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Dark Chocolate: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

Chocolates are the most commonly available food item; everyone likes them and desires to eat them. It is hard to find a single person who does not like chocolates. Dark chocolates are semisweet, with extra dark having a sweet and bitter taste. It is prepared from cocoa seeds. It is also called black chocolate and is prepared by adding fat and sugar to the roasted and ground cocoa with less milk. It has the highest percentage of cocoa, about 70% to 99%. Chocolate originated in Mexico. Where the Mayans and Aztecs cultivated the cacao tree, which is native to the American tropical rainforest. Due to its health benefits, chocolate drinks were considered “the drink of Gods.” The scientific name of the cocoa tree is Theobroma cacao1,3.​ Let us discuss the health benefits of dark chocolate, its nutritional value, potential uses, and many more.  

Nutritional Value of Dark Chocolate

One hundred grams of dark chocolate may have 598 kcal energy4​. The nutrients of dark chocolate include: 

Nutritional value of Dark Chocolate per 100 grams4.

Furthermore, other biologically active compounds like theobromine, phenylethylamine, N-acyl ethanolamines, tyramine, epicatechin, catechin, procyanidins, alkaloids, polyphenols, and theophylline may be present in it1,2

When it comes to dark chocolate, remember that a little goes a long way. While it offers enticing flavours and potential health benefits, it’s important to be mindful of its calorie content. Dark chocolate can be quite calorie-dense, with around 150-170 calories per ounce8.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S M.D (Ayu)

Properties of Dark Chocolate

The benefits of eating dark chocolate may include the following properties: 

Regular consumption of dark chocolates might reduce inflammation by reducing the levels of C-reactive protein in the body. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory action of dark chocolates is due to the antioxidants and flavonoids in them10.

Dr. Anuja Bodhare, B.A.M.S M.D (Ayu)

Potential Uses of Dark Chocolate

Dark chocolate may be ideal for enhancing human health2. The following may be the potential uses of eating dark chocolate: 

1. Potential Uses of Dark Chocolate for Cancer

Dark chocolate contains antioxidants like flavonoids and cocoa-derived pentameric procyanidin, which might act against free radicals. These free radicals cause oxidative cell damage and may also lead to cancer. A study5 by Keen CL et al., 2005 suggested that eating dark chocolate may help defend the body from various types of cancer and slow down the signs of ageing. However, new studies are needed to suggest the potential uses of dark chocolate for fighting cancer. Cancer is a serious health condition. Therefore, proper diagnosis and treatment are needed, and do not self-medicate. 

2. Potential Uses of Dark Chocolate for Oral Health

Dark chocolate has a theobromine compound, which might help harden the tooth enamel. It may help maintain proper dental hygiene and lower the risk of dental cavities. In addition, theobromine may suppress the function of the vagus nerve (a nerve that causes coughing) and may help reduce coughs1,2. However, if you have oral health issues, visit your dentist and get a proper check-up. 

3. Potential Uses of Dark Chocolate for Diabetes

Dark chocolate contains magnesium and flavonoids that may potentially function against Type-2 diabetes. A study6 by Grassi D et al., 2005, suggests that it contains flavonoids which may help reduce insulin resistance. Flavonoids may help the cells work normally and restore the ability to use the body’s insulin. Dark chocolate may also have a low glycaemic index and may not cause huge spikes in blood sugar levels2. However, more human studies are required to suggest that dark chocolate acts against diabetes. Diabetes is a serious disease, and it is essential to have a doctor’s consultation.  

4. Potential Uses of Dark Chocolate for Blood Pressure

Dark chocolate may have an antioxidant capacity. Additionally, it contains an epicatechin compound, which may help lower blood pressure and enhance endothelial functions. A study7 by Lakshmana Rao et al., 2014, suggested that epicatechin may reduce high blood pressure and end-organ damage in animal models. Furthermore, dark chocolate also contains flavanol, which might release nitric oxide and plays a key role in high blood pressure1. However, more human research is needed to suggest the use of dark chocolate against high blood pressure. Therefore, take the doctor’s advice and do not use dark chocolate to self-medicate. 

5. Potential Uses of Dark Chocolate for Heart

The advantages of dark chocolate may be associated with reducing heart disorders. It contains minerals such as copper and potassium, which may help against stroke. Dark chocolate also has flavanols that may reduce the chances of atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries). Additionally, it may help the flexibility of arteries and reduce the white blood cells from sticking to the blood vessels2. However, there is a requirement for further studies to conclude the use of dark chocolate for heart diseases. If you have any issues related to the heart, consult your doctor and do not self-medicate. 

6. Potential Uses of Dark Chocolate for Brain

Various data analyses have reported that eating dark chocolate may benefit blood flow to the brain and heart, enhancing cognitive (brain) functions. In addition, its chemical components, which have stimulant activity, may positively affect our mood and brain health. For example, dark chocolate may contain phenylethylamine, which may help release endorphins and increase alertness. It also contains caffeine, a mild stimulant, and may help with mood disorders 1,2. We need more research to develop its uses for human health. Suppose you have any problems related to the brain; consult your doctor and do not self-medicate. 

7. Other Potential Uses of Dark Chocolate

Though studies show the potential uses of dark chocolate in various conditions, these are insufficient, and there is a necessity for further studies to develop the scope of the benefits of dark chocolate on human health.  

When it comes to chocolate, opt for the dark side! Dark chocolate contains significantly higher amounts of flavanol-rich cocoa solids compared to milk chocolate, packing a powerful punch of health benefits. These flavanols work their magic by supporting the production of nitric oxide in the inner lining of our blood vessels, called the endothelium8.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

How to Use Dark Chocolate?

Dark chocolate is in the form of liquid, paste, or block1,2. You may use dark chocolate as 

You should consult a qualified doctor before eating dark chocolate in large quantities. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing modern medical treatment with an Ayurvedic/herbal preparation of dark chocolate without consulting an Ayurvedic physician. They will guide you with their form and dosage based on your health condition. 

When it comes to dark chocolate, aim for a minimum of 70% cocoa content or higher to maximize your intake of beneficial flavanols. These flavanols are key players in providing potential health advantages. However, do keep in mind that as the cocoa percentage increases, the flavour tends to become more bitter8.

Dr. Ashok Pal, BAMS

Side Effects of Dark Chocolate

There are many advantages of dark chocolate. It may also cause caffeine-related side effects. However, below are a few dark chocolate side effects: 

You must consult your doctors to get the proper treatment if you encounter such side effects. 

Here’s a delightful secret to safeguarding your skin from the sun’s harmful rays: dark chocolate! The antioxidants found in dark chocolate, known as flavonols, come to the rescue by boosting blood flow to your skin and acting as a protective shield against damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation9.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S M.S.

Precautions to Take with Dark Chocolate

Eating dark chocolate in small quantities might be safe. However, eating in larger amounts may be harmful. Therefore, a few precautions are necessary:  

Also Read: Corn Flour: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Interactions with Other Drugs

It may interfere with certain drugs/medicines, leading to drug interaction3​. 

Therefore, you should avoid eating dark chocolate with any medicine, and if any complications arise, consult with doctors.

Also Read: Cocoa Powder: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode  

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is dark chocolate? 

Dark chocolate is a sweet, extra-dark food item with a bittersweet taste. Dark chocolate is made from Theobroma cacao seeds by adding cocoa butter (fat) and sugar to the roasted and ground cocoa with less or no milk1,2.

What are the disadvantages of dark chocolate for pregnant women? 

Dark chocolate contains caffeine which may affect pregnant women and the baby in the womb. Therefore, pregnant women are not recommended to have dark chocolate3.

What are the side effects of eating dark chocolate? 

The dark chocolate side effects may be associated with caffeine. It may cause sleeplessness, nervousness, increased urination, fast heartbeat, skin allergies, migraine and headache, nausea, and stomach problems like gas and constipation3.

What are the vitamins of dark chocolate? 

Dark chocolate vitamins may include vitamins like A, K, E, B12, B6, B5, B3, B2 and B4.

What is the percentage of cocoa present in dark chocolate? 

Dark chocolate contains around 70-99% pure cocoa solids, butter, and sugar1.

References

​​1. “Dark chocolate: An overview of its biological activity, processing, and fortification approaches.” Current Research in Food Science. 2022 Oct 15;5:1916-1943. PMCID: PMC9589144. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9589144/

​2. Patel N, Jayswal S, Maitreya B, Nirali Patel. Dark chocolate: Consumption for human health. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2019;8(3):2887–90. Available from: https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2019/vol8issue3/PartAO/8-2-565-157.pdf 

​3. Arakelyan H. Chocolate and Drugs Dangerous Interactions [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2022 Nov 26]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275584061_Chocolate_and_Drugs_Dangerous_Interactions 

​4. FoodData Central | Chocolate, dark, 70-85% cacao solids [Internet]. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 2019 [cited 2022 Nov 26]. Available from: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170273/nutrients 

5. Keen CL, Holt RR, Oteiza PI, Zeng H, Wang H, Gruber HE, et al. Cocoa antioxidants and cardiovascular health. Physiol Behav. 2006 Jul;88(3):189-97. PMID: 15640494. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15640494/

6. Grassi D, Lippi C, Necozione S, Desideri G, Ferri C. Short-term administration of dark chocolate is followed by a significant increase in insulin sensitivity and a decrease in blood pressure in healthy persons. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Mar;81(3):611-4. doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.3.611. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15755830/

7. Haritha K, Kalyani L, Lakshmana Rao A. Health Benefits of Dark Chocolate. J Adv Drug Deliv. 2014;1(4):184-95. Available from: https://www.scribd.com/document/733636778/1

8. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Dark Chocolate [Internet]. The Nutrition Source; [cited 2025 Sep 18]. Available from: https://nutritionsource.hsph.harvard.edu/food-features/dark-chocolate/

9. Cleveland Clinic. Is dark chocolate good for you? 6 benefits [Internet]. Cleveland: Cleveland Clinic; 2025 Jul 30 [cited 2025 Sep 20]. Available from: https://health.clevelandclinic.org/dark-chocolate-health-benefits

10. Di Giuseppe R, Di Castelnuovo A, Centritto F, Zito F, De Curtis A, Costanzo S, Vohnout B, Sieri S, Krogh V, Donati MB, de Gaetano G, Iacoviello L. Regular consumption of dark chocolate is associated with low serum concentrations of C-reactive protein in a healthy Italian population. J Nutr. 2008 Oct;138(10):1939-45. PMID: 18806104. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18806104/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Green Tea: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode  

Introduction

Are you also a green tea lover? Did you know apart from weight management, green tea may have several other benefits? Tea is one of the most popular drinks globally consumed. It is often consumed as black, Oolong, and green tea as well as the popular Chai. Among these, green tea is known to have significant health benefits. Green tea is obtained from the plant Camillia Sinensis which belongs to the family Theaceae.  Green tea was brought to India from Japan in the 17th century. It is consumed mainly in Asia, the United States, Europe, and North Africa. About 2.5 million tons of tea is produced worldwide, of which 20% is green tea. Freshly harvested tea leaves are steamed and prevented from getting fermented to produce green tea. This process preserves the polyphenols which may be responsible for the biological activity of green tea1. Let us look at some benefits of drinking green tea. 

Nutritional Value of Green Tea

100 g of brewed green tea may contain the following nutrients: 

Properties of Green Tea

Several studies have shown that green tea may have the following properties1:

Potential Uses of Green Tea for Overall Health

There may be several benefits of having green tea. Some of the potential uses of green tea are: 

1. Potential Use of Green Tea for the Circulatory System

blood
Image Source: freepik.com

A study3 by Naito et al. in 2009 showed that green tea might reduce the risk of circulatory diseases like atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis may be caused when white blood cells adhere to the cells found in the inner lining of arteries and veins. This adherence of white blood cells may be caused by oxidised bad cholesterol (low-density lipoprotein). The catechins in green tea may inhibit the oxidation of bad cholesterol and thereby reduce the risk of atherosclerosis3. However, more studies are required to confirm whether green tea is useful for atherosclerosis. Therefore, you must consult your doctor if you suspect any symptoms of heart disease. 

