early the cancer is found. When detected before its spread, the 5-year survival rate can be around 91%13.
Yes, bowel cancer can be cured, especially when it is found and treated early. The chances of cure depend on the cancer’s stage, type and how well it responds to treatment3.
Bowel cancer can run in families, but not all bowel cancer is inherited. Having a close family member with bowel cancer may increase your risk1,3.
Increased gas or flatulence alone is usually not a sign of bowel cancer and can happen due to diet or other digestive problems. However, if it is persistent and occurs with blood in the stool or lasting changes in bowel habits, consult a doctor14.
Constipation does not always mean bowel cancer. However, constipation that is new, persistent or occurring with blood in the stool, weight loss or ongoing abdominal pain should be checked by a doctor1,8.
Yes, bowel cancer and colorectal cancer generally mean the same thing; cancer that develops in the colon or rectum, which are parts of the large intestine1.
Regular or heavy alcohol use can increase the risk of bowel cancer. The risk tends to increase further as alcohol intake increases1,10.
Yes, smoking can increase the risk of bowel cancer. Risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked1,10.
Weight gain is not a typical sign of bowel cancer. Unexplained weight loss is more commonly associated with the disease. However, people with increased weight have a higher chance of getting bowel cancer1,8.
Back pain is not usually an early sign of bowel cancer. However, some people with bowel cancer may experience back pain if there is spread to the vertebrae/spine15.
Bowel cancer can sometimes cause pain or discomfort around the anus, particularly when the cancer affects the anus. However, conditions such as piles or anal fissures are more common causes of pain in the anus16.
Men and women may have many of the same bowel cancer symptoms, such as changes in bowel movements, blood in the stool, and stomach or abdominal pain. Women are more likely to develop cancer on the right side of the bowel, where symptoms may be less common. Signs such as anaemia and ongoing abdominal discomfort may occur, so the condition can sometimes go unnoticed until it becomes more advanced17.
1. Bowel cancer (colon and rectal cancer). Healthdirect. 2025. Accessed August 17, 2026. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bowel-cancer
2. Large intestine. NCI. Accessed August 17, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/large-intestine
3. Colorectal cancer. WHO. Accessed August 17, 2026. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/colorectal-cancer
4. Shivshankar S, Patil PS, Deodhar K, Budukh AM. Epidemiology of colorectal cancer: A review with special emphasis on India. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2025;44(2):142-153. doi:10.1007/s12664-024-01726-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39928255/
5. Grades and types of bowel cancer. Cancer Research UK. 2024. Accessed August 17, 2026. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/stages-types-and-grades/grades-and-types
6. What Is Colorectal Cancer? American Cancer Society. 2024. Accessed August 17, 2026. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/about/what-is-colorectal-cancer.html
7. Stages, types and grades of bowel cancer. Cancer Research UK. 2024. Accessed August 17, 2026. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/stages-types-and-grades
8. Symptoms of bowel cancer. NHS. 2023. Accessed August 17, 2026. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowel-cancer/symptoms/
9. Colorectal Cancer: An Overview. NCBI Bookshelf. Accessed August 17, 2026. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK586003/
10. Risks and causes of bowel cancer. Cancer Research UK. 2025. Accessed August 17, 2026. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes
11. Tests for bowel cancer. Cancer Research UK. 2024. Accessed August 17, 2026. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/getting-diagnosed/tests-bowel-cancer
12. Colon cancer treatment. NCI. 2025. Accessed August 17, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/patient/colon-treatment-pdq
13. Colorectal cancer- Cancer Stat Facts. National Cancer Institute. 2026. Accessed August 17, 2026. https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/colorect.html
14. Passing wind. Cancer Research UK. 2025. Accessed August 17, 2026. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/coping/physically/bowel-problems/types/passing-wind
15. Skalitzky MK, Zhou PP, Goffredo P, et al. Characteristics and symptomatology of colorectal cancer in the young. Surgery. 2023;173(5):1137-1143. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2023.01.018. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36872174/
16. Anal pain. healthdirect. 2024. Accessed August 17, 2026. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/anal-pain
17. Tsokkou S, Konstantinidis I, Papakonstantinou M, et al. Sex differences in colorectal cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical outcomes. J Clin Med. 2025;14(15):5539. doi:10.3390/jcm14155539. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40807160/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Persistent indigestion, stomach discomfort, or unintentional weight loss can be a cause for concern, especially if the symptoms persist or recur. In many cases, these symptoms may be caused by common digestive problems1. However, when such symptoms continue or become worse, they should not be ignored, as they can sometimes be linked to stomach cancer. In this blog, we will discuss stomach cancer, its stages, symptoms, causes, treatment options, and when to seek medical attention.
The stomach is a muscular organ in the upper abdomen that helps break food down during digestion. Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a type of cancer that begins when cells in the stomach start growing abnormally and uncontrollably. The most common type of stomach cancer is adenocarcinoma, which develops from the mucus-forming cells in the innermost lining of the stomach2,3. Over time, abnormal cells from this lining can grow deeper into the stomach wall and may eventually spread to other organs2.
