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Benefits of Pranam Asana (Prayer Pose) and How to Do it By Dr. Himani Bisht

Introduction

“The longest journey of any individual is the journey inwards”. Yoga wants people to focus on their inner awareness. Surya Namaskar is a series of twelve yoga asanas performed in a dynamic and breath-synchronized manner. Form, energy and rhythm are the three main components of Surya Namaskar. In addition, the twelve asanas are believed to give rise to “Prana”, the subtle force that stimulates the body. When performed in a sequential, steady and rhythmic manner in synchronization with the circadian rhythm (sleep-wake cycle), the rhythm of the cosmos is reflected in these asanas1. One such asana in the Surya Namaskar series is Pranam asana, also known as the praying pose. Let us look at some exciting features and benefits beyond the mat of the praying pose.  

Did You Know?

What is Pranam Asana?

Pranam asana, also called the praying pose, is the entering/starting pose of Surya namaskar (Sun salutation). The name has roots in the Sanskrit word “Pranama” (pay respect) and “asana” (posture/pose). It is also called the praying pose because, in this asana, hands are held together in “Anjali mudra” or namaskar. This asana, which is part of the Surya namaskar series, was propagated by the King of Aundh, Late Shri. Balasaheb Pant (1920s) and later by Shri Krishnamacharya and Sri K V Iyer2.

How To Do It?

Following are the steps to perform Pranam asana correctly to avail of maximum benefits: 

As far as my knowledge goes, the immune system plays a crucial role in defending the body against disease-causing agents. One interesting observation is that when the Pranam Asana is combined with other steps of Suryanamaskar, it may potentially enhance the efficiency of the immune system. This may contribute to better immunity supporting your ability to protect against infections and illnesses8.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Benefits of Pranam Asana

This classic namaskar asana pose is known to provide several benefits to the mind and body, which are described as under: 

1. Benefit of Pranam Asana for Improving Postural Alignment 

an improper posture

Kawaljeet et al. conducted a study3 in 2010 to assess the effect of a six-week consistent Surya namaskar practice for female students in the age group of 17-25 years. A significant improvement was seen in the flexibility, muscular endurance and posture of these participants. Yoga postures like Pranam asana may help improve postural alignment when practised as a part of Surya Namaskar4. However, please do not rely on Pranam asana alone in case of any suspected postural issues. So, kindly see a doctor for proper treatment. It is best to practice this under the guidance of a trainer. 

2. Benefit of Pranam Asana for Obesity 

obesity

Subhash et al. conducted a study4 in 2018 on 60 obese individuals to assess the effect of Surya Namaskar on obesity. Six weeks of regular Surya Namaskar practices showed a significant reduction in Body Mass Index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol (bad cholesterol). Findings supported that Pranam asana can have a positive impact on obesity when practised as part of the Surya Namaskar series5. However, you should not rely on Pranam asana alone. You must consult your doctor for proper treatment of obesity. Additionally, it is advised to practice this asana under the supervision of a qualified trainer.  

3. Benefit of Pranam Asana on Muscular System

Mullerpatan et al. conducted a study9 in 2013 to assess muscle activity while performing the 12 poses of Surya Namaskar. Results found that different asanas cause the activation of several muscles of the upper and lower body. The Prayer pose, when performed with other poses of Surya namaskar causes activation of many muscles of the body.6 However, in case of any MSD (muscular system disorder) it is recommended to consult a physician for proper treatment and do not rely on Pranam asana alone. In addition, it is advised to perform this yoga under the guidance of a qualified trainer. 

4. Benefit of Pranam Asana on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease 

liver

Dr. C.A. Kayelarasi et al. in 2019 conducted a study6 to assess the effect of yogasanas like Pranam asana on fat content in 40 subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which is the accumulation of fat in the liver. The findings from abdominal sonography revealed decreased fat and restoration of liver function, which could be attributed to Pranam asana performed along with other postures of Surya Namaskar.7 However, Pranam asana alone should not be considered a substitute for modern medicine. Consult a doctor if you have any hepatic (liver) disease, and perform this asana only under the guidance of a qualified yoga trainer.  

5. Other Benefits of Pranam Asana

Yoga practice may help develop the mind and body; however, it is still not an alternative to modern medicine. Therefore, you must not rely on Yoga alone to treat any condition. Instead, please consult a qualified doctor who will be able to assess your condition correctly and advise accordingly. Moreover, it is necessary to practice and learn Yoga under the supervision of a trained yoga teacher to avoid any injuries. 

According to what I’ve observed, Pranam Asana may offer several benefits. One of its primary advantages is that it might help establish a state of concentration and calmness. By assuming this pose, you may prepare your mind and body for your busy day ahead2.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Risks of Pranam Asana

The general risks associated with the prayer pose include: 

Note- It is always recommended to perform the asanas under the guidance of a qualified and experienced teacher. Please consult a doctor or yoga specialist while performing the asanas in the above-listed conditions. 

Also Read: Benefits of Rajakapotasana (King Pigeon Pose) and How to Do it By Dr. Himani Bisht

Conclusion

Pranam asana, also called the praying or prayer pose, is one out of the twelve asanas of Surya Namaskar (sun salutation). The name has roots in the Sanskrit word “Pranama” (pay respect) and “asana” (posture/pose). This asana pays homage to the Sun, the source of all life forms.  

This is the entering position of Surya Namaskar, which is entered in a standing position, standing firmly on the ground. Bring the hands close to the Anahata chakra (heart’s centre). The mantra enchanted during this asana is the “Om Mitray Namaha”. The praying pose helps in improving posture, helps prevent diabetes and obesity, helps to reduce anxiety and stress and revitalizes the mind and body.  

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What does Pranam asana mean? 

Pranam asana is derived from the Sanskrit words “Pranam” (to pay respect) and “asana” (pose)2. Hence, it is essentially termed the prayer pose. 

Should you eat breakfast before Pranam asana? 

It is advised not to eat anything before practising Pranam asana as it is followed by other poses which involve stretching and squatting, which may put pressure on the stomach and can lead to consequences like vomiting.  

How is the Prayer pose performed? 

Following are the steps involved while performing Pranam asana: 

Stand upright with your feet held together. Close your eyes. 
Bring your hands together in “Anjali Mudra” (Namaste position) near the Anahata chakra (Heart’s centre).  
Focus on your breathing. 
Repeat this asana during the first and last step of Surya Namaskar2.

What are the benefits of Pranam asana? 

The praying pose might help in improving posture, may help prevent diabetes and obesity, may help reduce anxiety and stress, and might revitalize the mind and body. It can improve the breathing process and think along with possible help in spiritual healing, etc4,7.

How many times is Pranam asana performed during Surya Namaskar? 

In a series of twelve poses of Surya Namaskar, Pranam asana is performed twice i.e., during the first and last step (Step 1 and Step 12). 

References

  1. Dr. Ravi Kumar: SURYANAMASKAR AND ITS THERAPEUTIC IMPORTANCE IN TODAY’S SCENARIO, World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Volume 11, Issue 2, 309-317.  Available at: https://wjpr.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/article_issue/6c5fc2ff9a1d307c615094992dae06e3.pdf
  2. Satyananda Saraswati. Asana, pranayama, mudra bandha. Yoga Publications Trust, 2013. Available at: https://www.yogkulam.org/books/Asana.pdf
  3. Kanwaljeet Singh, Baljinder Singh Bal, W. V. The Effect Of SN Yogasana On Muscular Endurance And Flexibility Among Intercollege Yoginis. J. Phys. Educ. Sport, 2010; 27: 61–67. Available at: https://efsupit.ro/images/stories/imgs/JPES/2010/2/read%20journal%20no2.pdf 
  4. Subhash et al. Effect of Surya Namaskar on obesity of affected individuals. International Journal of Creative research thoughts.Vol 6, Issue 1.2018 .Available at: https://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT1803130.pdf
  5. Mullerpatan RP, Agarwal BM, Shetty TV. Exploration of Muscle Activity Using Surface Electromyography While Performing Surya Namaskar. Int J Yoga. 2020 May-Aug;13(2):137-143. doi: 10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_72_19. Epub 2020 May 1. PMID: 32669768; PMCID: PMC7336940. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7336940/ 
  6. Dr.C.A.Kayelarasi. Efficacy of Surya Namaskar on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Patients – A Interventional Study. (The Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 2019.Available at: http://repository-tnmgrmu.ac.in/10719/7/460215919kayelarasi.pdf 
  7. Panda AK, Palei D, Mohanty RK, Swain DPS, Prativa S. Effectiveness of yogic intervention in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: case series. Int J Curr Res Rev. 2021;13(19):5–8. DOI:10.31782/IJCRR.2021.131917. Available from: https://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=4128
  8. Prasanna Venkatesh L, Vandhana S. Insights on Surya namaskar from its origin to application towards health. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2021 Dec 30;13(2):100530. doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2021.10.002. PMID:34974957; PMCID:PMC8814407. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8814407/
  9. Mullerpatan RP, Agarwal BM, Shetty TV. Exploration of muscle activity using surface electromyography during the 12-pose Surya Namaskar sequence. Int J Yoga. 2020 May;13(2):137–143. PMID:32669768; PMCID:PMC7336940. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7336940/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Benefits of Parivrtta Trikonasana (Revolved Triangle Pose) and How to Do it By Dr. Ankit Sankhe

Introduction

Yoga has been a popular practice for centuries, but its popularity has exploded in a few decades. With so many different styles and benefits, it’s no wonder why people of all age groups and backgrounds are turning to yoga. The practice of yoga can produce a physiological state opposite to the flight-or-fight response and brings a sense of balance and union between the mind and body1.

Whether you’re looking to improve your physical fitness, reduce stress, or connect with your spiritual side, there are many reasons to try yoga. Yoga often sees the practice of asanas, but where to begin? In this post, we’ll briefly introduce one of the asana, Parivrtta trikonasana and some tips on getting started. 

Did you know?

What is Parivrtta Trikonasana?

Parivrtta trikonasana is also known as the revolved triangle pose or twisted triangle pose. The word is derived from Sanskrit words “Parivrtta”, meaning revolved or turned back, “trikona”, meaning triangle, and “asana”, meaning pose or posture. This asana is a counter pose to Uttihita trikonasana2.

How to Do It?

Parivrtta trikonasana must be done properly for maximum health benefits. One may perform parivrtta trikonasana in the following manner: 

Practising yoga can be quite beneficial for both physical and mental health. Practising certain yoga poses can give you relief from various health conditions like diabetes. Some studies show that practising parivrtta trikonasana might have beneficial effects on diabetes as this asana might reduce blood glucose levels.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Benefits of Parivrtta Trikonasana

Some benefits of this pose are as follows: 

1. The Benefit of Parivrtta Trikonasana for Bone Mineral Density (BMD)

Decreased bone mineral density (BMD) can increase the risk of osteoporosis, a condition which is characterised by weak or brittle bones. Lu et al. conducted a study3 in 2005 to assess the effect of yoga on osteoporotic bone loss. The yoga intervention included several asanas, one of which was Parivrtta trikonasana. Ten years of yoga practice with asanas like Parivrtta trikonasana showed an increase in bone mineral density. Thus, the practice of Parivrtta trikonasana may improve bone mineral density, but should not be considered as an alternative to modern medicine. Kindly consult a doctor for proper treatment. Additionally, it is advised to practice this asana under the supervision of a qualified trainer3.

2. The Benefit of Parivrtta Trikonasana on Spinal Flexibility

Regular yoga practice can help increase spinal flexibility. Malgorzata et al. conducted a study4 in 2015 to assess the effect of yoga intervention on spinal flexibility. The yoga intervention included several yoga asanas, one of which was Parivrtta trikonasana. 20 weeks of yoga intervention with asanas like Parivrtta trikonasana showed an improvement in spinal muscle flexibility and mobility regardless of age. Thus, the practice of asanas like Parivrtta trikonasana may help in improving spinal flexibility; however, one should not consider this asana as an alternative to modern medicine. Kindly consult your doctor for proper treatment. Additionally, it is recommended to practice this asana under the supervision of a qualified trainer4.

3. The Benefit of Parivrtta Trikonasana for the Liver

liver

The liver plays an important role in detoxifying and removing toxins from the body. Yoga asanas may help stimulate the liver. Rathore et al. conducted a literature review5 on yoga postures and their anatomic correlation. The summary of this review supports the fact that the practice of parivrtta trikonasana helps in flushing the liver contents and thus accelerates the removal of toxins from the body. The possible mechanism behind this is the unilateral contraction of the internal oblique muscle, which is part of the abdominal wall. Thus, the practice of this asana may aid the detoxification process by the liver. However, no studies have been conducted yet to support these claims. It is therefore recommended not to rely on this asana alone and consult a doctor for proper treatment. Additionally, one should practice this asana under the guidance of a qualified trainer5.

4. The Benefit of Parivrtta Trikonasana on Metabolic Syndrome

A patient is said to be suffering from metabolic syndrome if he has three or more out of the following five cardiovascular risk factors. 

