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Almond Oil: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Introduction

Almond oil is an edible, essential oil densely packed with a variety of nutrients that are beneficial for our health. If you are looking for a versatile oil, you must try almond oil. Almond oil is plentiful as the almond trees are cultivated as wild trees in the tropical forest and the cold and temperate regions of India, the Saharan plains, Iran, Turkey and Nepal. The oil is scientifically called Oleum amygdalae. It is prepared from two varieties of Prunus dulcis almonds, sweet and bitter. It is an oil composed of glycerine and oleic acid with a mild odour and a slightly nutty taste. Production of almond oil is an important business globally. Almond oil is produced through the separation processes of extraction and expression1,2.​​ Let’s get to know more about this bountiful oil and how we can bring it to our home!

Did you know?

  • Almond oil is rich in vitamin E, which helps protect the skin from damage. source: USDA
  • It has been found that almond oil can help reduce the appearance of stretch marks. source: USDA
  • Almond oil is a good source of monounsaturated fats, which can help lower bad cholesterol levels. source: USDA
  • Studies have shown that almond oil can help improve hair health and promote hair growth. source: USDA

Nutritional Value of Almond Oil

Almond oil has an abundant source of micronutrients and macronutrients. It contains bioactive compounds such as monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids, phytosterols, tocopherol and oleic acid. It is also enriched with alpha-tocopherol, beta-zoosterol and squalene4​.​ 

Nutritional value of Almond Oil per 100 grams3.​​

Properties of Almond Oil

Almond oil has been used in complementary medicine systems for its immense health benefits. The following are a few properties of almond oil: 

I recently read an article that says, with a high concentration of mono-unsaturated fatty acids, almond oil may assist with constipation and irritable bowel syndrome while also reducing the pace at which carbohydrates are absorbed in the stomach and improving insulin sensitivity5.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Potential Uses of Almond Oil

The following may be the potential benefits of eating almond oil: 

1. Potential Uses of Almond Oil for Heart Health

heart

Almond oil may help reduce the chances of developing heart disease. Almond oil may have antioxidant properties, eliminating free radicals and stopping bad cholesterol formation. Recent clinical trials by Jenkins et al. done in 2022 suggest that almond oil may show that when added to a daily diet, it may significantly reduce bad cholesterol and triglycerides and increase the blood levels of good cholesterol in healthy volunteers. It might enhance dyslipidaemia and endothelial function and reduce heart disease risk2,4. However, more studies are needed to conclude the benefits of almond oil for heart health. If you have heart problems, it is advisable to consult a doctor.

2. Potential Uses of Almond Oil in Diabetes

diabeties
Image Source: freepik.com

An animal model study4 (Al-Attar et al., 2020) found that the consumption of almond oil may normalize blood glucose. It may have a blood glucose-lowering effect related to reducing glucose absorption through the gut rather than altering insulin levels. This may be because of the lipid portion of the almond oil that may help decrease glucose levels. However, there is a requirement for research on humans to ensure that almond oil benefits diabetes. If you have diabetes, consult a doctor and get proper treatment.

3. Potential Uses of Almond Oil for Skin

good for skin

Ayurveda describes many uses of almond oil for skin. Almond oil is used topically by aromatherapists, beauticians and masseuses due to its high vitamin E level. It contains oleic and linoleic acids, vitamin B and zinc that might support the nourishment of skin. A study2 done by Cantor et al. in 2006 found that almond oil may help enhance dry skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis. Additionally, it may help soothe and revitalise the skin, boosting its tone and complexion. However, it’s best to consult a doctor before using it instead of self-medicating. 

4. Potential Uses of Almond Oil in Cancer

cancer
Image Source: freepik.com

An animal study2,4 by Iwahashi 2001 et al. suggests that the inclusion of almond oil in a diet may help reduce the chances of colon cancer. It may have anti-proliferative effects that might control the spread of cancerous cells in the body. It might also help fight with breast cancer and colorectal cancer. The American practitioner, Cayce suggested the implementation of almond oil in the staple diet as it benefits people with colon cancer. Almond oil may also have free-radical scavenging activity that might help in cancer. More clinical studies may ascertain the benefits of almond oil for alleviating cancer in humans. 

5. Potential Uses of Almond Oil for Brain Health

brain

Almond oil may be used as a massage oil during aromatherapy. It may show a positive outcome on the quality of life of patients. According to Moradi et al., 2020,  almond oil may help reduce stress, depression, anxiety and fatigue, as well as it may improve the sleep quality of an individual. Almond oil may be enriched with omega-3 fatty acids to help enhance memory functions1,4. However, more studies are needed to develop the benefits of almond oil for brain health. If you have any brain-related symptoms, take a medical consultation for an adequate line of treatment. 

6. Other Potential Uses of Almond Oil

Image Source: freepik.com

Though studies show the potential uses of almond oil in various conditions, these are insufficient, and there is a necessity for further studies to develop the scope of the benefits of almond oil on human health. Additionally, each person may respond differently to these herbs. It is essential to have a doctor’s advice before using almond oil for any medical condition. 

I recently read an article suggesting that owing to the presence of several phytochemicals, including phytosterol, flavonoids, and polyphenols of phenolic acids, almond oil has shown to have antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties. This property may help with cancer6.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

How to Use Almond Oil?

You may use almond oil as listed below: 

You should consult a qualified doctor before having almond oil in large quantities. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing modern medical treatment with an Ayurvedic/herbal preparation of almond oil without consulting an Ayurvedic physician. They will guide you with its best form and dosage per your health condition. 

If you have a blocked ear canal due to earwax that doesn’t fall out on its own, I might suggest you try almond oil. Put 2 to 3 drops of almond oil in your ear 3 to 4 times a day for 3 to 5 days. However, it’s important to consult a doctor before trying this on your own7.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

Side Effects of Almond Oil

Despite the advantages of almond oil, it may cause certain side effects. Given below are a few side effects of almond oil: 

Also Read: Badam Pisin (Almond Gum): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects & More

Precautions to Take with Almond Oil

Having almond oil in controlled quantities might be safe. However, its consumption in larger amounts may cause harm. Therefore, it’s mandatory to keep the following precautions in mind:  

Also Read: 7 Incredible Benefits Of Chia Seed Oil

Interactions with Other Drugs

More clinical research is required to know the interactions of almond oil with other drugs. Therefore, people should take medical advice from an Ayurvedic doctor. They will guide you toward the best way to have almond oil.

Also Read: Walnut Oil: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the vitamins present in almond oil? 

Vitamins present in almond oil include vitamin E and vitamin K4.

What is almond oil? 

Almond oil is scientifically referred to as Oleum amygdalae. It is prepared from sweet and bitter varieties of Prunus dulcis almonds. Almond oil is prepared as a glyceryl oleate (glycerine) with a mild odour and a slightly nutty taste2.

Does almond oil reduce bad cholesterol? 

Yes. The health benefits of almond oil may be related to reducing high cholesterol levels. It may benefit heart health by decreasing bad cholesterol levels and increasing the levels of good cholesterol2.

Why should wild forms of almonds be handled with care? 

According to the Ancient Chinese, Ayurvedic and Greco-Persian Medicine systems, almond oil may be used for managing dry skin conditions such as psoriasis. Almond oil may have moisturising and emollient properties that might help enhance skin condition, thereby providing soft and healthy skin2.

References

  1. ​​Chimezie Akubude-, Egwuonwu C, Ajala O, Akubude, Olaniyan A, Ajala E, et al. Almond oil: powerhouse of nutrients Soil use patterns in Nigeria View project Biodiesel Project View project Almond oil: powerhouse of nutrients. CIGR. 2020;22(3):190–201. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vivian-Akubude-Usha/publication/345311256_Almond_oil_powerhouse_of_nutrients/links/5fa2c3aaa6fdcc06241253a8/Almond-oil-powerhouse-of-nutrients.pdf 
  2. Ahmad Z. The uses and properties of almond oil. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2010;16(1):10–2. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20129403/ 
  3. FoodData Central | Oil, almond [Internet]. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2018 [cited 2022 Nov 30]. Available from: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/171031/nutrients 
  4. Ouzir M, Bernoussi S el, Tabyaoui M, Taghzouti K. Almond oil: A comprehensive review of chemical composition, extraction methods, preservation conditions, potential health benefits, and safety. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2021;20(4):3344–87. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34056853/ 
  5. Ahmad Z. The uses and properties of almond oil. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2010 Feb;16(1):10-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.06.015. Epub 2009 Jul 15. PMID: 20129403. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20129403/
  6. Mysore V, Arghya A. Hair Oils: Indigenous Knowledge Revisited. Int J Trichology. 2022 May-Jun;14(3):84-90. doi: 10.4103/ijt.ijt_189_20. Epub 2022 May 24. PMID: 35755964; PMCID: PMC9231528. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9231528/
  7. NHS. Earwax build-up [Internet]. NHS; 2024 Jan 05 [cited 2026 Feb 17]. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/earwax-build-up/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Mushroom (Khumbi): Uses, Benefits, Side effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

A meal without mushrooms is like a day without rain. Mushrooms or Agaricus bisporus is neither a vegetable nor fruit, instead a type of edible fungus. There are different varieties (fresh and dry) available in the market oyster, porcini and button being the most common. Generally, mushrooms have a stem covered with a fleshy rounded cap with gills underneath (umbrella like appearance). They were first cultivated in Japan and China in 600 CE. Although, now they are cultivated across the globe all year round. In India, it is widely cultivated and is economically important in states like Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. Mushrooms have an umami flavour (similar to meat) thus, they’re also called vegetarian meat. The health benefits of mushrooms are innumerable. Let us learn more about their nutritional and medicinal value1,3.

Nutritional Value of Mushrooms

Mushrooms are packed with the goodness of protein, dietary fibre, minerals and vitamins (B1, B2, B12, C and E), terpenes, quinolones, steroids, flavonoids, antioxidants like carotenoids and polysaccharides like beta-glucan, etc. The nutritional components of mushrooms are mentioned below.

Nutritional value of mushroom (dry basis)4 

Properties of Mushrooms

Scientifically proven properties of mushrooms include: 

Blood pressure issues and sodium consumption frequently coexist. Researchers believe that blood pressure might rise because sodium tends to make the body retain more fluid. I recommend considering adding mushrooms to your meals to cut back on your salt consumption. The sodium content of mushrooms is naturally low. They have a savoury flavour, so you don’t need to add as much salt to maintain healthy blood pressure13.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Potential Uses of Mushroom for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of mushroom are described as follows: 

1. Potential Uses of Mushroom in Cancer

cancer
Image Source: freepik.com

Mushrooms (Khumbi) are rich in phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids, selenium, vitamins, polysaccharides and antioxidants like glutathione and ergothioneine, which may reduce the risk of cancers. Djibril et al. conducted a review in 2021, which stated that people consuming mushrooms were at a lower risk of developing cancers than the non-consumers. This indicates that consuming mushrooms may help reduce the risk of cancers. However, scientific evidence supporting this claim is limited, which requires further research6

2. Potential Uses of Mushroom in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

liver
Image Source: freepik.com

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the accumulation of more than 5% fat in the liver without any underlying hepatitis C, alcohol consumption or medications. It may progress to a chronic liver disease characterized by cirrhosis, fibrosis and hepatic cancers. Inflammation and oxidative stress are the major risk factors for NAFLD. Zhang et al. conducted a study in 2020 to assess the effect of mushroom intake on NAFLD. The findings of this study showed that a high intake of mushrooms was associated with a lower risk of NAFLD due to the presence of potent antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties of mushrooms. Thus, the consumption of mushrooms may reduce the risk of NAFLD. However, more studies should be conducted to ascertain these claims7

3. Potential Uses of Mushroom on Alzheimer’s Disease

brain

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive damage of neurons (functional units of the nervous system), which results in dementia and a decrease in cognition. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Djibril M et al. conducted a review in 2022 the findings indicated that mushroom contains antioxidants like glutathione and ergothioneine, which have a protective effect on the brain. This suggests that consuming mushrooms may help manage neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s. However, scientific evidence supporting these claims is limited, and that warrants the need for more clinical studies to support these claims8

From my knowledge, the nutrients in mushrooms, such as selenium, vitamin D and B6 may help maintain a healthy immune system. Selenium may help your body produce antioxidant enzymes that cope with cell damage. Vitamin D may promote immunological health, lower inflammation, and make cells thrive. Vitamin B6 may aid in the formation of proteins, DNA, and red blood cells in your body13.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

4. Potential Uses of Mushroom in Gut Health

gut health

A diet rich in fibre and non-digestible carbohydrates is important for a healthy gut. Hess et al. conducted a study9 in 2018 to assess the effect of mushrooms on gut health. The findings of this study show that the consumption of mushrooms may improve laxation and increase stool frequency, weight, and may benefit gut microbiota. High fibre content in mushroom helps achieve satiety and some fibres can also act as prebiotics. This indicates that mushrooms may help improve gut health, but we need more scientific evidence to support these claims. 