2. Potential Use of Green Tea for Cancer

cancer
Image Source: freepik.com

A study4 by Yang et al. in 2010 showed that green tea might help reduce the risk of cancer due to bioactive compounds like catechins. Green tea may affect some signaling pathways, which may inhibit the growth of cancerous cells and cause the death of cancerous cells. However, these studies were conducted on animal models. More studies are required to confirm if green tea may be beneficial against cancer4. You must consult your doctor if you suspect cancer instead of self-medicating.  

3. Potential Use of Green Tea for Blood Sugar Levels

regulates blood sugar

A study5 by Park et al. in 2014 showed that drinking green tea may be beneficial for type 2 diabetes. Catechins present in green tea may inhibit glucose from entering the cells and reduce blood glucose levels5. However, further studies on humans are required to check if green tea can reduce blood sugar. You must check your blood sugar levels regularly and consult your doctor in case of abnormalities. 

4. Potential Use of Green Tea for Bacterial Infections

infection

A study6 by Reygaert et al. in 2018 showed that catechins in green tea might be beneficial against bacterial infections. Green tea catechins may bind to the cell membrane and damage it, leading to cell death. Green tea may act against bacteria like E. coli and Pseudomonas6. However, further studies are required to confirm if green tea may work for bacterial infections. You must immediately consult your doctor if you suspect bacterial infections. 

Catechins, which are organic antioxidants found in green tea, may be beneficial for dental health. By limiting the development of oral bacteria, these catechins help lower the risk of tooth decay, gum disease, and bad breath. Additionally, green tea may lessen gum inflammation and improve all aspects of dental health14.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

5. Potential Use of Green Tea for Weight Management

weight management

A study7 by Rothenberg et al. in 2018 showed that catechins in green tea might help reduce weight. Green tea catechins may inhibit digestive enzymes like pancreatic lipase, amylase and glucosidase. Therefore, there is a decrease in the absorption rates of sugar and fat. In addition, a reaction among microbes in the gut, residual carbohydrates and green tea catechins produce short-chain fatty acids, which may enhance fat metabolism. In these two ways, weight gain may be reduced7. However, more studies are required to ensure these claims. You must consult your dietician before making changes in your diet. 

6. Potential Use of Green Tea for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Gastrointestinal Tract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is caused as a result of inflammation in the digestive tract. Diarrhea, abdominal pain, fatigue and reduced appetite are the main symptoms. According to a study8 by Barbalho et al. in 2019, catechins and polyphenols in green tea might be beneficial for IBD. Polyphenols may lower inflammation by stimulating the antioxidant enzymes and reducing inflammatory cytokines (inflammatory pathway mediators)8. However, more studies are required to check if green tea may be beneficial for inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, you must consult your doctor if you have any symptoms of digestive disorders. 

7. Potential Use of Green Tea for Acne

woman with acne

A study9 by Kim et al. in 2019 showed that oral intake and topical application of green tea extract might be beneficial for acne. The catechins present in green tea may possess anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties. Hence, green tea may reduce the inflammatory cytokines and act against the microbe P.acne, which is responsible for acne9. However, further studies are required to check these findings. You must consult a skin specialist if you battle with acne. 

8. Potential Use of Green Tea for Fatty Liver

liver

A study by Ghanaei et al. in 2018 showed that polyphenols in green tea might reduce ALT (alanine, transaminase) and AST (aspartate transaminase) concentrations. High concentrations of these liver marker enzymes may indicate liver damage. Additionally, green tea may lower the levels of bad cholesterol. In these ways, the risk of the fatty liver may be reduced10. However, further studies on humans are yet to be done to check if green tea may improve liver function. Therefore, you must consult a doctor if you suspect any liver disease symptoms and take proper medications instead of self-medicating. 

Though studies show the benefits of green tea in various conditions, these are insufficient, and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of green tea on human health. 

Catechins and flavonoids, which are antioxidants found in green tea, may protect the eyes. According to some research, these substances may help lower the chance of developing common eye diseases like glaucoma and cataracts. The anti-inflammatory qualities of green tea may also be advantageous for overall eye health15.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

How to Use Green Tea?

You can consume green tea in the following way:  

First, boil some water, then add the tea leaves. You can brew the green tea leaves and steep them for a few minutes. Pour the green tea into a cup using a sieve and drink it hot. For more flavour, you can take flavored green tea like cinnamon, ginger, lemon, mint, chamomile, etc. It is best to serve green tea plain without additives to get the maximum health benefits. You can add a dash of vanilla or cinnamon for a sweet flavor11

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking green tea in large quantities or any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor 

Side Effects of Green Tea

Green tea side effects, according to a study by Bedrood et al. in 2017 are reported as follows12:

You must immediately consult your doctor if you experience any side effects after consuming green tea. 

Precautions to Take with Green Tea

The following precautions must be taken before consuming green tea13:

It is advised to consult your doctor before consuming green tea if you have any pre-existing diseases. 

Interactions with Other Drugs

Green tea may show the following interactions: 

You must consult your doctor before consuming green tea if you are undergoing medical treatment. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are green tea benefits? 

Studies suggest that green tea is good for health. Green tea may improve heart and liver health. It may be useful for cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, bacterial infections and acne. Additionally, green tea may help manage weight3,10.

What are the nutrients in green tea? 

Green tea may contain carbohydrates and proteins. It may contain minerals like manganese, zinc, copper, etc. Additionally, green tea may contain vitamin B1, B2, B3 and B6, etc2

Is green tea good for the heart? 

Yes, green tea is good for the heart. It may reduce the risk of heart diseases like atherosclerosis due to the antioxidant properties of bioactive compounds like catechin3.  

What are the side effects of drinking green tea? 

Green tea in excess may cause nervousness, anxiety, headaches, tremors, restlessness, insomnia and irritation in the digestive tract. Additionally, it may abnormally lower blood pressure12.   

Are there any green tea liver benefits? 

Yes, green tea may be beneficial for the liver. Polyphenols in green tea might reduce ALT and AST concentrations and lower bad cholesterol levels, thereby improving liver health10.

References

  1. Chacko SM, Thambi PT, Kuttan R, Nishigaki I. Beneficial effects of green tea: a literature review. Chinese medicine. 2010 Dec;5(1):1-9. Available from: https://cmjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1749-8546-5-13  
  1.  Beverages, tea, green, brewed, regular [Internet]. Food Data Central. [cited 2022 Nov19]. Available from:  https://web.archive.org/web/20170707194019/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4329?fgcd=&man=&lfacet=&count=&max=&sort=&qlookup=&offset=&format=Full&new=&measureby=
  1. Naito Y, Yoshikawa T. Green tea and heart health. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology. 2009 Nov 1;54(5):385-90. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/cardiovascularpharm/fulltext/2009/11000/green_tea_and_heart_health.5.aspx 
  1. Yang CS, Wang X. Green tea and cancer prevention. Nutrition and cancer. 2010 Sep 23;62(7):931-7. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01635581.2010.509536 
  1. Park JH, Bae JH, Im SS, Song DK. Green tea and type 2 diabetes. Integrative Medicine Research. 2014 Mar 1;3(1):4-10. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221342201300098X 
  1. Reygaert WC. Green tea catechins: Their use in treating and preventing infectious diseases. BioMed research international. 2018 Jul 17;2018. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/BMRI/2018/9105261/ 
  1. Rothenberg DO, Zhou C, Zhang L. A review on the weight-loss effects of oxidized tea polyphenols. Molecules. 2018 May 14;23(5):1176. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/5/1176
  1. Barbalho SM, Bosso H, Salzedas-Pescinini LM, de Alvares Goulart R. Green tea: A possibility in the therapeutic approach of inflammatory bowel diseases?: Green tea and inflammatory bowel diseases. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2019 Apr 1;43:148-53. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229918311555 
  1. Kim S, Park TH, Kim WI, Park S, Kim JH, Cho MK. The effects of green tea on acne vulgaris: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials. Phytotherapy Research. 2021 Jan;35(1):374-83. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ptr.6809 
  1. Mansour‐Ghanaei F, Hadi A, Pourmasoumi M, Joukar F, Golpour S, Najafgholizadeh A. Green tea as a safe alternative approach for nonalcoholic fatty liver treatment: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of clinical trials. Phytotherapy research. 2018 Oct;32(10):1876-84. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ptr.6130 
  1. Tea [Internet]. The Nutrition Source. 2022 [cited 2022Nov20]. Available from: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/tea/ 
  1. Bedrood Z, Rameshrad M, Hosseinzadeh H. Toxicological effects of Camellia sinensis (green tea): A review. Phytotherapy Research. 2018 Jul;32(7):1163-80. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ptr.6063 
  1. Green tea [Internet]. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; [cited 2022Nov19]. Available from: https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/green-tea 
  2. Chatterjee A, Saluja M, Agarwal G, Alam M. Green tea: A boon for periodontal and general health. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2012 Apr–Jun;16(2):161–167. doi:10.4103/0972-124X.99256. PMID:23055579; PMCID:PMC3459493. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3459493/
  3. American Chemical Society. New evidence that green tea may help fight glaucoma and other eye diseases. ACS News Service Weekly PressPac. 2010 Apr 21 [Internet]. Available from: https://www.acs.org/pressroom/presspacs/2010/acs-presspac-april-21-2010/new-evidence-that-green-tea-may-help-fight-glaucoma-and-other-eye-diseases.html

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Capsicum (Shimla Mirch): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

I am edible. I am green. I am yellow. I am red. Sometimes you may find me in orange too! What may this colored food item be? Capsicum! Capsicum, with the scientific name Capsicum annuum, is a member of the Solanaceae family. Capsicums are known as bell peppers in America, Shimla mirch in India, and peppers in the United Kingdom. Capsicums originated from northern Latin America and Mexico and are available in various colors ranging from green, red, yellow, and orange. These varieties are not only delicious when eaten as a topping on a pizza or cooked as a veggie, but they are also very healthy. Let us find some interesting benefits of this vegetable1

Nutritional Value of Capsicum

Capsicum (Shimla Mirch) contains various nutritional components that are given in the table below. It is rich in a variety of phytochemicals like vitamins, anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acid, capsaicinoids, and carotenoids. 

Properties of Capsicum

Literature has shown capsicum to have numerous properties as those mentioned below: 

In my view, it’s fascinating how modern studies are now catching up with the facts some cultures have known for ages! Capsaicin, a compound found in capsicum, has been traditionally used to ease pain. While studies have shown promising results, it’s important to note that more research on humans is needed to fully confirm its pain-relieving benefits9.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Potential Uses of Capsicum for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of capsicum are described as follows: 

1. Potential Uses of Capsicum for Dyslipidemia

cholesterol

Dyslipidemia is characterized by a reduction in good cholesterol or high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and an increase in low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Studies have shown that red capsicum and one of its important constituents, capsaicin, may potentially control the altered parameters in dyslipidemia. Zafar et al. conducted a study3 in 2012 on male rats to assess the effect of an aqueous extract of red pepper on the lipid profile. Rats that were administered an aqueous extract of red pepper (200mg/kg) showed a reduction in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides and an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL). This may indicate that the consumption of capsicum may help in managing dyslipidemia. However, more studies on humans are needed to support these claims. 

2. Potential Uses of Capsicum for Managing Blood Glucose

regulates blood sugar

Capsicum contains phytochemicals like capsaicin and capsiate (capsaicin analogue), which may exhibit a hypoglycaemic effect (reduction in blood glucose). Sanati et al. conducted a study4 in 2017 to assess the effect of capsaicin on blood glucose in rats with Type-I DM. The rats were administered 6mg/kg capsaicin and capsiate for 28 days. The study results showed that capsaicin and capsiate might help reduce blood glucose. This may indicate that the consumption of capsicum may help manage blood glucose. However, more studies are needed to confirm these results in humans. 

3. Potential Uses of Capsicum for Improving Metabolism

capsicum
Image Source: freepik.com

Capsicum has a high amount of capsaicinoids, which may help improve metabolism5. Capsaicinoids are known to stimulate vasodilatation (increased blood flow) which increases thermogenesis (heat production). An increase in thermogenesis increases the rate of metabolism. This may indicate that the consumption of capsicum may help in improving metabolism. However, more studies are needed to support these claims.