Gowda et al. presented a case report6 in 2016 of a 50-year-old male patient who was suffering from metabolic syndrome. The patient underwent six weeks of yoga intervention, which included several asanas, one of which was Parivrtta trikonasana. The intervention showed a positive impact on metabolic syndrome, and all the clinical parameters were in the normal range. Thus, the practice of Parivrtta trikonasana may help in improving metabolic syndrome. However, there are no clinical studies conducted so far to support these claims. So, it is recommended to kindly consult a doctor for proper treatment and not rely on this asana alone. Additionally, one should practice this asana under the supervision of a qualified trainer6.

5. Other Benefits of Parivrtta Trikonasana

uttanasana for hamstrings

Note- The above-mentioned benefits of Parivrtta trikonasana are not proven in any human study yet, and are based on a literature search entirely.  

Yoga practice may help develop the mind and body; however, it is still not an alternative to modern medicine. Therefore, you must not rely on Yoga alone to treat any condition. Instead, please consult a qualified doctor who will be able to assess your condition correctly and advise accordingly. Moreover, it is necessary to practice and learn Yoga under the supervision of a trained yoga teacher to avoid any injuries. 

Often elderly people find it difficult to fall asleep or have good quality sleep. It is been observed that elderly people who practice yoga like parivrtta trikonasana daily might have better sleep quality. They might fall asleep quickly, sleeps without disturbances and feel energetic after waking up9.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Risks of Parivrtta Trikonasana

Conditions where Parivrtta trikonasana should be performed with caution are: 

Conditions, where Parivrtta trikonasana is contraindicated, include: 

Also Read: Benefits of Parivrtta Parsvakonasana and How to Do It by Dr. Himani Bisht

Conclusion

Parivrtta trikonasana is also known as the revolved triangle pose or twisted triangle pose. The word is derived from the Sanskrit words “Parivrtta”, meaning revolved or turned back, “trikona”, meaning triangle, and “asana”, meaning pose or posture. This asana is a counter pose to Uttihita trikonasana. The practice of this asana may help in improving bone mineral density, metabolic syndrome, spinal flexibility, and the detoxification process of the liver. Additionally, this asana may help in improving balance, concentration, blood circulation to vital organs, and the breathing process.  

Also Read: Benefits of Utthita Trikonasana (Extended Triangle Pose) and How to Do it By Dr. Ankit Sankhe 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Which is the revolved triangle pose in yoga?

Parivrtta trikonasana is also known as the revolved triangle pose or twisted triangle pose. The word is derived from the Sanskrit words “Parivrtta”, meaning revolved or turned back, “trikona”, meaning triangle, and “asana”, meaning pose or posture. This asana is a counter pose to Uttihita trikonasana1.

For how long should a practitioner remain in the revolved triangle pose?

One should continue to stay in the wheel pose for about 30-60 seconds, or as long as is comfortable2.

What are the steps of Parivrtta trikonasana? 

First, stand in Tadasana, take a deep breath, and with a jump, spread your legs sideways. Now, with the palms facing down, raise your arms sideways. Start by turning your right foot 90 degrees right and your left foot 60 degrees to the right. Ensure the left leg is stretched and tightened at the knee. Breathe out and rotate the trunk and the left leg towards the right, i.e., in the opposite direction, so as to bring your left palm near the outer side of your right foot. Next, stretch your right arm and bring it in line with the left arm, and look at the right thumb above. Ensure the knees remain firm. Stay in this position for half a minute. Next, breathe in and lift your left arm and rotate your trunk back to the original position. 
Breathe out and repeat this asana with the opposite side2.

What are the benefits of Parivrtta trikonasana? 

The practice of this asana may help in improving bone mineral density, metabolic syndrome, spinal flexibility, detoxification process of the liver. Additionally, this asana may help in improving balance, concentration, blood circulation to vital organs, and breathing process3,8.

What are the contraindications of Parivrtta trikonasana? 

People with hip, knees, legs, neck or abdominal surgery, migraines, headache or vertigo, or those with hip, neck or knee injury and those with low blood pressure should avoid doing Parivrtta trikonasana7,8.

References

1. Woodyard C. Exploring the therapeutic effects of yoga and its ability to increase quality of life. Int J Yoga [serial online] 2011 [cited 2022 Nov 10]; 4:49-54. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22022122/

2. B.K.S. Iyengar. Light on Yoga. The bible of Modern Yoga-Its Philosophy and practice-by the world London: Thorsons.1966;108-109. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/41608993/Bks_iyengar_light_on_yoga

3. Lu YH, Rosner B, Chang G, Fishman LM. Twelve-Minute Daily Yoga Regimen Reverses Osteoporotic Bone Loss. Top Geriatr Rehabil. 2016 Apr;32(2):81-87. doi: 10.1097/TGR.0000000000000085. Epub 2015 Nov 5. PMID: 27226695; PMCID: PMC4851231. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4851231/ 

4. Grabara M, Szopa J. Effects of hatha yoga exercises on spine flexibility in women over 50 years old. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015 Feb;27(2):361-5. doi: 10.1589/jpts.27.361. Epub 2015 Feb 17. PMID: 25729168; PMCID: PMC4339138. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4339138/ 

5. Rathore M, Trivedi S, Abraham J, Sinha MB. Anatomical Correlation of Core Muscle Activation in Different Yogic Postures. Int J Yoga. 2017 May-Aug;10(2):59-66. doi: 10.4103/0973-6131.205515. PMID: 28546675; PMCID: PMC5433114. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5433114/ 

6. Gowda S, Mohanty S, Saoji A, Nagarathna R. Integrated Yoga and Naturopathy module in management of Metabolic Syndrome: A case report. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2017 Jan-Mar;8(1):45-48. doi: 10.1016/j.jaim.2016.10.006. Epub 2017 Mar 16. PMID: 28318814; PMCID: PMC5377479. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5377479/ 

7. Indian Yoga Association. Parivrtta Trikonasana and benefits [Internet]. Posted 2016 Nov 26 [cited 2026 Jan 8]. Available from: https://www.indianyogaassociation.com/blog/parivrtta-trikonasana-and-benifits.html

8.  School, N.Y. (2020) Parivrtta trikonasana (revolved triangle pose): How to do it and its benefits, Nada Yoga School Blog. Available at: https://www.nadyoga.org/blog/parivrtta-trikonasana-revolved-triangle-pose/ (Accessed: November 15, 2022). 

9. Bankar MA, Chaudhari SK, Chaudhari KD, et al. Impact of long-term yoga practice on sleep quality and quality of life in the elderly. J Ayurveda Integr Med [Internet]. 2013 Jan-Mar;4(1):28–32 [cited 2026 Jan 8]. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3667430/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Ashoka Tree: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!

Introduction

You would come across an Ashoka tree while walking in your building compound or on the streets. The Ashoka tree is considered sacred and legendary in India. In Sanskrit, Asoka or Ashoka means ‘without sorrow’. Ashoka is associated with several traditional beliefs and is sacred to the Hindu God of love, Kamadeva. It is believed that Gautama Siddhartha, the founder of Buddhism, was born under the Ashoka tree. The scientific name of the Ashoka tree is Saraca asoca, which belongs to the Caesalpinaceae family. Ashoka tree is native to India and is found all over India, especially in the Himalayas, Kerala, Bengal and the southern regions. The Ashoka tree has been used extensively in Ayurveda1. Let us look at some of the health benefits of the Ashoka tree. 

Nutritional Value of Ashoka Tree

Ashoka plants may contain several bioactive compounds like saponins, steroids, proteins, carbohydrates, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, and many more1. Ashoka tree leaves and flowers may contain the following components: 

Did you know that in Sri Lanka, the traditional medicine called Asokaristha is used to tackle menstrual disorders like menorrhagia? The key component of this medicinal preparation is the bark of the Ashoka tree. However, additional studies have been conducted to understand the scientific basis behind its effectiveness10.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Properties of Ashoka Tree

Several studies have shown that the Ashoka tree may have the following properties: 

Did you know that the bark of the Ashoka tree might aid various conditions like indigestion, dysentery, piles, irregular menstruation, and sores? And guess what? The dried flowers of the tree may be used in syphilis and haemorrhage11!

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Potential Uses of Ashoka Tree for Overall Health

Some of the potential Ashoka tree uses are: 

1. Potential Use of Ashoka Tree for Cancer

A study3 by Cibin et al. in 2012 showed that flavonoids from Ashoka tree flowers might reduce the number of tumours in skin cancer. This is because it may destabilise the free radicals (harmful molecules in the body) and reduce oxidative degradation of lipids (fats). Additionally, flavonoids from the Ashoka tree may reduce the enzymes like glutathione peroxide, catalase and ornithine decarboxylase, which may be responsible for causing skin cancer. However, these studies were conducted on animals; therefore, further studies on humans are required to check if the Ashoka tree can act against cancer. You must immediately consult your doctor if you suspect any symptoms of cancer. 

2. Potential Use of Ashoka Tree for Bacterial Infections

A study2 by Shirolkar et al. in 2012 showed that catechins in Ashoka tree bark and leaves might show antimicrobial activity. The catechins may inhibit the growth of bacteria. It may act against infections caused by bacteria like E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureas, and many more. However, further studies are required to check if the Ashoka tree may be beneficial for bacterial infections. Therefore, you must consult your doctor if you suspect any bacterial infection. 

3. Potential Use of Ashoka Tree for Heart Diseases

A study5 by Swamy et al. in 2013 showed that bioactive compounds like β-sitosterol and epicatechin in the Ashoka tree might reduce the risk of heart disease. Ashoka tree may reduce bad cholesterol levels by destabilizing the body’s free radicals (harmful molecules) and reduce oxidative degradation of lipids (fats). High cholesterol levels in the body may increase the risk of heart diseases; therefore, antioxidant activity may contribute to protecting the heart. However, further large-scale studies on humans are required to investigate if the Ashoka tree may be beneficial in reducing the risk of heart diseases. Therefore, you must immediately consult your doctor if you suspect any symptoms of heart disease. 

4. Potential Use of Ashoka Tree for Arthritis

A study4 by Gupta et al. in 2014 showed that the flavonoids like quercetin and gallic acid in the Ashoka tree may reduce inflammation caused in arthritis. The inflammation may be reduced by inhibiting the release of inflammatory cytokines (molecules in the body responsible for causing inflammation).  However, further studies are required to check if the Ashoka tree may be beneficial for arthritis. Therefore, you must consult your doctor if you suspect arthritis instead of self-medicating. 

5. Potential Use of Ashoka Tree for Stomach Ulcers

A study6 by Maruthappan et al. in 2009 showed that flowers of the Ashoka tree might help to reduce stomach ulcers. The results suggested that the Ashoka tree may reduce lesions, inflammation and acid secretion to reduce stomach ulcers. However, these studies were conducted on animals; therefore, further large-scale studies on humans are required to check if the Ashoka tree may be beneficial for stomach ulcers. You must consult your doctor if you suspect ulcers. 

6. Potential Use of Ashoka Tree for Diabetes

A study7 by Mishra et al. in 2014 showed that bioactive compounds like phytosterol, flavonoids and saponins in the Ashoka tree might be beneficial for type II diabetes. These bioactive compounds may increase the secretion of insulin (a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels). Additionally, it may reduce blood sugar levels. However, further large-scale studies on humans are required to check if the Ashoka tree may be beneficial for diabetes. You must consult your doctor if you have abnormal sugar levels. 

7. Potential Use of Ashoka Tree for Reducing Pain

A study by Verma et al. in 2010 showed that intake of leaf extracts of the Ashoka tree may help to relieve pain. The bioactive compounds like tannins, triterpenoids, saponin, flavonoids and glycosides in the Ashoka tree might help to reduce pain. However, further studies are required to check if the Ashoka tree may be beneficial in reducing pain. Therefore, you must consult your doctor if you experience pain for a prolonged period. 

8. Potential Use of Ashoka Tree for Depression

A study9 by Gill et al. in 2017 showed that flavonoids and phenols in the Ashoka tree might help to reduce depression. These bioactive compounds may increase the antioxidants in the brain and reduce oxidative stress by destabilizing harmful free radicals. This may reduce the symptoms of depression. However, further large-scale studies on humans are required to check if the Ashoka tree may be beneficial for depression. Therefore, you must consult a doctor if you suspect symptoms of depression. 

Though studies show the benefits of the Ashoka tree in various conditions, these are insufficient, and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of the Ashoka tree on human health. 

It’s interesting to note that the Ashoka tree might be beneficial in detoxifying the body and naturally purifying the blood. This may help to keep skin allergies away. It’s amazing how this natural remedy offers multiple benefits for overall well-being11!

Dr. Smita barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

How to Use Ashoka Tree?

Various parts of the Ashoka tree can be consumed in the following ways1

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking Ashoka tree in large quantities or any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor. 

Did you know that the Ashoka tree is like a superhero for your skin? Its root, bark, and seed extracts may have incredible powers to tackle a wide range of skin issues! From fighting off acne and eczema to reducing freckles and even enhancing skin complexion, this tree with its various parts might be a true skin saviour12.

Dr. Anuja Bodhare, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Side Effects of Ashoka Tree

Various natural preparations made from parts of the Ashoka tree has no specific side effects. However, if any reaction is noticed on using it, seek immediate medical attention. Consult your ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it to you; they will be able to identify the cause and treat it effectively. 