5. Potential Uses of Mushroom for Diabetes

diabetes
Image Source: freepik.com

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by increased glucose levels in the blood. Jelena et al. conducted a systematic review in 2021, which states that the polysaccharides in mushrooms exert an anti-diabetic effect by increasing number of cells of pancreas (beta-cells) and inhibiting glucose absorption. Beta cells of pancreas produce insulin and may help in controlling glucose. Therefore, mushrooms may have the potential to manage diabetes. However, more studies should be conducted to ascertain these claims10

6. Other Potential Uses of Mushroom

Image Source: freepik.com

Though there are studies that show the benefits of mushroom in various conditions, but these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of mushroom on human health.  

Researchers have found that mushrooms may significantly help in weight reduction when combined with physical activity and other lifestyle modifications, such as opting for a healthy diet. In my opinion, mushrooms are rich in antioxidants that may lower the incidence of hypertension and other metabolic diseases such as obesity14.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

How to Use Mushrooms?

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor. 

Side Effects of Mushroom

Few side effects related to the consumption of mushroom include: 

However, if you experience any adverse reactions to mushroom, it is advised to discontinue its intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it. They will be able to guide you appropriately for your symptoms.

Precautions to Take with Mushroom

Eating mushrooms is not harmful if taken in moderate amounts. However, general precautions must be followed in the following conditions:

Interactions with Other Drugs

Mushrooms contain psilocybin, a psychedelic compound which may interact with the following drugs: 

Therefore, you must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician about the possible interaction of mushroom with other drugs and follow the prescription thoroughly, as they will know your health condition and other medications you are taking12.

Also Read: Matki (moth beans): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects, and More By Dr. Smita Barode

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the scientific name of mushroom? 

The scientific name of mushroom is Agaricus bisporus1.

Is mushroom (Khumbi) a vegetable? 

Mushrooms or Agaricus bisporus is neither a vegetable nor fruit, instead a type of edible fungus1.

Can mushroom help in managing constipation?  

Yes, mushroom may help manage constipation; this effect is attributed to a high content of dietary fibre in them. However, more studies are needed to support these claims. Therefore, it is advised to consult a doctor for a proper treatment in case you have constipation9.

Can consumption of mushroom improve bone health? 

Yes, mushrooms are rich in Vitamin D which makes the bones strong and aids in calcium absorption. These features may help improve bone health. However, scientific evidence supporting this is limited and we need more studies to support these claims11.

What are the side effects of mushroom consumption in excess? 

Hess et al. conducted a study in 2018 which showed that consuming mushrooms in excess can result in flatulence and bloating. Also, mushroom poisoning following the consumption of poisonous mushroom species can occur12.

References

  1. Mushrooms (2022) The Nutrition Source. Available at: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/mushrooms/ 
  2. Mushrooms (2019) FoodPrint. Available at: https://foodprint.org/real-food/mushrooms/
  3. Mushroom cultivation; farming; planting in IndiaAgri Farming. Available at: https://www.agrifarming.in/mushroom-cultivation
  4. Fulgoni, Victor L 3rd, and Sanjiv Agarwal. “Nutritional impact of adding a serving of mushrooms on usual intakes and nutrient adequacy using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2016 data.” Food science & nutrition vol. 9,3 1504-1511. 12 Jan. 2021, doi:10.1002/fsn3.2120. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7958531/ 
  5. Valverde, María Elena et al. “Edible mushrooms: improving human health and promoting quality life.” International journal of microbiology vol. 2015 (2015): 376387. doi:10.1155/2015/376387. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4320875/ 
  6. Ba, Djibril M et al. “Higher Mushroom Consumption Is Associated with Lower Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.” Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) vol. 12,5 (2021): 1691-1704. doi:10.1093/advances/nmab015. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8483951/ 
  7. Zhang, Shunming et al. “Association between edible mushroom intake and the prevalence of newly diagnosed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: results from the Tianjin Chronic Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation and Health Cohort Study in China.” The British journal of nutrition vol. 123,1 (2020): 104-112. doi:10.1017/S0007114519002605. Available at: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/association-between-edible-mushroom-intake-and-the-prevalence-of-newly-diagnosed-nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-results-from-the-tianjin-chronic-lowgrade-systemic-inflammation-and-health-cohort-study-in-china/41408B18659A8BB5E903800398C8D8D6 
  8. Ba, Djibril M et al. “Mushroom intake and cognitive performance among US older adults: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011-2014.” The British journal of nutrition, vol. 128,11 1-8. 4 Feb. 2022, doi:10.1017/S0007114521005195. Available at: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/mushroom-intake-and-cognitive-performance-among-us-older-adults-the-national-health-and-nutrition-examination-survey-20112014/C28993998C223626CD7D42C748ACD47B 
  9. Hess, Julie et al. “Impact of Agaricus bisporus Mushroom Consumption on Gut Health Markers in Healthy Adults.” Nutrients vol. 10,10 1402. 2 Oct. 2018, doi:10.3390/nu10101402. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213353/ 
  10. Aramabašić Jovanović, Jelena et al. “The Effects of Major Mushroom Bioactive Compounds on Mechanisms That Control Blood Glucose Level.” Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 7,1 58. 16 Jan. 2021, doi:10.3390/jof7010058. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7830770/pdf/jof-07-00058.pdf 
  11. Health, written by N. (2022) Health benefits of MushroomNarayana Health Care. Available at: https://www.narayanahealth.org/blog/health-benefits-of-mushroom/
  12. Tran HH, Juergens AL. Mushroom Toxicity. [Updated 2022 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537111/
  13. UCLA Health. 7 health benefits of mushrooms [Internet]. Los Angeles (CA): UCLA Health; 2022 Jan 24 [cited 2026 Feb 17]. Available from: https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/7-health-benefits-of-mushrooms
  14. Health benefits of mushrooms: 7 impressive reasons to eat mushrooms [Internet]. Cleveland Clinic; 23 Dec 2022 [cited 2026 Feb 17]. Available from: https://health.clevelandclinic.org/benefits-of-mushrooms

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Sweet Potatoes (Shakarkandi): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

Since ancient times, sweet potatoes have been a staple food worldwide. Sweet potato or Ipomoea batatas is an edible root of the morning glory family (Convolvulaceae), whereas potatoes are edible tubers of the nightshade family (Solanaceae). Sweet potatoes originated in South America, from where they spread to warm-temperate regions worldwide. In India, sweet potatoes were introduced by the Spanish. They are locally known as ‘shakarkandi’ and are growing at a large scale in Bihar, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. The most common variety of sweet potatoes has copper-coloured skin and vibrant orange flesh. Other varieties are yellow, white, deep purple and cream. True to their name, sweet potatoes are naturally sweet in flavour. These are cooked, roasted or diced into soups and salads. Apart from culinary uses, the health benefits of sweet potatoes are innumerable. Let us learn more about sweet potatoes benefits and side effects and why you should add sweet potatoes to your diet for a sweet and healthy life1,3.

Nutritional Value of Sweet Potatoes

Sweet potatoes are rich in dietary fibre, minerals and vitamins. The most important ones include beta-carotene, Vitamins B2, C and E, and antioxidants like beta-carotene, etc. The nutrients in sweet potatoes are mentioned below.  

Properties of Sweet Potatoes

Scientifically proven properties of Ipomoea batatas include: 

Potential Uses of Sweet Potatoes for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of sweet potatoes are described as under: 

1. Potential Uses of Sweet Potatoes in Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal Cancer
Image Source: freepik.com

Colorectal cancer is a commonly diagnosed cancer in both men and women. Peng-Gao et al. conducted a study in 2013 to assess the impact of sweet potatoes on colorectal cancer. The study6 results show that sweet potatoes may have the potential to suppress cell growth (anti-proliferative effect) and inhibit the spread of cancer to other parts of the body (anti-metastatic effect). The anti-cancer mechanism is attributed to the presence of sweet potato protein (SPP). This indicates that consuming sweet potatoes may help with colorectal cancer. However, as scientific evidence supporting this claim is limited, there is a need for conducting further research. 

2. Potential Uses of Sweet Potatoes for Abnormal Lipid Levels

cholesterol

Abnormal lipid levels are characterised by an elevation in plasma cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and a reduction in high-density lipoprotein. A review done by Naomi et al. in 2021 suggests that the flavonoids in sweet potatoes reduce fat absorption by regulating enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of lipids. Through this mechanism, flavonoids decrease the total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels and increase the high-density lipoprotein levels7. This indicates that the consumption of sweet potatoes can help normalize lipid levels. However, we need more studies to support these claims. 

3. Potential Uses of Sweet Potatoes in Neurodegenerative Diseases

brain

Neurodegenerative diseases are diseases characterised by the gradual degeneration of neurons, which are the functional units of the nervous system. Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and spinal muscular atrophy are a few examples of neurodegenerative diseases. Oxidative stress is the main cause of the development of these diseases. Shan et al. conducted a review in 2009, mentioning that anthocyanins in sweet potatoes have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which can exert neuroprotective effects. This suggests that consuming sweet potatoes may help manage neurodegenerative diseases. However, scientific evidence supporting these claims is limited, and this warrants the need for more clinical studies to support these claims8

4. Potential Uses of Sweet Potatoes in Diabetes

diabetes
Image Source: freepik.com

Sweet potatoes have been used in traditional medicine for managing Type II diabetes. However, Li et al., through animal studies done in 2009, demonstrated the blood-glucose-lowering effect of sweet potatoes. Additionally, they have a low glycemic index which causes a slow release of glucose into the blood; this steady phase helps control elevated blood glucose. A trial done by Cheow et al. in 2013 showed that 122 participants supplemented with sweet potatoes showed a moderate reduction in HbA1c, which is an indicator of glycemic control and shows average blood glucose level of the past two to three months. This indicates that sweet potatoes may have the potential to manage diabetes, but we need more scientific evidence to support these claims9

5. Potential Uses of Sweet Potatoes for Inflammation

inflammaation

Caffeic acid, a polyphenolic compound, is abundant in many fruits and vegetables and is known for its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects in colitis. After reaching a relevant concentration in the colon, it comes in contact with the intestinal cells and exerts an anti-inflammatory effect. Sweet potatoes are also rich in caffeic acid and thus may have the potential to manage colitis. However, no scientific data is available for this, and thus more studies should be conducted to ascertain these claims10,11

6. Other Potential Uses of Sweet Potato

sweet potato

Though there are studies that show the benefits of sweet potatoes in various conditions, these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of sweet potatoes on human health.  

Sweet potatoes are a rich source of beta-carotene. Beta-carotene is carotenoid and antioxidant which is highly useful for maintaining vision and overall eye health. Additionally, sweet potatoes are rich in vitamins like vitamins C and E. These vitamins might avoid or delay cataract development and macular degeneration13.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

How to Use Sweet Potatoes (Shakarkandi)?

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.   

Side Effects of Sweet Potatoes

A few side effects related to the consumption of sweet potatoes include: 

However, if you experience any adverse reactions to sweet potatoes, it is advised to discontinue its intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it. They will be able to guide you appropriately for your symptoms. 

Sweet potatoes are highly nutritious and often called a superfood. They are good sources of fibre and vitamins like A, C, B3, B5, and B6 which might be useful in maintaining digestive health, strengthening immunity and improving brain function. They might also contribute to better bone health because of the richness of minerals like manganese, copper, and potassium14.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Precautions to Take with Sweet Potatoes

Eating sweet potato is okay if taken in moderate amounts. However, general precautions must be taken in the following conditions: 

Interactions with Other Drugs

There is no significant interaction of sweet potatoes with other drugs. However, you must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician about the possible interaction of sweet potatoes with other drugs and follow the prescription thoroughly, as they will know your health condition and other medications you are taking.