4. Potential Uses of Capsicum for Cancer

cancer
Image Source: freepik.com

Capsaicin is a bioactive phytochemical that is abundant in capsicum. A literature review by Chapa et al. conducted in 2016 states that capsaicin can alter gene expression in various stages of cancer cell survival, angiogenesis, and metastasis6. Therefore, there is a certainty that the consumption of capsicum may help manage cancers, but we need more human studies to support these claims. 

Based on my observations, the application of intranasal capsaicin might help reduce nasal problems. In a study, people who received capsaicin experienced a possible decrease in nasal symptoms, such as runny nose and nasal blockage. They also showed improvement in sensitivity to cold dry air, which lasted for up to 9 months after the treatment. Thus, intranasal capsaicin might be safe and effective in reducing nasal symptoms11.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

5. Potential Uses of Capsicum for Wound Healing

wound healing

Capsicum contains phytochemicals like capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, traditionally used for wound healing. However, scientific evidence for this is limited. Ekom et al. conducted a study7 in rats in 2021 to assess the antibacterial potential of capsicum extract as a support to the wound healing process. The results of this study claimed the use of capsicum as an antibacterial ingredient. However, more studies are needed to confirm these claims in humans. 

6. Potential Uses of Capsicum for Boosting Immunity

immunity

Capsicum is rich in Vitamin C, a biologically active phytochemical that can help strengthen the immune system. It may be possible that regular intake of capsicum may help boost immunity. However, scientific evidence supporting these claims is limited. Therefore, more studies are needed to support these claims in humans1.

7. Potential Uses of Capsicum for Anxiety

smoking and anxiety

Capsicum is a good source of Vitamin B6 and magnesium, both of which play an important role in maintaining the normal function of the nervous system. Thus, this can relieve anxiety and manage panic attacks. Additionally, magnesium in capsicum may help relieve muscle tension caused by anxiety. This indicates that the consumption of capsicum might positively impact anxiety. However, scientific evidence to support these claims is insufficient, and more studies are needed to support these claims in humans1.

8. Other Potential Uses of Capsicum

capsicum
Image Source: freepik.com

Though there are studies that show the benefits of capsicum in various conditions, these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of capsicum on human health.  

In my perspective, capsaicin, found in capsicum has a superpower. Capsaicin in small amounts might help protect the stomach from damage caused by alcohol or certain drugs. It does this by possibly activating the sensory nerves, which helps in case of gastric injuries12.

Dr. Anuja Bodhare, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

How to Use Capsicum?

Capsicum can be used in the following ways: 

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.   

I would suggest adding capsicum to your diet if you’re looking to manage your food intake. Capsaicin, found in capsicum may have short-term effects on your body. When you consume capsaicin orally (like eating spicy foods), it might make you feel more satisfied, leading to a decrease in your food intake10.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Side Effects of Capsicum

A few side effects related to the consumption of capsicum include: 

However, if you experience any adverse reactions to capsicum, immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it to you. They will be able to guide you appropriately for your symptoms. 

Precautions to Take with Capsicum

Like every other fruit and vegetable, intake of capsicum is okay in moderate amounts. However, general precautions must be followed while consuming capsicum, the most important of which are: 

Also Read: Sweet Potatoes (Shakarkandi): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Interactions with Other Drugs

There is a lack of data regarding the interaction of capsicum with other drugs. However, you must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician about the possible interaction of capsicum with other drugs, and follow the prescription thoroughly, as they will know your health condition and other medications you are taking. 

Also Read: Red Chilli: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the benefits of capsicum (Shimla Mirch)?

Capsicum may help in managing blood glucose, dyslipidemia, cancers, and healing wounds. Additionally, it may help boost immunity, and metabolism, prevent cataracts, and may provide symptomatic relief in arthritis, Crohn’s disease, and yellow fever3,7.

What is the scientific name of capsicum? 

Capsicum is scientifically known as Capsicum annuum. 

What are the side effects of capsicum?

When consumed in excess, capsicum can cause stomach pain, sweating, and allergies in allergy-prone individuals8.

Can capsicum help manage dyslipidemia? 

Capsicum is rich in capsaicin, and although animal studies have shown consumption of capsicum has a positive impact on dyslipidemia, more studies are needed to support these claims. Therefore, it is recommended to consult a doctor for proper treatment3.

Can capsicum help prevent cancers? 

Literature studies support the use of capsicum for managing cancers. However, more studies are needed to confirm these results in humans. Therefore, it is recommended to consult a doctor for a proper treatment3.

References

  1. Anaya-Esparza LM, Mora ZV, Vázquez-Paulino O, Ascencio F, Villarruel-López A. Bell Peppers (Capsicum annum L.) Losses and Wastes: Source for Food and Pharmaceutical Applications. Molecules. 2021 Sep 2;26(17):5341. doi: 10.3390/molecules26175341. PMID: 34500773; PMCID: PMC8434037. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8434037/
  2. Zafar TA, Kabir Y. Capsicum suppress postprandial blood glucose concentration, and appetite and reduce energy intake at the next meal. J Food Sci Technol. 2017 Mar;54(4):987-994. doi: 10.1007/s13197-016-2422-6. Epub 2016 Dec 8. PMID: 28303049; PMCID: PMC5336455.Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5336455
  3. Sanati S, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. A review of the effects of Capsicum annuum L. and its constituent, capsaicin, in metabolic syndrome. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2018 May;21(5):439-448. doi: 10.22038/IJBMS.2018.25200.6238. PMID: 29922422; PMCID: PMC6000222. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6000222/
  4. Zhang S, Ma X, Zhang L, Sun H, Liu X. Capsaicin Reduces Blood Glucose by Increasing Insulin Levels and Glycogen Content Better than Capsiate in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2017 Mar 22;65(11):2323-2330. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00132. Epub 2017 Mar 2. PMID: 28230360. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28230360/
  5. Chapa-Oliver AM, Mejía-Teniente L. Capsaicin: From Plants to a Cancer-Suppressing Agent. Molecules. 2016 Jul 27;21(8):931. doi: 10.3390/molecules21080931. PMID: 27472308; PMCID: PMC6274000. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6274000/
  6. Ekom SE, Tamokou JD, Kuete V. Antibacterial and Therapeutic Potentials of the Capsicum annuum Extract against Infected Wound in a Rat Model with Its Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action. Biomed Res Int. 2021 Oct 4; 2021:4303902. doi: 10.1155/2021/4303902. PMID: 34646883; PMCID: PMC8505066. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8505066/
  7. Capsicum recipes (no date) BBC Food. BBC. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/capsicum
  8. Capsicum (no date) Tufts Medical Center Community Care. Available at: https://medicine.tufts.edu/about/departments-offices/academic-departments/public-health-community-medicine
  9. Fattori V, Hohmann MS, Rossaneis AC, Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Verri WA. Capsaicin: Current Understanding of Its Mechanisms and Therapy of Pain and Other Pre-Clinical and Clinical Uses. Molecules. 2016 Jun 28;21(7):844. doi: 10.3390/molecules21070844. PMID: 27367653; PMCID: PMC6273101. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6273101/#B76-molecules-21-00844
  10. Smeets AJ, Janssens PL, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Addition of capsaicin and exchange of carbohydrate with protein counteract energy intake restriction effects on fullness and energy expenditure. J Nutr. 2013 Apr;143(4):442-7. doi: 10.3945/jn.112.170613. Epub 2013 Feb 13. PMID: 23406619. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23406619/
  11. Van Rijswijk JB, Boeke EL, Keizer JM, Mulder PG, Blom HM, Fokkens WJ. Intranasal capsaicin reduces nasal hyperreactivity in idiopathic rhinitis: a double-blind randomized application regimen study. Allergy. 2003 Aug;58(8):754-61. doi: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2003.00203.x. PMID: 12859554. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12859554/
  12. Mózsik G, Szolcsányi J, Rácz I. Gastroprotection induced by capsaicin in healthy human subjects. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Sep 7;11(33):5180-4. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i33.5180. PMID: 16127749; PMCID: PMC4320392. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4320392/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Pistachios: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Introduction

“An individual can consider himself happy when his food is also his medicine.” Pistachios are tiny little nutritional goldmines; the healthiest and best delight one can have instantly. They are the edible seeds of the Pistacia vera tree, which belongs to the family Anacardiaceae or the cashew family. Pistachios originated in the Middle East and Central Asia. In India, the production of pistachios is highest in Jammu and Kashmir, followed by Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Punjab. This is because pistachio trees thrive in regions with long summers and winter seasons. Depending on the size and shape of these nuts, different varieties are available in the market, like Iranian round pistachio, Iranian jumbo pistachio, Iranian long pistachio, etc.  

Pistachios are ranked among the top 10 expensive nuts globally and are of economic importance. These green-hued, sweet nuts are one of the oldest nuts, which have also been mentioned in the Old Testament of the Bible as a prized food source with a rich history. Let us discover some evidence-based benefits of pistachios and some considerations to add this superfood to your dietary routine1,2

Nutritional Value of Pistachios

Pistachios are highly nutritious due to the presence of vitamins, minerals, proteins, phenolic compounds and carotenoids like zeaxanthin and lutein. The nutritional components that are found in pistachios are as follows.  

Nutritional value of pistachios3 

Properties of Pistachios

Pistachios show numerous scientifically proven properties; some of which are mentioned below: 

Eating a handful of pistachios as a snack can offer various health benefits. It is not only tasty, but also packed with nutrients to keep you active through the day1.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Potential Uses of Pistachios for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of pistachios are described as follows: 

1. Potential Uses of Pistachios in Type II Diabetes

diabetes

Nuts may help in managing hyperglycaemia due to the presence of mono-and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Parham et.al conducted a study4 in 2014 to assess the effect of pistachio nuts supplementation on Type II diabetes. 12-weeks of pistachio consumption by the subjects showed a beneficial effect on glycemic control in diabetes. This indicates that pistachios may have a positive impact on diabetes. However, more studies are needed to support these claims. 

2. Potential Uses of Pistachios in Lipid Profile

cholesterol

Literature Studies have reported that the consumption of nuts can have a favourable effect on lipid profile. Michael et al. conducted a study5 in 2007 to assess the effect of pistachio nut consumption on serum lipid levels. This study showed that the consumption of pistachio nuts helped reduce total cholesterol and increase high-density lipoprotein or good cholesterol. This indicates that the consumption of pistachio nuts may have a beneficial impact on lipid profile. However, we need more studies to support these claims. 

3. Potential Uses of Pistachios in Obesity-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases

Obesity

The prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases, including several forms of dementia, is increasing. Among the causes of these diseases, obesity is a well-known risk factor. Literature reviews support the use of pistachios for the management of obesity-related dysfunctions like neurodegenerative diseases. Domenico et al. conducted a study6 in 2020 to assess the effect of pistachio nuts on the brain in obese mice. This study showed that regular intake of pistachio nuts might help manage obesity-related neurodegenerative diseases. This indicates that the consumption of pistachio nuts may have a favourable impact on neurodegenerative diseases. However, we need more studies to support these claims in humans. 

4. Potential Uses of Pistachios for Blood Pressure

blood pressure

Consumption of nuts may help reduce blood pressure. Omid et al. conducted a meta-analysis7 in 2021 to assess the effect of pistachio nut on blood pressure. Results showed that pistachio nuts consumption might help reduce systolic blood pressure. This indicates that the consumption of pistachio nuts can positively impact blood pressure, but we need more studies to support these claims. 

5. Potential Uses of Pistachios in Colon Cancer

stomach

Pistachios are packed with vitamins, minerals, tocopherols, polyphenols and dietary fibre, which may help reduce the risk of colon cancer. Michael et al. conducted a study8 in 2017 to assess the anti-cancer potential of pistachio nuts. This study showed that pistachio nuts had a favourable effect on colon cancer. This indicates that the consumption of pistachio nuts may help reduce the risk of colon cancer. However, scientific evidence for this finding is limited and we need more studies to support these claims. 

6. Other Potential Uses of Pistachios

pistachio

Though there are studies that show the benefits of Pistachios in various conditions, these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of Pistachios on human health. 