Also Read: Shilajit: Uses, Benefits & Side Effects By Dr. Anuja Bodhare

Precautions to Take with Ashoka Tree

The following precautions must be taken before consuming the Ashoka tree: 

It is advised to consult your doctor before consuming a preparation made from parts of the Ashoka tree if you have any pre-existing diseases. 

The Ashoka herb has special benefits for the endometrium (lining of the uterus) and uterine muscles. This might make it a helpful uterine tonic for addressing irregular menstrual cycles and avoiding miscarriages.

Dr. Ashok Pal, BAMS

Also Read: Rhubarb: Uses, Benefits, Side effects and More By Dr. Smita Barode  

Interactions with Other Drugs

There is not enough evidence on the interaction of the Ashoka tree with other drugs. Further studies on the interaction of the Ashoka tree are required. Therefore, you must consult your doctor if you are on any other medication before consuming Ashoka tree. 

Also Read: Atibala: Benefits, Side Effects, Precautions & More

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the Ashoka tree medicinal uses? 

There are several medicinal uses of Ashoka tree. Ashoka tree may act against cancer. It may be used for bacterial infections, arthritis, ulcers and depression. Ashoka tree may protect the heart and help to reduce blood sugar levels. Additionally, the Ashoka tree may help to relieve pain. However, you must consult your doctor if you experience symptoms of the mentioned conditions instead of self-medicating. 

How do you consume different parts of the Ashoka tree? 

Various parts of the Ashoka tree can be consumed. The bark of the Ashoka tree can be powdered and consumed with honey. The decoction of the bark of the Ashoka tree can be consumed with milk. Ashoka tree can be consumed as ayurvedic medicines in the form of Asokarishta and Asokaghrita. However, you must consult a qualified doctor before using such preparations. 

What precautions should be taken before consuming any part of the Ashoka tree? 

Pregnant and breastfeeding women should be careful before consuming any parts of the Ashoka tree. People with heart disease should also be careful before consuming any parts of the Ashoka tree. You should consult a doctor before consuming the leaf or flower of the Ashoka tree if you have any pre-existing diseases. 

What are the side effects of consuming a part of the Ashoka tree? 

Various natural preparations made from parts of the Ashoka tree have no specific side effects. However, if any reaction is noticed on using it, seek immediate medical attention. Consult your ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it to you; they will be able to identify the cause and treat it effectively. 

What is the nutritional value of the Ashoka tree?


Ashoka leaves and flowers may contain bioactive compounds like tannins, steroids, proteins, carbohydrates, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids and many more. 

References

  1. Athiralakshmy TR, Divyamol AS, Nisha P. Phytochemical screening of Saraca asoca and antimicrobial activity against bacterial species. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research. 2016;6(2):30-6. Available from: https://www.imedpub.com/articles-pdfs/phytochemical-screening-of-saraca-asoca-and-antimicrobial-activity-against-bacterial-species.pdf 
  2. Shirolkar A, Gahlaut A, Chhillar AK, Dabur R. Quantitative analysis of catechins in Saraca asoca and correlation with antimicrobial activity. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2013 Dec 1;3(6):421-8. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095177913000117 
  3. Sharma M, Sharma A, Soni A, et al. Chemoprevention of skin cancer by the flavonoid fraction of Saraca asoka. J Dermatol Sci. 2009;55(3):226-34. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26677759_Chemoprevention_of_Skin_Cancer_by_the_Flavonoid_Fraction_of_Saraca_asoka#:~:text=and%20fatty%20acids.-,…,6).%20…
  4. Ghatak A, Nair S, Vajpayee A. Evaluation of antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, total flavonoids, and LC-MS characterization of Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De.Wilde. Int J Adv Res. 2015;3(5):318-27. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277477244_Evaluation_of_antioxidant_activity_total_phenolic_content_total_flavonoids_and_LC-MS_characterization_of_Saraca_asoca_Roxb_DeWilde
  5. Prasad S, Younis K, Yousuf O. Investigating potent cardioprotective compounds as ACE inhibitors in Saraca asoca. Toxicol Rep. 2024 Sep 10;13:101731. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101731. PMID: 39309635; PMCID: PMC11416659. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11416659/
  6. Mohan C, Kistamma S, Vani P, Reddy AN. Biological activities of different parts of Saraca asoca, an endangered valuable medicinal plant. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2016;5(3):269-276. Available from: https://www.ijcmas.com/5-3-2016/Ch.%20Mohan,%20et%20al.pdf
  7. Tran N, Pham B, Le L. Bioactive Compounds in Anti-Diabetic Plants: From Herbal Medicine to Modern Drug Discovery. Biology (Basel). 2020 Aug 28;9(9):252. doi: 10.3390/biology9090252. PMID: 32872226; PMCID: PMC7563488. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7563488/
  8. Ghosh A, Saha A, Ghosh D, et al. Analgesic activity of various leaf extracts of Saraca indica Linn. Pharmacognosy Res. 2014;6(2):107-10. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256547569_Analgesic_Activity_of_Various_Leaf_Extracts_of_Saraca_indica_Linn#:~:text=Citations%20(14)-,References%20(15),%2C%202014).%20…
  9. Ahmad SR, Ghosh P. A systematic investigation on flavonoids, catechin, β‑sitosterol and lignin glycosides from Saraca asoca (ashoka) having anti‑cancer & antioxidant properties with no side effect. J Indian Chem Soc. 2021;99:100293. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019452221002934#:~:text=Numerous%20antioxidant%20compounds%20like%20flavonoids%2C%20catechin%2C%20beta%2Dsitosterol%2C,associated%20with%20the%20development%20of%20cancer%20conditions.
  10. Middelkoop TB, Labadie RP. The action of Saraca asoca Roxb. de Wilde bark on the PGH2 synthetase enzyme complex of the sheep vesicular gland. Z Naturforsch C Biosci. 1985 Jul-Aug;40(7-8):523-6. doi: 10.1515/znc-1985-7-812. PMID: 3931371. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3931371/
  11. Smitha GR, Thondaiman V. Reproductive biology and breeding system of Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De Wilde: a vulnerable medicinal plant. Springerplus. 2016 Nov 28;5(1):2025. doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-3709-9. PMID: 27995002; PMCID: PMC5125291. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5125291/
  12. Nyeem MA, Haque MS, Haq MO, Nuruzzaman M, Uddin H, Islam R. Ashoka (Saraca indica) as women friendly plant: A review. Natl J Adv Res. 2017;3(2):03‑07. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355955294_Ashoka_Saraca_indica_as_women_friendly_plant_A_review

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Rambutan: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects, and More By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

Rambutan is a fascinating looking red spiky fruit with soft thorns in red, yellow, and green shades. It is also known as a hairy fruit. It is a tropical, ovoid shaped fruit with a red or yellow fruit wall. The Rambutan tree is originally from Malaysia, and its name is derived from the Malay word ‘rambut’ which means hair. Rambutan is popularly grown in India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and some humid parts of the United States. The scientific name of rambutan is Nephelium lappaceum, and it belongs to the family Sapindaceae. Rambutan pulp, seeds and peel have several bioactive compounds that may benefit food, pharmaceuticals, medicine, and cosmetics advances1. Let us glance through some of the benefits of eating rambutan and experience the unique rambutan taste, characterized by its sweet and juicy profile with hints of floral notes.

Nutritional Value of Rambutan

Rambutan seeds, peel and pulp may contain several bioactive compounds like polyphenols, including ellagitannins, geraniin, corilagin, and ellagic acid. It may contain fatty acids like arachidonic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid and many more1. Furthermore, Rambutan fruit may contain the following nutrients: 

Did you know?

Properties of Rambutan

Several studies have shown that rambutan may have the following properties: 

Rambutan seeds are roasted and eaten as snacks in the Philippines. Munching on these seeds as a morning or evening snack not only satisfies your taste buds but also offers rambutan benefits for health and well-being14.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Potential Benefits of Rambutan For Overall Health

Some of the potential rambutan benefits are: 

1. Potential Benefits of Rambutan as an Antioxidant

Rambutan

A study3 by Hernàndez et al. in 2017 showed that rambutan might be an antioxidant. The antioxidant potential of rambutan may be due to phytochemical compounds like phenols, flavonoids, corilagin, geraniin, and ellagic acid. These compounds may deactivate the free radicals (harmful molecules present in the body) and protect the body from various damages. 

2. Potential Benefits of Rambutan for Cancer

cancer

A study by Perumal et al. in 2020 showed that rambutan might act against breast, bone, cervical and liver cancer. The anticancer activity of rambutan may be due to bioactive compounds like flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids and other phenolic compounds like geraniin. Rambutan benefits may show apoptosis (kill the cancer cells) and inhibit their growth. However more studies are required to check if rambutan can be used against cancer. Cancer is a serious disease therefore, you must consult your doctor if you suspect cancer instead of self-medicating. 

3. Potential Benefits of Rambutan for Reducing Sugar Levels

regulates blood sugar

Rambutan is a delicious tropical fruit that might offer potential benefits for diabetes management. A study by Muhtadi et al. in 2016, conducted on rats, suggested that bioactive compounds found in rambutan, such as catechin, quercetin, polyphenols, geraniin, and tannins, could contribute to reducing blood sugar levels. These compounds may help inhibit glucose absorption by the cells and stimulate insulin secretion, potentially assisting in the maintenance of normal blood sugar levels. It’s important to note that this study was conducted on animals, and further research on humans is needed to confirm the potential rambutan benefits for diabetes. If you have diabetes it’s essential to monitor your blood sugar levels regularly and consult with your healthcare provider for appropriate guidance.

4. Potential Benefits of Rambutan for Dengue

mosquito

A study6 by Ahmad et al. in 2015 showed that geraniin in rambutan might have anti-viral activity and act against DENV-2 (dengue virus type-2). Geraniin may inhibit the attachment of the dengue virus to the body cells and may also interfere with a viral protein (E protein) to disrupt the infection process. However, further studies are required to check if rambutan may act against the dengue virus. Therefore you must immediately consult your doctor if you suspect any symptoms of dengue. 

5. Potential Benefits of Rambutan to Reduce Inflammation

reduces inflammation

A study7 by Chingsuwanrote et al. in 2015 showed that the polyphenols in rambutan might reduce inflammation. The polyphenols may inhibit the secretion of TNFα, an inflammatory cytokine (molecules in the body responsible for inflammation). However, more studies are required to check if rambutan has anti-inflammatory properties. 

6. Potential Benefits of Rambutan for Bacterial Infections

infection

A study8 by Phuong et al. in 2020 showed that bioactive compounds in rambutan, like tannins, corilagin, geraniins, and ellagic acid, may possess antibacterial activity. Various bioactive compounds have different ways of showing their antibacterial activity. Tannins may change the structure of the cell wall and cell membrane. Ellagic acid may attach to the cell wall and destabilize it. Corilagin may inhibit the growth of bacteria by disrupting cell permeability. However, more large scale studies are required to check the antibacterial effect of rambutan. Therefore you must consult your doctor if you suspect a microbial infection. 

7. Potential Benefits of Rambutan for Controlling Blood Pressure

A study9 by Fang et al in 2018 suggested that rambutan fruit benefits might extend to lowering blood pressure. Specifically, geraniin found in rambutan may play a role in reducing blood pressure by decreasing the release of noradrenaline (a hormone that increases blood pressure) and relaxing tension in the blood vessels. Further research involving human subjects is needed to confirm these effects. It’s essential to consult your doctor if you have abnormal blood pressure instead of attempting self-medication.

Though studies show the benefits of rambutan in various conditions, these are insufficient, and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of rambutan on human health. 

Researchers are evaluating the anti-HIV, anti-dengue and anti-allergic properties of Rambutan. These activities have been observed during lab trials more research is needed to support these claims14.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

How to Use Rambutan?

Rambutan can be consumed in the following way: 

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking large quantities of Rambutan or other herbal supplements. Likewise, do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor. 

Side Effects of Rambutan

Rambutan side effects are reported as follows: 

If you notice any reaction by consuming rambutan, seek immediate medical attention. First, consult your ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it to you; they will be able to identify the cause and treat it. 

Precautions to Take with Rambutan

The following precautions can be taken before consuming rambutan: 

It is advised to consult your doctor before consuming if you have any pre-existing diseases. 

Conclusion

There is not enough evidence on the interaction of rambutan with other drugs. Further studies on the interaction of rambutan are required. Therefore you must consult your doctor if you are on any other medication before consuming rambutan. 

Also Read: Nirgundi: Benefits, Uses, Side Effects & More!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are Rambutan fruit side effects? 

Rambutan may cause nausea and vomiting, angioedema (swelling of the lower layer of skin), urticaria (swollen, reddened, and itchy skin), flushing of the skin (sudden redness of the skin), chest tightness, and wheezing11

Is Rambutan good for diabetes? 

Bioactive compounds in rambutan, like catechin, quercetin, polyphenols, geraniin, and tannins, may help to reduce blood sugar5. However, you must check your blood sugar levels regularly and consult your doctor in case of abnormal blood sugar levels

What precautions must be taken with Rambutan?

Rambutan is considered safe, but pregnant and breastfeeding mothers shall take precautions before consuming rambutan12. Saponins and tannins are phytochemicals, and they are biologically active compounds. But in a few cases, saponins and tannins may be toxic to a few people. In addition, rambutan seeds may be narcotic (causes sleepiness and affects mood)13. It is advised to consult your doctor if you have any pre-existing diseases before consuming. 