Also Read: Potato (Aloo): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the scientific name of sweet potato? 

The scientific name of sweet potato is Ipomoea batatas1.

How is a sweet potato (Shakarkandi) different from a potato? 

Sweet potato or Ipomoea batatas is an edible root of the morning glory family (Convolvulaceae), whereas potatoes are edible tubers of the nightshade family (Solanaceae)1.

Can sweet potatoes help in managing constipation?  

Yes, sweet potatoes may help manage constipation; this effect is attributed to the high content of dietary fibre in them. However, more studies are needed to support these claims. Therefore, it is advised to consult a doctor for proper treatment in case you have constipation7.

What are the advantages of sweet potatoes for vision? 

Sweet potatoes are rich in the antioxidant beta-carotene, which is converted to Vitamin A in the body. Vitamin A is responsible for the formation of light-detecting receptors in the eyes. An increase in the quality and number of the light-detecting receptors helps in better vision. Thus, sweet potatoes may help improve vision. However, scientific evidence in support of this is limited and we need more studies to ensure these claims. It is recommended to consult a doctor for proper treatment in case you have any vision-related issues1.

What are the side effects of the consumption of excess sweet potatoes?

There have been a few instances of anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction) after the consumption of sweet potatoes. Consumption in excess can also result in kidney stones, stomach pain, bloating, diarrhoea, etc12.

References

  1. Sweet potatoes. Hsph.harvard.edu. Available at: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/sweet-potatoes/
  2. Katayama, Kenji et al. “Recent progress in sweet potato breeding and cultivars for diverse applications in Japan.” Breeding science vol. 67, 1 (2017): 3-14. doi:10.1270/jsbbs.16129. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5407919/ 
  3. Sweet potato cultivation income; profit; project report, Agri Farming. Available at: https://www.agrifarming.in/sweet-potato-cultivation-income-profit-project-report 
  4. Mohanraj, Remya, and Subha Sivasankar. “Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam) –a valuable medicinal food: a review.” Journal of medicinal food vol. 17,7 (2014): 733-41. doi:10.1089/jmf.2013.2818. Available at: https://sci-hub.hkvisa.net/10.1089/jmf.2013.2818 
  5. Escobar-Puentes, Alberto A et al. “Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Phenotypes: From Agroindustry to Health Effects.” Foods (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 11,7 1058. 6 Apr. 2022, doi:10.3390/foods11071058. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8997864/ 
  6. Li, Peng-Gao et al. “Anticancer effects of sweet potato protein on human colorectal cancer cells.” World journal of gastroenterology vol. 19,21 (2013): 3300-8. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i21.3300. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3671082/ 
  7. Naomi, Ruth et al. “Potential Effects of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) in Hyperglycemia and Dyslipidemia-A Systematic Review in Diabetic Retinopathy Context.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 22,19 10816. 6 Oct. 2021, doi:10.3390/ijms221910816. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8509747/ 
  8. Shan, Qun et al. “Purple sweet potato color ameliorates cognition deficits and attenuates oxidative damage and inflammation in aging mouse brain induced by d-galactose.” Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology vol. 2009 (2009): 564737. doi:10.1155/2009/564737. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19865488/ 
  9. Ooi, Cheow Peng, and Seng Cheong Loke. “Sweet potato for type 2 diabetes mellitus.” The Cochrane database of systematic reviews vol. 2013,9 CD009128. 3 Sep. 2013, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009128.pub3. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24000051/ 
  10. Nguyen, Hoang Chinh et al. “Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidants, and Health Benefits of Sweet Potato Leaves.” Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 26,7 1820. 24 Mar. 2021, doi:10.3390/molecules26071820. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8038024/ 
  11. Zielińska, Danuta et al. “Caffeic Acid Modulates Processes Associated with Intestinal Inflammation.” Nutrients vol. 13,2 554. 8 Feb. 2021, doi:10.3390/nu13020554. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7914463/ 
  12. Paul, S. (2022) Sweet Potato Benefits, nutrition value & side effects, Wellcurve Blog. Available at: https://shreejifoods.in/blogs/articles/sweet-potato-nutrition-value-benefits-side-effects?srsltid=AfmBOopmvoE-IpqG3BpEz6e8N40-1QpB7G1ALCgwBbL4EFMsNSPDJ8YH 
  13. Discovery Eye Foundation. Mashed Sweet Potatoes [Internet]. [place unknown]; c2017 [cited 2026 Feb 18]. Available from: https://discoveryeye.org/eye-cook-delicious-food-health/mashed-sweet-potatoes/
  14. Narayana Health. Health Benefits Of Sweet Potato [Internet]. Bengaluru (India): Narayana Health; [cited 2026 Feb 18]. Available from: https://www.narayanahealth.org/blog/health-benefits-of-sweet-potato

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Eggs: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode 

Introduction

What came first, the egg or the chicken? This question has always confused us all. Ancient China and Egypt were the first societies to domesticate hens. In India, jungle birds have been domesticated since 3200 BC for egg production. An egg contains a hard shell on the outside and a nutrient-bearing yolk on the inside. There are different varieties of eggs available in the market. Among these, chicken eggs are the most common, which can be white or brown; there is no difference in the nutritional quality between the two, the only difference being the colour and price. If you are looking for an easy and healthy food option diet that is also pocket-friendly, white chicken eggs might be your last stop! Let’s read more about the health benefits of white chicken eggs and some common considerations which you need to keep in mind before adding eggs to your diet1

Nutritional Value of Eggs

Eggs are a nutritional powerhouse, packed with the goodness of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals and antioxidants like carotenoids. 

The nutritional chart of eggs is given in the table below.  

Did you know that one large boiled egg contains approximately 77 calories? Eggs are a nutritious food choice and provide various essential nutrients, including high-quality protein, vitamins, and minerals. Adding boiled eggs to your diet can be a healthy way to incorporate a nutrient-rich food into your meals8.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Properties of Eggs

Eggs show numerous scientifically proven properties; some of which are mentioned below2

Potential Uses of Eggs for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of eggs are described below. 

1. Potential uses of eggs for sarcopenia

egg

Sarcopenia is the age-related gradual loss of muscle strength, mass and function. Puglisi conducted a review in 2022, stating that the amino acid leucine in eggs stimulates muscle formation. In addition, Bagheri et al. conducted a study3 in 2020 to show the positive effect of whole-egg intake on skeletal muscles. This shows that consuming eggs may help stimulate skeletal muscle synthesis and may help improve muscle health. Thus, eggs may have the potential to manage sarcopenia. However, further research is needed to ascertain these claims as the scientific evidence available is insufficient. 

2. Potential uses of eggs for malnutrition

whole eggs

WHO defines malnutrition as the deficiency, excess or imbalance in the intake of energy and/or nutrients. The term malnutrition includes 3 major categories: 

Ianannotti et al. conducted a study3 in 2017 which showed that egg supplementation in children reduced the prevalence of stunting by 47% and underweight by 74%. Sophie et al. conducted a study in 2019; the findings of this study showed that excessive consumption of eggs can result in obesity. These astonishing results show the importance of eggs in lowering the risk of malnutrition. However, we need more clinical trials to support these claims. 

3. Potential uses of eggs for alopecia

Hair loss or alopecia can be caused due to insufficiencies in diet, genetics or environment. Hair is mainly made up of a protein called keratin; therefore, eggs may aid hair growth because of their high protein content. Toshio et al. conducted a study4 in 2018 to assess the effect of egg yolk on hair. The findings of this study showed that egg yolk contains a key growth factor (hair growth peptide) that stimulates hair growth. This is similar to the growth factor found in minoxidil (a drug used for the treatment of alopecia). The results of this study indicate that eggs may improve hair growth and manage alopecia. However, we need more scientific evidence to support the use of eggs for managing alopecia. 

4. Potential uses of eggs on cognitive function

smoking cause cognitive decline

In India, approximately 31.03% of elderly individuals (aged >70 years) suffer from cognitive impairment. Eggs are rich in natural cognitive enhancers like lutein, choline and tryptophan. Lee et al. conducted a study5 in 2021 to assess the impact of egg intake on memory decline in older adults. The findings of this study showed that the consumption of eggs might help reduce memory decline. Additionally, the presence of choline may help improve brain function. This indicates that consuming eggs may help improve brain function and, thus, cognitive function in the elderly. However, we need more scientific evidence to support these claims6

5. Potential uses of eggs as an antibacterial agent

egg

Eggs are rich in antibacterial substances. The yolk and white parts are known to inhibit bacterial growth. A review carried out by Shi et al. in 2022 suggested7 that egg yolk contains trimethylamine (TMA). TMA has an antibacterial effect against E.coli (a commonly occurring harmful gut bacteria), which causes urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bloody diarrhoea, etc. Thus, the consumption of eggs may help in inhibiting the growth of E.coli and reducing the infections caused by it. However, we require more scientific studies to claim these effects in humans. 

6. Other potential uses of eggs

Though there are studies that show the benefits of eggs in various conditions, these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of Eggs on human health.  

How to Use Eggs?

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.   

Please note that due to their natural high cholesterol content, it is often recommended by health and nutrition professionals that adults consume fewer than three eggs per week. While eggs can be a part of a healthy diet, it’s important to moderate your intake and consider the overall balance of your dietary choices9.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Side Effects of Eggs

Sophie et al conducted a study1 in 2019 which stated that egg consumption in children below five years of age can result in an egg allergy. This allergy is induced by egg proteins and includes gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea and vomiting, skin manifestations like rashes and respiratory symptoms like asthma, runny nose and nasal congestion. 

Other indications of the adverse reactions of the body to eggs are described below: 

However, if you experience any adverse reactions to eggs, it is advised to discontinue its intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it. They will be able to guide you appropriately for your symptoms. 

Including eggs in your diet can provide you with a significant amount of long chain omega-3 fatty acids, such as DHA and DPA. They contain approximately 114mg per serving, which represents 71-127% of the Adequate Intake (AI) for these essential fatty acids. This means that consuming eggs can be a valuable source of omega-3s to support your brain health and overall well-being10.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

Precautions to Take with Eggs

Eating eggs is okay if taken in moderate amounts. However, general precautions must be followed in the following conditions: 

Also Read: Brown Egg Vs White Eggs: Decoding Nutritional Facts and Myths

Interactions with Other Drugs

There is no significant interaction of eggs with other drugs. However, you must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician about the possible interaction of eggs with other drugs and follow the prescription thoroughly, as they will know your health condition and other medications you are taking. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the difference between brown and white eggs? 

The only difference between white and brown eggs is the colour of the shell and price, no difference is observed in the nutritional quality1.

Should eggs be refrigerated? 

Yes, it is best if you consume eggs fresh after buying, but if you want to store them, it is advised to refrigerate eggs as this may reduce bacterial growth and preserve them for a longer period. 

Can eggs help improve thyroid function?  

Yes, eggs may help in improving thyroid function due to the presence of iodine and selenium in them. However, scientific evidence supporting these claims is limited, and we need further studies to ascertain these effects. Therefore, it is advised to consult a doctor for proper treatment in case you have an abnormal thyroid function.

What is the effect of egg consumption on the eyes? 

Egg yolk contains antioxidants like lutein and zeaxanthin, which may have a protective role on the eyes and can reduce the risk of eye diseases. However, there is a need to conduct more studies to support these claims. It is recommended to consult a doctor for proper treatment in case you have any eye-related issues1.  

What are the side effects of egg consumption? 