In the early stages, stomach cancer may have mild to no symptoms, making it difficult to notice1. This is why ongoing or unusual digestive symptoms should be evaluated by a doctor rather than being treated as simple indigestion that occurs repeatedly4.
Stomach cancer symptoms may change as the disease progresses. The table below compares symptoms that may occur in the early and advanced stages of stomach cancer.
| Early Symptoms | Advanced Symptoms |
| Unexplained indigestion | Vomiting (often with blood) |
| Nausea (mild) | Blood in the stool (rarely) |
| Stomach discomfort | Unexplained weight loss |
| Lack of appetite | Difficulty swallowing |
| Heartburn | Abdominal pain or bloating |
| Yellowing of skin and eyes (jaundice) | |
| Fluid build-up in the abdomen (ascites) | |
| Anaemia accompanied by easy fatigability/generalised weakness |
Stomach cancer does not usually have a single cause. It develops when changes in the cells of the stomach cause them to grow and multiply abnormally. Factors that may increase the chance of these changes include:
Certain factors can make a person more likely to develop stomach cancer. These include:
Note: Having any of these risk factors does not mean that a person will develop stomach cancer. These factors only indicate that the likelihood of stomach cancer may be higher. If you have concerns about your risk or experience persistent digestive symptoms, speak with your doctor for appropriate advice and evaluation.
There are different types of stomach cancer based on the type of cells they originate in.
Note: There are certain other types of cancers, such as squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, and leiomyosarcoma, that can develop in the stomach. However, these forms are uncommon.
Stomach cancer can be divided into different stages:
During this stage, abnormal or cancerous cells are limited to the innermost layer of the stomach lining (mucosa) and have not invaded deeper tissues but can spread to nearby parts. This is also called carcinoma in situ.
Stage I stomach cancer is divided into Stage IA and Stage IB, depending on the spread of the cancer and whether nearby lymph nodes are affected.
Stage II stomach cancer is divided into Stage IIA and Stage IIB based on how deeply the cancer has grown into the stomach wall and how many nearby lymph nodes are affected.
Stage III stomach cancer is divided into Stages IIIA, IIIB and IIIC. At this stage, the cancer has grown deeper into the stomach wall and may have spread to several nearby lymph nodes or surrounding organs.
The cancer at this stage has spread from the stomach to other distant parts of the body, such as the liver, lungs, distant lymph nodes or the lining of the abdomen. This stage is also known as metastatic stomach cancer. The cancer that has spread to other organs is the same type as the original tumour. For example, stomach cancer that spreads to the lungs will still have stomach cancer cells and it will be called metastatic stomach cancer8.
If stomach cancer is suspected, doctors may use a combination of tests to confirm the diagnosis, determine the extent of the disease and choose the most appropriate treatment. The common diagnostic tests include:
Stomach cancer treatment depends on factors such as the cancer stage, its location, the individual’s overall health, and whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Doctors may use one treatment or combine several approaches as needed.
Also Read: Bowel Cancer (Colorectal Cancer): Meaning, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
Not every case of stomach cancer can be prevented. However, certain measures may help reduce its risk:
Note: These steps may help lower the risk of stomach cancer; however, they may not be able to prevent every case. Your risk can also be influenced by factors such as family history and other health conditions. Speak with a doctor for personalised advice if you have concerns about your risk factors.
See a doctor if digestive problems persist, keep coming back or worsen over time. Seek medical advice for symptoms such as unexplained weight loss, ongoing indigestion, repeated vomiting, difficulty swallowing, loss of appetite, feeling full quickly, blood in vomit or black (or red) stools, unusual tiredness, swelling or persistent abdominal pain. These symptoms can occur with many common digestive problems and do not necessarily mean stomach cancer. However, it is important to consult your doctor for persistent symptoms as this may help find the cause early and ensure appropriate treatment1.
Also Read: Is Bowel Leakage a Sign of Cancer?
Being aware of changes in digestion and other unusual stomach symptoms can help encourage early medical evaluation. Knowing your personal risk factors and following healthy habits may help lower the chances of developing stomach cancer. If symptoms do not settle or become more severe, seeing a doctor promptly can help identify the cause and guide you to the right treatment.
Stomach cancer is often discovered when persistent digestive symptoms lead a person to seek medical advice and undergo tests such as an upper endoscopy and biopsy. In some cases, it may be found during tests performed for another stomach-related problem1,9.
Stomach cancer can be serious and may become life-threatening, especially when diagnosed at an advanced stage. However, early detection and appropriate treatment can improve the chances of recovery14.
Yes, stomach cancer can cause unintentional weight loss1,4, often due to reduced appetite, feeling full quickly, or the effects of the cancer on the body.
The rate at which stomach cancer develops depends on multiple factors, such as the type of cancer. It can also differ based on the characteristics and stage of the tumour, with some cancers progressing gradually while others may advance more quickly15.