As per a study11, eating 3-4 pistachios everyday showed significant improvement in blood flow through the penis. This goes to show that eating pistachios may help with erectile dysfunction.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

How to Use Pistachios?

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.   

Side Effects of Pistachios

A few side effects related to the consumption of pistachios include: 

However, if you experience any adverse reactions to pistachios, it is advised to discontinue its intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it. They will be able to guide you appropriately for your symptoms. 

Also Read: Amazing Health Benefits of the Avocado

Precautions to Take with Pistachios

Eating pistachios is okay if taken in moderate amounts. However, general precautions must be followed in the mentioned conditions10

Interactions with Other Drugs

There is no significant interaction of pistachios with other drugs. However, you must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician about the possible interaction of pistachios with other drugs and follow the prescription thoroughly, as they will know your health condition and other medications you are taking. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the scientific name of pistachios? 

The scientific name of pistachios is Pistacia vera, which belongs to the family Anacardiaceae or the cashew family1

Can pistachios help with weight loss? 

Being a good source of fiber and protein, they may help in weight loss. However, more studies need to be done on humans to support these claims. Therefore, it is advised to consult a doctor for issues related to weight1.

Can pistachios help in managing diabetes?  

Yes, pistachios may help manage diabetes as they have the potential to improve glycemic control. However, more studies need to be done in humans to support these claims. Therefore, it is advised to consult a doctor for better outcomes3

Can pistachios help improve vision? 

Pistachios are rich in antioxidants like lutein and zeaxanthin, which may help improve vision. However, studies supporting these claims are limited and thus, it is advised to consult a doctor for a better assessment1.  

What are the side effects of pistachios? 

Consumption of pistachios in excess can increase the risk of gout, impair the digestive process and kidney function. In allergy-prone individuals, pistachios can cause nut allergy8

References

  1. Hernández-Alonso P, Bulló M, Salas-Salvadó J. Pistachios for Health: What Do We Know About This Multifaceted Nut? Nutr Today. 2016 May;51(3):133-138. doi: 10.1097/NT.0000000000000160. Epub 2016 May 19. PMID: 27340302; PMCID: PMC4890834. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4890834/
  2. Organic pistachio farming – production in India, Agri Farming. Available at: https://www.agrifarming.in/organic-pistachio-farming-production-in-india. (Accessed: December 3, 2022).  
  3. Mandalari, Giuseppina et al. “Pistachio Nuts (Pistacia vera L.): Production, Nutrients, Bioactives and Novel Health Effects.” Plants (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 11,1 18. 22 Dec. 2021, doi:10.3390/plants11010018. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35009022/
  4. Parham, Mahmoud et al. “Effects of pistachio nut supplementation on blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized crossover trial.” The review of diabetic studies: RDS vol. 11,2 (2014): 190-6. doi:10.1900/RDS.2014.11.190. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25396407/ 
  5.  Sheridan, Michael J et al. “Pistachio nut consumption and serum lipid levels.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition vol. 26,2 (2007): 141-8. doi:10.1080/07315724.2007.10719595. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17536125/ 
  6. Nuzzo, Domenico et al. “Regular Intake of Pistachio Mitigates the Deleterious Effects of a High Fat-Diet in the Brain of Obese Mice.” Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 9,4 317. 15 Apr. 2020, doi:10.3390/antiox9040317. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7222408/ 
  7. Asbaghi, Omid et al. “Effects of pistachios on anthropometric indices, inflammatory markers, endothelial function and blood pressure in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.” The British journal of nutrition vol. 126,5 (2021): 718-729. doi:10.1017/S0007114520004523. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33198823/ 
  8. Glei, Michael et al. “Chemopreventive Potential of Raw and Roasted Pistachios Regarding Colon Carcinogenesis.” Nutrientsvol. 9,12 1368. 18 Dec. 2017, doi:10.3390/nu9121368. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29258268. 
  9. Asadi, Sonia et al. “Effects of different roasting methods on formation of acrylamide in pistachio.” Food science & nutrition vol. 8,6 2875-2881. 12 May. 2020, doi:10.1002/fsn3.1588. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7300066/ 
  10. Munuhe, N. (2022) Pistachios facts, calories, health benefits and side effects, BetterMe Blog.(Accessed: November 30, 2022). Available at: https://betterme.world/articles/pistachios-calories-benefits-side-effects/   
  11. Pistachios [Internet]. NutritionFacts.org; [cited 2026 Feb 16]. Available from: https://nutritionfacts.org/topics/pistachios/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Benefits of Sarpasana (Snake Pose) and How to Do it By Dr. Himani Bisht

Introduction

Yoga, an invaluable gift from ancient India, embodies the unification of mind-body; thought and action, fulfillment and restraint; and is considered a holistic approach to human health and well-being. Yoga is about practicing asanas and discovering a sense of oneness within ourselves, the world and nature1. Sarpasana is the most versatile of all yoga asanas. Sarpasana, also known as the snake pose or the snake asana, is a yoga pose that is said to have many benefits.    

If you are searching for an easy yoga pose that can help you improve your overall health and well-being, look no further than Sarpasana! Please keep reading to learn more about the benefits of this pose and how to do it. 

What is Sarpasana?

Sarpasana is a backbend in the prone position. “Sarpa” in Sanskrit means snake and “asana” means pose. In English, this asana is known as snake pose yoga. The Sritattvanidhi (treatise written in Karnataka), which was written in the 19th century, mentions this pose as “Sarpasana”, whereas in Iyengar yoga (a book written by the foremost yoga guru; B.K.S.Iyengar) this pose is referred to as Bhujangasana or the cobra pose2.

Did You Know?

Sarpasana’s aligning of the spine allows prana (life-force energy) to flow through the chakras. As a result, these chakras are opened and balanced. Following chakras/body centers are opened and balanced :

How to Do It?

The best time to practice Yogasanas is the “Brahmamuhurta”; a Sanskrit word that refers to the time two hours before and including sunrise. It is always advised to practice any asana on an empty stomach. Avoid performing any asana until three-four hours have lapsed after meals. One may perform Sarpasana in the following manner: 

In my experience, regular practice of Sarpasana along with other yoga asanas may aid in rheumatoid arthritis. For the benefit of people, this drug-free, readily adaptable, easily accessible, reasonably priced expensive, side-effect-free, and more natural alternative therapy for the management of Amavata (rheumatoid arthritis).

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Benefits of Sarpasana

Some benefits of yoga Sarpasana are as follows: 

1. Benefit of Sarpasana for Managing Back Pain

lower back

Pushpika et al. conducted a study13 in 2010 to assess the efficacy of yoga intervention in individuals with lower back pain. The yogic treatment plan included several asanas like Sarpasana. At the end of the study, it was found that lower back pain can be managed in the majority of cases with the help of Yogasanas like Sarpasana. However, further studies are needed to support these results. Consequently, it is recommended to consult a doctor for proper treatment; do not rely on this asana alone. Additionally, one must perform this asana under the supervision of a qualified trainer5.

2. Benefit of Sarpasana to Manage Diabetes

diabetes

Diabetes is characterized by an increase in glucose in the blood. Malhotra et al. conducted a study12 in 2003 on Type II diabetic individuals to assess the effect of yoga intervention consisting of various asanas like Sarpasana on Type II Diabetes mellitus. The 40-day practice of asanas like Sarpasana showed a decrease in fasting and post-prandial blood glucose. Therefore, yogic postures like Sarpasana might help improve glycemic control. However, if you have an abnormal sugar level, you should consult a doctor and not rely on this asana alone to treat diabetes. Additionally, it is recommended to practice this asana under the guidance of a professional trainer6.

3. Benefit of Sarpasana on Muscle Activity

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are complex syndromes ranging from acute to chronic pain, disability or impaired physical function. Yogasanas like Sarpasana move the spine and the lower body through the complete range of motion and might help improve muscle activity. Thus, it may provide symptomatic relief from MSDs. However, limited studies are known in this area. So, in case you have any muscle disorders, it is recommended to consult a doctor and not rely on this asana alone. Additionally, it is advised to perform this asana under the guidance of a qualified trainer7.

4. Benefit of Sarpasana for Lipid Profile

cholesterol

Martale et al. conducted a study8 in 2014 to assess the effects of Pranayama on physiology. The result on biochemical variables revealed a reduction trend in the values of triglycerides, cholesterol and LDL (Low-density lipoprotein). The results of this study sustained the fact that Yogasanas like Sarpasana may help improve the lipid profile. However, it is recommended to consult a doctor if you have an abnormal lipid profile. Sarpasana should not be considered a substitute for modern medicine and should be performed under the supervision of a qualified trainer8.

5. Benefit of Sarpasana on Micronutrient Absorption 

Verma et al. conducted a study9 in 2017 to assess the effect of yoga practices on micronutrient absorption in 66 urban school children. The yoga intervention included several supine pose and prone pose asanas including Sarpasana. 12-weeks of yoga intervention showed improvement in micronutrient absorption. Therefore, asanas like Sarpasana may improve micronutrient absorption. However, more studies should be conducted to support these claims. It is recommended to not consider this asana as an alternative to modern medicine. Additionally, it is advised to perform this asana under a qualified trainer9.

Also Read: Benefits of Parsvakonasana (Side Angle Pose) and How to Do it By Dr. Ankit Sankhe

6. Other Benefits of Sarpasana

kidney health

Yoga practice may help develop the mind and body; however, it is still not an alternative to modern medicine. Therefore, you must not rely on Yoga alone to treat any condition. Instead, please consult a qualified doctor who will be able to assess your condition correctly and advise accordingly. Moreover, it is necessary to practice and learn Yoga under the supervision of a trained yoga teacher to avoid any injuries. 

From my knowledge, regular practice of Sarpasana may help to tone the abdomen and lessen the size of a bulging belly. It is believed to aid in the weight loss journey11.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Risks of Sarpasana

Few conditions where Sarpasana is contraindicated are: 

Also Read: Benefits of Pranam Asana (Prayer Pose) and How to Do it By Dr. Himani Bisht

Conclusion

Sarpasana is a backbend in a prone position. “Sarpa” in Sanskrit means snake, and “asana” means pose. In English, this asana is known as snake pose yoga. The Sritattvanidhi (treatise written in Karnataka), which was written in the 19th century, mentions this pose as “Sarpasana”, whereas in Iyengar yoga (a book written by the foremost yoga guru; B.K.S.Iyengar) this pose is referred to as Bhujangasana or the cobra pose. Practising Sarpasana may provide several benefits, which include improvement of diabetes, asthma, muscular flexibility, and lipid profile. Additionally, this asana may help promote appetite, relieve constipation, strengthen legs and shoulders and improve flexibility. 

Also Read: Benefits of Mayurasana (Peacock Pose) and How to Do it By Dr. Ankit Sankhe

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Which is the snake pose in yoga? 

Sarpasana is known as the snake pose in yoga. “Sarpa” in Sanskrit means snake and “asana” means pose. In English, this translates to snake pose yoga.

What are the benefits of Sarpasana? 

Sarpasana may provide several benefits, which include improvement of diabetes, asthma, muscular flexibility and lipid profile. Additionally, this asana may help promote appetite, relieve constipation, strengthen legs and shoulders and improve flexibility. 

What are the steps of Sarpasana? 


Lie on your stomach with your legs straight, and your feet joined together. Place your chin on the floor. Next, interlock the fingers and place your hands on your buttocks. Push your hands back and try to raise your arms as much as possible. Imagine someone is pulling your arms from behind.  Hold this position as long as it is comfortable. Next, slowly return to the initial position and relax your body. This completes one round of Sarpasana. Repeat and practice up to five rounds3.

What are the contraindications of Sarpasana? 

People having cardiac disorders, vertebral and disc disorders, hernia, and ulcers should abstain from performing Sarpasana3.

Is Sarpasana a part of surya namaskar? 

No, Sarpasana is not a part of surya namaskar. 