Daily consumption of eggs can result in an increase in good cholesterol as well as bad cholesterol, eggs are rich in saturated fats, which can result in weight gain, and egg allergy is common in children below five years, which is characterised by respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms1

References

  1. Réhault-Godbert, Sophie et al. “The Golden Egg: Nutritional Value, Bioactivities, and Emerging Benefits for Human Health.” Nutrients vol. 11,3 684. 22 Mar. 2019, doi: 10.3390/nu11030684. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6470839/ 
  2. Puglisi, Michael J, and Maria Luz Fernandez. “The Health Benefits of Egg Protein.” Nutrients vol. 14,14 2904. 15 Jul. 2022, doi:10.3390/nu14142904. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35889862/ 
  3. Nakamura, Toshio et al. “Naturally Occurring Hair Growth Peptide: Water-Soluble Chicken Egg Yolk Peptides Stimulate Hair Growth Through Induction of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Production.” Journal of medicinal food vol. 21, 7 (2018): 701-708. doi:10.1089/jmf.2017.4101. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29583066/ 
  4. Lee, Grace J et al. “Egg intake moderates the rate of memory decline in healthy older adults.” Journal of nutritional science vol. 10 e79. 21 Sep. 2021, doi:10.1017/jns.2021.76. Available at:  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-nutritional-science/article/egg-intake-moderates-the-rate-of-memory-decline-in-healthy-older-adults/9562D1F3F8C0A13118279E5E5D45676C 
  5. Shi, Xuefeng et al. “Antibacterial Properties of TMA against Escherichia coli and Effect of Temperature and Storage Duration on TMA Content, Lysozyme Activity and Content in Eggs.” Foods (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 11,4 527. 11 Feb. 2022, doi: 10.3390/foods11040527. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35206004/ 
  6. Mokhtari, Zeinab et al. “Egg consumption and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.” World journal of hepatology vol. 9,10 (2017): 503-509. doi:10.4254/wjh.v9.i10.503. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28443155/ 
  7. Shi X, Li X, Li X, He Z, Chen X, Song J, Zeng L, Liang Q, Li J, Xu G, Zheng J. Antibacterial Properties of TMA against Escherichia coli and Effect of Temperature and Storage Duration on TMA Content, Lysozyme Activity and Content in Eggs. Foods. 2022 Feb 11;11(4):527. doi: 10.3390/foods11040527. PMID: 35206004; PMCID: PMC8870930. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8870930/
  8. 9 Health Benefits of Eating Eggs for Breakfast [Internet]. Keck Medicine of USC; 2016 Oct 25 [updated 2025 Jul 21; cited 2026 Feb 16]. Available from: https://www.keckmedicine.org/blog/10-healthy-benefits-of-eating-eggs-for-breakfast/
  9. Eggs Are Back on the Menu! [Internet]. Utah State University Extension; 2022 Sep 1 [cited 2026 Feb 16]. Available from: https://extension.usu.edu/nutrition/research/eggs-are-back-on-the-menu
  10. Food & Nutrition Australia Pty Ltd. Literature Review of the Nutritional and Health Benefits of Eggs [Internet]. Prepared for Australian Egg Corporation Limited; Feb 2013 [cited 2026 Feb 16]. Available from: https://www.worldeggorganisation.com/app/uploads/2013/04/2013-22-AECL-Literature-Review-2013.pdf

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Kale: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

Kale, also called“the queen of vegetables”, has received celebrity status by appearing on the menus of Michelin-star restaurants. In addition, it has become the favourite ingredient of many millennial food bloggers. Brassica oleracea or kale is a cruciferous winter vegetable available in different varieties like curly kale, dinosaur kale (lacinato kale), and Russian kale, also called Siberian kale. Curly kale is the most common of all; the leaves of kale look like ruffles, are purple or deep red and have a pungent taste. Originating in the 16th century in North America and later spreading to Canada and the U.S. In India, the cultivation of kale is limited to Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and the Nilgiri hills. Kale is one of the healthiest foods, the perks of which have been mentioned in several books by Greek physicians and botanists. There are several reasons to add this vegetable to your diet. Let us find out more about the benefits of kale1

Did you know?

Nutritional Value of Kale

Kale is a nutritional powerhouse; it is packed with the goodness of fibres, minerals and antioxidants like zeaxanthin and lutein, folate, tocopherols and other phytoconstituents like nitrates, sulforaphane, insole-3-carbinol, etc. The nutritional components of kale are mentioned in the table below.  

Properties of Kale

The consumption of kale shows numerous scientifically proven properties; some of these properties are mentioned below: 

Potential Uses of Kale for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of kale are described as follows: 

1. Potential uses of kale for cognitive function

smoking cause cognitive decline

Literature suggests that consuming green leafy vegetables may have a protective effect towards cognitive decline. Morris et al. conducted a study3 in 2018 to assess the effect of the consumption of green leafy vegetables like kale on cognition. This study showed that kale consumption might help slow down age-related cognitive decline due to bioactive phytochemicals like lutein, folate, nitrate, tocopherols, etc. This indicates that the consumption of kale may have a positive impact on cognition. However, we need more studies to support these claims. 

2. Potential uses of kale in cancer

cancer

Royston et al. conducted a literature review in 2015 to assess the impact of cruciferous vegetables on cancer prevention4. The findings of this review conclude that cruciferous vegetables like kale contain chemical components like insole-3-carbinol (I3C), sulforaphane (SFN) which are regulators of microRNAs (miRNAs) and inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) and may be helpful in chemoprevention. This indicates that the consumption of kale may positively impact chemoprevention. However, we need more studies to support these claims. 

3. Potential uses of kale for blood glucose

regulates blood sugar

Scientific studies have supported vegetarian diets, especially green leafy vegetables, for glycemic control. Sumio et al. conducted a study5 in 2016 to assess the effect of kale intake on plasma glucose. This study’s findings showed that kale intake might help suppress blood glucose levels. This indicates that kale consumption may help manage blood glucose levels. However, we need more studies to support these claims. 

4. Potential uses of kale for gut health

digestion problems

Literature states that cruciferous vegetables like kale have a positive impact on the composition and health of gut microbiota (microorganisms in the gut). Shahinozzaman et al. conducted a study6 in 2021 to assess the impact of kale supplementation on gut health in mice. This study’s findings suggest that kale consumption may help improve gut microbial composition, bacterial microbial functions and, thus, gut health. This indicates that the consumption of kale may have a positive impact on gut health. However, there are no studies conducted on humans to support these claims. 

5. Potential uses of kale on hypercholesterolemia

cholesterol

Hypercholesterolemia is defined as an increase in total cholesterol, an increase in LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and a reduction in HDL (high-density lipoprotein). Consumption of kale exerts a hypo-cholesterolaemic effect by HMG-CoA inhibition, the enzyme responsible for cholesterol synthesis. To evaluate the effect of kale supplementation in diet on lipid profile, Yeon et al. conducted a study7 in 2008 on hypercholesterolemia. The findings of this study showed that kale supplementation helped increase high-density lipoprotein or good cholesterol and decreased low-density lipoprotein or bad cholesterol. This indicates that the consumption of kale may have a favourable impact on lipid profile by inhibiting HMG-CoA. However, we need more studies to ascertain these claims. 

6. Other potential uses of kale

weight management

Though there are studies that show the benefits of kale in various conditions, these are insufficient, and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of kale on human health.  

I personally believe that kale is only nutritious but may also support your efforts to maintain a healthy weight. This leafy green vegetable is low in calories and high in fibre and protein. A mere two cups (500 mL) of raw kale have fewer than 50 calories and 4.5g of protein and fibre. This means you might enjoy a satisfying portion of kale without consuming excessive calories, making it a great choice for those looking to manage their weight while nourishing their bodies8.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

How to Use Kale?

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.   

In light of what I’ve observed, incorporating kale into your diet might be a tasty way to potentially safeguard against certain health issues. Kale might be effective in binding bile acids in the body. This unique property of kale may contribute to reducing the risk of premature degenerative diseases. By helping to bind bile acids, kale may have a positive impact on your health, potentially lowering the risk of certain conditions9.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Side Effects of Kale

A study7 conducted by Alfawaz et al. in 2021 emphasized the following facts:  

However, if you experience any adverse reactions to kale, it is advised to discontinue its intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it. They will be able to guide you appropriately for your symptoms. 

Judging from what I’ve witnessed, kale is a surprising vegetable that is packed with vitamin C. In fact, it might have a higher concentration of vitamin C compared to other salad vegetables and even vegetables from the Brassicaceae family. It might be considered one of the best sources of vitamin C and may meet the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for both males and females10.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

Precautions to Take with Kale

Eating kale is okay if taken in moderate amounts. However, general precautions must be followed in the following conditions:

Also Read: Soybean: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Interactions with Other Drugs

There is no significant interaction of kale with other drugs. However, you must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician about the possible interaction of kale with other drugs and follow the prescription thoroughly, as they will know your health condition and other medications you are taking. 

Also Read: Health Benefits of Green Leafy Vegetables 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the scientific name of kale? 

The scientific name of kale is Brassica oleracea1

Can kale help in weight loss? 

Yes. Kale contains low levels of carbohydrates, is rich in fiber and may help in promoting weight loss. However, scientific evidence to support this claim is limited. Therefore, you should consult a doctor if you have any weight-related issues.

Can kale help in managing diabetes?

Yes, kale may help manage diabetes as they have the potential to reduce elevated blood glucose. However, further studies are needed to support these claims. Therefore, it is advised to consult a doctor for the proper treatment of diabetes3

Which vegetable is known as “queen of vegetables”? 

Kale is known as “the queen of vegetables”1.  

What are the side effects of kale consumption? 

Consumption of kale in excess can increase the risk of kidney stones, and iodine deficiency and can trigger an allergic reaction in allergy-prone individuals.

Also Read: Lettuce (Salad Patta): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

References

  1. Ortega-Hernández, Erika et al. “Improving the Health-Benefits of Kales (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC) through the Application of Controlled Abiotic Stresses: A Review.” Plants (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 10,12 2629. 29 Nov. 2021, doi:10.3390/plants10122629. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34961097/ 
  2. Morris, Martha Clare et al. “Nutrients and bioactives in green leafy vegetables and cognitive decline: Prospective study.” Neurology vol. 90,3 (2018): e214-e222. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000004815. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29263222/ 
  3. Royston, Kendra J, and Trygve O Tollefsbol. “The Epigenetic Impact of Cruciferous Vegetables on Cancer Prevention.” Current pharmacology reports vol. 1,1 (2015): 46-51. doi:10.1007/s40495-014-0003-9. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25774338/ 
  4. Kondo, Sumio et al. “Intake of kale suppresses postprandial increases in plasma glucose: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.” Biomedical reports vol. 5,5 (2016): 553-558. doi:10.3892/br.2016.767. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5103670/pdf/br-05-05-0553.pdf 
  5. Shahinozzaman, Md et al. “Kale Attenuates Inflammation and Modulates Gut Microbial Composition and Function in C57BL/6J Mice with Diet-Induced Obesity.” Microorganisms vol. 9,2 238. 24 Jan. 2021, doi:10.3390/microorganisms9020238. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7911404/ 
  6. Soo Yeon KIM et al.Kale Juice Improves Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors in Hypercholesterolemic Men1 1 This research was supported by the Brain Korea 21 Project from the Korea Research Foundation. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, Volume 21, Issue 2,2008, Pages 91-97. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895398808600124 
  7. Alfawaz, Hanan A et al. “Awareness, Knowledge and Attitude towards ‘Superfood’ Kale and Its Health Benefits among Arab Adults.” Nutrients vol. 14,2 245. 7 Jan. 2022, doi:10.3390/nu14020245. Available at:  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/2/245 
  8. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Healthy food trends – kale [Internet]. MedlinePlus; 2024 May 14 [cited 2026 Jan 6]. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000729.htm
  9. NutritionFacts.org. Kale [Internet]. NutritionFacts.org; [cited 2026 Jan 6]. Available from: https://nutritionfacts.org/topics/kale/
  10. Satheesh N, Workneh Fanta S. Kale: Review on nutritional composition, bio-active compounds, anti-nutritional factors, health beneficial properties and value-added products [Internet]. Cogent Food & Agriculture. 2020;6(1):1–32. doi:10.1080/23311932.2020.1811048 [cited 2026 Jan 6]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343905740_Kale_Review_on_nutritional_composition_bio-active_compounds_anti-nutritional_factors_health_beneficial_properties_and_value-added_products

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Grapes (Angur): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

Nothing feels more satisfying than tasting a batch of fresh grapes! These are not only important for curating a quality wine but are also used in refreshing fruit bowls and dishing out sinful desserts. It is because of this versatility, that grapes are also called as “Queen of fruits”. The scientific name of grapes is Vitis vinifera and it belongs to the family Vitaceae. Grapes are crunchy and juicy shots of heaven in various colours like black, green and red. They can be with or without seeds. About 8000 years ago, the cultivation of grapes began in the Middle East. They are now widely grown in Africa, Southern Europe, North and South America and Australia, India ranks among the top ten countries in the production of grapes. In India, 80% production is done in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. They are not only tasty but have several health benefits. Let us read about some evidence-based benefits which will tempt you to add grapes to your diet1,2

Did you know?