Yes, smoking is linked to a higher risk of developing stomach cancer, as harmful chemicals in tobacco can damage cells in the stomach lining. Quitting smoking can help reduce this risk and improve overall health6,13.
Early stomach cancer may cause few or no noticeable symptoms, so it cannot be confirmed based on symptoms alone. Persistent indigestion, stomach discomfort, loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss should be checked by a doctor. They may recommend tests such as an upper endoscopy or biopsy1,9.
1. Stomach cancer symptoms. NCI. 2024. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/symptoms
2. Stomach cancer. Cancer Research UK. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/stomach-cancer
3. What is stomach cancer? NCI. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach
4. Menon G, El-Nakeep S, Babiker HM. Gastric cancer. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459142/
5. Causes of stomach cancer – NCI. 2025.Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/causes-risk-factors
6. Stomach cancer risk factors. American Cancer Society. 2026. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/stomach-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
7. Stomach cancer. American Cancer Society. 2026. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/stomach-cancer.html
8. Stages of stomach cancer. NCI. 2023. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/stages#stage-0-carcinoma-in-situ-of-the-stomach
9. Stomach cancer diagnosis. NCI. 2023. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/diagnosis
10. Tests for stomach cancer. Cancer Research UK. 2025. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/stomach-cancer/getting-diagnosed/tests-stomach-cancer
11. Stomach cancer treatment. NCI. 2025. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/treatment
12. Stomach cancer treatment by stage. NCI. 2025. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/treatment/by-stage
13. Stomach cancer causes, risk factors, and prevention. American Cancer Society. 2026.Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/stomach-cancer/causes-risks-prevention.html
14. Stomach cancer survival rates and statistics. NCI. 2023. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/survival
15. Murakami K, Matsubara H. Chronology of gastrointestinal cancer. Surg Today. 2017;48(4):365-370. doi:10.1007/s00595-017-1574-y https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28795270/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

Heart attacks can sometimes be ‘silent’, and simple blood tests may reveal important information about heart damage that might otherwise go unnoticed. One such marker is troponin, a protein that can provide early clues about heart injury.
Changes in troponin levels can help your doctor determine if the heart is experiencing any damage/injury due to events such as a heart attack. But what do normal troponin levels look like, and can there be high troponin levels with no heart attack?
In this blog, we will explore the cardiac troponin test, discuss what level of troponin indicates heart attack, compare troponin T vs troponin I, and explain the key troponin I and T differences to help you better understand these critical heart markers.
Troponin is a protein that is found in the heart muscle cells. Normally, only small amounts of troponin are present in the bloodstream. However, if the heart muscle is damaged, such as during a heart attack, these proteins are released into the bloodstream, causing troponin levels to rise.
Troponin consists of three protein components, T, I, and C. Of these, troponin T and troponin I are primarily associated with the heart (cardiac troponins) and can therefore be used as indicators of cardiac injury1. Since troponin is highly specific to the heart, the troponin test has become the preferred tool for detecting heart injury2.
Troponins I and T are two types of troponin that are used for the same purpose. They are not identical, but are very effective at detecting a heart attack and understanding the prognosis of the individual.
Here are a few similarities and differences between them:
Despite the differences, both troponin I and troponin T can be accurately measured and are reliable indicators of heart muscle injury.
Troponin levels are very low in individuals who are healthy. Higher-than-normal troponin levels indicate that heart muscle may be damaged and is releasing troponin into the blood4. However, this does not, by itself, confirm a heart attack. To diagnose a heart attack, the doctor will interpret the troponin test result along with ECG findings and the individual’s symptoms such as chest pain2.
Because different laboratories use different methods (assays) to measure troponin, the normal range depends on the assay used. The result is interpreted by comparing it with the 99th-percentile upper reference limit (URL) provided by that laboratory. A value above the 99th percentile URL for that specific assay is considered elevated6.
| Troponin Results | Interpretation based on 99th Percentile URL |
| Below 99th percentile URL | Considered within the normal range for that specific test |
| Above 99th-percentile URL | May indicate heart muscle injury7 and should be interpreted along with other parameters like the individual’s symptoms, ECG findings, and repeat troponin measurements |
Troponin levels, if elevated, are usually measured more than once over several hours. A rising and falling pattern, particularly when at least one value is above the 99th-percentile URL, is more suggestive of a sudden heart injury than a stable elevated value7.
High troponin levels with no heart attack are possible and can occur in several medical conditions, such as:
Note: To diagnose acute myocardial infarction (AMI), doctors look for a rise or fall in troponin levels, with at least one value above the normal upper limit (99th percentile), along with other signs that the heart muscle is not getting enough blood. However, a rise or fall in troponin levels indicates acute heart muscle injury, but it does not always mean a heart attack. Other conditions, such as myocarditis, pulmonary embolism, severe infection (sepsis), and very fast or abnormal heart rhythms, can also cause troponin levels to rise and fall.