References

1. 21 June INTERNATIONAL DAY OF YOGA INTERNATIONAL DAY OF YOGA Common Yoga Protocol, Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) [Internet] 4th Revised Edition, May 2019. [Cited: 2022 Nov 06] Available from: https://mea.gov.in/images/pdf/common-yoga-protocol-english.pdf  

2. N.E.Sjoman. Sarpasana. The Yoga tradition of the Mysore palace. Abhinav publications.1999;16,21,71,72. Available at: https://terebess.hu/english/Yoga-Tradition-of-the-Mysore-Palace.pdf

3. Swami Satyananda Saraswati. Asana Prayanama Mudra Bandha. Yoga Publication trust Bihar: India.1996;201-203. Available at: https://www.yogkulam.org/books/Asana.pdf

4. Swami Satyananda Saraswati. Kundalini Tantra. Awakening the chakras. Pg.53.Available at: https://www.yogkulam.org/books/Kundalini%20Tantra%20SwamiSatyananda%20Saraswati-.pdf

5.  Pushpika et al. Clinical evaluation of selected Yogic procedures in individuals with low back pain.Ayujournal. April,2010. DOI:10.4103/0974-8520.72409. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51844141_Clinical_evaluation_of_selected_Yogic_procedures_in_individuals_with_low_back_pain

6. Malhotra. V, Singh. S, Tandon OP, Sharma SB. (2005). The beneficial effect of yoga in diabetes. Nepal medical college Journal, 7(2), 145-47 Available at:  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16519085/

7.Mullerpatan RP, Agarwal BM, Shetty TV. Exploration of Muscle Activity Using Surface Electromyography While Performing Surya Namaskar. Int J Yoga. 2020 May-Aug;13(2):137-143. doi: 10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_72_19. Epub 2020 May 1. PMID: 32669768; PMCID: PMC7336940. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7336940/ 

8. Martale at al. The Effect of Pranayama on Physiological Aspects. Entire Research, Vol.- 6, Issue-II. 2014;66-70. Available at: https://www.ghrws.com/Entire%20Research/E.%20R.%202014/Volume-6,%20Issue-II,%20April%202014.pdf

9. Verma A, Shete S, Kulkarni D, Bhogal RS. Effect of yoga practices on micronutrient absorption in urban residential school children. J Phys Ther Sci. 2017 Jul;29(7):1254-1258. doi: 10.1589/jpts.29.1254. Epub 2017 Jul 15. PMID: 28744059; PMCID: PMC5509603. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5509603/ 

10. Pal Surbhi, Role of yoga therapy (Asana & Pranayama) in the Management of Menopausal Syndrome. Sangyaharan Shodh: International Peer Reviwed: Aug. 2022, Vol. 25, No.2/ ISSN 2278-8166. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377724687_Role_of_yoga_therapy_Asana_Pranayama_in_the_Management_of_Menopausal_Syndrome 

11. Joshi S (Deole), Deole YS, Vyas GH, Dash SC. Management of overweight and obesity through specific yogic procedures. AYU (An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda). 2009 Oct–Dec;30(4):425–435 [cited 2025 Dec 20]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yogesh-Deole/publication/265026464_Management_of_Overweight_and_Obesity_through_specific_Yogic_procedures/links/54f8124b0cf210398e940ed7/Management-of-Overweight-and-Obesity-through-specific-Yogic-procedures.pdf

12. Malhotra V, Singh S, Tandon OP, Madhu SV, Prasad A, Sharma SB. Effect of yoga asanas on nerve conduction in type 2 diabetes. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002 Jul;46(3):298–306. PMID:12613392. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12613392/

13. Attanayake AMP, Somarathna KIWK, Vyas GH, Dash SC. Clinical evaluation of selected yogic procedures in individuals with low back pain. Ayu. 2010 Apr;31(2):245–250. doi:10.4103/0974-8520.72409. PMID:22131719; PMCID:PMC3215373. Avaiable from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22131719/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Canola Oil: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects by Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

Canola is a yellow flowering plant that belongs to the family Brassicaceae. Three different species in this family are Brassica rapa, Brassica napus and Brassica juncea. B.napus, also known as rapeseed, was identified in 2000 B.C. originally in Northern Europe and the Mediterranean. Rapeseed is a crop high in erucic acid. It is known to contain >40% erucic acid (monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid). Animal studies showed erucic acid was unhealthy for human use and used in small quantities for industrial use in North America.  

In 1976, Canadian scientists were able to improve the quality of rapeseed. In 1979, Canada registered the word “canola” for the discovery of a new seed found to produce oil, which was low in erucic acid and glucosinolates. Canola oil has now become has become one of the major oilseed crops worldwide. After palm and soyabean oil, canola oil production ranks third largest vegetable oil by volume. Let us find more exciting benefits regarding canola oil1

Nutritional Value of Canola Oil

Canola oil contains no traces of cholesterol and is made up of unsaturated fats, this is the reason why it is considered healthier compared to other oils. The percent composition of canola oil is given below

Properties of Canola Oil

Scientific literature has found that the consumption of canola oil shows numerous properties as mentioned below: 

Let me share something really interesting about canola oil. It contains vitamin E, including gamma-tocopherol and alpha-tocopherol. Vitamin E might play an important role in keeping your cell membranes healthy, especially those in your mucus membranes and skin. It does so by acting as a potential shield against harmful oxygen-free radicals that might damage your cells8.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Potential Uses of Canola Oil for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of Canola oil are described as follows: 

1. Potential Uses of Canola Oil for Hyperlipidemia

cholesterol

Hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for most cardiovascular diseases, which might be closely linked to plasma lipid levels. Vegetable oils like canola oil may help improve plasma lipids. Ghobadi et al. conducted a systematic review in 2019 to assess the effect of canola oil consumption on lipid profile3. The review showed that consumption of canola oil significantly reduced low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and total cholesterol (TC) and did not affect high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides. This indicates that the consumption of canola oil may improve TC & LDL. However, more studies are required to confirm these claims. 

2. Potential Uses of Canola Oil for Hepatic Steatosis

liver

Hepatic steatosis, or fatty liver disease causes prolonged fat accumulation in the liver. It impairs hepatic metabolism and can result in inflammation of the liver. Studies show that consumption of canola oil may have a positive impact on hepatic steatosis. Maryam et al. conducted a study4 in 2021 to assess the effect of canola oil consumption on hepatic steatosis in women suffering from PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome). The intervention included the consumption of canola oil 25g/d for 12 weeks. Results showed that women who consumed canola oil showed a reducing trend in the fatty liver grade. This indicates that canola oil may help in treating hepatic steatosis. However, more studies are needed to claim these results. 

3. Potential Uses of Canola Oil on Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Type II DM

inflammation

Insulin resistance and oxidative stress play an important role in the pathophysiology of Type II DM. Atefi et al. conducted a study5 in 2018 to assess the effect of canola oil on insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation in women with Type II DM. The intervention included the consumption of 30g/d canola oil for 8 weeks. The study results concluded that consumption of canola oil in type II DM might help reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. This indicates that canola oil may help manage Type II DM. However, more studies are needed to support these claims. 

4. Potential Uses of Canola Oil for Central Obesity

Obesity

Central obesity is the accumulation of visceral fat or excess weight around the body’s centre. Canola oil is a cholesterol-free oil that can help in managing obesity. Liu et al. conducted a study6 in 2016 to assess the effects of diets low in saturated fatty acids or high in polyunsaturated fatty acids/ monounsaturated fatty acids on body composition. This study showed that participants who received canola oil had a reduced fat mass, especially males. Therefore, there is a certainty that canola oil may help in reducing central obesity, but we need more studies to support these claims. 

5. Other Potential Uses of Canola Oil

brain

Though there are studies that show the benefits of canola oil in various conditions, these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of canola oil on human health.  

Judging from what I’ve witnessed, canola oil might be a safe choice for people with food allergies. This is because it doesn’t have the proteins that usually cause allergic reactions. So, you may use canola oil without any worries8.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

How to Use Canola Oil?

Canola oil can be used in the following ways: 

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.   

Also Read: 7 Incredible Benefits Of Chia Seed Oil

Side Effects of Canola Oil

A few side effects related to the use of canola oil include: 

However, if you experience any adverse reactions to canola oil, immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it to you. They will be able to guide you appropriately for your symptoms. 

Canola oil, which has a high smoke point, might be ideal for deep frying, in my view. It might withstand high temperatures up to 246°C without smoking. This means that when you use canola oil for deep frying, the oil is less likely to be absorbed by the food. So, you may get deliciously crispy fried foods with less oil retention8.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

Precautions to Take with Canola Oil

The use of canola oil is contraindicated in the following conditions: 

Also Read: Health Benefits of Coconut Oil for Skin and Hair

Interactions with Other Drugs

There is a lack of data regarding the interaction of canola oil with other drugs. If you’re taking blood thinners, kindly consult with your doctor. Additionally, you must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician about the possible interaction of canola oil with other drugs, and follow the prescription thoroughly, as they will know your health condition and other medications you are taking. 

Also Read: Almond Oil: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is rapeseed oil? 

Rapeseed is a crop high in erucic acid, known to contain >40% erucic acid (monounsaturated omega-9-fatty acid). Canola oil is the modified version of this plant, with improved quality1

What is the scientific name of the canola oil plant? 

The canola oil plant is scientifically known as Brassica rapa.

Is it safe to use canola oil during pregnancy? 

The use of canola oil during pregnancy should be avoided, as it can lead to stunted growth of the infant. Kindly, consult your doctor for proper advice2

Can canola oil help with an abnormal lipid profile? 

Canola oil may show a reduction in total cholesterol and LDL. However, it is advised to consult a doctor for a proper treatment for hyperlipidemia and not consider canola oil as an alternative to modern medicine. 

What are the common side effects of canola oil? 

The use of canola oil may harm the heart and the liver due to the toxic mustard gas. Although present in small amounts, uric acid may hinder normal growth. As canola oil is partially hydrogenated, it may cause arterial inflammation and calcification. Additionally, it can impair memory and may prolong bleeding time2

References

  1. Lin L, Allemekinders H, Dansby A, Campbell L, Durance-Tod S, Berger A, Jones PJ. Evidence of health benefits of canola oil. Nutr Rev. 2013 Jun;71(6):370-85. doi: 10.1111/nure.12033. Epub 2013 May 2. PMID: 23731447; PMCID: PMC3746113. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3746113/ 
  2. Saeed Ghobadi, Zahra Hassanzadeh-Rostami, Fatemeh Mohammadian, Morteza Zare & Shiva Faghih (2019) Effects of Canola Oil Consumption on Lipid Profile: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials,Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 38:2, 185-196, DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1475270. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07315724.2018.1475270?journalCode=uacn20 
  3. Yahay M, Heidari Z, Allameh Z, Amani R. The effects of canola and olive oils consumption compared to sunflower oil, on lipid profile and hepatic steatosis in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Lipids Health Dis. 2021 Jan 29;20(1):7. doi: 10.1186/s12944-021-01433-9. PMID: 33514384; PMCID: PMC7844999. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7844999/ 
  4. Atefi M, Pishdad GR, Faghih S. The effects of canola and olive oils on insulin resistance, inflammation and oxidative stress in women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized and controlled trial. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2018 May 23;17(2):85-91. doi: 10.1007/s40200-018-0343-9. PMID: 30918840; PMCID: PMC6405399. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6405399/ 
  5. Liu X, Kris-Etherton PM, West SG, Lamarche B, Jenkins DJ, Fleming JA, McCrea CE, Pu S, Couture P, Connelly PW, Jones PJ. Effects of canola and high-oleic-acid canola oils on abdominal fat mass in individuals with central obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016 Nov;24(11):2261-2268. doi: 10.1002/oby.21584. PMID: 27804268; PMCID: PMC5119743. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5119743/ 
  6. Lauretti E, Praticò D. Effect of canola oil consumption on memory, synapse and neuropathology in the triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Sci Rep. 2017 Dec 7;7(1):17134. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17373-3. PMID: 29215028; PMCID: PMC5719422. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5719422/ 
  7. Munuhe, N. (2022) Canola oil nutrition facts, health benefits, and side effects, BetterMe Blog. Available at: https://betterme.world/articles/canola-oil-calories/ (Accessed: November 21, 2022).  
  8. Herbst MC, Cancer Association of South Africa. Fact Sheet on Canola Oil [Internet]. 2015 Mar. doi:10.13140/2.1.1332.5607. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273077273_Fact_Sheet_on_Canola_Oil