Nutritional Value of Grapes

Grapes are richly packed with various nutritional components that are given as follows3:  

Properties of Grapes (Angur)

Grapes show numerous scientifically proven properties and some of these properties are mentioned below4

Potential Uses of Grapes for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of grapes are described as follows: 

1. Potential uses of grapes on cognitive function

smoking cause cognitive decline

Studies support the association of grapes with an improvement in cognitive function. Grapes contain antioxidants like resveratrol which have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties which may help inhibit neurodegeneration. It also increases blood flow to the brain, and along with the presence of minerals like manganese, potassium and calcium, may improve brain health. Lee et al. conducted a study5 in 2017 to assess the effect of grape consumption on cognitive function. The study was conducted on ten participants with mild cognitive decline; this study showed a positive effect of grapes on cognitive function. Thus, grapes may have a positive impact on cognitive function. However, more studies are needed to support these claims. 

2. Potential uses of grapes for liver disease

liver

Literature reviews suggest that grapes contain phytochemical resveratrol, which may have hepatoprotective effects against cholestatic, chemical and alcohol-mediated damage. Asim et al. conducted a study6 in 2022 to assess the effect of the consumption of grapes on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. This study showed that grapes helped modulate hepatic gene expression, preventing oxidative damage and ameliorating NAFLD. This indicates that the consumption of grapes may help manage NAFLD. Additionally, resveratrol may help reduce liver fibrosis and steatosis, which are features of chronic liver disease and thus, may exert a hepato-protective effect. However, scientific evidence to support these claims is limited, and we need more studies to support these claims. 

3. Potential uses of grapes for managing lipid profile

cholesterol

Polyphenol-rich food may have a favourable effect on lipid profile. Roberta et al. conducted a meta-analysis in 2020 to assess the impact of grapes on lipid profile7. This meta-analysis showed that grapes’ consumption significantly reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or bad cholesterol and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or good cholesterol. This reduction in LDL cholesterol is attributed to the presence of polyphenols like resveratrol in grapes. Therefore, the consumption of grapes may help in reducing bad cholesterol and increasing good cholesterol. However, we need more scientific evidence to support these claims.

Did you know that adding grapes to your diet can be a secret weapon for youthful aging? These amazing fruits are packed with antioxidants that work their magic inside your cells, fighting off harmful oxidative stress and kickstarting the production of a powerful antioxidant called glutathione10.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

4. Potential uses of grapes for type II diabetes

diabetes

Type II diabetes mellitus is a global public health challenge affecting the majority of the population. It is characterized by an increased glucose production by the liver due to insulin resistance and beta-cell defects. Grapes have a low glycemic index, which may positively impact type II diabetes mellitus. Zunino et al. conducted a literature review in 2009 to assess the effect of grapes on type II diabetes8. The review suggested that grapes may have the potential to reduce elevated blood glucose, improve beta cell function and protect against beta cell loss due to the presence of numerous polyphenols like resveratrol, catechins, anthocyanins, etc. The results of this study indicate that grapes may exert a positive impact on type II diabetes. Additionally, the presence of resveratrol may help in managing diabetic neuropathy. However, we need more research to support these claims.

5. Potential uses of grapes in cancer

cancer

Several literature studies support the use of grapes as promising anticancer agents due to the presence of antioxidants. Zhou et al. conducted an in-vitro study9 in 2012 to assess the effect of grapefruit on small lung cancers. The results of this study supported the use of grapes for managing cancer. The anti-cancerous activity is attributed to the presence of antioxidants like proanthocyanidins which show inhibitory effects on several cancers. So, it might be possible that grapes can help in dealing with cancer. However, this finding needs further research to be applied practically. 

6. Other potential uses of grapes

blood pressure

Though there are studies that show the benefits of grapes in various conditions, these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of Grapes on human health.  

Including grapes in your diet might have a positive impact on retinal health. The antioxidants present in grapes may help protect and preserve the structure and function of the photoreceptors in the retina, promoting better vision and avoiding further damage11.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

How to Use Grapes?

You can incorporate grapes into your dietary routine in the form of fresh, frozen or as juice2

You must consult a qualified doctor before including grapes in your diet. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with grapes without consulting a qualified doctor.   

Side Effects of Grapes

Data regarding the side effects of grapes is limited and more research is required to verify the side effects of grapes on human health. However, if you experience any adverse reactions to grapes, it is advised to discontinue its intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it. They will be able to guide you appropriately for your symptoms. 

Also Read: Grapefruit (Chakotra): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!

Precautions to Take with Grapes

Eating grapes is okay if taken in moderate amounts. However, general precautions must be followed in the following conditions: 

Also Read: Durian: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Interactions with Other Drugs

Grapes (Angur) are known to interact with several drugs resulting in untoward effects. Drugs known to interact adversely with grapes are mentioned below; given with them are the conditions wherein they are advised. 

These interactions can result in unwanted effects on the body and may reduce the drug’s efficacy. However, you must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician about the possible interaction of grapes with other drugs and follow the prescription thoroughly, as they will know your health condition and other medications you are taking.

Also Read: Buffalo Milk: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the scientific name of grapes? 

The scientific name of grapes is Vitis vinifera1

Which fruit is known as the “queen of fruits”?

Grapes are known as “queen of fruits”1

Can grapes help in managing diabetes? 

Yes, grapes may help manage diabetes as they have a low glycemic index. However, more studies need to be done to support these claims in humans. Therefore, it is advised to consult a doctor for proper treatment. 

Can grapes help in case of insomnia? 

The presence of melatonin in grapes may help manage insomnia. The scientific evidence supporting these claims is limited and therefore, it is advised to consult a doctor if you have any sleep-related issues.

What are the side effects of grapes consumption? 

Data regarding the side effect profile of grapes is limited, and more research is required to verify the side effects of grapes on human health. However, if you experience any adverse reactions to grapes, it is advised to discontinue its intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it. They will be able to guide you appropriately considering your symptoms. 

References

  1. Pezzuto, John M et al. “Unraveling the relationship between grapes and health.” The Journal of nutrition vol. 139,9 (2009): 1783S-7S. doi:10.3945/jn.109.107458. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728694/ 
  2. Lee, Jooyeon et al. “Examining the impact of grape consumption on brain metabolism and cognitive function in patients with mild decline in cognition: A double-blinded placebo-controlled pilot study.” Experimental gerontology vol. 87, Pt A (2017): 121-128. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2016.10.004. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27856335/ 
  3. Dave, Asim et al. “Consumption of Grapes Modulates Gene Expression, Reduces Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, and Extends Longevity in Female C57BL/6J Mice Provided with a High-Fat Western-Pattern Diet.” Foods (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 11,13 1984. 5 Jul. 2022, doi:10.3390/foods11131984. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9265568/ 
  4. Lupoli, Roberta et al. “Impact of Grape Products on Lipid Profile: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies.” Journal of clinical medicine vol. 9,2 313. 22 Jan. 2020, doi:10.3390/jcm9020313. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/2/313/htm 
  5. Zhou, Kequan, and Julian J Raffoul. “Potential anticancer properties of grape antioxidants.” Journal of oncology vol. 2012 (2012): 803294. doi:10.1155/2012/803294. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22919383/ 
  6. Dave A, Park EJ, Kumar A, Parande F, Beyoğlu D, Idle JR, Pezzuto JM. Consumption of Grapes Modulates Gene Expression, Reduces Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, and Extends Longevity in Female C57BL/6J Mice Provided with a High-Fat Western-Pattern Diet. Foods. 2022 Jul 5;11(13):1984. doi: 10.3390/foods11131984. PMID: 35804799; PMCID: PMC9265568. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35804799/
  7. Lupoli R, Ciciola P, Costabile G, Giacco R, Minno MNDD, Capaldo B. Impact of Grape Products on Lipid Profile: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies. J Clin Med. 2020 Jan 22;9(2):313. doi: 10.3390/jcm9020313. PMID: 31979098; PMCID: PMC7073656. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7073656/
  8. Zunino S. Type 2 diabetes and glycemic response to grapes or grape products. J Nutr. 2009 Sep;139(9):1794S-800S. doi: 10.3945/jn.109.107631. Epub 2009 Jul 22. PMID: 19625702. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19625702/
  9. Stanly C, Alfieri M, Ambrosone A, Leone A, Fiume I, Pocsfalvi G. Grapefruit-Derived Micro and Nanovesicles Show Distinct Metabolome Profiles and Anticancer Activities in the A375 Human Melanoma Cell Line. Cells. 2020 Dec 21;9(12):2722. doi: 10.3390/cells9122722. PMID: 33371199; PMCID: PMC7766354. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7766354/
  10. Das S, Mitrovsky G, Vasanthi HR, Das DK. Antiaging properties of a grape-derived antioxidant are regulated by mitochondrial balance of fusion and fission leading to mitophagy triggered by a signaling network of Sirt1-Sirt3-Foxo3-PINK1-PARKIN. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014;2014:345105. doi: 10.1155/2014/345105. Epub 2014 Jan 12. Retraction in: Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 Aug 13;2022:9793504. doi: 10.1155/2022/9793504. PMID: 24669285; PMCID: PMC3942197. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24669285/
  11. Patel AK, Davis A, Rodriguez ME, Agron S, Hackam AS. Protective effects of a grape-supplemented diet in a mouse model of retinal degeneration. Nutrition. 2016 Mar;32(3):384-90. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.09.017. Epub 2015 Oct 28. PMID: 26732835; PMCID: PMC4744109. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4744109/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Almonds: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Introduction

Relishing an ice cream with almond toppings or a glass of almond milk is a major satisfaction for our taste buds. Almonds, also known as Prunus dulcis, are among the world’s most loved tree nuts. They are one of the oldest tree nuts in the world and are native to the Mediterranean region. In the 16th century, almonds were first introduced in Kashmir by Persian settlers. However, cultivation has now spread to Maharashtra, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Locally known as “badam”, these nuts are light in colour, have a semi-hard shell with a wrinkled skin. Depending on the skin, many varieties are available, including green almonds, molar, sanora, ferradual, green almonds, peerless almonds and Carmel almonds; the California variety is considered to be the best. Apart from their use in the kitchen, almonds are packed with the goodness of health! Let’s discover how can this tiny food ingredient move mountains when it comes to health1

Did you know?

Nutritional Value of Almonds

Almonds are highly beneficial due to the presence of various nutritional components. The nutritional value of 100g of almonds is given below2:

The moisturising qualities of almond oil might aid in soothing your dry skin and reducing irritation. According to research, creams containing almond oil may be used topically to relieve eczema and dermatitis symptoms. Additionally, almond oil may help with skin tone and appearance. Almond oil might also assist to hydrate and strengthen your hair and scalp. It might aid in healing damaged hair and taming frizz and moisture. Additionally, almond oil may be able to tackle the signs of a dry, itchy scalp11.

Dr. Anuja Bodhare, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Properties of Almonds

The consumption of almonds shows numerous scientifically proven properties; some of these properties are mentioned below: 

From my knowledge, almonds contain unsaturated fat, which may raise serotonin levels over the day. Your brain has a hormone called serotonin that may aid in regulating your sleep and waking cycles9. Better sleep at night is a result of higher levels of serotonin during the day.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

Potential Uses of Almonds for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of almonds are described as follows: 

1. Potential Uses of Almonds on Cognition

brain

Age-related decline in cognitive function is a major public health issue. Literature reviews suggest that almonds’ nutrients may help improve cognitive function. Jelena et al. conducted a study3 in 2022 to assess the effect of almonds on cognition in the elderly. Six months of consumption of almonds by the elderly showed an improvement in cognition the elderly. This indicates that the consumption of almonds may help improve cognitive function. However, more studies are needed to support these claims. 

2. Potential Uses of Almonds on Heart

supports heart health

Almonds may exert cardio-protective effects. Soumik et al. conducted4 a literature review in 2018, the summary estimates of which state that the cardio-protective effect is attributed due to the presence of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs and PUFAs), minerals and vitamins like copper, magnesium, calcium, iron, phosphorus, zinc, potassium. In addition, a meta-analysis conducted by Berryman et al. in 2015 supports the consumption of almonds to reduce low-density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol) and maintain high-density lipoprotein (good cholesterol)5. This indicates that almonds may have a positive impact on cardiovascular health. However, more studies are needed to support these claims. 