The troponin test is not typically used as a screening test, as troponin tests are usually done in hospital settings. However, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) tests can detect extremely small amounts of troponin in the blood, which enables doctors to diagnose or rule out acute coronary syndromes (conditions such as heart attack that cause sudden reduction/blockage of blood flow to the heart) earlier. Evidence suggests that hs-cTn tests may be of use in identifying the risk of cardiovascular disease in individuals who seem healthy or are asymptomatic2,9.
Preventive cardiac testing is not necessary for everyone, but it may be worth discussing with your doctor if you:
Note: Routine high-sensitivity troponin (hs-cTn) testing is not recommended for people without symptoms. Instead, your doctor may recommend checking blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar, and overall heart disease risk.
A heart-healthy lifestyle can help manage key cardiovascular risk factors. You can support heart health by following these tips:
Consult a doctor if you experience symptoms that may suggest a heart problem, such as:
These symptoms require immediate medical attention.
Also Read: High-Sensitivity Troponin I (hs-Trop I) Test: What It Is, Normal Range, Meaning & Why It Matters
Troponin testing can provide valuable information about heart health and help identify signs of heart muscle injury. Understanding troponin levels can support early awareness of cardiovascular risk. For the most accurate assessment, troponin testing and preventive heart screening should always be guided by a healthcare professional.
Yes, severe emotional stress can, in rare cases, trigger Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (also known as “broken heart syndrome”), a temporary heart condition that may lead to increased troponin levels.12
Yes. During a hypertensive emergency (a severe, sudden rise in blood pressure), the heart may experience significant strain, leading to elevated troponin levels13.
The length of time troponin levels remain high depends on the type of troponin and the cause and extent of the heart injury. In general, troponin I may remain elevated for about 7–10 days, while troponin T can stay elevated for about 14 days after heart muscle damage4.
The cardiac troponin test is highly accurate and the gold standard for detecting heart muscle damage, such as that caused by a heart attack (myocardial infarction)4.
Troponin test results are usually available within 1–2 hours. Once the results are ready, your doctor will explain what they mean and whether any further testing or treatment is needed4.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
A mouth ulcer, sore, or unusual white or red patch may seem harmless, so often people wait for it to heal on its own. However, changes that last longer than two weeks should not be ignored1. Mouth cancer is an important health concern in India. About 1,41,342 people are diagnosed with oral cancer, with around 10 cases reported per 100,000 people. Tobacco use is one of the major preventable factors linked to oral cancer; about 80% of these cases could potentially be avoided by not using or quitting tobacco2. This article explains the early signs of mouth cancer and when to seek medical advice.
Mouth cancer, also called oral cancer, is cancer that starts in the tissues of the mouth. It may affect the lips, tongue, gums, inner lining of the cheeks and lips, floor of the mouth, or roof of the mouth. If it is not found and treated early, it can grow into nearby tissues and may spread to other parts of the body1.
The following are some facts about mouth cancer:
Mouth cancers can originate from different types of cells or tissues. Common types include:
Mouth cancer can cause several symptoms. Possible early symptoms of mouth cancer include1:
Mouth cancer develops when cells in the mouth change in a way that makes them grow and divide out of control. Factors that can increase the risk include:
A risk factor is something that can make a person more likely to develop a disease. The following are some risk factors for mouth cancer:
Note: These factors can increase the risk of mouth cancer, but having one or more of them does not mean that a person will definitely develop the disease. If you have risk factors and notice possible mouth cancer symptoms, speak with a dentist or doctor.
Also Read: Is Cancer a Genetic Disease? Hereditary Risk & Genetic Testing Guide
Finding and treating mouth cancer at an early stage is important for several reasons:
Doctors use a combination of examination and tests to diagnose mouth cancer. The process may include:
Note: Depending on the suspected cancer and its stage, doctors may recommend other tests to determine how far the disease has spread and to help plan treatment.
Treatment for oral cancer depends on the type, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the person’s general health. Common mouth cancer treatment options include:
Along with medical treatment, some daily habits may help people cope with mouth cancer and treatment side effects.
Note: These tips are for general support and should not replace medical advice. Your doctor or dentist may recommend different food choices, oral care, or daily activities depending on your treatment and individual needs.
You may be able to lower the risk of oral cancer by following these steps:
Note: These tips are meant to help you stay informed and lower your risk of mouth cancer. However, if you feel any suspicious changes in your mouth, it is important to consult a doctor, even if you have been following these tips.
See a doctor or dentist if a sore or patch in the mouth does not heal within two weeks, or if you notice an unusual lump or wart, unexplained bleeding, pain, numbness, a loose tooth, dentures that suddenly fit poorly, trouble chewing or swallowing, difficulty moving the tongue or jaw, a lump in the neck, or unexplained weight loss along with mouth changes1,3. These symptoms can happen for reasons other than cancer, but a check-up is the safest way to find the cause.