Can Rambutan seeds be eaten?

Rambutan seeds are generally not recommended for consumption as they can be bitter and potentially toxic. It’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized guidance regarding your dietary choices and potential risks associated with consuming rambutan seeds.

Can Rambutan cause sore throat?

While rambutan consumption is not commonly associated with sore throat, individual reactions may vary. If you experience a sore throat after consuming rambutan or suspect any adverse reactions, it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for a personalized assessment and guidance.

Can Rambutan make you sick?

Consuming rambutan is generally safe for most individuals. However, if you experience digestive discomfort, allergies, or any adverse reactions after consuming rambutan, it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for a proper assessment and personalized guidance to determine the cause of the illness.

Can Rambutan increase uric acid?

Rambutan is not a known food source that significantly increases uric acid levels. However, individual reactions can vary, and those with gout or uric acid concerns should consume it in moderation and monitor their own body’s response. If you have specific health concerns, consulting a healthcare professional is advisable for personalized guidance.

Are Rambutans good for dogs?

Rambutan should be avoided for dogs as it can pose a choking hazard due to its large seed and may not provide significant nutritional benefits for them. It’s best to consult with a veterinarian for guidance on safe and appropriate treats for your pet.

Can Rambutan cause stomach pain?

Rambutan is typically safe to eat, but for some individuals, overconsumption or sensitivity to certain compounds in the fruit might lead to stomach discomfort or pain. If you experience stomach pain after consuming rambutan, consult a healthcare professional to rule out any allergies or sensitivities and to ensure it aligns with your dietary choices.

Can Rambutan cause constipation?

While rambutan is generally not associated with causing constipation, excessive consumption or dietary factors could potentially lead to this issue in some individuals. If you encounter constipation after eating rambutan, consult a healthcare professional to assess your dietary choices and address any underlying causes.

Can Rambutan cause acne?

Rambutan is not commonly linked to causing acne. However, an individual’s skin reactions can vary, and it’s possible that consuming rambutan, especially in excessive amounts, might lead to skin issues for some people. Consulting a healthcare professional or dermatologist can help identify any specific triggers and address potential skin concerns.

Can Rambutan cause cough?

Rambutan is not a known cause of cough. Coughing can result from various factors such as infections, allergies, or irritants. If you experience persistent coughing after consuming rambutan, consult a healthcare professional to rule out any allergies or underlying respiratory issues.

Can Rambutan cause miscarriage?

There is no scientific evidence to suggest that rambutan can cause a miscarriage. However, during pregnancy, it’s crucial to be cautious about your dietary choices and consult a healthcare professional for guidance on safe and healthy eating practices to support a healthy pregnancy.

Can Rambutan cause diarrhea?

Rambutan consumption is generally safe, but excessive intake may lead to diarrhea in some individuals due to its natural sugars and dietary fiber. If you experience persistent or severe diarrhea after eating rambutan, consult a healthcare professional to assess any underlying issues and ensure proper hydration and dietary choices.

How to eat Rambutan?

To eat rambutan, start by making a shallow cut around the circumference of the fruit’s skin, being careful not to cut too deep. Then, gently twist the fruit open, revealing the juicy flesh inside. Remove the seed and enjoy the sweet and slightly tangy fruit.

Is Rambutan a tree nut?

No, rambutan is not a tree nut. It is a tropical fruit belonging to the Sapindaceae family and is botanically related to lychee and longan. While it may trigger allergies in some individuals, it is not classified as a tree nut allergen.

References

  1. Hernández-Hernández C, Aguilar CN, Rodríguez-Herrera R, Flores-Gallegos AC, Morlett-Chávez J, Govea-Salas M, Ascacio-Valdés JA. Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.): Nutritional and functional properties. Trends in food science & technology. 2019 Mar 1;85:201-10. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/391314241_Antiviral_Activity_of_Rambutan_Peel_Polyphenols_Obtained_Using_Green_Extraction_Technology_and_Solvents
  2. Rambutan, canned, syrup pack [Internet]. FoodData Central. [cited 2022Dec1]. Available from: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/168167/nutrients 
  3. Hernández C, Ascacio-Valdés J, De la Garza H, Wong-Paz J, Aguilar CN, Martínez-Ávila GC, Castro-López C, Aguilera-Carbó A. Polyphenolic content, in vitro antioxidant activity and chemical composition of extract from Nephelium lappaceum L.(Mexican rambutan) husk. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2017 Dec 1;10(12):1201-5. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1995764517311641 
  4. Perumal A, AlSalhi MS, Kanakarajan S, Devanesan S, Selvaraj R, Tamizhazhagan V. Phytochemical evaluation and anticancer activity of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) fruit endocarp extracts against human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2) cells. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021 Mar 1;28(3):1816-25. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319562X2030680X 
  5. Muhtadi M, Haryoto H, Sujono TA, Suhendi A. Antidiabetic and antihypercholesterolemia activities of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) and durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) fruit peel extracts. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2016 Apr 30;6(4):190-4. Available from: https://japsonline.com/admin/php/uploads/1848_pdf.pdf 
  6. Ahmad SA, Palanisamy U, Tejo BA, Hassan SS. Geraniin extracted from the Nephelium lappaceum (rambutan) rind inhibits dengue virus type-2. International conference and expo on drug discovery and designing, Frankfurt 2015. Available from: https://www.longdom.org/conference-abstracts-files/2169-0138.S1.008-024.pdf 
  7. Chingsuwanrote P, Muangnoi C, Parengam K, Tuntipopipat S. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of durian and rambutan pulp extract. International Food Research Journal. 2016 Aug 1;23(3). Available from: http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my/23%20(03)%202016/(5).pdf 
  8. Phuong NN, Le TT, Van Camp J, Raes K. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) peel extracts. International journal of food microbiology. 2020 May 16;321:108539. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168160520300337 
  9. Phang SC, Palanisamy UD, Kadir KA. Effects of geraniin (rambutan rind extract) on blood pressure and metabolic parameters in rats fed high-fat diet. Journal of integrative medicine. 2019 Mar 1;17(2):100-6. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095496419300081 
  10. Thulaja NR. Rambutan [Internet]. Infopedia. [cited 2022Dec1]. Available from: https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=f5af61c8-6be6-4ec3-bc4e-d6a4c08c55b8
  11. Jirapongsananuruk O, Jirarattanasopa N, Pongpruksa S, Vichyanond P, Piboonpocanun S. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as a major allergen in rambutan-induced anaphylaxis. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 2011 Jun 1;106(6):545-7. Available from: https://www.annallergy.org/article/S1081-1206(11)00188-8/abstract 
  12. Diana R, Rachmayanti RD, Anwar F, Khomsan A, Christianti DF, Kusuma R. Food taboos and suggestions among Madurese pregnant women: a qualitative study. Journal of Ethnic Foods. 2018 Dec 1;5(4):246-53. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352618118301446 
  13. Rambutan Nephelium lappaceum L. Euphoria nephelium DC. Dimocarpus crinita Lour. [Internet]. Rambutan. [cited 2022Dec2]. Available from: https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/rambutan.html
  14. Afzaal M, Saeed F, Bibi M, Ejaz A, Shah YA, Faisal Z, Ateeq H, Akram N, Asghar A, Shah MA. Nutritional, pharmaceutical, and functional aspects of rambutan in industrial perspective: An updated review. Food Sci Nutr. 2023 Apr 19;11(7):3675-3685. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.3379. PMID: 37457167; PMCID: PMC10345721. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10345721/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Almond Oil: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Introduction

Almond oil is an edible, essential oil densely packed with a variety of nutrients that are beneficial for our health. If you are looking for a versatile oil, you must try almond oil. Almond oil is plentiful as the almond trees are cultivated as wild trees in the tropical forest and the cold and temperate regions of India, the Saharan plains, Iran, Turkey and Nepal. The oil is scientifically called Oleum amygdalae. It is prepared from two varieties of Prunus dulcis almonds, sweet and bitter. It is an oil composed of glycerine and oleic acid with a mild odour and a slightly nutty taste. Production of almond oil is an important business globally. Almond oil is produced through the separation processes of extraction and expression1,2.​​ Let’s get to know more about this bountiful oil and how we can bring it to our home!

Did you know?

  • Almond oil is rich in vitamin E, which helps protect the skin from damage. source: USDA
  • It has been found that almond oil can help reduce the appearance of stretch marks. source: USDA
  • Almond oil is a good source of monounsaturated fats, which can help lower bad cholesterol levels. source: USDA
  • Studies have shown that almond oil can help improve hair health and promote hair growth. source: USDA

Nutritional Value of Almond Oil

Almond oil has an abundant source of micronutrients and macronutrients. It contains bioactive compounds such as monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids, phytosterols, tocopherol and oleic acid. It is also enriched with alpha-tocopherol, beta-zoosterol and squalene4​.​ 

Nutritional value of Almond Oil per 100 grams3.​​

Properties of Almond Oil

Almond oil has been used in complementary medicine systems for its immense health benefits. The following are a few properties of almond oil: 

I recently read an article that says, with a high concentration of mono-unsaturated fatty acids, almond oil may assist with constipation and irritable bowel syndrome while also reducing the pace at which carbohydrates are absorbed in the stomach and improving insulin sensitivity5.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Potential Uses of Almond Oil

The following may be the potential benefits of eating almond oil: 

1. Potential Uses of Almond Oil for Heart Health

heart

Almond oil may help reduce the chances of developing heart disease. Almond oil may have antioxidant properties, eliminating free radicals and stopping bad cholesterol formation. Recent clinical trials by Jenkins et al. done in 2022 suggest that almond oil may show that when added to a daily diet, it may significantly reduce bad cholesterol and triglycerides and increase the blood levels of good cholesterol in healthy volunteers. It might enhance dyslipidaemia and endothelial function and reduce heart disease risk2,4. However, more studies are needed to conclude the benefits of almond oil for heart health. If you have heart problems, it is advisable to consult a doctor.

2. Potential Uses of Almond Oil in Diabetes

diabeties
Image Source: freepik.com

An animal model study4 (Al-Attar et al., 2020) found that the consumption of almond oil may normalize blood glucose. It may have a blood glucose-lowering effect related to reducing glucose absorption through the gut rather than altering insulin levels. This may be because of the lipid portion of the almond oil that may help decrease glucose levels. However, there is a requirement for research on humans to ensure that almond oil benefits diabetes. If you have diabetes, consult a doctor and get proper treatment.

3. Potential Uses of Almond Oil for Skin

good for skin

Ayurveda describes many uses of almond oil for skin. Almond oil is used topically by aromatherapists, beauticians and masseuses due to its high vitamin E level. It contains oleic and linoleic acids, vitamin B and zinc that might support the nourishment of skin. A study2 done by Cantor et al. in 2006 found that almond oil may help enhance dry skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis. Additionally, it may help soothe and revitalise the skin, boosting its tone and complexion. However, it’s best to consult a doctor before using it instead of self-medicating. 

4. Potential Uses of Almond Oil in Cancer

cancer
Image Source: freepik.com

An animal study2,4 by Iwahashi 2001 et al. suggests that the inclusion of almond oil in a diet may help reduce the chances of colon cancer. It may have anti-proliferative effects that might control the spread of cancerous cells in the body. It might also help fight with breast cancer and colorectal cancer. The American practitioner, Cayce suggested the implementation of almond oil in the staple diet as it benefits people with colon cancer. Almond oil may also have free-radical scavenging activity that might help in cancer. More clinical studies may ascertain the benefits of almond oil for alleviating cancer in humans. 

5. Potential Uses of Almond Oil for Brain Health

brain

Almond oil may be used as a massage oil during aromatherapy. It may show a positive outcome on the quality of life of patients. According to Moradi et al., 2020,  almond oil may help reduce stress, depression, anxiety and fatigue, as well as it may improve the sleep quality of an individual. Almond oil may be enriched with omega-3 fatty acids to help enhance memory functions1,4. However, more studies are needed to develop the benefits of almond oil for brain health. If you have any brain-related symptoms, take a medical consultation for an adequate line of treatment. 

6. Other Potential Uses of Almond Oil

Image Source: freepik.com

Though studies show the potential uses of almond oil in various conditions, these are insufficient, and there is a necessity for further studies to develop the scope of the benefits of almond oil on human health. Additionally, each person may respond differently to these herbs. It is essential to have a doctor’s advice before using almond oil for any medical condition. 

I recently read an article suggesting that owing to the presence of several phytochemicals, including phytosterol, flavonoids, and polyphenols of phenolic acids, almond oil has shown to have antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties. This property may help with cancer6.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

How to Use Almond Oil?

You may use almond oil as listed below: 

You should consult a qualified doctor before having almond oil in large quantities. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing modern medical treatment with an Ayurvedic/herbal preparation of almond oil without consulting an Ayurvedic physician. They will guide you with its best form and dosage per your health condition. 