3. Potential Uses of Almonds for Breast Cancer

breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women worldwide; few literature studies support the anticancer role of almonds. Alejandro et al. conducted a study6 in 2015 to assess the impact of almonds on breast cancer. This study showed higher consumption of almonds was associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer by 2-3 times. This indicates that consuming almonds may help manage breast cancer. However, more studies are needed to support these claims.

4. Potential Uses of Almonds for Glycaemic Control

regulates blood sugar

Almonds may help in improving the glucose levels in blood, also known as glycaemic levels. Sing-Chung et al. conducted a study7 in 2011 to assess the effect of almond consumption on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. As a result, 12 weeks of almond consumption by the study participants showed a positive impact on glycaemic control. This indicates that the consumption of almonds may help in balancing glucose levels in the blood. However, more studies are needed to ensure these facts. 

5. Potential Uses of Almonds on Inflammation

reduces inflammation

Almonds are rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, which may help lower inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein. Shahin et al. conducted a literature review8 in 2022 to assess the effects of almond consumption on inflammation. This study showed that daily consumption of almonds might help in reducing inflammation by lowering inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein. This indicates that the consumption of almonds may have a natural anti-inflammatory effect and a beneficial effect on arthritis. However, more studies are needed to support these claims in humans.

6. Other Potential Uses of Almonds

almonds

Though there are studies that show the benefits of Almonds in various conditions, these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of Almonds on human health.  

I recently read an article which suggests almond milk may act as a fantastic substitute for cow’s milk, whether you have allergies to dairy products or avoid it for other reasons. It is devoid of lactose, and cholesterol, and is frequently enriched with vitamins and minerals.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

How to Use Almonds?

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.   

Almonds may be used for making bones stronger. I strongly recommend the consumption of almonds regularly in your diet. Almonds are known for their richness in calcium and phosphorus which may help build stronger bones10.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Side Effects of Almonds

A few side effects related to the consumption of almonds include:  

However, if you experience any adverse reactions to almonds, it is advised to discontinue its intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it to you. They will be able to guide you appropriately for your symptoms. 

Precautions to Take with Almonds

Eating almonds is okay if taken in moderate amounts. However, general precautions must be followed in the following conditions: 

Eating almonds is contraindicated in the following conditions: 

Also Read: 17 Health Benefits of Dates And Date Recipes

Interactions with Other Drugs

There are no significant interactions of almonds with other drugs. However, you must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician about the possible interaction of almonds with other drugs, and follow the prescription thoroughly, as they will know your health condition and other medications you are taking. 

Also Read: Char Magaz: Uses, Benefits and Side Effects by Dr. Rajeev Singh 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the scientific name of almonds? 

The scientific name of almonds is Prunus dulcis.

Which is the best almond variety? 

Carmel almonds, widely known as the California variety is considered to be the best. 

Can almonds help in improving vision? 

Yes, almonds may help improve vision because of the presence of an antioxidant, Vitamin E which protects the eye from damage due to free radicals. However, more studies need to be done to support these claims in humans. Therefore, it is advised to consult a doctor for proper treatment.

Can almonds help with weight loss? 

Yes, almonds have a low level of carbohydrates and high fiber and protein content. So, it may help in weight loss. however, more studies are needed to support these claims. Therefore, it is advised to consult a doctor for a proper treatment and do not consider the consumption of almonds as an alternative to modern medicine.

What are the side effects of almonds? 

Consuming almonds in excess can result in diarrhoea, difficulty in swallowing, vomiting and severe itching. Allergy-prone individuals may also experience nut allergies.

References

  1. Gonçalves B, Pinto T, Aires A, Morais MC, Bacelar E, Anjos R, Ferreira-Cardoso J, Oliveira I, Vilela A, Cosme F. Composition of Nuts and Their Potential Health Benefits-An Overview. Foods. 2023 Feb 23;12(5):942. doi: 10.3390/foods12050942. PMID: 36900459; PMCID: PMC10000569. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10000569/
  2. Barreca D, Nabavi SM, Sureda A, Rasekhian M, Raciti R, Silva AS, Annunziata G, Arnone A, Tenore GC, Süntar İ, Mandalari G. Almonds (Prunus Dulcis Mill. D. A. Webb): A Source of Nutrients and Health-Promoting Compounds. Nutrients. 2020 Mar 1;12(3):672. doi: 10.3390/nu12030672. PMID: 32121549; PMCID: PMC7146189. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7146189/
  3. Mustra Rakic J, Tanprasertsuk J, Scott TM, Rasmussen HM, Mohn ES, Chen CO, Johnson EJ. Effects of daily almond consumption for six months on cognitive measures in healthy middle-aged to older adults: a randomized control trial. Nutr Neurosci. 2022 Jul;25(7):1466-1476. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2020.1868805. Epub 2021 Jan 15. PMID: 33448906. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33448906/
  4. Kalita S, Khandelwal S, Madan J, Pandya H, Sesikeran B, Krishnaswamy K. Almonds and Cardiovascular Health: A Review. Nutrients. 2018 Apr 11;10(4):468. doi: 10.3390/nu10040468. PMID: 29641440; PMCID: PMC5946253. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5946253/
  5. Berryman CE, Preston AG, Karmally W, Deckelbaum RJ, Kris-Etherton PM. Effects of almond consumption on the reduction of LDL-cholesterol: a discussion of potential mechanisms and future research directions. Nutr Rev. 2011 Apr;69(4):171-85. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00383.x. PMID: 21457263. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21457263/
  6. Soriano-Hernandez AD, Madrigal-Perez DG, Galvan-Salazar HR, Arreola-Cruz A, Briseño-Gomez L, Guzmán-Esquivel J, Dobrovinskaya O, Lara-Esqueda A, Rodríguez-Sanchez IP, Baltazar-Rodriguez LM, Espinoza-Gomez F, Martinez-Fierro ML, de-Leon-Zaragoza L, Olmedo-Buenrostro BA, Delgado-Enciso I. The protective effect of peanut, walnut, and almond consumption on the development of breast cancer. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2015;80(2):89-92. doi: 10.1159/000369997. Epub 2015 Jul 10. PMID: 26183374. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26183374/
  7. Li SC, Liu YH, Liu JF, Chang WH, Chen CM, Chen CY. Almond consumption improved glycemic control and lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2011 Apr;60(4):474-9. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.04.009. Epub 2010 May 23. PMID: 20580779. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20580779/
  8. Fatahi S, Daneshzad E, Lotfi K, Azadbakht L. The Effects of Almond Consumption on Inflammatory Biomarkers in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Adv Nutr. 2022 Oct 2;13(5):1462-1475. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmab158. PMID: 34967837; PMCID: PMC9526836. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34967837/
  9. 6 Foods That Help You Sleep [Internet]. Cleveland Clinic; 2022 May 25 [cited 2026 Feb 16]. Available from: https://health.clevelandclinic.org/foods-that-help-you-sleep
  10. Platt ID, Josse AR, Kendall CW, Jenkins DJ, El-Sohemy A. Postprandial effects of almond consumption on human osteoclast precursors–an ex vivo study. Metabolism. 2011 Jul;60(7):923-9. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.08.012. Epub 2010 Oct 13. PMID: 20947104. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20947104/
  11. Zeichner JA, Berson D, Donald A. The Use of an Over-the-Counter Hand Cream With Sweet Almond Oil for the Treatment of Hand Dermatitis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2018 Jan 1;17(1):78-82. PMID: 29320591. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29320591/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Mango (Aam): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects by Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

Mangoes and summer seasons are a match made in heaven! The sweet and juicy taste coupled with countless health benefits justify why mango is called the “king of fruits”. Mangifera indica, mango or aam, is an important fruit in Ayurveda. It belongs to the genus Mangifera, and family Anacardiaceae which contains 30 different species. India ranks first among the major mango-producing countries. India is famous for its wide range of mango varieties, like Alphonso variety of Ratnagiri, Badami variety of Karnataka, Dasheri variety of Lucknow and Kesar variety of Gujarat to name a few. Mangoes are good for our taste buds and our health. They are also a rich source of fibre, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants like mangiferin and glucosyl xanthone. Let us read more about some mango benefits1

Nutritional Value of Mango

Mango (Aam) is packed with various nutritional components that are given as follows. They are a good source of vitamins, minerals and antioxidants like mangiferin and glucosyl xanthone, and carotenes. 

In my opinion, eating mangoes might be a way of giving your body a natural defence against certain diseases. Mangoes might have superpowers against certain types of cancers. Yes, it’s true! Thanks to the magical combination of beta-carotene and other special substances, mangoes might help against leukaemia and even slow down the progression of prostate and colon cancers11.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Properties of Mango

The mango shows numerous scientifically proven properties; some of these properties are mentioned below: 

Potential Uses of Mango for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of mango are described as follows: 

1. Potential Uses of Mango for Breast Cancer

breast cancer

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers, leading to pre-mature death of females globally. Natural products are now becoming important sources for the discovery of anti-cancer agents. Mangifera indica may have the potential for the management of breast cancers. Banerjee et al. conducted a study in 2015 to assess the effect of mangoes on breast cancer xenografts in mice. This study3 showed that polyphenols like gallic acid, galloyl glycosides and gallotannins in mangoes might have a chemotherapeutic potential against breast cancer. This indicates that mangoes may help in managing breast cancer. However, more studies are required to support these claims. 

2. Potential Uses of Mango in Ulcerative Colitis 

mango

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the colon and rectum. Mangoes may help in reducing inflammation because of the presence of polyphenols like gallotannins and gallic acid. Kim et al. conducted a study4 in 2016 to assess mango’s anti-inflammatory effects in a preclinical colitis model. The results of this study4 showed that mango consumption might help in managing ulcerative colitis. However, more human studies are required to ascertain these claims. 

From my perspective, eating mangoes can be a tasty solution to help with constipation. In a study12, it was found that munching on mangoes might actually improve the symptoms of constipation. Thus, mangoes may be a delicious way to keep things flowing smoothly in your digestive system.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

3. Potential Uses of Mango for Managing Blood Glucose 

regulates blood sugar

Fruits and vegetables are a rich source of bioactive compounds which may help in managing the blood glucose level. The study conducted by Evans et al. 2014 showed that mangoes may reduce blood glucose levels in both females and males. The mango contains tocopherols, carotenoids, dietary fibre, ascorbic acid, gallic acid, quercetin and mangiferin. These biologically active compounds may help in normalising blood glucose levels. However, to claim all these benefits further research and confirmation are needed. If you suspect high blood glucose levels, consult your doctor and do not self-medicate5

4. Potential Uses of Mango for Skin and Hair 

Mangoes, if consumed in moderate amounts, may help achieve healthy hair and nourished skin due to its high Vitamin A content. Additionally, mangoes may act as a natural sunblock by protecting our skin and hair from damage caused due to ultraviolet rays. Therefore, there is a possibility that the consumption of mango can benefit skin and hair, but we need more human studies6 to support these claims. If you have any skin and hair related problems, consult a doctor and do not self-medicate. 

5. Potential Uses of Mango for Managing Macular Degeneration 

eye

Macular degeneration is a common eye disorder which causes vision loss. Mangoes are rich in antioxidants like lutein, zeaxanthin and Vitamin A, which may help deal with macular degeneration. Mango is also rich in carotene which may help in vision. Thus, it may indicate that consuming mango may help manage macular degeneration. However, there is a lack of studies6 to support these claims. 

6. Potential Uses of Mango on Nutrient Intake 

Mango

Mangoes are a good source of nutrients in the diet. The nutrient intake of mango consumers vs. non-consumers was obtained from the NHANES database. It was observed that people who consumed mangoes had a higher intake of magnesium, potassium, folate, Vitamin A, C and E and dietary fibre compared to the non-consumers. This may indicate that the consumption of mangoes can help improve nutrient intake and diet quality. However, more studies7 need to be conducted to support these claims. 

7. Other Potential Uses of Mango

weight loss

Though there are studies that show the benefits of Mango in various conditions, these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of Mango on human health.  