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Coconut Oil: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Introduction

Coconut is a simple fruit with multiple gifts to offer! It is also known as coco, nariyal, coco-da-bahia, etc. The scientific name of the coconut tree is Cocos nucifera (L.), and it belongs to the family Arecaceae. The plant originated from Southeast Asia and islands between the Pacific and Indian Ocean; it was brought to India and East Africa. The coconut palm is either utilized as a whole or in sections to produce milk, husk or the widely used coconut oil. Coconut oil is prepared by pressing dried coconut meat (copra) or fresh coconut meat. The oil prepared using fresh coconut meat is known as virgin coconut oil, and the one prepared using dried coconut meat (copra i.e. the dried brown covering) is called refined coconut oil. Coconut oil has benefits much more than you can expect. Here are a few benefits of virgin coconut oil and some special considerations to be kept in mind if you plan to include coconut oil in your diet1,2

Nutritional Value of Coconut Oil

Coconut oil contains various nutritional components including bioactive compounds such as that are given below (Value per 100 g)3:

You can mix several oils with coconut oil to increase its efficacy when used for hair-related issues such as baldness, hair loss, dandruff, etc. Oils such as castor, amla, neem, and almond are great sources of various nutrients like vitamins, antioxidants, protein, etc. These properties add to the goodness of coconut oil12.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Properties of Coconut Oil

The consumption of coconut oil shows numerous scientifically proven properties. Some of these properties are mentioned below: 

Potential Uses of Coconut Oil for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of coconut oil are described as follows: 

1. Potential Uses of Coconut Oil on Hair

hair

Coconut oil prevents damage to various hair types. Rele et al. conducted a review4 in 2003 to assess the effect of different treatments on hair. This study concluded that, among all other treatments, coconut oil was the only oil found to reduce protein loss for damaged and undamaged hair types. In addition, coconut oil is a triglyceride of lauric acid, has a high affinity for hair proteins, that can penetrate hair shafts due to its low molecular weight. This indicates that coconut oil may have a positive impact on hair. However, we need more studies to support these claims4.

2. Potential Uses of Coconut Oil on Lipid Profile  

cholesterol

Coconut oil is a medium-chain fatty acid known to have several benefits. Teng et al. conducted a systematic review5 in 2020 to assess the effects of coconut oil consumption on lipid profile. The summary estimate of 12 meta-analysis studies showed that consumption of coconut oil increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL- good cholesterol) and low-density lipoprotein or bad cholesterol. A better lipid profile is demonstrated with the use of virgin coconut oil. This indicates that using coconut oil may improve HDL but can also have a harmful effect by increasing low-density lipoprotein. Therefore, more studies are needed to support the use of coconut oil in humans, especially those focused on virgin coconut oil5.

3. Potential Uses of Coconut Oil for Cancer 

cancer

Few studies support the anticancer role of coconut oil. Verma et al. conducted a study6 in 2019 to assess the in-vitro anticancer activity of virgin coconut oil in cancer cell lines in the liver. This study showed positive results for cancer cell lines treated with virgin coconut oil. In addition, the fatty acid component of coconut oil is known to target the liver by portal circulation directly. This indicates that using coconut oil may help manage liver cancers. However, more studies are needed to support these claims6.

4. Potential Uses of Coconut Oil for Alzheimer’s Disease 

Image Source: freepik.com

Alzheimer’s disease is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease characterised by a decline in cognition. Jose et al. conducted a study7 in 2017 to assess the effect of coconut oil consumption in Alzheimer’s disease. The results of this study showed that the consumption of coconut oil had a positive impact on cognitive function. This suggests that coconut oil may help manage Alzheimer’s disease by improving cognition. However, more studies are needed to support these claims7.

5. Potential Uses of Coconut Oil on Bacterial, Viral and Fungal Infections 

infection

The antiviral and antibacterial properties of coconut oil are attributed to the presence of lauric acid. Khairiyah et al. conducted a literature review8 in 2017 on the nutraceutical properties of coconut oil, which suggested that consumption of coconut oil can have a positive impact on gram positive bacterial infections.  Imelda et al. conducted a study in 2021 to assess the effect of virgin coconut oil on Covid-19 patients. The results of this study support the use of virgin coconut oil by reducing C-reactive protein levels that may help manage viral infections like Covid-19. Additionally, the presence of caprylic acid and lauric acid may help in managing fungal infections. The above-mentioned studies indicate that consumption of coconut oil may help in managing bacterial, viral and fungal infections.  However, more studies are needed to support these claims8,9.

Some studies show that coconut oil contains lauric acid that possesses antimicrobial activities. Because of these properties, using coconut oil to aid minor wounds might be beneficial13.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

6. Other Potential Uses of Coconut Oil 

weight

Though there are studies that show the benefits of coconut oil in various conditions, these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of coconut oil on human health.  

How to Use Coconut Oil?

It can be used in the following ways: 

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking coconut oil. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with coconut oil without consulting a qualified doctor.   

Side Effects of Coconut Oil

A few side effects related to the consumption of coconut oil include the following9:

However, if you experience any adverse reactions to coconut oil, it is advised to discontinue its intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it to you. They will be able to guide you appropriately for your symptoms. 

Precautions to Take with Coconut Oil

Eating coconut oil is okay if taken in moderate amounts. However, general precautions must be followed in the following conditions: 

Also Read: Walnut Oil: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Interactions with Other Drugs

There are no significant interactions of coconut oil with other drugs. However, you must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician about the possible interaction of coconut oil with other drugs, and follow the prescription thoroughly, as they will know your health condition and other medications you are taking. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the scientific name of coconut? 

The scientific name of coconut is Cocos nucifera (L.), and it belongs to the family Arecacea1.

What is the difference between virgin and refined coconut oil? 

The oil prepared using fresh coconut meat is known as virgin coconut oil, and the one prepared using dried coconut meat (copra i.e., the dried brown covering) is called refined coconut oil2.

Can coconut oil help in managing gingivitis?  

Studies show a positive result between the consumption of coconut oils and gingivitis, attributed to the presence of polyphenols which show an anti-inflammatory effect. However, more studies must be done to support this claim in humans. Therefore, it is advised to consult a doctor for proper treatment of gingivitis. 

Can coconut oil help manage liver cancers? 

Yes, in-vitro studies show that consumption of coconut oil may have a positive impact on liver cancers; however, more studies are needed to ensure this. Therefore, it is advised to consult a doctor for a proper treatment of liver cancer and do not consider consumption of coconut oil as an alternative to modern medicine5.

What are the side effects of coconut oil consumption?

Consuming coconut oil in excess can result in headaches, nausea, swollen glands, dizziness, chills and loose stools9.

References

  1. Lima, E B C et al. “Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae): A phytochemical and pharmacological review.” Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas vol. 48,11 (2015): 953-64. Available at:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4671521/
  1. Coconut oil (2021) The Nutrition Source. Available at: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/coconut-oil/ (Accessed: November 28, 2022).  
  1. Coconut oil (no date) Coconut oil nutrition facts and analysis. Available at: https://www.nutritionvalue.org/Coconut_oil_82101500_nutritional_value.html (Accessed: November 28, 2022).  
  1. Rele, Aarti S, and R B Mohile. “Effect of mineral oil, sunflower oil, and coconut oil on prevention of hair damage.” Journal of cosmetic science vol. 54,2 (2003): 175-92. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12715094/ 
  1. Teng, Monica et al. “Impact of coconut oil consumption on cardiovascular health: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Nutrition reviews vol. 78,3 (2020): 249-259. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuz074. Available at:  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31769848/ 
  1.  Verma, Poonam et al. “In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil and its Fractions in Liver and Oral Cancer Cells.” Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry vol. 19,18 (2019): 2223-2230. doi:10.2174/1871520619666191021160752. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31736449/ 
  1. De la Rubia Ortí, José Enrique et al. “Influencia del aceite de coco en enfermos de alzhéimer a nivel cognitivo” [How does coconut oil affect cognitive performance in alzheimer patients?]. Nutricion hospitalaria vol. 34,2 352-356. 30 Mar. 2017, doi:10.20960/nh.780. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28421789/ 
  1. Mat, Khairiyah et al. “Coconut Palm: Food, Feed, and Nutraceutical Properties.” Animals: an open access journal from MDPI vol. 12,16 2107. 17 Aug. 2022, doi:10.3390/ani12162107. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9405385/ 
  1. Angeles-Agdeppa, Imelda et al. “Virgin coconut oil is effective in lowering C-reactive protein levels among suspect and probable cases of COVID-19.” Journal of functional foods vol. 83 (2021): 104557. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2021.104557. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34055047/ 
  2. Peedikayil FC, Sreenivasan P, Narayanan A. Effect of coconut oil in plaque related gingivitis — a preliminary report. Niger Med J. 2015 Mar-Apr;56(2):143–147. doi:10.4103/0300-1652.153406. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4382606/#:~:text=Oil%20pulling%20or%20oil%20swishing,using%20coconut%20oil%20to%20date.
  3. Wallace, Taylor C. “Health Effects of Coconut Oil-A Narrative Review of Current Evidence.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition vol. 38,2 (2019): 97-107. doi:10.1080/07315724.2018.1497562. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30395784/ 
  4. Shah RR, Mohite SA, Patel NR. Preparation and evaluation of polyherbal hair oil — an effective cosmetic. Asian J Pharm Res. 2018;8(1):36–38. doi:10.5958/2231-5691.2018.00007.2. Available from: https://www.indianjournals.com/article/ajpr-8-1-007
  5. Cleveland Clinic. Should you use coconut oil on your skin? [Internet]. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Clinic; 29 Dec 2022 [cited 2026 Jan 29]. Available from: https://health.clevelandclinic.org/coconut-oil-for-skin

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Cashew Nuts: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects & More

Introduction

Cashew nuts or Kaju are technically not nuts but seeds. The scientific name of cashew nuts is Anacardium Occidentale L. and belongs to the family Anacardiaceae.  

Cashew nuts grow on evergreen trees, which are native to Brazil and later expanded to South American countries. The Portuguese introduced cashew nuts in India and Africa in the 16th century.  

A single-seeded nut in a hard grey shell grows at the bottom of the cashew apple (a soft and juicy fruit). There are 33 varieties of cashew nuts identified, out of which only 26 varieties are marketed. The W-180 variety is known as the “king of cashews”.  

Cashew nuts are a popular ingredient known for its rich nutty flavour and is used in various Indian dishes and as a dairy alternatives like cream and cashew milk. As for the nutritional composition, cashew nuts are rich in tocopherols, phytosterols, phenolic lipids and several bioactive compounds, all of which have several benefits to human health1

Nutritional Value of Cashew Nuts

Cashew nuts provide a range of nutrients per 100g serving, as outlined below2:  

Cashews have several vital nutrients such as vitamins like vitamin B (thiamine and folate), E, and K. Additionally, they are abundant in minerals like magnesium, phosphorus, copper, and zinc, which are crucial for several body processes11.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Properties of Cashew Nuts

Scientific literature has found that cashew nuts show numerous properties as those mentioned below:  

Potential Uses of Cashew Nuts for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of cashew nuts are described below.  

1. Potential Uses of Cashew Nuts for the Heart

Consumption of cashew nuts may exert a cardio-protective effect. A study5 conducted to assess the effects of cashew nut consumption on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors supported that consumption of cashew nuts may improve triglyceride levels and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. However, the same study did not find significant effects on other factors like HDL cholesterol or total cholesterol. While these findings are promising, further high-quality research is needed to confirm the potential benefits. Cashew nuts should be consumed in moderation as part of a varied and balanced diet.  

2. Potential Uses of Cashew Nuts for Cancer

Cashew nuts are rich in proanthocyanidins, a flavanol that is associated with cancer cell replication. Additionally, the presence of copper and other minerals may help reduce the risk of colon cancer. Thus, this may indicate consumption of cashew nuts may exert an anti-cancer effect. However, we need enough studies to support these claims6.  