If you have a blocked ear canal due to earwax that doesn’t fall out on its own, I might suggest you try almond oil. Put 2 to 3 drops of almond oil in your ear 3 to 4 times a day for 3 to 5 days. However, it’s important to consult a doctor before trying this on your own7.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

Side Effects of Almond Oil

Despite the advantages of almond oil, it may cause certain side effects. Given below are a few side effects of almond oil: 

Also Read: Badam Pisin (Almond Gum): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects & More

Precautions to Take with Almond Oil

Having almond oil in controlled quantities might be safe. However, its consumption in larger amounts may cause harm. Therefore, it’s mandatory to keep the following precautions in mind:  

Also Read: 7 Incredible Benefits Of Chia Seed Oil

Interactions with Other Drugs

More clinical research is required to know the interactions of almond oil with other drugs. Therefore, people should take medical advice from an Ayurvedic doctor. They will guide you toward the best way to have almond oil.

Also Read: Walnut Oil: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the vitamins present in almond oil? 

Vitamins present in almond oil include vitamin E and vitamin K4.

What is almond oil? 

Almond oil is scientifically referred to as Oleum amygdalae. It is prepared from sweet and bitter varieties of Prunus dulcis almonds. Almond oil is prepared as a glyceryl oleate (glycerine) with a mild odour and a slightly nutty taste2.

Does almond oil reduce bad cholesterol? 

Yes. The health benefits of almond oil may be related to reducing high cholesterol levels. It may benefit heart health by decreasing bad cholesterol levels and increasing the levels of good cholesterol2.

Why should wild forms of almonds be handled with care? 

According to the Ancient Chinese, Ayurvedic and Greco-Persian Medicine systems, almond oil may be used for managing dry skin conditions such as psoriasis. Almond oil may have moisturising and emollient properties that might help enhance skin condition, thereby providing soft and healthy skin2.

References

  1. ​​Chimezie Akubude-, Egwuonwu C, Ajala O, Akubude, Olaniyan A, Ajala E, et al. Almond oil: powerhouse of nutrients Soil use patterns in Nigeria View project Biodiesel Project View project Almond oil: powerhouse of nutrients. CIGR. 2020;22(3):190–201. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vivian-Akubude-Usha/publication/345311256_Almond_oil_powerhouse_of_nutrients/links/5fa2c3aaa6fdcc06241253a8/Almond-oil-powerhouse-of-nutrients.pdf 
  2. Ahmad Z. The uses and properties of almond oil. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2010;16(1):10–2. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20129403/ 
  3. FoodData Central | Oil, almond [Internet]. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2018 [cited 2022 Nov 30]. Available from: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/171031/nutrients 
  4. Ouzir M, Bernoussi S el, Tabyaoui M, Taghzouti K. Almond oil: A comprehensive review of chemical composition, extraction methods, preservation conditions, potential health benefits, and safety. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2021;20(4):3344–87. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34056853/ 
  5. Ahmad Z. The uses and properties of almond oil. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2010 Feb;16(1):10-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.06.015. Epub 2009 Jul 15. PMID: 20129403. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20129403/
  6. Mysore V, Arghya A. Hair Oils: Indigenous Knowledge Revisited. Int J Trichology. 2022 May-Jun;14(3):84-90. doi: 10.4103/ijt.ijt_189_20. Epub 2022 May 24. PMID: 35755964; PMCID: PMC9231528. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9231528/
  7. NHS. Earwax build-up [Internet]. NHS; 2024 Jan 05 [cited 2026 Feb 17]. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/earwax-build-up/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Mushroom (Khumbi): Uses, Benefits, Side effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

A meal without mushrooms is like a day without rain. Mushrooms or Agaricus bisporus is neither a vegetable nor fruit, instead a type of edible fungus. There are different varieties (fresh and dry) available in the market oyster, porcini and button being the most common. Generally, mushrooms have a stem covered with a fleshy rounded cap with gills underneath (umbrella like appearance). They were first cultivated in Japan and China in 600 CE. Although, now they are cultivated across the globe all year round. In India, it is widely cultivated and is economically important in states like Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. Mushrooms have an umami flavour (similar to meat) thus, they’re also called vegetarian meat. The health benefits of mushrooms are innumerable. Let us learn more about their nutritional and medicinal value1,3.

Nutritional Value of Mushrooms

Mushrooms are packed with the goodness of protein, dietary fibre, minerals and vitamins (B1, B2, B12, C and E), terpenes, quinolones, steroids, flavonoids, antioxidants like carotenoids and polysaccharides like beta-glucan, etc. The nutritional components of mushrooms are mentioned below.

Nutritional value of mushroom (dry basis)4 

Properties of Mushrooms

Scientifically proven properties of mushrooms include: 

Blood pressure issues and sodium consumption frequently coexist. Researchers believe that blood pressure might rise because sodium tends to make the body retain more fluid. I recommend considering adding mushrooms to your meals to cut back on your salt consumption. The sodium content of mushrooms is naturally low. They have a savoury flavour, so you don’t need to add as much salt to maintain healthy blood pressure13.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Potential Uses of Mushroom for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of mushroom are described as follows: 

1. Potential Uses of Mushroom in Cancer

cancer
Image Source: freepik.com

Mushrooms (Khumbi) are rich in phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids, selenium, vitamins, polysaccharides and antioxidants like glutathione and ergothioneine, which may reduce the risk of cancers. Djibril et al. conducted a review in 2021, which stated that people consuming mushrooms were at a lower risk of developing cancers than the non-consumers. This indicates that consuming mushrooms may help reduce the risk of cancers. However, scientific evidence supporting this claim is limited, which requires further research6

2. Potential Uses of Mushroom in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

liver
Image Source: freepik.com

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the accumulation of more than 5% fat in the liver without any underlying hepatitis C, alcohol consumption or medications. It may progress to a chronic liver disease characterized by cirrhosis, fibrosis and hepatic cancers. Inflammation and oxidative stress are the major risk factors for NAFLD. Zhang et al. conducted a study in 2020 to assess the effect of mushroom intake on NAFLD. The findings of this study showed that a high intake of mushrooms was associated with a lower risk of NAFLD due to the presence of potent antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties of mushrooms. Thus, the consumption of mushrooms may reduce the risk of NAFLD. However, more studies should be conducted to ascertain these claims7

3. Potential Uses of Mushroom on Alzheimer’s Disease

brain

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive damage of neurons (functional units of the nervous system), which results in dementia and a decrease in cognition. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Djibril M et al. conducted a review in 2022 the findings indicated that mushroom contains antioxidants like glutathione and ergothioneine, which have a protective effect on the brain. This suggests that consuming mushrooms may help manage neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s. However, scientific evidence supporting these claims is limited, and that warrants the need for more clinical studies to support these claims8

From my knowledge, the nutrients in mushrooms, such as selenium, vitamin D and B6 may help maintain a healthy immune system. Selenium may help your body produce antioxidant enzymes that cope with cell damage. Vitamin D may promote immunological health, lower inflammation, and make cells thrive. Vitamin B6 may aid in the formation of proteins, DNA, and red blood cells in your body13.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

4. Potential Uses of Mushroom in Gut Health

gut health

A diet rich in fibre and non-digestible carbohydrates is important for a healthy gut. Hess et al. conducted a study9 in 2018 to assess the effect of mushrooms on gut health. The findings of this study show that the consumption of mushrooms may improve laxation and increase stool frequency, weight, and may benefit gut microbiota. High fibre content in mushroom helps achieve satiety and some fibres can also act as prebiotics. This indicates that mushrooms may help improve gut health, but we need more scientific evidence to support these claims. 

5. Potential Uses of Mushroom for Diabetes

diabetes
Image Source: freepik.com

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by increased glucose levels in the blood. Jelena et al. conducted a systematic review in 2021, which states that the polysaccharides in mushrooms exert an anti-diabetic effect by increasing number of cells of pancreas (beta-cells) and inhibiting glucose absorption. Beta cells of pancreas produce insulin and may help in controlling glucose. Therefore, mushrooms may have the potential to manage diabetes. However, more studies should be conducted to ascertain these claims10

6. Other Potential Uses of Mushroom

Image Source: freepik.com

Though there are studies that show the benefits of mushroom in various conditions, but these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of mushroom on human health.  

Researchers have found that mushrooms may significantly help in weight reduction when combined with physical activity and other lifestyle modifications, such as opting for a healthy diet. In my opinion, mushrooms are rich in antioxidants that may lower the incidence of hypertension and other metabolic diseases such as obesity14.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

How to Use Mushrooms?

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor. 

Side Effects of Mushroom

Few side effects related to the consumption of mushroom include: 

However, if you experience any adverse reactions to mushroom, it is advised to discontinue its intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it. They will be able to guide you appropriately for your symptoms.

Precautions to Take with Mushroom

Eating mushrooms is not harmful if taken in moderate amounts. However, general precautions must be followed in the following conditions:

Interactions with Other Drugs

Mushrooms contain psilocybin, a psychedelic compound which may interact with the following drugs: 

Therefore, you must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician about the possible interaction of mushroom with other drugs and follow the prescription thoroughly, as they will know your health condition and other medications you are taking12.

Also Read: Matki (moth beans): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects, and More By Dr. Smita Barode

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the scientific name of mushroom? 

The scientific name of mushroom is Agaricus bisporus1.

Is mushroom (Khumbi) a vegetable? 

Mushrooms or Agaricus bisporus is neither a vegetable nor fruit, instead a type of edible fungus1.

Can mushroom help in managing constipation?  

Yes, mushroom may help manage constipation; this effect is attributed to a high content of dietary fibre in them. However, more studies are needed to support these claims. Therefore, it is advised to consult a doctor for a proper treatment in case you have constipation9.

Can consumption of mushroom improve bone health? 

Yes, mushrooms are rich in Vitamin D which makes the bones strong and aids in calcium absorption. These features may help improve bone health. However, scientific evidence supporting this is limited and we need more studies to support these claims11.

What are the side effects of mushroom consumption in excess? 

Hess et al. conducted a study in 2018 which showed that consuming mushrooms in excess can result in flatulence and bloating. Also, mushroom poisoning following the consumption of poisonous mushroom species can occur12.

References

  1. Mushrooms (2022) The Nutrition Source. Available at: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/mushrooms/ 
  2. Mushrooms (2019) FoodPrint. Available at: https://foodprint.org/real-food/mushrooms/
  3. Mushroom cultivation; farming; planting in IndiaAgri Farming. Available at: https://www.agrifarming.in/mushroom-cultivation
  4. Fulgoni, Victor L 3rd, and Sanjiv Agarwal. “Nutritional impact of adding a serving of mushrooms on usual intakes and nutrient adequacy using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2016 data.” Food science & nutrition vol. 9,3 1504-1511. 12 Jan. 2021, doi:10.1002/fsn3.2120. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7958531/ 
  5. Valverde, María Elena et al. “Edible mushrooms: improving human health and promoting quality life.” International journal of microbiology vol. 2015 (2015): 376387. doi:10.1155/2015/376387. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4320875/ 
  6. Ba, Djibril M et al. “Higher Mushroom Consumption Is Associated with Lower Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.” Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) vol. 12,5 (2021): 1691-1704. doi:10.1093/advances/nmab015. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8483951/ 
  7. Zhang, Shunming et al. “Association between edible mushroom intake and the prevalence of newly diagnosed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: results from the Tianjin Chronic Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation and Health Cohort Study in China.” The British journal of nutrition vol. 123,1 (2020): 104-112. doi:10.1017/S0007114519002605. Available at: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/association-between-edible-mushroom-intake-and-the-prevalence-of-newly-diagnosed-nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-results-from-the-tianjin-chronic-lowgrade-systemic-inflammation-and-health-cohort-study-in-china/41408B18659A8BB5E903800398C8D8D6 
  8. Ba, Djibril M et al. “Mushroom intake and cognitive performance among US older adults: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011-2014.” The British journal of nutrition, vol. 128,11 1-8. 4 Feb. 2022, doi:10.1017/S0007114521005195. Available at: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/mushroom-intake-and-cognitive-performance-among-us-older-adults-the-national-health-and-nutrition-examination-survey-20112014/C28993998C223626CD7D42C748ACD47B 
  9. Hess, Julie et al. “Impact of Agaricus bisporus Mushroom Consumption on Gut Health Markers in Healthy Adults.” Nutrients vol. 10,10 1402. 2 Oct. 2018, doi:10.3390/nu10101402. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213353/ 
  10. Aramabašić Jovanović, Jelena et al. “The Effects of Major Mushroom Bioactive Compounds on Mechanisms That Control Blood Glucose Level.” Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 7,1 58. 16 Jan. 2021, doi:10.3390/jof7010058. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7830770/pdf/jof-07-00058.pdf 
  11. Health, written by N. (2022) Health benefits of MushroomNarayana Health Care. Available at: https://www.narayanahealth.org/blog/health-benefits-of-mushroom/
  12. Tran HH, Juergens AL. Mushroom Toxicity. [Updated 2022 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537111/
  13. UCLA Health. 7 health benefits of mushrooms [Internet]. Los Angeles (CA): UCLA Health; 2022 Jan 24 [cited 2026 Feb 17]. Available from: https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/7-health-benefits-of-mushrooms
  14. Health benefits of mushrooms: 7 impressive reasons to eat mushrooms [Internet]. Cleveland Clinic; 23 Dec 2022 [cited 2026 Feb 17]. Available from: https://health.clevelandclinic.org/benefits-of-mushrooms

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Sweet Potatoes (Shakarkandi): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

Since ancient times, sweet potatoes have been a staple food worldwide. Sweet potato or Ipomoea batatas is an edible root of the morning glory family (Convolvulaceae), whereas potatoes are edible tubers of the nightshade family (Solanaceae). Sweet potatoes originated in South America, from where they spread to warm-temperate regions worldwide. In India, sweet potatoes were introduced by the Spanish. They are locally known as ‘shakarkandi’ and are growing at a large scale in Bihar, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. The most common variety of sweet potatoes has copper-coloured skin and vibrant orange flesh. Other varieties are yellow, white, deep purple and cream. True to their name, sweet potatoes are naturally sweet in flavour. These are cooked, roasted or diced into soups and salads. Apart from culinary uses, the health benefits of sweet potatoes are innumerable. Let us learn more about sweet potatoes benefits and side effects and why you should add sweet potatoes to your diet for a sweet and healthy life1,3.