Let me tell you a secret. Mangoes are not just delicious; they’re also packed with a special ingredient called mangiferin! This fancy-sounding compound can be found in various parts of the mango fruit, like the peel, stalks, leaves, barks, kernel, and even the stone. Mangiferin might be just the secret weapon as it is high in antioxidants13.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

How to Use Mango?

This super versatile fruit can be used in the following ways: 

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any herbal supplements or mangoes in large quantities. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.   

Also Read: Jackfruit (Kathal): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!

Side Effects of Mango

A few side effects related to the consumption of mango include: 

However, if you experience any adverse reactions to mango, it is advised to discontinue its intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it to you. They will be able to guide you appropriately for your symptoms. 

Precautions to Take with Mango

Eating mango is beneficial if taken in moderate amounts. However, general precautions must be followed in the given conditions: 

Also Read: Water Apple: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects, And More!

Interactions with Other Drugs

Mangoes inhibit the cytochrome P450 enzymes, which are known to metabolize certain drugs like warfarin, propranolol, theophylline, etc. Inhibition of these enzymes can alter the blood concentration of drugs metabolized by this pathway. Therefore, you must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician about the possible interaction of raw mangoes with other drugs and follow the prescription thoroughly, as they will know your health condition and other medications you are taking10

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the scientific name of mango (Aam)? 

The scientific name of mango is Mangifera Indica and it belongs to the family Anacardiaceae1

Can mango help in breast cancer? 

Animal cell line studies support the use of mangoes for managing breast cancers. However, more studies are needed to claim these effects. Thus, it is recommended to consult a doctor for proper treatment3

Which fruit is known as the king of fruits?  

Mango is also known as the “king of fruits”1

Can mango help improve vision? 

Yes. As mango is a rich source of Vitamin A, it may improve vision. However, it is advised to consult a doctor for proper diagnosis for vision-related problems and not consider the consumption of mango as an alternative to modern medicine6

What are the side effects of mango consumption? 

Consumption of mangoes in excess can cause short-term gastrointestinal disorders like stomach pain and diarrhoea and allergies in allergy-prone individuals10

References

  1. Shah KA, Patel MB, Patel RJ, Parmar PK. Mangifera indica (mango). Pharmacogn Rev. 2010 Jan;4(7):42-8. doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.65325. PMID: 22228940; PMCID: PMC3249901. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3249901/ 
  1. Lauricella, Marianna et al. “Multifaceted Health Benefits of Mangifera indica L. (Mango): The Inestimable Value of Orchards Recently Planted in Sicilian Rural Areas.” Nutrients vol. 9,5 525. 20 May. 2017, doi:10.3390/nu9050525. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5452255/ 
  1. Banerjee Nivedita, Kim Hyemee, Krenek Kimberly, Talcott Stephen T., Mertens-Talcott Susanne U., Mango polyphenolics suppressed tumor growth in breast cancer xenografts in mice: Role of the PI3K/AKT pathway and associated microRNAs, Nutrition Research (2015), doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.06.00. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0271531715001360 
  1. Kim, Hyemee et al. “Comparison of anti-inflammatory mechanisms of mango (Mangifera Indica L.) and pomegranate (Punica Granatum L.) in a preclinical model of colitis.” Molecular nutrition & food research vol. 60,9 (2016): 1912-23. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201501008. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5026564/ 
  1. Evans, Shirley F et al. “Mango supplementation improves blood glucose in obese individuals.” Nutrition and metabolic insights vol. 7 77-84. 28 Aug. 2014, doi:10.4137/NMI.S17028. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4155986/  
  1. Garg, D.P. (2022) 9 health benefits of mangoes – weight loss, immunity, good for skin & more – pharmeasy, PharmEasy Blog. Available at: https://pharmeasy.in/blog/health-benefits-of-mangoes/ (Accessed: November 25, 2022). 
  1. Papanikolaou, Yanni, and Victor L Fulgoni 3rd. “Mango Consumption Is Associated with Improved Nutrient Intakes, Diet Quality, and Weight-Related Health Outcomes.” Nutrients vol. 14,1 59. 24 Dec. 2021, doi:10.3390/nu14010059. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8746860/ 
  1. O’Hara, Crystal et al. “Acute Freeze-Dried Mango Consumption With a High-Fat Meal has Minimal Effects on Postprandial Metabolism, Inflammation and Antioxidant Enzymes.” Nutrition and metabolic insights vol. 12 1178638819869946. 19 Aug. 2019, doi:10.1177/1178638819869946. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6700848/ 
  1.  Singh, S. (2022) Mango benefits: 25 healthy reasons to eat mangoes – fitelo, Mango Benefits 25 Healthy Reasons To Eat Mangoes Comments. Available at: https://fitelo.co/mango-benefits/ (Accessed: November 25, 2022).   
  1. Rodríguez-Fragoso, L., Martínez-Arismendi, J.L., Orozco-Bustos, D., Reyes-Esparza, J., Torres, E. and Burchiel, S.W. (2011), Potential Risks Resulting from Fruit/Vegetable–Drug Interactions: Effects on Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Drug Transporters. Journal of Food Science, 76: R112-R124. Available at: https://ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02155.x 
  2. Lebaka VR, Wee YJ, Ye W, Korivi M. Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Compounds in Three Different Parts of Mango Fruit. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jan 16;18(2):741. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18020741. PMID: 33467139; PMCID: PMC7830918. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7830918/
  3. Venancio VP, Kim H, Sirven MA, Tekwe CD, Honvoh G, Talcott ST, Mertens-Talcott SU. Polyphenol-rich Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Ameliorate Functional Constipation Symptoms in Humans beyond Equivalent Amount of Fiber. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2018 Jun;62(12):e1701034. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201701034. Epub 2018 May 29. PMID: 29733520. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29733520/
  4. Imran M, Arshad MS, Butt MS, Kwon JH, Arshad MU, Sultan MT. Mangiferin: a natural miracle bioactive compound against lifestyle related disorders. Lipids Health Dis. 2017 May 2;16(1):84. doi: 10.1186/s12944-017-0449-y. PMID: 28464819; PMCID: PMC5414237. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5414237/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Hibiscus Tea: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

Ruby red-coloured hibiscus tea is often consumed as an alternative to regular tea and coffee. It is refreshing and has a tangy flavour. Hibiscus is found in several warm countries like India, Thailand, Vietnam, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Sudan, Egypt, Philippines, and Indonesia. The scientific name of the hibiscus is Hibiscus sabdariffa, and it belongs to the family Malvaceae. Hibiscus is commonly known as ‘roselle’ or ‘red sorrel.’ The fleshy red calyx of hibiscus is often used to make hibiscus tea. Hibiscus is a caffeine-free herbal tea that tastes like berries1. Let us look at some hibiscus tea health benefits.

Nutritional Value of Hibiscus Tea

Brewed hibiscus tea nutrition is as follows2:  

Furthermore, hibiscus has several bioactive compounds like anthocyanin, organic acids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, carotene, and many more1

Properties of Hibiscus Tea

Several studies have shown that hibiscus tea properties may be as follows1:  

Potential Uses of Hibiscus Tea for Overall Health

Some of the potential hibiscus tea uses are: 

1. Potential Use of Hibiscus Tea for Lowering Blood Sugar Levels 

regulates blood sugar
Image Source: freepik.com

A study3  by Jamrozik et al. in 2022 showed that the polyphenols in hibiscus tea might lower blood sugar levels by inhibiting enzymes like α-glucosidase and α-amylase. These enzymes are responsible for digesting carbohydrates and increasing glucose levels after consuming food.However, further studies on humans are required to check if hibiscus tea may help to lower blood sugar levels. Therefore, you must check your blood sugar levels regularly and immediately consult the doctor in case of abnormal sugar levels. 

2. Potential Use of Hibiscus Tea for Lowering Blood Pressure 

high blood pressure
Image Source: freepik.com

A study4 by McKay et al. in 2009 showed that flavonoids like delphinidin-3-sambubioside and cyanidin-3-sambubioside present in hibiscus tea might reduce blood pressure. Hibiscus is a vasorelaxant as it relaxes the tension on the walls of blood vessels; therefore, it may lower blood pressure. However, more studies on humans are required to check if hibiscus tea may lower blood pressure. Therefore, you must check your blood pressure and consult your doctor in case of abnormal blood pressure. 

3. Potential Use of Hibiscus Tea for Lowering Cholesterol 

Cholesterol normal range
Image Source: freepik.com

A study5 by Sanadheera et al. in 2021 showed that hibiscus tea might reduce bad cholesterol levels (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein). Additionally, it may elevate good cholesterol levels (high-density lipoprotein). This may be due to the antioxidant properties of hibiscus tea. However, more studies on humans are yet to be done to check if hibiscus tea may affect cholesterol levels. Therefore, you must check your cholesterol levels and consult your doctor if you have abnormal cholesterol levels. 

4. Potential Use of Hibiscus Tea for Reducing Inflammation 

reduces inflammation
Image Source: freepik.com

A study6 by Raduan et al. in 2013 showed that saponins, flavonoids, and plant sterols might reduce inflammation. Hibiscus tea may inhibit cyclooxygenase. Cyclooxygenase is an enzyme that elevates the levels of prostaglandins (lipids responsible for inflammation). However, more studies on humans are yet to be done to check if hibiscus tea may reduce inflammation. You must consult your doctor if you suspect inflammation in your body. 

5. Potential Use of Hibiscus Tea for Weight Management 

weight loss
Image Source: freepik.com

A study7 by F.J. Alarcon-Aguilar et al. in 2007 on mice showed that anthocyanin, cyanidin, and delphinidin in hibiscus tea might reduce weight. Hibiscus tea may reduce weight by reducing the levels of cholesterol and by inhibiting the gastric and pancreatic lipases responsible for increasing the fat levels in the body.7 However, this is the result of animal studies; more studies on humans are required. You must consult your dietitian before making any essential changes to your diet. 

6. Potential Use of Hibiscus Tea for Microbial Infections 

infection
Image Source: freepik.com

A study10 showed that hibiscus tea might possess antibacterial and antifungal activity. Hibiscus tea may possess activity against Streptococcus mutans, a bacterium from the oral cavity, Schistosoma mansoni, and Campylobacter species. In addition, hibiscus tea may reduce the formation of aflatoxin, a toxin produced by fungi. However, more studies on humans are required to check if hibiscus tea may be beneficial for microbial infections. Therefore, you must consult your doctor if you suspect a microbial infection. 

7. Potential Use of Hibiscus Tea for Cancer 

Image Source: freepik.com

A study8 by Lin et al. in 2011 showed that hibiscus tea might act against cancer. The polyphenols, like catechin, may be an antioxidants and act against free radicals. Additionally, the polyphenols may inhibit prostate tumours and deactivate the cancerous cells. However, more studies on humans are required to check the anti-cancer effect of hibiscus tea. Therefore, you must immediately consult your doctor if you suspect it instead of self-medicating. 

Though studies show the benefits of hibiscus tea in various conditions, these are insufficient, and further studies are to establish the true extent of the benefits of hibiscus tea on human health. 

How to Use Hibiscus Tea

Here’s a quick and easy hibiscus tea recipe to follow:

You must visit a doctor before taking hibiscus tea in large quantities or any herbal products. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine or herbal preparation without consulting a doctor. 

Also Read: Instant Home Remedies for Digestive Problems

Side Effects of Hibiscus Tea

Studies1 have shown that hibiscus tea is considered safe when consumed adequately. A few hibiscus tea side effects may be gas, upset stomach, and constipation9. If you notice any reaction to consuming hibiscus tea, seek immediate medical attention. Consult your ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it to you. 

1. Estrogen Levels

2. Effects on Kidneys

3. Gas, Upset Stomach, and Constipation

4. General Recommendations

Also Read: Natural Home Remedies For Grey Hair

Precautions to Take with Hibiscus Tea

The following precautions shall be taken before consuming hibiscus tea: 

It is advised to consult your doctor before consuming hibiscus tea if you have any pre-existing diseases. 

Interactions with Other Medicines

Hibiscus tea may interact with the following medicines

You must consult a doctor before taking hibiscus tea if you are undergoing medical treatment.

Also Read: Everyday Benefits of Jeera Water That You Should Know!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the uses of hibiscus tea? 

Hibiscus tea helps lower blood sugar levels, cholesterol, and blood pressure. It may reduce inflammation, help manage weight, and act against microbial infections. In addition, it may act as an antioxidant and reduce cancer risk. However, you must visit your doctor if you have any of the mentioned conditions instead of self-medicating. 