3. Potential Uses of Cashew Nuts in Pain and Inflammation

Proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha and IL-6 are involved in the development of chronic pain. Cashew nuts have been found to exhibit anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving (analgesic) properties, potentially by reducing the production of these inflammatory molecules. They also possess antioxidant activity, which may help protect cells from damage caused by harmful free radicals. These properties suggest that including cashew nuts in the diet may help support the body’s natural response to inflammation and discomfort. However, further research in humans is needed to confirm these potential effects7.  

4. Potential Uses of Cashew Nuts in the Formation of Haemoglobin

Haemoglobin is a protein that enables red blood cells to carry oxygen. Iron and copper are essential micronutrients required for the production of haemoglobin. Cashew nuts are a source of iron and copper and thus may help in the formation of haemoglobin. Additionally, the consumption of cashew nuts may help in managing blood disorders. However, scientific evidence supporting these claims is limited, and we need more studies to confirm these findings6

5. Potential Uses of Cashew Nuts for Improving Vision

Cashew nuts contain zeaxanthin, an antioxidant known to protect the macula of the eyes from external damage and improve eyesight. This may indicate that the consumption of cashew nuts can help improve vision. However, scientific evidence supporting these claims is limited, and we need more studies to support these claims6.

6. Potential Uses of Cashew Nuts for Improving Brain Function

Cashew nuts may help in improving brain function. Chemobrain is a term for the adverse effects of chemotherapy-induced brain deterioration. There are no drugs which are available to cure the weakening of the brain caused due to chemotherapy. A study8 conducted in 2022 to assess the effects of cashew nuts consumption on cisplatin-induced brain harm in rats showed that cashew nuts could be used as a functional food to manage cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity. This indicates that the consumption of cashew nuts may help improve brain function. However, we need more studies to confirm these claims7.  

7. Other Potential Uses of Cashew Nuts

Cashe nuts may help in managing diabetes, supporting bone health, and improving brain function. Additionally, cashew nuts may contribute to healthy weight management and provide nourishment to the hair. Some evidence also suggests they may assist in the prevention of certain blood disorders9.   

To my knowledge, cashew nuts offer multiple health benefits as they are packed with micro and macronutrients. They are believed to contain natural compounds that could contribute to immune function, exhibit antioxidant properties, and support general wellness. Some studies12 also suggest that they may also play a role in maintaining skin health and supporting iron intake.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

How to Use Cashew Nuts?

Cashew nuts can be used in the following ways10

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.  

Side Effects of Cashew Nuts

A few side effects related to the consumption of cashew nuts include3:   

However, if you experience any adverse reactions to cashew nuts, immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it to you. They will be able to guide you appropriately for your symptoms.  

Also Read: List of Protein Rich Food for Vegetarians

Precautions to Take with Cashew Nuts

Eating cashew nuts in moderation is generally considered safe for most people. However, it is important to follow certain precautions while consuming cashew nuts10

Also Read: Chayote: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects & More 

Interactions with Other Drugs

Cashew nuts show no significant drug interactions with medicines. However, it is always advisable to consult a healthcare professional before including cashew nuts regularly in your diet, especially if you are taking prescribed medication.  

Also Read: Psyllium Husk (Isabgol): Uses, Benefits & Side Effects

Conclusion

Cashew nuts are a nutritious addition to the diet and may offer several potential health-supporting properties. However, they should be consumed in moderation and may not be suitable for everyone. Further studies are needed to confirm their effects on human health. 

Also Read: Dried Dates: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects & More!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the scientific name of cashew nuts?

The scientific name of cashew nuts is Anacardium Occidentale L., and it belongs to the family Anacardiaceae. 

Are salted cashew nuts healthy?

Salted cashew nuts can be consumed as snacks occasionally, but they’re not nutritious. It is advised to consume cashew nuts raw, and unsalted without any oils. 

Can consumption of cashew nuts improve eyesight?

Consumption of cashew nuts may help improve eyesight due to the presence of an antioxidant, zeaxanthin. However, there are no studies conducted yet to support these claims. 

What are the symptoms of nut allergy?

The symptoms of nut allergy include urticaria (red bumps on the skin), runny nose, swollen lips, and itchy skin. 

What are the side effects of cashew nuts?

Consuming cashew nuts in excess can result in constipation or weight gain. It may also trigger an allergic reaction in sensitive individuals.  

References

  1. Rico, Ricard & Bulló, Mónica & Salas-Salvadó, Jordi. (2015). Nutritional composition of raw fresh cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) kernels from different origins. Food Science & Nutrition. 4. 10.1002/fsn3.294. available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282907291_Nutritional_composition_of_raw_fresh_cashew_Anacardium_occidentale_L_kernels_from_different_origin  
  2. US Department of Agriculture. FoodData Central [Internet]. Usda.gov. 2019 [cited 2025 May 21]. Available from: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/2515374/nutrients  
  3. Siracusa R, Fusco R, Peritore AF, Cordaro M, D’Amico R, Genovese T, Gugliandolo E, Crupi R, Smeriglio A, Mandalari G, Cuzzocrea S, Di Paola R, Impellizzeri D. The Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Anacardium occidentale L. Cashew Nuts in a Mouse Model of Colitis. Nutrients. 2020 Mar 20;12(3):834. doi: 10.3390/nu12030834. PMID: 32245085; PMCID: PMC7146548. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7146548/  
  4. Mahboobi S. The Effect of Cashew Nut on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (P06-117-19). Curr Dev Nutr. 2019 Jun 13;3(Suppl 1): nzz031.P06-117-19. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzz031.P06-117-19. PMCID: PMC6573847. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6573847/ 
  5. Mahboobi S. The Effect of Cashew Nut on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (P06-117-19). Current Developments in Nutrition [Internet]. 2019 Jun 1 [cited 2025 May 22];3(Supplement_1). Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6573847/  
  6. Cordaro M, Siracusa R, Fusco R, D’Amico R, Peritore AF, Gugliandolo E, Genovese T, Scuto M, Crupi R, Mandalari G, Cuzzocrea S, Di Paola R, Impellizzeri D. Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Nuts Counteract Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in an Acute Experimental Model of Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020 Jul 24;9(8):660. doi: 10.3390/antiox9080660. PMID: 32722199; PMCID: PMC7465066. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7465066/ 
  7. Akomolafe SF, Asowata-Ayodele AM. Roasted cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nut-enhanced diet forestalls cisplatin-initiated brain harm in rats. Heliyon. 2022 Oct 12;8(10):e11066. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11066. PMID: 36276737; PMCID: PMC9578995. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9578995/  
  8. Akintunde JK, Akomolafe VO, Ugbaja RN, Olude AM, Folayan AD. Development of therapeutic supplement using roasted-cashew-nut to protect cerebral vasoconstriction injury triggered by mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons in the hypothalamus and hippocampus of rat model. Toxicology Reports [Internet]. 2025 Feb 5 [cited 2025 May 22];14:101943. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214750025000617  
  9. Rico R, Bulló M, Salas‐Salvadó J. Nutritional composition of raw fresh cashew ( Anacardium occidentale L.) kernels from different origin. Food Science & Nutrition [Internet]. 2015 Oct 6 [cited 2025 May 22];4(2):329–38. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4779481/  
  10. Services D of H & H. Nut allergies [Internet]. www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au. [cited 2025 May 22]. Available from: https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/nut-allergies#symptoms-of-nut-allergies  
  11. Akyereko YG, Yeboah GB, Wireko‑Manu FD, Alemawor F, Mills‑Robertson FC, Odoom W. Nutritional value and health benefits of cashew apple. JSFA Rep [Internet]. 2023 Feb;3(3):110–118. doi:10.1002/jsf2.107. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jsf2.107
  12. Rosen T, Fordice DB. Cashew nut dermatitis. South Med J. 1994 Apr;87(4):543–6. doi: 10.1097/00007611-199404000-00026. PMID: 8153790. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8153790/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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Raw Mango: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

Kacchi kairi” or raw mango is reminiscent of our childhood days for many of us. The name itself is sufficient to stimulate our taste buds. The scientific name of mango is “Mangifera indica”, and it belongs to the family Anacardiaceae. Be it the tangy kacchi kairi (raw mango) or the sweet ripened fruit, mangoes are one of the most relished fruits in India. 

There are over 30 different species of mango, each with a unique taste, colour, size, and shape. Every part of the mango tree has some medicinal properties. For example:

Various parts of the tree have also been used as antiseptic, dentifrice (tooth powders and toothpaste), diaphoretic (to increase perspiration), and vermifuge (anti-helminthic).

The taste and numerous health benefits justify why mango is called the “King of Fruits.” Let’s find out more about this nutrient-rich fruit.

Nutritional Value of Raw Mango

Raw mango is a great source of nutrients, rich in vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and carotenoids. Here are the nutritional components of raw mango per 100 grams2:

Did you know?

Properties of Raw Mango

Research has found that the consumption of raw mangoes may show the following properties:

Potential Uses of Raw Mango for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of raw mango are described as follows: 

1. May Support Weight Management

Raw mango is high in fiber and low in calorie content and can help manage weight. Yanni et al. conducted a study5 in 2022 to assess the effect of mango consumption on weight-related health outcomes. It was found that the male adults who consumed raw mangoes showed a lower Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference and body weight compared to the non-consumers. This may indicate that the consumption of raw mangoes may help in weight management. However, more studies to support these claims are needed3,4

2. Potential Uses in Cancer-Focused Studies

Raw mango is rich in antioxidants like polyphenols and mangiferin. A review6 conducted in 2017 stated that mangiferin helps inhibit cell proliferation and apoptosis (cell death). It is known to interfere with cell cycle regulation and thus, the carcinogenic pathway. This may indicate that raw mangoes can help in managing cancers. However, human studies are required to ascertain these claims. 

3. May Promote Liver Health

Raw mangoes may help in avoiding liver problems by stimulating bile production. Bile is a juice produced by the liver that helps break down fats and aids digestion. It helps in the removal of drugs and toxins from the body. Additionally, mangiferin, an antioxidant in raw mangoes, has a hepatoprotective function. This may indicate that consuming raw mangoes may help improve the liver’s health. However, no human studies have been conducted so far to support these claims3,5

4. May Support Heart Health

Raw mangoes contain a unique antioxidant, mangiferin, which helps balance triglycerides, cholesterol, and fatty acids. Additionally, the fibre, potassium, and vitamin content in mangoes may help reduce the risk of cardiac diseases. Therefore, there is a possibility that the consumption of mangoes can help promote a healthy heart, but we need more human studies to support these claims3

5. May Benefit Skin and Hair

Due to the presence of nutrients like Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, proteins, iron, zinc, etc., raw mangoes are a good option for nourished hair and healthy skin. Furthermore, vitamin C is important for forming collagen, which strengthens the hair and skin. In addition, raw mangoes may help improve hair growth and produce sebum, which is known to moisturise the scalp and keep the hair healthy. This indicates that the consumption of raw mangoes may exert a beneficial effect on hair and skin. However, there needs to be more studies to support these claims in humans3.   

6. May Aid in Blood Disorders

Raw mangoes are rich in Vitamin C, which may help reduce the risk of various blood disorders like haemophilia, anaemia, and blood clot formation. Additionally, raw mangoes may help increase the elasticity of blood vessels and aid the hematopoiesis process (formation of new blood cells). This indicates that consuming raw mangoes may help manage blood disorders. However, as the scientific evidence supporting these claims is limited, it is best to seek a professional opinion if you might be suffering from a blood disease3.  

7. Other Potential Uses of Raw Mangoes

Though there are studies that show the benefits of raw mangoes in various conditions, these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of raw mangoes on human health.  

Did you know that one cup (165-gram) of sliced, raw mango contains approximately 100 calories? Mangoes are not only delicious but also provide a satisfying and nutrient-rich snack option5.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

How to Use Raw Mango

Raw mangoes can be used in the following ways: 

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.   

Individuals with a latex allergy should exercise caution when consuming mangoes, as they may experience a cross-reaction. This means that the proteins in mangoes can trigger an allergic response in those who are sensitive to latex7.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Side Effects of Raw Mango

A few side effects related to the consumption of raw mango include: 

However, if you experience any adverse reactions to raw mango, discontinue its intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it to you. They will be able to guide you appropriately for your symptoms. 