Also Read: Types of Cancer: Symptoms, Early Signs, Diagnosis & More
Knowing the early-stage symptoms of mouth cancer can help you notice unusual changes sooner. Avoiding tobacco and areca nut, limiting alcohol, protecting the lips from sun exposure, and maintaining good oral health may help lower the risk. If any mouth change lasts for more than two weeks, do not ignore it. Speak with a doctor or dentist. Early medical attention can support timely diagnosis and treatment.
Mouth cancer may be noticed early by paying attention to changes such as sores that do not heal, unusual red or white patches, lumps on the neck, bleeding, or persistent pain. If any of these changes last for a few weeks, it is important to consult a dentist/doctor1,3.
In the beginning, mouth cancer may not always be painful. Some people notice a sore that does not heal, a red or white patch, a lump, or a thickened area in the mouth1.
Yes, mouth cancer can often be treated successfully, especially when it is found early. The chances of successful treatment depend on factors such as the cancer’s stage, location, spread, type, and paient’s response to treatment and overall health12.
Mouth cancer may not cause pain in the beginning, and some people may notice only a sore, patch, lump or other unusual change. Persistent pain or discomfort can develop as the condition progresses12.
Yes, chewing tobacco exposes the mouth to harmful substances that can damage oral tissues and increase the risk of developing mouth cancer6,12.
Yes, mouth cancer can spread to nearby tissues and lymph nodes and, in advanced cases, may reach other parts of the body. Early diagnosis and treatment can help reduce the risk of further spread.
1. Oral cancer. MedlinePlus. 2025. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001035.htm
2. New genome-wide study from Tata Memorial Centre reveals: “Why do some tobacco chewers develop oral cancer early? Government of India. 2025. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseDetail.aspx?PRID=2196291®=1&lang=1
3. Oral cancer: Mouth Cancer. MedlinePlus. 2024. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/oralcancer.html
4. Types of mouth and oropharyngeal cancers. Cancer Research UK. 2024. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/mouth-cancer/stages-types-grades/types-grades
5. Zito PM, Brizuela M, Mazzoni T. Oral melanoma. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Accessed August 12, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513276/
6. Oral Cancer. NIDCR. 2024. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/oral-cancer
7. Warnakulasuriya S, Trivedy C, Peters TJ. Areca nut use: an independent risk factor for oral cancer. BMJ. 2002;324(7341):799-800. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7341.799 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11934759/
8. Feng L, Wang L. Effects of alcohol on the morphological and structural changes in oral mucosa – PMC. 2013. doi:10.12669/pjms.294.3696 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3817782/
9. HPV and oropharyngeal cancer | cancer. CDC. 2024. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/hpv/oropharyngeal-cancer.html
10. Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer causes, risk factors, and prevention. American Cancer Society. 2026. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention.html
11. Mathur R, Singhavi HR, Malik A, Nair S, Chaturvedi P. Role of poor oral hygiene in causation of oral cancer—a review of literature. Indian J Surg Oncol. 2018;10(1):184-195. doi:10.1007/s13193-018-0836-5 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30948897/
12. Sankaranarayanan R, Ramadas K, Amarasinghe H, Subramanian S, Johnson N. Oral cancer: Prevention, early detection, and treatment. In: Gelband H, Jha P, Sankaranarayanan R, Horton S, eds. Cancer: Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 3). The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank; 2015. Accessed August 12, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK343649/
13. Singh AG, Chaukar D, Gupta S, et al. A prospective study to determine the cost of illness for oral cancer in India. Ecancermedicalscience. 2021;15:1252. doi:10.3332/ecancer.2021.1252 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34267808/
14. Macey R, Walsh T, Brocklehurst P, et al. Diagnostic tests for oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders in patients presenting with clinically evident lesions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(5):CD010276. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010276.pub2 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34282854/
15. Early Detection, Diagnosis and Staging – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://oralcancerfoundation.org/cdc/early-detection-diagnosis-staging/
16. Treatment for mouth cancer – NHS. 2023. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mouth-cancer/treatment/
17. Oral complications of cancer therapies. National Cancer Institute. 2024. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/mouth-throat/oral-complications-pdq
18. Distant metastasis from oral cancer: A review and molecular biologic aspect. PMC. 2016. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4981925/
19. Asmin PK, Nusrath F, Divakar DD. Occurrence and distribution of cancers with emphasis upon oral cancers in registered oncology institutes of South India–A retrospective study. Indian Journal of Community Medicine: Official Publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine. 2024 Jan 12;49(1):120. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38425965/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Breast pain, also called mastalgia, means discomfort, tenderness, aching, burning, tingling, or sharp pain in one or both breasts1,2. The pain may come and go with the menstrual cycle, occur during pregnancy or breastfeeding, or happen for reasons unrelated to hormones, such as injury, infection, medicines, breast cysts, or chest wall strain1,2. Breast pain by itself is rarely a sign of breast cancer, but a new lump, nipple discharge, skin dimpling, redness, swelling, fever, or pain that does not improve should be checked by a healthcare professional1,2.