Nutritional Value of Sweet Potatoes

Sweet potatoes are rich in dietary fibre, minerals and vitamins. The most important ones include beta-carotene, Vitamins B2, C and E, and antioxidants like beta-carotene, etc. The nutrients in sweet potatoes are mentioned below.  

Properties of Sweet Potatoes

Scientifically proven properties of Ipomoea batatas include: 

Potential Uses of Sweet Potatoes for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of sweet potatoes are described as under: 

1. Potential Uses of Sweet Potatoes in Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal Cancer
Image Source: freepik.com

Colorectal cancer is a commonly diagnosed cancer in both men and women. Peng-Gao et al. conducted a study in 2013 to assess the impact of sweet potatoes on colorectal cancer. The study6 results show that sweet potatoes may have the potential to suppress cell growth (anti-proliferative effect) and inhibit the spread of cancer to other parts of the body (anti-metastatic effect). The anti-cancer mechanism is attributed to the presence of sweet potato protein (SPP). This indicates that consuming sweet potatoes may help with colorectal cancer. However, as scientific evidence supporting this claim is limited, there is a need for conducting further research. 

2. Potential Uses of Sweet Potatoes for Abnormal Lipid Levels

cholesterol

Abnormal lipid levels are characterised by an elevation in plasma cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and a reduction in high-density lipoprotein. A review done by Naomi et al. in 2021 suggests that the flavonoids in sweet potatoes reduce fat absorption by regulating enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of lipids. Through this mechanism, flavonoids decrease the total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels and increase the high-density lipoprotein levels7. This indicates that the consumption of sweet potatoes can help normalize lipid levels. However, we need more studies to support these claims. 

3. Potential Uses of Sweet Potatoes in Neurodegenerative Diseases

brain

Neurodegenerative diseases are diseases characterised by the gradual degeneration of neurons, which are the functional units of the nervous system. Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and spinal muscular atrophy are a few examples of neurodegenerative diseases. Oxidative stress is the main cause of the development of these diseases. Shan et al. conducted a review in 2009, mentioning that anthocyanins in sweet potatoes have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which can exert neuroprotective effects. This suggests that consuming sweet potatoes may help manage neurodegenerative diseases. However, scientific evidence supporting these claims is limited, and this warrants the need for more clinical studies to support these claims8

4. Potential Uses of Sweet Potatoes in Diabetes

diabetes
Image Source: freepik.com

Sweet potatoes have been used in traditional medicine for managing Type II diabetes. However, Li et al., through animal studies done in 2009, demonstrated the blood-glucose-lowering effect of sweet potatoes. Additionally, they have a low glycemic index which causes a slow release of glucose into the blood; this steady phase helps control elevated blood glucose. A trial done by Cheow et al. in 2013 showed that 122 participants supplemented with sweet potatoes showed a moderate reduction in HbA1c, which is an indicator of glycemic control and shows average blood glucose level of the past two to three months. This indicates that sweet potatoes may have the potential to manage diabetes, but we need more scientific evidence to support these claims9

5. Potential Uses of Sweet Potatoes for Inflammation

inflammaation

Caffeic acid, a polyphenolic compound, is abundant in many fruits and vegetables and is known for its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects in colitis. After reaching a relevant concentration in the colon, it comes in contact with the intestinal cells and exerts an anti-inflammatory effect. Sweet potatoes are also rich in caffeic acid and thus may have the potential to manage colitis. However, no scientific data is available for this, and thus more studies should be conducted to ascertain these claims10,11

6. Other Potential Uses of Sweet Potato

sweet potato

Though there are studies that show the benefits of sweet potatoes in various conditions, these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of sweet potatoes on human health.  

Sweet potatoes are a rich source of beta-carotene. Beta-carotene is carotenoid and antioxidant which is highly useful for maintaining vision and overall eye health. Additionally, sweet potatoes are rich in vitamins like vitamins C and E. These vitamins might avoid or delay cataract development and macular degeneration13.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

How to Use Sweet Potatoes (Shakarkandi)?

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.   

Side Effects of Sweet Potatoes

A few side effects related to the consumption of sweet potatoes include: 

However, if you experience any adverse reactions to sweet potatoes, it is advised to discontinue its intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it. They will be able to guide you appropriately for your symptoms. 

Sweet potatoes are highly nutritious and often called a superfood. They are good sources of fibre and vitamins like A, C, B3, B5, and B6 which might be useful in maintaining digestive health, strengthening immunity and improving brain function. They might also contribute to better bone health because of the richness of minerals like manganese, copper, and potassium14.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Precautions to Take with Sweet Potatoes

Eating sweet potato is okay if taken in moderate amounts. However, general precautions must be taken in the following conditions: 

Interactions with Other Drugs

There is no significant interaction of sweet potatoes with other drugs. However, you must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician about the possible interaction of sweet potatoes with other drugs and follow the prescription thoroughly, as they will know your health condition and other medications you are taking.

Also Read: Potato (Aloo): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the scientific name of sweet potato? 

The scientific name of sweet potato is Ipomoea batatas1.

How is a sweet potato (Shakarkandi) different from a potato? 

Sweet potato or Ipomoea batatas is an edible root of the morning glory family (Convolvulaceae), whereas potatoes are edible tubers of the nightshade family (Solanaceae)1.

Can sweet potatoes help in managing constipation?  

Yes, sweet potatoes may help manage constipation; this effect is attributed to the high content of dietary fibre in them. However, more studies are needed to support these claims. Therefore, it is advised to consult a doctor for proper treatment in case you have constipation7.

What are the advantages of sweet potatoes for vision? 

Sweet potatoes are rich in the antioxidant beta-carotene, which is converted to Vitamin A in the body. Vitamin A is responsible for the formation of light-detecting receptors in the eyes. An increase in the quality and number of the light-detecting receptors helps in better vision. Thus, sweet potatoes may help improve vision. However, scientific evidence in support of this is limited and we need more studies to ensure these claims. It is recommended to consult a doctor for proper treatment in case you have any vision-related issues1.

What are the side effects of the consumption of excess sweet potatoes?

There have been a few instances of anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction) after the consumption of sweet potatoes. Consumption in excess can also result in kidney stones, stomach pain, bloating, diarrhoea, etc12.

References

  1. Sweet potatoes. Hsph.harvard.edu. Available at: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/sweet-potatoes/
  2. Katayama, Kenji et al. “Recent progress in sweet potato breeding and cultivars for diverse applications in Japan.” Breeding science vol. 67, 1 (2017): 3-14. doi:10.1270/jsbbs.16129. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5407919/ 
  3. Sweet potato cultivation income; profit; project report, Agri Farming. Available at: https://www.agrifarming.in/sweet-potato-cultivation-income-profit-project-report 
  4. Mohanraj, Remya, and Subha Sivasankar. “Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam) –a valuable medicinal food: a review.” Journal of medicinal food vol. 17,7 (2014): 733-41. doi:10.1089/jmf.2013.2818. Available at: https://sci-hub.hkvisa.net/10.1089/jmf.2013.2818 
  5. Escobar-Puentes, Alberto A et al. “Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Phenotypes: From Agroindustry to Health Effects.” Foods (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 11,7 1058. 6 Apr. 2022, doi:10.3390/foods11071058. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8997864/ 
  6. Li, Peng-Gao et al. “Anticancer effects of sweet potato protein on human colorectal cancer cells.” World journal of gastroenterology vol. 19,21 (2013): 3300-8. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i21.3300. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3671082/ 
  7. Naomi, Ruth et al. “Potential Effects of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) in Hyperglycemia and Dyslipidemia-A Systematic Review in Diabetic Retinopathy Context.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 22,19 10816. 6 Oct. 2021, doi:10.3390/ijms221910816. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8509747/ 
  8. Shan, Qun et al. “Purple sweet potato color ameliorates cognition deficits and attenuates oxidative damage and inflammation in aging mouse brain induced by d-galactose.” Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology vol. 2009 (2009): 564737. doi:10.1155/2009/564737. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19865488/ 
  9. Ooi, Cheow Peng, and Seng Cheong Loke. “Sweet potato for type 2 diabetes mellitus.” The Cochrane database of systematic reviews vol. 2013,9 CD009128. 3 Sep. 2013, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009128.pub3. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24000051/ 
  10. Nguyen, Hoang Chinh et al. “Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidants, and Health Benefits of Sweet Potato Leaves.” Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 26,7 1820. 24 Mar. 2021, doi:10.3390/molecules26071820. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8038024/ 
  11. Zielińska, Danuta et al. “Caffeic Acid Modulates Processes Associated with Intestinal Inflammation.” Nutrients vol. 13,2 554. 8 Feb. 2021, doi:10.3390/nu13020554. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7914463/ 
  12. Paul, S. (2022) Sweet Potato Benefits, nutrition value & side effects, Wellcurve Blog. Available at: https://shreejifoods.in/blogs/articles/sweet-potato-nutrition-value-benefits-side-effects?srsltid=AfmBOopmvoE-IpqG3BpEz6e8N40-1QpB7G1ALCgwBbL4EFMsNSPDJ8YH 
  13. Discovery Eye Foundation. Mashed Sweet Potatoes [Internet]. [place unknown]; c2017 [cited 2026 Feb 18]. Available from: https://discoveryeye.org/eye-cook-delicious-food-health/mashed-sweet-potatoes/
  14. Narayana Health. Health Benefits Of Sweet Potato [Internet]. Bengaluru (India): Narayana Health; [cited 2026 Feb 18]. Available from: https://www.narayanahealth.org/blog/health-benefits-of-sweet-potato

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Eggs: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode 

Introduction

What came first, the egg or the chicken? This question has always confused us all. Ancient China and Egypt were the first societies to domesticate hens. In India, jungle birds have been domesticated since 3200 BC for egg production. An egg contains a hard shell on the outside and a nutrient-bearing yolk on the inside. There are different varieties of eggs available in the market. Among these, chicken eggs are the most common, which can be white or brown; there is no difference in the nutritional quality between the two, the only difference being the colour and price. If you are looking for an easy and healthy food option diet that is also pocket-friendly, white chicken eggs might be your last stop! Let’s read more about the health benefits of white chicken eggs and some common considerations which you need to keep in mind before adding eggs to your diet1

Nutritional Value of Eggs

Eggs are a nutritional powerhouse, packed with the goodness of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals and antioxidants like carotenoids. 

The nutritional chart of eggs is given in the table below.  

Did you know that one large boiled egg contains approximately 77 calories? Eggs are a nutritious food choice and provide various essential nutrients, including high-quality protein, vitamins, and minerals. Adding boiled eggs to your diet can be a healthy way to incorporate a nutrient-rich food into your meals8.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Properties of Eggs

Eggs show numerous scientifically proven properties; some of which are mentioned below2

Potential Uses of Eggs for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of eggs are described below. 

1. Potential uses of eggs for sarcopenia

egg

Sarcopenia is the age-related gradual loss of muscle strength, mass and function. Puglisi conducted a review in 2022, stating that the amino acid leucine in eggs stimulates muscle formation. In addition, Bagheri et al. conducted a study3 in 2020 to show the positive effect of whole-egg intake on skeletal muscles. This shows that consuming eggs may help stimulate skeletal muscle synthesis and may help improve muscle health. Thus, eggs may have the potential to manage sarcopenia. However, further research is needed to ascertain these claims as the scientific evidence available is insufficient. 

2. Potential uses of eggs for malnutrition

whole eggs

WHO defines malnutrition as the deficiency, excess or imbalance in the intake of energy and/or nutrients. The term malnutrition includes 3 major categories: 

Ianannotti et al. conducted a study3 in 2017 which showed that egg supplementation in children reduced the prevalence of stunting by 47% and underweight by 74%. Sophie et al. conducted a study in 2019; the findings of this study showed that excessive consumption of eggs can result in obesity. These astonishing results show the importance of eggs in lowering the risk of malnutrition. However, we need more clinical trials to support these claims. 

3. Potential uses of eggs for alopecia

Hair loss or alopecia can be caused due to insufficiencies in diet, genetics or environment. Hair is mainly made up of a protein called keratin; therefore, eggs may aid hair growth because of their high protein content. Toshio et al. conducted a study4 in 2018 to assess the effect of egg yolk on hair. The findings of this study showed that egg yolk contains a key growth factor (hair growth peptide) that stimulates hair growth. This is similar to the growth factor found in minoxidil (a drug used for the treatment of alopecia). The results of this study indicate that eggs may improve hair growth and manage alopecia. However, we need more scientific evidence to support the use of eggs for managing alopecia. 