Also Read: Red Rice: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects & More

Precautions to Take with Raw Mango

Eating raw mango is okay if it is taken in moderate amounts. However, general precautions must be followed while consuming raw mango. The majority of the precautions are: 

Also Read: Bakuchi: Uses, Benefits, Dosage & Side Effects

Interactions with Other Drugs

Raw mangoes inhibit the cytochrome P450 enzymes, which are known to metabolise certain drugs like warfarin, propranolol, theophylline, etc. Inhibition of these enzymes can alter the blood concentration of drugs metabolised by this pathway. Therefore, you must always seek the advice of your doctor about the possible interaction of raw mangoes with other drugs, and follow the prescription thoroughly, as they will know your health condition and other medications you are taking.

Also Read: Peanuts: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the scientific name of mango? 

The scientific name of mango is “Mangifera indica”, and it belongs to the family Anacardiaceae1

Which fruit is known as the “King of fruits”? 

Mango is known as the king of fruits1

Can the consumption of raw mango improve eyesight?  

Raw mangoes contain a high level of carotenoids, which may help improve eyesight. However, there are no human studies which have proven these claims. So, it is advised to consult a doctor for proper treatment.

What are the side effects of raw mangoes? 

Consumption of raw mangoes in excess can result in stomach pain and diarrhoea. Some people may experience allergies or throat pain after consumption of certain raw mango varieties.  

Is it safe to consume raw mangoes when taking medicines? 

Since raw mangoes can inhibit the cytochrome P450 enzymes, medicines which are metabolised by this pathway may show an unwanted reaction. So, it is advised to consult a doctor for proper advice. 

References

  1. Shah KA, Patel MB, Patel RJ, Parmar PK. Mangifera indica (mango). Pharmacogn Rev. 2010 Jan;4(7):42-8. doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.65325. PMID: 22228940; PMCID: PMC3249901. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3249901/ 
  2. Karate M, Khobragade U, Kamble K. Physical and engineering properties of raw mango fruit relevant to raw mango cutting machine. Multilogic Sci. 2023 Jul; XIII(XXXVII):959. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/387261407_PHYSICAL_AND_ENGINEERING_PROPERTIES_OF_RAW_MANGO_FRUIT_RELEVANT_TO_RAW_MANGO_CUTTING_MACHINE
  3. Imran M, Arshad MS, Butt MS, Kwon JH, Arshad MU, Sultan MT. Mangiferin: a natural miracle bioactive compound against lifestyle related disorders. Lipids Health Dis. 2017 May 2;16(1):84. doi: 10.1186/s12944-017-0449-y. PMID: 28464819; PMCID: PMC5414237. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5414237/ 
  4. Rodríguez-Fragoso, L., Martínez-Arismendi, J.L., Orozco-Bustos, D., Reyes-Esparza, J., Torres, E. and Burchiel, S.W. (2011), Potential Risks Resulting from Fruit/Vegetable–Drug Interactions: Effects on Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Drug Transporters. Journal of Food Science, 76: R112-R124. Available at: https://ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02155.x 
  5. Papanikolaou Y, Fulgoni VL 3rd. Mango Consumption Is Associated with Improved Nutrient Intakes, Diet Quality, and Weight-Related Health Outcomes. Nutrients. 2021 Dec 24;14(1):59. doi: 10.3390/nu14010059. PMID: 35010933; PMCID: PMC8746860. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8746860/
  6. Xia J, Zhang Y, Liu Z, et al. Mangiferin targets PFKFB3 to inhibit glioblastoma progression by suppressing glycolysis and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. Biochem Pharmacol. 2025;206:115356. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2025.115356. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0361923025003326
  7. Bajpai R. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) health benefits. Just Agriculture E-Newsletter. 2020 Sep;1(1):237–9. Available from: https://justagriculture.in/files/newsletter/sep/046.%20Mango%20(Mangifera%20indica%20L.)%20Health%20benefits.pdf

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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Chickpeas (Garbanzo beans): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Introduction

Be it India or Spain, the name chana, chickpea or garbanzo beans is not unheard of. Chickpea is scientifically known as Cicer arietinum. It belongs to the family Fabaceae, the plants belonging to this family are also called “legumes”. Chickpeas are one of the highly nutritious legumes known to impart a delicious taste. There are two main types of chickpea varieties- Kabuli and Desi. Additionally, intermediate varieties with pea-shaped seeds are recognised in India. The Desi variety is mostly grown in Africa and Asia, while the Kabuli variety is widely grown in North Africa, West Asia, Europe and North America. Globally, chickpeas are consumed in different forms. Hummus, a very popular dip/spread is also made from chickpeas and has a high content of protein, vitamins, minerals, folate, etc. In Africa and Asia, it is used in soups, stews, salads or consumed boiled, roasted or salted1,2. The chickpeas are good source of dietary fibre, are cholesterol-free and full of vitamins and minerals and provide several benefits. 

Nutritional Value of Chickpea

Chickpeas contain various nutritional components that are given as follows. They are rich in a variety of compounds, like vitamins, proteins, amino acids, prebiotic-carbohydrates and micronutrients. 

I may have some great news for all the vegans and vegetarians. Chickpeas might be a fantastic addition to your diet because they are a complete protein source. This means they provide all nine essential amino acids that our bodies need to function optimally. They may offer a nourishing and delicious option to help you maintain a well-balanced diet without relying on animal-based sources10.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Properties of Chickpeas

Scientific literature has found that the consumption of chickpeas shows numerous properties as those mentioned below which may be helpful: 

From my understanding, chickpeas might be a nutritional powerhouse, brimming with vitamins and minerals. They contain choline, which might support brain and nervous system function10.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Potential Uses of Chickpeas for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of chickpeas are described as follows: 

1. Potential Uses of Chickpeas for Weight Control

weight management

In general, diets high in fibre, moderate in protein and low in glycemic index are good for weight control. As per the NHANES data set 2003-2010, people who consumed chickpeas were 53% less likely to be obese than the non-consumers. Additionally, they had a lower body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference than the non-consumers. This may indicate that the consumption of chickpeas may help in controlling body weight3.

2. Potential Uses of Chickpeas for Managing Blood Glucose

regulates blood sugar

Chickpeas have a low glycemic index that may help improve diabetes. Zafar et al. conducted a study5 in 2017 to assess the effect of chickpea consumption on excessive blood glucose in 12 young healthy females. it was found that women who were given chickpeas (200g) had 29-36% reduction in blood glucose concentration. This may indicate that consumption of chickpeas may help in managing blood glucose. 

3. Potential Uses of Chickpeas for Maintaining Lipid Profile

cholesterol

Chickpeas have a high amount of protein and dietary fibre, anti-nutrients like tannins and enzyme inhibitors which may help in correcting an abnormal lipid profile. Pittaway et al. conducted a controlled dietary intervention in 2006 to assess the effect of chickpeas and wheat-supplemented diet on lipid profile. In this study3,6, five-week diet supplementation with chickpeas showed a reduction in low density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol. This may indicate that the consumption of chickpeas may help in correcting an abnormal lipid profile.

4. Potential Uses of Chickpeas for Cancer Management

cancer
Image Source: freepik.com

Consumption of chickpeas results in the production of butyrate, which is a short-chain fatty acid reported to suppress cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and reduce the risk of colorectal cancers. Murillo et al. conducted a study7 in 2004 on rats supplemented with chickpea flour, results showed 64% suppression of a colon-specific carcinogen in rats. Therefore, there is a possibility that the consumption of chickpeas can help avoid the occurrence of colorectal cancers. However, more human studies are needed to support these claims.

5. Potential Uses of Chickpeas on Age-Related Macular Degeneration

chickpeas
Image Source: freepik.com

Age-related macular degeneration leads to age-related loss of vision. Chickpeas are a good source of carotenoids like zeaxanthin and lutein, which may help manage age-related vision loss. However, there are not enough studies yet to support these claims2

6. Other Potential Uses of Chickpeas

chickpeas
Image Source: freepik.com

Though there are studies that show the benefits of chickpeas in various conditions, but these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of chickpeas on human health.  

I may advise you that incorporating chickpeas into your diet might help with constipation. Their high fibre content might promote optimal gastrointestinal health. Thus, by including chickpeas in your meals, you may enjoy the added benefit of keeping your gut in excellent condition10.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

How to Use Chickpeas?

Chickpeas can be used in the following ways: 

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.   

Side Effects of Chickpeas

A few side-effects related to the consumption of chickpeas include: 

However, if you experience any adverse reactions to chickpeas, immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it to you. They will be able to guide you appropriately for your symptoms. 

Precautions to Take with Chickpeas

Eating chickpeas is healthy if taken in moderate amounts. However, general precautions must be followed while consuming chickpeas. Few of the important precautions are as follows: 

Also Read: Cowpeas (Chawli): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More  By Dr. Smita Barode

Interactions with Other Drugs

There is a lack of data regarding the interaction of chickpeas with other drugs. However, you must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician about the possible interaction of chickpeas with other drugs. Kindly follow the prescription thoroughly, as they will know your health condition and other medications you are taking. 

Also Read: Green Peas (Matar): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the different varieties of chickpeas? 

Chickpeas come in two varieties- desi and kabuli. Desi variety has a thick seed coat, while the seed coat in the kabuli variety is thinner2.

What is the scientific name of chickpeas? 

Chickpea is scientifically known as Cicer arietinum

What is hummus? 

It is a type of dip or spread made from chickpeas2.

Can chickpeas help manage age-related macular degeneration? 

Chickpeas are rich in carotenoids like lutein and zeaxanthin which may help in managing age-related macular degeneration. However, it is advised to consult a doctor for a proper treatment and not consider consumption of chickpeas as an alternative to modern medicine. 

Can chickpeas help in weight management?

Yes. Diets which are high in fibre, moderate in protein and low in glycemic index are good for weight control, and thus chickpeas may help3.

References

  1. Jukanti, A., Gaur, P., Gowda, C., & Chibbar, R. (2012). Nutritional quality and health benefits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): A review. British Journal of Nutrition, 108(S1), S11-S26. doi:10.1017/S0007114512000797. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/nutritional-quality-and-health-benefits-of-chickpea-cicer-arietinum-l-a-review/BCD8920297E987AAABBC12BFF90EB0CF
  2. Wallace TC, Murray R, Zelman KM. The Nutritional Value and Health Benefits of Chickpeas and Hummus. Nutrients. 2016 Nov 29;8(12):766. doi: 10.3390/nu8120766. PMID: 27916819; PMCID: PMC5188421. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5188421/
  3. Karla et al. Technological properties of chickpea (Cicer arietinum): Production of snacks and health benefits related to type-2 diabetes. Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety.2021. Available at: https://ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1541-4337.12762
  4. Zafar TA, Kabir Y. Chickpeas suppress postprandial blood glucose concentration, and appetite and reduce energy intake at the next meal. J Food Sci Technol. 2017 Mar;54(4):987-994. doi: 10.1007/s13197-016-2422-6. Epub 2016 Dec 8. PMID: 28303049; PMCID: PMC5336455. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5336455/#:~:text=The%20results%20suggest%20a%20reduction,respectively%20compared%20to%20white%20bread.
  5. Pittaway JK, Ahuja KD, Cehun M, Chronopoulos A, Robertson IK, Nestel PJ, Ball MJ. Dietary supplementation with chickpeas for at least 5 weeks results in small but significant reductions in serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterols in adult women and men. Ann Nutr Metab. 2006;50(6):512-8. doi: 10.1159/000098143. Epub 2006 Dec 21. PMID: 17191025. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17191025/
  6. Murillo, G.; Choi, J.K.; Vioque, J.; Pan, O. Efficacy of garbanzo and soybean flour in suppression of aberrant crypt foci in the colons of CF-1 mice. Anticancer Res. 2004, 24, 3049–3056. Available at: https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/24/5A/3049.long
  7. Catherine et al. Chickpea supplementation in an Australian diet affects food choice, satiety and bowel health,Appetite,Volume 54, Issue 2,2010. Pages 282-288,ISSN 0195-6663. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195666309006734?via%3Dihub
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