This blog highlights the importance of understanding what breast tenderness means so that you can notice patterns, reduce unnecessary worry, and decide when simple self-care is reasonable and when medical advice is needed.
Breast pain when pressed is common and can affect women and men. It may be related to normal hormone changes, a poorly fitting bra, breast injury, breastfeeding problems, infection, cysts, abscesses, or pain coming from the chest wall rather than the breast itself1. Sometimes the breast is only sore when touched; at other times, the pain is present even without pressure.
Breast pain is usually grouped into three broad types3:
Hormone changes are a common reason for breast tenderness, but many other factors can contribute. Common causes include4:
Symptoms vary depending on the cause and pattern of the pain6.
Mild breast tenderness often improves with simple self-care. These steps may help, but they should not replace medical advice if symptoms are severe, persistent, or associated with warning signs.
Breast pain cannot always be prevented, especially when it is linked to normal hormone changes. However, the following steps may reduce discomfort or help you manage it earlier:
Contact a healthcare professional if you notice any of the following5:
Also Read: Natural Home Remedies for Breast Pain
Breast tenderness when pressed is common and is often related to the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, breastfeeding, injury, cysts, infection, medicines, or chest wall strain. In many cases, it improves on its own or with simple measures such as a supportive bra, warm or cold compresses, and suitable pain relief. However, breast pain should be discussed with a healthcare professional if it is persistent, severe, one-sided in a specific spot, associated with a lump or nipple discharge, or accompanied by redness, swelling, fever, skin dimpling, or changes in breast shape. Noticing the timing, location, and triggers of pain can help you and your doctor decide the most appropriate next steps.
Mild tenderness when pressing the breast can be normal, especially before a period, during pregnancy, or while breastfeeding3. It can also happen after injury, with cysts, poor support, or inflammation. See a healthcare professional if the pain is persistent, severe, linked to a lump, does not improve after your period, or occurs with redness, swelling, fever, or nipple discharge5.
Breast pain alone is rarely a sign of breast cancer. However, pain with a new lump, nipple discharge, skin dimpling, nipple inversion, redness, swelling, warmth, or a rash around the nipple should be checked promptly4.
Seek medical advice for breast pain that lasts longer than about two weeks, does not improve after one or two menstrual cycles, continues after menopause, affects one specific area, or interferes with daily activities. Also seek advice if pain occurs with a lump, nipple discharge, skin dimpling, breast shape changes, redness, warmth, fever, or swelling5.
Pain only when you press the breast may happen when breast tissue is tender before a period, during pregnancy, while breastfeeding, after a minor injury, or because of a cyst or chest wall strain1. If the sore area is new, persistent, worsening, or associated with a lump or skin change, it is best to have it checked.
The “three-finger” method is a way to feel the breast and armpit area for new lumps or changes. Use the pads of the three middle fingers, not the fingertips, and move over the whole breast in a consistent pattern while applying light, medium, and firm pressure. It can be done while lying down or in the shower. It is considered a breast self-awareness method and is not a replacement for recommended screening. Any new lump, nipple discharge, skin change, or persistent pain should be assessed by a healthcare professional10.
1. Breast pain. Breast Cancer Now. Accessed August 10, 2026. https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/breast-lumps-and-benign-not-cancer-breast-conditions/breast-pain
2. Wood M, Shirin S, Goshtasebi A, Prior JC. Breast tenderness and swelling experiences related to menstrual cycles and ovulation in healthy premenopausal women: Secondary analysis of the 1-year “Prospective Ovulation Cohort.” PLOS One. 2025;20(5):e0321205. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0321205 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0321205
3. Tahir MT, Vadakekut ES, Shamsudeen S. Mastalgia. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Accessed August 10, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562195/
4. Breast Pain: 10 Reasons Your Breasts May Hurt. March 31, 2026. Accessed August 10, 2026. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/breast-pain-10-reasons-your-breasts-may-hurt
5. Breast pain: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Accessed August 10, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003152.htm
6. Hubbard TJ, Sharma A, Ferguson DJ. Breast pain: assessment, management, and referral criteria. Br J Gen Pract. 2020;70(697):419-420. doi:10.3399/bjgp20X712133 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7384817/
7. Alshakhs FH, Katooa NE, Badr HA, Thabet HA. The Effect of Alternating Application of Cold and Hot Compresses on Reduction of Breast Engorgement Among Lactating Mothers. Cureus. 16(1):e53134. doi:10.7759/cureus.53134 https://www.cureus.com/articles/211972-the-effect-of-alternating-application-of-cold-and-hot-compresses-on-reduction-of-breast-engorgement-among-lactating-mothers#!/
8. Breast pain. Accessed August 10, 2026. https://www.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/409330/breast-pain-information-breastscreen-queensland.pdf
9. Common breastfeeding challenges. Accessed August 10, 2026. https://womenshealth.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-challenges/common-breastfeeding-challenges
10. Breast Self-Exam. National Breast Cancer Foundation. Accessed August 10, 2026. https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-self-exam/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Persistent redness and warmth of the palms can be concerning and may indicate palmar erythema. Although it is often benign, palmar erythema may also be associated with several underlying physiological or pathological conditions1.