4. Potential uses of eggs on cognitive function

smoking cause cognitive decline

In India, approximately 31.03% of elderly individuals (aged >70 years) suffer from cognitive impairment. Eggs are rich in natural cognitive enhancers like lutein, choline and tryptophan. Lee et al. conducted a study5 in 2021 to assess the impact of egg intake on memory decline in older adults. The findings of this study showed that the consumption of eggs might help reduce memory decline. Additionally, the presence of choline may help improve brain function. This indicates that consuming eggs may help improve brain function and, thus, cognitive function in the elderly. However, we need more scientific evidence to support these claims6

5. Potential uses of eggs as an antibacterial agent

egg

Eggs are rich in antibacterial substances. The yolk and white parts are known to inhibit bacterial growth. A review carried out by Shi et al. in 2022 suggested7 that egg yolk contains trimethylamine (TMA). TMA has an antibacterial effect against E.coli (a commonly occurring harmful gut bacteria), which causes urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bloody diarrhoea, etc. Thus, the consumption of eggs may help in inhibiting the growth of E.coli and reducing the infections caused by it. However, we require more scientific studies to claim these effects in humans. 

6. Other potential uses of eggs

Though there are studies that show the benefits of eggs in various conditions, these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of Eggs on human health.  

How to Use Eggs?

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.   

Please note that due to their natural high cholesterol content, it is often recommended by health and nutrition professionals that adults consume fewer than three eggs per week. While eggs can be a part of a healthy diet, it’s important to moderate your intake and consider the overall balance of your dietary choices9.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Side Effects of Eggs

Sophie et al conducted a study1 in 2019 which stated that egg consumption in children below five years of age can result in an egg allergy. This allergy is induced by egg proteins and includes gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea and vomiting, skin manifestations like rashes and respiratory symptoms like asthma, runny nose and nasal congestion. 

Other indications of the adverse reactions of the body to eggs are described below: 

However, if you experience any adverse reactions to eggs, it is advised to discontinue its intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it. They will be able to guide you appropriately for your symptoms. 

Including eggs in your diet can provide you with a significant amount of long chain omega-3 fatty acids, such as DHA and DPA. They contain approximately 114mg per serving, which represents 71-127% of the Adequate Intake (AI) for these essential fatty acids. This means that consuming eggs can be a valuable source of omega-3s to support your brain health and overall well-being10.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

Precautions to Take with Eggs

Eating eggs is okay if taken in moderate amounts. However, general precautions must be followed in the following conditions: 

Also Read: Brown Egg Vs White Eggs: Decoding Nutritional Facts and Myths

Interactions with Other Drugs

There is no significant interaction of eggs with other drugs. However, you must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician about the possible interaction of eggs with other drugs and follow the prescription thoroughly, as they will know your health condition and other medications you are taking. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the difference between brown and white eggs? 

The only difference between white and brown eggs is the colour of the shell and price, no difference is observed in the nutritional quality1.

Should eggs be refrigerated? 

Yes, it is best if you consume eggs fresh after buying, but if you want to store them, it is advised to refrigerate eggs as this may reduce bacterial growth and preserve them for a longer period. 

Can eggs help improve thyroid function?  

Yes, eggs may help in improving thyroid function due to the presence of iodine and selenium in them. However, scientific evidence supporting these claims is limited, and we need further studies to ascertain these effects. Therefore, it is advised to consult a doctor for proper treatment in case you have an abnormal thyroid function.

What is the effect of egg consumption on the eyes? 

Egg yolk contains antioxidants like lutein and zeaxanthin, which may have a protective role on the eyes and can reduce the risk of eye diseases. However, there is a need to conduct more studies to support these claims. It is recommended to consult a doctor for proper treatment in case you have any eye-related issues1.  

What are the side effects of egg consumption? 

Daily consumption of eggs can result in an increase in good cholesterol as well as bad cholesterol, eggs are rich in saturated fats, which can result in weight gain, and egg allergy is common in children below five years, which is characterised by respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms1

References

  1. Réhault-Godbert, Sophie et al. “The Golden Egg: Nutritional Value, Bioactivities, and Emerging Benefits for Human Health.” Nutrients vol. 11,3 684. 22 Mar. 2019, doi: 10.3390/nu11030684. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6470839/ 
  2. Puglisi, Michael J, and Maria Luz Fernandez. “The Health Benefits of Egg Protein.” Nutrients vol. 14,14 2904. 15 Jul. 2022, doi:10.3390/nu14142904. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35889862/ 
  3. Nakamura, Toshio et al. “Naturally Occurring Hair Growth Peptide: Water-Soluble Chicken Egg Yolk Peptides Stimulate Hair Growth Through Induction of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Production.” Journal of medicinal food vol. 21, 7 (2018): 701-708. doi:10.1089/jmf.2017.4101. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29583066/ 
  4. Lee, Grace J et al. “Egg intake moderates the rate of memory decline in healthy older adults.” Journal of nutritional science vol. 10 e79. 21 Sep. 2021, doi:10.1017/jns.2021.76. Available at:  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-nutritional-science/article/egg-intake-moderates-the-rate-of-memory-decline-in-healthy-older-adults/9562D1F3F8C0A13118279E5E5D45676C 
  5. Shi, Xuefeng et al. “Antibacterial Properties of TMA against Escherichia coli and Effect of Temperature and Storage Duration on TMA Content, Lysozyme Activity and Content in Eggs.” Foods (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 11,4 527. 11 Feb. 2022, doi: 10.3390/foods11040527. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35206004/ 
  6. Mokhtari, Zeinab et al. “Egg consumption and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.” World journal of hepatology vol. 9,10 (2017): 503-509. doi:10.4254/wjh.v9.i10.503. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28443155/ 
  7. Shi X, Li X, Li X, He Z, Chen X, Song J, Zeng L, Liang Q, Li J, Xu G, Zheng J. Antibacterial Properties of TMA against Escherichia coli and Effect of Temperature and Storage Duration on TMA Content, Lysozyme Activity and Content in Eggs. Foods. 2022 Feb 11;11(4):527. doi: 10.3390/foods11040527. PMID: 35206004; PMCID: PMC8870930. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8870930/
  8. 9 Health Benefits of Eating Eggs for Breakfast [Internet]. Keck Medicine of USC; 2016 Oct 25 [updated 2025 Jul 21; cited 2026 Feb 16]. Available from: https://www.keckmedicine.org/blog/10-healthy-benefits-of-eating-eggs-for-breakfast/
  9. Eggs Are Back on the Menu! [Internet]. Utah State University Extension; 2022 Sep 1 [cited 2026 Feb 16]. Available from: https://extension.usu.edu/nutrition/research/eggs-are-back-on-the-menu
  10. Food & Nutrition Australia Pty Ltd. Literature Review of the Nutritional and Health Benefits of Eggs [Internet]. Prepared for Australian Egg Corporation Limited; Feb 2013 [cited 2026 Feb 16]. Available from: https://www.worldeggorganisation.com/app/uploads/2013/04/2013-22-AECL-Literature-Review-2013.pdf

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Kale: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

Kale, also called“the queen of vegetables”, has received celebrity status by appearing on the menus of Michelin-star restaurants. In addition, it has become the favourite ingredient of many millennial food bloggers. Brassica oleracea or kale is a cruciferous winter vegetable available in different varieties like curly kale, dinosaur kale (lacinato kale), and Russian kale, also called Siberian kale. Curly kale is the most common of all; the leaves of kale look like ruffles, are purple or deep red and have a pungent taste. Originating in the 16th century in North America and later spreading to Canada and the U.S. In India, the cultivation of kale is limited to Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and the Nilgiri hills. Kale is one of the healthiest foods, the perks of which have been mentioned in several books by Greek physicians and botanists. There are several reasons to add this vegetable to your diet. Let us find out more about the benefits of kale1

Did you know?

Nutritional Value of Kale

Kale is a nutritional powerhouse; it is packed with the goodness of fibres, minerals and antioxidants like zeaxanthin and lutein, folate, tocopherols and other phytoconstituents like nitrates, sulforaphane, insole-3-carbinol, etc. The nutritional components of kale are mentioned in the table below.  

Properties of Kale

The consumption of kale shows numerous scientifically proven properties; some of these properties are mentioned below: 

Potential Uses of Kale for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of kale are described as follows: 

1. Potential uses of kale for cognitive function

smoking cause cognitive decline

Literature suggests that consuming green leafy vegetables may have a protective effect towards cognitive decline. Morris et al. conducted a study3 in 2018 to assess the effect of the consumption of green leafy vegetables like kale on cognition. This study showed that kale consumption might help slow down age-related cognitive decline due to bioactive phytochemicals like lutein, folate, nitrate, tocopherols, etc. This indicates that the consumption of kale may have a positive impact on cognition. However, we need more studies to support these claims. 

2. Potential uses of kale in cancer

cancer

Royston et al. conducted a literature review in 2015 to assess the impact of cruciferous vegetables on cancer prevention4. The findings of this review conclude that cruciferous vegetables like kale contain chemical components like insole-3-carbinol (I3C), sulforaphane (SFN) which are regulators of microRNAs (miRNAs) and inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) and may be helpful in chemoprevention. This indicates that the consumption of kale may positively impact chemoprevention. However, we need more studies to support these claims. 

3. Potential uses of kale for blood glucose

regulates blood sugar

Scientific studies have supported vegetarian diets, especially green leafy vegetables, for glycemic control. Sumio et al. conducted a study5 in 2016 to assess the effect of kale intake on plasma glucose. This study’s findings showed that kale intake might help suppress blood glucose levels. This indicates that kale consumption may help manage blood glucose levels. However, we need more studies to support these claims. 

4. Potential uses of kale for gut health

digestion problems

Literature states that cruciferous vegetables like kale have a positive impact on the composition and health of gut microbiota (microorganisms in the gut). Shahinozzaman et al. conducted a study6 in 2021 to assess the impact of kale supplementation on gut health in mice. This study’s findings suggest that kale consumption may help improve gut microbial composition, bacterial microbial functions and, thus, gut health. This indicates that the consumption of kale may have a positive impact on gut health. However, there are no studies conducted on humans to support these claims. 

5. Potential uses of kale on hypercholesterolemia

cholesterol

Hypercholesterolemia is defined as an increase in total cholesterol, an increase in LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and a reduction in HDL (high-density lipoprotein). Consumption of kale exerts a hypo-cholesterolaemic effect by HMG-CoA inhibition, the enzyme responsible for cholesterol synthesis. To evaluate the effect of kale supplementation in diet on lipid profile, Yeon et al. conducted a study7 in 2008 on hypercholesterolemia. The findings of this study showed that kale supplementation helped increase high-density lipoprotein or good cholesterol and decreased low-density lipoprotein or bad cholesterol. This indicates that the consumption of kale may have a favourable impact on lipid profile by inhibiting HMG-CoA. However, we need more studies to ascertain these claims. 

6. Other potential uses of kale

weight management

Though there are studies that show the benefits of kale in various conditions, these are insufficient, and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of kale on human health.  

I personally believe that kale is only nutritious but may also support your efforts to maintain a healthy weight. This leafy green vegetable is low in calories and high in fibre and protein. A mere two cups (500 mL) of raw kale have fewer than 50 calories and 4.5g of protein and fibre. This means you might enjoy a satisfying portion of kale without consuming excessive calories, making it a great choice for those looking to manage their weight while nourishing their bodies8.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

How to Use Kale?

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.   

In light of what I’ve observed, incorporating kale into your diet might be a tasty way to potentially safeguard against certain health issues. Kale might be effective in binding bile acids in the body. This unique property of kale may contribute to reducing the risk of premature degenerative diseases. By helping to bind bile acids, kale may have a positive impact on your health, potentially lowering the risk of certain conditions9.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Side Effects of Kale

A study7 conducted by Alfawaz et al. in 2021 emphasized the following facts:  

However, if you experience any adverse reactions to kale, it is advised to discontinue its intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it. They will be able to guide you appropriately for your symptoms. 

Judging from what I’ve witnessed, kale is a surprising vegetable that is packed with vitamin C. In fact, it might have a higher concentration of vitamin C compared to other salad vegetables and even vegetables from the Brassicaceae family. It might be considered one of the best sources of vitamin C and may meet the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for both males and females10.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

Precautions to Take with Kale

Eating kale is okay if taken in moderate amounts. However, general precautions must be followed in the following conditions:

Also Read: Soybean: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Interactions with Other Drugs

There is no significant interaction of kale with other drugs. However, you must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician about the possible interaction of kale with other drugs and follow the prescription thoroughly, as they will know your health condition and other medications you are taking. 

Also Read: Health Benefits of Green Leafy Vegetables 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the scientific name of kale? 

The scientific name of kale is Brassica oleracea1

Can kale help in weight loss? 

Yes. Kale contains low levels of carbohydrates, is rich in fiber and may help in promoting weight loss. However, scientific evidence to support this claim is limited. Therefore, you should consult a doctor if you have any weight-related issues.

Can kale help in managing diabetes?

Yes, kale may help manage diabetes as they have the potential to reduce elevated blood glucose. However, further studies are needed to support these claims. Therefore, it is advised to consult a doctor for the proper treatment of diabetes3

Which vegetable is known as “queen of vegetables”? 