Understanding the causes, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of palmar erythema can facilitate early recognition of associated disorders and guide appropriate management.
Palmar erythema is a condition in which the palms appear red and, on applying pressure, turn pale. It may involve the fingertips, nail beds, back of the hand and, rarely, even the soles of the foot1. The medical phrase, Palmar erythema means red palms2. It mostly affects the padded part of the palms at the base of the thumb and little finger. It often involves various underlying conditions, both physiological & pathological such as liver diseases, pregnancy, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and brain tumours. Palmar erythema may also occur in association with chronic alcohol use and certain medications1.
Did you know?
Palmar erythema may occur in several physiological and pathological conditions, including:
Palmar erythema is characterized by the following features:
Other associated symptoms depending upon the underlying cause such as autoimmune condition, liver disease, pregnancy etc, may also be noted along with the above-mentioned symptoms.
Some people are more likely to develop palmar erythema than others. People who are at a higher risk of developing palmar erythema include the following:
Palmar erythema is primarily a clinical diagnosis. Once identified, evaluation should focus on determining whether an underlying systemic disorder is present. Following the clinical examination, the primary cause of palmar erythema will be evaluated by the following:
The specific palmar erythema, rather the treatment plan depends on the underlying cause:
Palmar erythema often improves or resolves once the underlying cause is effectively treated. However, it may persist in chronic irreversible conditions such as liver cirrhosis4.
Also, the hereditary form of palmar erythema often persists throughout life and does not require any treatment unless if presents along with any associated disease or symptoms2,4.
Prevention of Palmar Erythema involves4:
Also Read: Liver Fibrosis: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
A doctor should be consulted for palmar erythema in the following conditions4:
Also Read: Facial Changes in Fatty Liver Disease: Causes, Diagnosis & Prevention
Palmar erythema is a condition in which redness of the palms occurs. Although palmar erythema is often benign, it may also serve as an important clinical sign of an underlying systemic disorder, particularly chronic liver disease. Persistent or unexplained palmar erythema warrants medical evaluation so that any associated condition can be identified and managed appropriately.
A liver that is not functioning properly leads to abnormal metabolization of hormones like oestradiol and vasoactive substances like nitric oxide. These cause dilation of capillaries and lead to redness and warmth in palms (palmar erythema) and sometimes soles3.
Yes, liver disease is one of the several diseases that are involved in causing palmar erythema. Several other conditions such as hyperthyroidism, diabetes, autoimmune, infections etc. have been found to be associated with palmar erythema4.
No, palmar erythema can be managed by controlling the underlying disease or condition. In many cases, palmar erythema improves after the underlying condition is treated, although it may persist in chronic diseases such as cirrhosis4.
The course of palmar erythema depends on its underlying cause. It may improve when the associated condition is treated, whereas hereditary palmar erythema usually persists throughout life6.
No, redness in the palms from palmar erythema is not known to be itchy6. Consult the doctor for guidance if it is felt itchy as it may indicate another condition or worsening of underlying disease.
Stress is not recognised as an established cause of palmar erythema. The condition is more commonly associated with pregnancy, liver disease, thyroid disorders, diabetes and autoimmune diseases4.
Smoking is not considered a direct cause of palmar erythema. However, it may contribute indirectly through its association with chronic liver and pulmonary diseases, which themselves have been linked to palmar erythema4˒11.
Menopause is not an established cause of palmar erythema. Hormonal conditions more commonly associated with palmar erythema include pregnancy, hyperthyroidism and diabetes4.
1. Bhandari A, Mahajan R. Skin Changes in Cirrhosis. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2022;12(4):1215-1224. doi:10.1016/j.jceh.2021.12.013 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35814509/
2. Langenauer J. Erythema Palmare Hereditarium (‘Red Palms’, ‘Lane’s Disease’). Case Rep Dermatol. 2014;6(3):245-247. doi:10.1159/000368822 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4255997/
3. Liu Y, Zhao Y, Gao X, et al. Recognizing skin conditions in patients with cirrhosis: a narrative review. Ann Med. 54(1):3017-3029. doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2138961 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36308406/
4. Serrao R, Zirwas M, English JC. Palmar erythema. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2007;8(6):347-356. doi:10.2165/00128071-200708060-00004 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18039017/
5. Gurioli C, Patrizi A, Lambertini M, Neri I. Lane’s Disease (Erythema Palmare Hereditarium): A Report of Five Cases and a Review of the Literature. Pediatr Dermatol. 2017;34(5):590-594. doi:10.1111/pde.13211 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28804916/
6. Palmar erythema. DermNet®. October 26, 2023. Accessed July 14, 2026. https://dermnetnz.org/topics/palmar-erythema
7. Lu J, Liu C, Zhou X, et al. Palmar erythema and palmar papules as predictors for dermatomyositis-related acute/subacute interstitial lung disease: a retrospective study. Rheumatology. 2021;61(1):413-421. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keab177 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33629112/
8. Noble JP, Boisnic S, Branchet-Gumila MC, Poisson M. Palmar erythema: cutaneous marker of neoplasms. Dermatology. 2002;204(3):209-213. doi:10.1159/000057883 https://europepmc.org/article/med/12037449
9. Palmar erythema and pruritus. Accessed July 14, 2026. https://www.aaaai.org/allergist-resources/ask-the-expert/answers/2023/palmar
10. Sow Y, Wachuku C, Barrera T, et al. Palmar and plantar erythema: An initial presentation of undifferentiated connective tissue disease. JAAD Case Rep. 2023;35:94-97. doi:10.1016/j.jdcr.2023.03.007 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10147949/
11. Pesut DP, Samardzic AM, Bulajic MV, Cvok-Debeljak TT. Palmar telangiectasia is associated with the intensity of smoking. J Bras Pneumol. 2019;45(2):e20180273. Published 2019 Apr 18. doi:10.1590/1806-3713/e20180273 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6733739/
12. Edwards E, Yosipovitch G. Skin Manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus. [Updated 2025 Mar 21]. In: Feingold KR, Adler RA, Ahmed SF, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK481900/#
13. Kakroo SN, Banday S, Kakroo B, Beg MA. Cutaneous Manifestations of Respiratory Diseases. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 2024; 16(9); 905-913. https://impactfactor.org/PDF/IJPCR/16/IJPCR,Vol16,Issue9,Article148.pdf
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Have you ever had ear pain that made it difficult to sleep, or noticed that sounds suddenly seem muffled? For parents, it can be especially worrying when a child wakes up at night crying and holding their ear, complaining of discomfort. Otitis media is an infection or inflammation of the middle ear. Fluid or mucus can build up behind the eardrum, which may cause ear pain, pressure, or muffled hearing1.
This blog explains what otitis media means, the main types of middle ear infection, common causes, symptoms, prevention tips, when to seek medical care, and how ear infections are usually treated.
An ear infection, also called otitis media when it affects the middle ear, often develops after a cold, sore throat, or other respiratory infection2. Fluid can collect behind the eardrum and make it harder for sound to pass through clearly1. Ear infections are more common in children, although adults can also develop them. A child with an ear infection may pull at the ear, cry more than usual, sleep poorly, have balance problems, or seem less responsive to sounds1.
There are three main types of middle ear infection. They differ mainly in how quickly symptoms start and how long fluid or infection remains behind the eardrum2.
A middle ear infection can be caused by bacteria or viruses. It often follows a cold or another upper respiratory infection, which can make the Eustachian tube swollen or blocked. This tube normally helps drain fluid from the middle ear and balance pressure3.
Middle ear infection symptoms often appear quickly and may improve over a few days. Symptoms can look different in adults, older children, babies, and younger children4.
Treatment depends on the person’s age, symptoms, general health, and risk of complications. Many middle ear infections improve on their own within a few days, so treatment may focus first on relieving pain and fever. Antibiotics are used when symptoms are severe, when the infection does not improve, or when the person is at higher risk of complications2,5.
The following home-care steps may help ease earache or pressure while you wait for the infection to improve or while following medical advice6:
Most ear infections get better within a few days, and complications of otitis media are uncommon. However, when complications occur, the infection can spread to nearby parts of the ear or head4,7.
These steps may help lower the risk of middle ear infections:
Seek medical advice if you or your child has symptoms of an ear infection:
Also Read: Ear Bleeding (Otorrhagia): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention
Middle ear infections, or otitis media, are common, particularly in children, and often improve on their own. Recognising symptoms such as ear pain, fever, hearing difficulties, or ear discharge can help you know when medical advice may be needed. Simple preventive measures and appropriate home care can help reduce discomfort and the risk of infection, while timely medical attention can help prevent complications.
Also Read: Natural Home Remedies for Ear Pain
Middle ear infections are not contagious. However, the cold or respiratory virus that may lead to an ear infection can spread from person to person8.
Yes. Otitis media can cause temporary hearing difficulty, especially when fluid remains in the middle ear. Permanent hearing loss is uncommon but can occur if infections are severe, repeated, or not treated when treatment is needed.
Most cases of otitis media improve within 3 to 5 days. Seek medical advice if symptoms do not improve within 2 to 3 days, get worse, or are accompanied by concerning symptoms such as high fever, ear discharge, or hearing loss7.
An ear infection may be serious if there is a high fever, worsening pain, swelling or redness behind the ear, fluid or pus draining from the ear, new hearing loss, dizziness, repeated vomiting, severe headache, neck stiffness, unusual drowsiness, breathing problems, dehydration, a seizure, or a rash that does not fade when pressed. Seek urgent medical help if any of these symptoms occur11.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