Kale is known as “the queen of vegetables”1.  

What are the side effects of kale consumption? 

Consumption of kale in excess can increase the risk of kidney stones, and iodine deficiency and can trigger an allergic reaction in allergy-prone individuals.

Also Read: Lettuce (Salad Patta): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

References

  1. Ortega-Hernández, Erika et al. “Improving the Health-Benefits of Kales (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC) through the Application of Controlled Abiotic Stresses: A Review.” Plants (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 10,12 2629. 29 Nov. 2021, doi:10.3390/plants10122629. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34961097/ 
  2. Morris, Martha Clare et al. “Nutrients and bioactives in green leafy vegetables and cognitive decline: Prospective study.” Neurology vol. 90,3 (2018): e214-e222. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000004815. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29263222/ 
  3. Royston, Kendra J, and Trygve O Tollefsbol. “The Epigenetic Impact of Cruciferous Vegetables on Cancer Prevention.” Current pharmacology reports vol. 1,1 (2015): 46-51. doi:10.1007/s40495-014-0003-9. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25774338/ 
  4. Kondo, Sumio et al. “Intake of kale suppresses postprandial increases in plasma glucose: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.” Biomedical reports vol. 5,5 (2016): 553-558. doi:10.3892/br.2016.767. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5103670/pdf/br-05-05-0553.pdf 
  5. Shahinozzaman, Md et al. “Kale Attenuates Inflammation and Modulates Gut Microbial Composition and Function in C57BL/6J Mice with Diet-Induced Obesity.” Microorganisms vol. 9,2 238. 24 Jan. 2021, doi:10.3390/microorganisms9020238. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7911404/ 
  6. Soo Yeon KIM et al.Kale Juice Improves Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors in Hypercholesterolemic Men1 1 This research was supported by the Brain Korea 21 Project from the Korea Research Foundation. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, Volume 21, Issue 2,2008, Pages 91-97. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895398808600124 
  7. Alfawaz, Hanan A et al. “Awareness, Knowledge and Attitude towards ‘Superfood’ Kale and Its Health Benefits among Arab Adults.” Nutrients vol. 14,2 245. 7 Jan. 2022, doi:10.3390/nu14020245. Available at:  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/2/245 
  8. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Healthy food trends – kale [Internet]. MedlinePlus; 2024 May 14 [cited 2026 Jan 6]. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000729.htm
  9. NutritionFacts.org. Kale [Internet]. NutritionFacts.org; [cited 2026 Jan 6]. Available from: https://nutritionfacts.org/topics/kale/
  10. Satheesh N, Workneh Fanta S. Kale: Review on nutritional composition, bio-active compounds, anti-nutritional factors, health beneficial properties and value-added products [Internet]. Cogent Food & Agriculture. 2020;6(1):1–32. doi:10.1080/23311932.2020.1811048 [cited 2026 Jan 6]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343905740_Kale_Review_on_nutritional_composition_bio-active_compounds_anti-nutritional_factors_health_beneficial_properties_and_value-added_products

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Grapes (Angur): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

Nothing feels more satisfying than tasting a batch of fresh grapes! These are not only important for curating a quality wine but are also used in refreshing fruit bowls and dishing out sinful desserts. It is because of this versatility, that grapes are also called as “Queen of fruits”. The scientific name of grapes is Vitis vinifera and it belongs to the family Vitaceae. Grapes are crunchy and juicy shots of heaven in various colours like black, green and red. They can be with or without seeds. About 8000 years ago, the cultivation of grapes began in the Middle East. They are now widely grown in Africa, Southern Europe, North and South America and Australia, India ranks among the top ten countries in the production of grapes. In India, 80% production is done in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. They are not only tasty but have several health benefits. Let us read about some evidence-based benefits which will tempt you to add grapes to your diet1,2

Did you know?

Nutritional Value of Grapes

Grapes are richly packed with various nutritional components that are given as follows3:  

Properties of Grapes (Angur)

Grapes show numerous scientifically proven properties and some of these properties are mentioned below4

Potential Uses of Grapes for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of grapes are described as follows: 

1. Potential uses of grapes on cognitive function

smoking cause cognitive decline

Studies support the association of grapes with an improvement in cognitive function. Grapes contain antioxidants like resveratrol which have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties which may help inhibit neurodegeneration. It also increases blood flow to the brain, and along with the presence of minerals like manganese, potassium and calcium, may improve brain health. Lee et al. conducted a study5 in 2017 to assess the effect of grape consumption on cognitive function. The study was conducted on ten participants with mild cognitive decline; this study showed a positive effect of grapes on cognitive function. Thus, grapes may have a positive impact on cognitive function. However, more studies are needed to support these claims. 

2. Potential uses of grapes for liver disease

liver

Literature reviews suggest that grapes contain phytochemical resveratrol, which may have hepatoprotective effects against cholestatic, chemical and alcohol-mediated damage. Asim et al. conducted a study6 in 2022 to assess the effect of the consumption of grapes on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. This study showed that grapes helped modulate hepatic gene expression, preventing oxidative damage and ameliorating NAFLD. This indicates that the consumption of grapes may help manage NAFLD. Additionally, resveratrol may help reduce liver fibrosis and steatosis, which are features of chronic liver disease and thus, may exert a hepato-protective effect. However, scientific evidence to support these claims is limited, and we need more studies to support these claims. 

3. Potential uses of grapes for managing lipid profile

cholesterol

Polyphenol-rich food may have a favourable effect on lipid profile. Roberta et al. conducted a meta-analysis in 2020 to assess the impact of grapes on lipid profile7. This meta-analysis showed that grapes’ consumption significantly reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or bad cholesterol and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or good cholesterol. This reduction in LDL cholesterol is attributed to the presence of polyphenols like resveratrol in grapes. Therefore, the consumption of grapes may help in reducing bad cholesterol and increasing good cholesterol. However, we need more scientific evidence to support these claims.

Did you know that adding grapes to your diet can be a secret weapon for youthful aging? These amazing fruits are packed with antioxidants that work their magic inside your cells, fighting off harmful oxidative stress and kickstarting the production of a powerful antioxidant called glutathione10.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

4. Potential uses of grapes for type II diabetes

diabetes

Type II diabetes mellitus is a global public health challenge affecting the majority of the population. It is characterized by an increased glucose production by the liver due to insulin resistance and beta-cell defects. Grapes have a low glycemic index, which may positively impact type II diabetes mellitus. Zunino et al. conducted a literature review in 2009 to assess the effect of grapes on type II diabetes8. The review suggested that grapes may have the potential to reduce elevated blood glucose, improve beta cell function and protect against beta cell loss due to the presence of numerous polyphenols like resveratrol, catechins, anthocyanins, etc. The results of this study indicate that grapes may exert a positive impact on type II diabetes. Additionally, the presence of resveratrol may help in managing diabetic neuropathy. However, we need more research to support these claims.

5. Potential uses of grapes in cancer

cancer

Several literature studies support the use of grapes as promising anticancer agents due to the presence of antioxidants. Zhou et al. conducted an in-vitro study9 in 2012 to assess the effect of grapefruit on small lung cancers. The results of this study supported the use of grapes for managing cancer. The anti-cancerous activity is attributed to the presence of antioxidants like proanthocyanidins which show inhibitory effects on several cancers. So, it might be possible that grapes can help in dealing with cancer. However, this finding needs further research to be applied practically. 

6. Other potential uses of grapes

blood pressure

Though there are studies that show the benefits of grapes in various conditions, these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of Grapes on human health.  

Including grapes in your diet might have a positive impact on retinal health. The antioxidants present in grapes may help protect and preserve the structure and function of the photoreceptors in the retina, promoting better vision and avoiding further damage11.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

How to Use Grapes?

You can incorporate grapes into your dietary routine in the form of fresh, frozen or as juice2

You must consult a qualified doctor before including grapes in your diet. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with grapes without consulting a qualified doctor.   

Side Effects of Grapes

Data regarding the side effects of grapes is limited and more research is required to verify the side effects of grapes on human health. However, if you experience any adverse reactions to grapes, it is advised to discontinue its intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it. They will be able to guide you appropriately for your symptoms. 

Also Read: Grapefruit (Chakotra): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!

Precautions to Take with Grapes

Eating grapes is okay if taken in moderate amounts. However, general precautions must be followed in the following conditions: 

Also Read: Durian: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Interactions with Other Drugs

Grapes (Angur) are known to interact with several drugs resulting in untoward effects. Drugs known to interact adversely with grapes are mentioned below; given with them are the conditions wherein they are advised. 

These interactions can result in unwanted effects on the body and may reduce the drug’s efficacy. However, you must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician about the possible interaction of grapes with other drugs and follow the prescription thoroughly, as they will know your health condition and other medications you are taking.

Also Read: Buffalo Milk: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the scientific name of grapes? 

The scientific name of grapes is Vitis vinifera1

Which fruit is known as the “queen of fruits”?

Grapes are known as “queen of fruits”1

Can grapes help in managing diabetes? 

Yes, grapes may help manage diabetes as they have a low glycemic index. However, more studies need to be done to support these claims in humans. Therefore, it is advised to consult a doctor for proper treatment. 

Can grapes help in case of insomnia? 

The presence of melatonin in grapes may help manage insomnia. The scientific evidence supporting these claims is limited and therefore, it is advised to consult a doctor if you have any sleep-related issues.

What are the side effects of grapes consumption? 

Data regarding the side effect profile of grapes is limited, and more research is required to verify the side effects of grapes on human health. However, if you experience any adverse reactions to grapes, it is advised to discontinue its intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it. They will be able to guide you appropriately considering your symptoms. 

References

  1. Pezzuto, John M et al. “Unraveling the relationship between grapes and health.” The Journal of nutrition vol. 139,9 (2009): 1783S-7S. doi:10.3945/jn.109.107458. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728694/ 
  2. Lee, Jooyeon et al. “Examining the impact of grape consumption on brain metabolism and cognitive function in patients with mild decline in cognition: A double-blinded placebo-controlled pilot study.” Experimental gerontology vol. 87, Pt A (2017): 121-128. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2016.10.004. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27856335/ 
  3. Dave, Asim et al. “Consumption of Grapes Modulates Gene Expression, Reduces Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, and Extends Longevity in Female C57BL/6J Mice Provided with a High-Fat Western-Pattern Diet.” Foods (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 11,13 1984. 5 Jul. 2022, doi:10.3390/foods11131984. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9265568/ 
  4. Lupoli, Roberta et al. “Impact of Grape Products on Lipid Profile: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies.” Journal of clinical medicine vol. 9,2 313. 22 Jan. 2020, doi:10.3390/jcm9020313. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/2/313/htm 
  5. Zhou, Kequan, and Julian J Raffoul. “Potential anticancer properties of grape antioxidants.” Journal of oncology vol. 2012 (2012): 803294. doi:10.1155/2012/803294. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22919383/ 
  6. Dave A, Park EJ, Kumar A, Parande F, Beyoğlu D, Idle JR, Pezzuto JM. Consumption of Grapes Modulates Gene Expression, Reduces Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, and Extends Longevity in Female C57BL/6J Mice Provided with a High-Fat Western-Pattern Diet. Foods. 2022 Jul 5;11(13):1984. doi: 10.3390/foods11131984. PMID: 35804799; PMCID: PMC9265568. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35804799/
  7. Lupoli R, Ciciola P, Costabile G, Giacco R, Minno MNDD, Capaldo B. Impact of Grape Products on Lipid Profile: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies. J Clin Med. 2020 Jan 22;9(2):313. doi: 10.3390/jcm9020313. PMID: 31979098; PMCID: PMC7073656. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7073656/
  8. Zunino S. Type 2 diabetes and glycemic response to grapes or grape products. J Nutr. 2009 Sep;139(9):1794S-800S. doi: 10.3945/jn.109.107631. Epub 2009 Jul 22. PMID: 19625702. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19625702/
  9. Stanly C, Alfieri M, Ambrosone A, Leone A, Fiume I, Pocsfalvi G. Grapefruit-Derived Micro and Nanovesicles Show Distinct Metabolome Profiles and Anticancer Activities in the A375 Human Melanoma Cell Line. Cells. 2020 Dec 21;9(12):2722. doi: 10.3390/cells9122722. PMID: 33371199; PMCID: PMC7766354. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7766354/
  10. Das S, Mitrovsky G, Vasanthi HR, Das DK. Antiaging properties of a grape-derived antioxidant are regulated by mitochondrial balance of fusion and fission leading to mitophagy triggered by a signaling network of Sirt1-Sirt3-Foxo3-PINK1-PARKIN. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014;2014:345105. doi: 10.1155/2014/345105. Epub 2014 Jan 12. Retraction in: Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 Aug 13;2022:9793504. doi: 10.1155/2022/9793504. PMID: 24669285; PMCID: PMC3942197. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24669285/
  11. Patel AK, Davis A, Rodriguez ME, Agron S, Hackam AS. Protective effects of a grape-supplemented diet in a mouse model of retinal degeneration. Nutrition. 2016 Mar;32(3):384-90. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.09.017. Epub 2015 Oct 28. PMID: 26732835; PMCID: PMC4744109. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4744109/

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