What vitamins are present in hibiscus tea?

Hibiscus tea contains various vitamins, including vitamin C, which contributes to immune support and skin health. Additionally, it provides traces of vitamin A and vitamin B, enhancing its nutritional profile.

What antioxidants are in hibiscus tea?

Hibiscus tea boasts a rich antioxidant profile, featuring anthocyanins that contribute to its vibrant colour and help combat oxidative stress. These antioxidants may provide potential health benefits, such as supporting heart health and reducing inflammation.

Is hibiscus tea acidic?

Yes, hibiscus tea is slightly acidic due to its natural compounds. However, it’s generally considered safe for most people, but individuals with acid sensitivity may want to consume it in moderation.

Is hibiscus tea good for the kidneys?

Hibiscus tea benefits may include supporting kidney health, as it has been associated with lowering blood pressure and reducing oxidative stress. However, individuals with pre-existing kidney conditions should consult with a healthcare professional before incorporating it into their diet.

Is hibiscus tea good for periods?

While some believe hibiscus tea may help relieve menstrual cramps and promote a healthy menstrual cycle due to its reported anti-inflammatory properties, scientific evidence is limited. Individuals seeking relief for period-related discomfort should consult with a healthcare professional for personalised advice.

Is hibiscus tea good for gastritis?

Hibiscus tea might aggravate gastritis symptoms for some individuals due to its natural acidity. It’s advisable for those with gastritis to consult with a healthcare professional to determine whether hibiscus tea is suitable for their specific condition.

Is hibiscus tea contain caffeine?

Hibiscus tea is caffeine-free, making it a suitable choice for individuals looking to avoid or limit caffeine intake. It offers a refreshing option for those seeking a beverage without the stimulating effects of caffeine.

Is hibiscus tea good for PCOS?

Hibiscus tea may be beneficial for individuals with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) as it could potentially help regulate blood pressure and manage insulin resistance. However, individual responses vary, and consulting with a healthcare professional for personalised advice is recommended for those with PCOS.

Is hibiscus tea good for hair growth?

While hibiscus tea is rich in antioxidants that may promote scalp health, scientific evidence on its direct impact on hair growth is limited. For optimal hair growth, it’s crucial to maintain a well-balanced diet and consider consulting with a healthcare professional for personalized advice.

Can I drink hibiscus tea in the morning?

Absolutely, you can enjoy hibiscus tea in the morning. Its caffeine-free nature makes it a refreshing and suitable beverage to start your day, offering a burst of flavour without the stimulating effects of caffeine.

Can I drink hibiscus tea while breastfeeding?

While hibiscus tea is generally considered safe, breastfeeding individuals should consume it in moderation due to limited research on its effects during lactation. It’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional before including hibiscus tea in your diet while breastfeeding.

Can I drink hibiscus tea on an empty stomach?

Certainly, drinking hibiscus tea on an empty stomach is generally fine for most people. However, individual reactions vary, so it’s wise to monitor how your body responds. If you experience any discomfort, consider consulting with a healthcare professional for personalised advice.

Can you eat hibiscus tea leaves?

Consuming hibiscus tea leaves is generally not recommended, as they can be tough and have a strong, concentrated flavour. If you’re considering incorporating hibiscus into your diet, it’s advisable to seek guidance from a healthcare professional to ensure safe and suitable consumption.

Can I drink hibiscus tea while fasting?

Yes, you can drink hibiscus tea while fasting. Its lack of calories and potential health benefits make it a suitable beverage during fasting periods. However, individual responses vary, so it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional, especially if you have specific health concerns or conditions.

Is hibiscus tea good for gut health?

Hibiscus tea may support gut health due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, individual reactions vary, and it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for personalised advice on incorporating hibiscus tea for gut health.

What does hibiscus tea taste like?

Hibiscus tea boasts a unique flavour profile characterised by its tart and slightly fruity notes. Its vibrant crimson hue complements its refreshing taste, offering a delightful balance of sweetness and acidity.

Is hibiscus tea good for skin?

Hibiscus tea is considered beneficial for the skin due to its antioxidant-rich composition, potentially supporting a healthy complexion and combating free radicals. However, it’s essential to consult with a healthcare professional for personalised advice on integrating hibiscus tea into your skincare routine.

Is hibiscus tea good for fatty liver?

Hibiscus tea benefits may include supporting a fatty liver as it has been linked to liver health support and lipid metabolism. Nevertheless, it’s crucial to seek guidance from a healthcare professional for personalised advice tailored to individual health conditions and needs.

 Is hibiscus tea good for the thyroid?

While hibiscus tea is generally considered safe, excessive consumption may interfere with thyroid function due to its iodine content. It’s crucial to consult with a healthcare professional for personalised advice, especially if you have thyroid issues, to ensure it aligns with your specific health needs.

Can hibiscus tea be taken at night?

Yes, hibiscus tea can be consumed at night. It is caffeine-free and may promote relaxation, making it a suitable choice before bedtime. However, individual responses may vary, so it’s advisable to monitor how your body reacts to it.

Can hibiscus tea irritate the bladder?

Hibiscus tea is mildly acidic and may potentially irritate the bladder in some individuals. If you have a history of bladder issues, it’s recommended to monitor your body’s response and consult with a healthcare professional for personalised advice.

Can hibiscus tea make you sleepy?

Hibiscus tea is caffeine-free and contains compounds that may have a mild sedative effect, potentially promoting relaxation and aiding in sleep. However, individual responses vary, so it’s advisable to observe how your body reacts and consider consulting with a healthcare professional for personalised guidance.

Can hibiscus tea cause bleeding?

While hibiscus tea is generally safe, it contains compounds that may have mild anticoagulant effects. Consuming large amounts could potentially contribute to bleeding issues, so individuals on blood-thinning medications or with bleeding disorders should consult with a healthcare professional before incorporating it into their diet.

How to make hibiscus tea at home?

To make hibiscus tea, take 2 teaspoons of dried hibiscus petals (or 2–3 fresh petals) in 1 cup of hot water for 5–10 minutes. Strain and enjoy warm or chilled.

References

  1. Singh P, Khan M, Hailemariam H. Nutritional and health importance of Hibiscus sabdariffa: a review and indication for research needs. J. Nutr. Health Food Eng. 2017;6(5):00212. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pragya-Singh-24/publication/319999247_Nutritional_and_Health_Importance_of_Hibiscus_Sabdariffa_A_Review_and_Indication_for_Research_Needs/links/59c64a92458515548f326de6/Nutritional-and-Health-Importance-of-Hibiscus-Sabdariffa-A-Review-and-Indication-for-Research-Needs.pdf 
  2. Beverages, tea, hibiscus, brewed [Internet]. FoodData Central. [cited 2022Nov28]. Available from: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/171946/nutrients 
  3. Jamrozik D, Borymska W, Kaczmarczyk-Żebrowska I. Hibiscus sabdariffa in Diabetes Prevention and Treatment—Does It Work? An Evidence-Based Review. Foods. 2022 Jul 19;11(14):2134. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/14/2134/pdf 
  4. McKay DL, Chen CY-O, Saltzman E, Blumberg JB. Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. tea (Tisane) lowers blood pressure in prehypertensive and mildly hypertensive adults. Journal of Nutrition. 2009 [cited 2025 May 19]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20018807/ 
  5. Sanadheera S, Subasinghe D, Solangaarachchi MN, Suraweera M, Suraweera NY, Tharangika N. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.(red Hibiscus) Tea, Can It Be Used as A Home-Remedy to Control Diabetes and Hypercholesterolemia?. Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry. 2021 Jul 27;10(1):59-65. Available from: https://www.sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/126 
  6. Raduan SZ, Abdul Aziz MW, Roslida AH, Zakaria ZA, Zuraini A, Hakim MN. Anti-inflammatory effects of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var. alba ethanol extracts. International journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences. 2013;5(4):754-62. Available from: https://ir.unimas.my/11330/1/7844.pdf 
  7. Alarcon-Aguilar FJ, Zamilpa A, Perez-Garcia MD, Almanza-Perez JC, Romero-Nunez E, Campos-Sepulveda EA, Vazquez-Carrillo LI, Roman-Ramos R. Effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa on obesity in MSG mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2007 Oct 8;114(1):66-71. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874107003637 
  8. Lin HH, Chan KC, Sheu JY, Hsuan SW, Wang CJ, Chen JH. Hibiscus sabdariffa leaf induces apoptosis of human prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Food Chemistry. 2012 May 15;132(2):880-91. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814611016396 
  1. Hibiscus Sabdariffa: Medlineplus supplements [Internet]. MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine; [cited 2022Nov28]. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/211.html 
  2. Alharbi AE, AlHussaini AM, Alshami I. A comprehensive review of the antimicrobial effects of hibiscus species. Cureus. 2024 [cited 2025 May 19]. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11619808/ 

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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Noni Fruit Juice: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Introduction

Noni fruit juice is a tropical beverage derived from a fruit called Morinda citrifolia. The noni fruit tree grows in Southeast Asian countries, especially in French Polynesia. Noni fruit is a small-sized edible fruit with a bitter flavour, smells like bad cheese, and appears like a grenade. Although noni fruit juice originated in tropical regions, it has become popular globally. The Burmese used noni fruit to prepare curries; the Australians ate it during the cool-dry seasons. Noni fruit juice was the first whole food approved under the novel food regulations of the European Union in 1997. Noni juice can be prepared both by homemade and commercial methods. The homemade method provides 100% pure noni juice. Today, noni fruit juice is considered a safe, functional food that may enhance the body’s immunity. In addition, Noni fruit juice may be a perfect blend packed with potent antioxidants that may help provide several health benefits1,2.​​ Let us discuss the noni fruit juice benefits, its nutritional value, potential uses, and much more. 

Did you know?

Nutritional Value of Noni Fruit Juice

A 15 ml pure noni fruit juice serving may provide 3.5 kcal of energy3.​​ Nutritional value of Noni Fruit Juice per 15 ml is as follows:

In addition, other bioactive compounds like quercetin, gallic acid, ursolic acid, limonene, xeronine, alizarin, beta-carotene, citifolinoside, scopoletin, damnacanthal, and monoterpene may be present in noni fruit juice. 

Properties of Noni Fruit Juice

Noni Fruit Juice may have the following health-benefitting properties: 

Potential Uses of Noni Fruit Juice

The following are the potential health benefits of noni fruit juice: 

1. For Cancer

Noni fruit juice may have anti-cancer activity. Gastric cancer patients regularly took homemade noni fruit juice, and their condition improved. The effect of cancer reduction may be due to the Noni fruit juice2. However, despite several claims about noni juice being cancer-effective, no human trials exist to back this claim. Therefore, it is essential to consult doctors for cancer treatment and not use it for self-medication.  

2. For Arthritis

Noni fruit juice may have anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, it may help improve joint pain and aid in the flexibility and mobility of the joints. One of the traditional names of noni in the Caribbean was “pain killer.” However, in a clinical trial1, participants were given noni fruit juice. At the end of the trials, the patient’s pain intensity was significantly decreased, with complete relief of neck pain. Hence, noni juice may show certain benefits against arthritis. However, if you experience severe joint pain, consult your doctor and take appropriate treatment. 

3. For Weight Loss

In multiple animal studies1, noni fruit juice has shown significant weight loss with a decrease in body fat. In a clinical study5 by Palu et al. 2011, it was found that when obese adults were given noni fruit juice, every participant experienced weight loss. This may help in managing body fat. However, the study could not determine how much noni juice contributed to weight loss. Hence, more clinical studies are needed to propose a firm conclusion about the uses of noni juice for weight loss. 

4. For Diabetes

The benefits of noni juice may include a lowering of blood sugar levels. In an animal study6 by Umezawa et al., 1992 was found that fermented noni fruit juice may significantly decrease fasting glucose levels. They suggested that noni fruit juice may act as insulin directly or increase peripheral tissue sensitivity to the storage of more insulin. However, this is an animal study; therefore, more human research is needed to suggest the potential uses of noni fruit juice for managing diabetes4.​​ 

5. For Skin Health

Noni juice benefits the skin and may be associated with enhancing skin health. In a clinical trial7, West et al. 2012, found that a noni juice-based skin care regimen in women effectively reduced fine lines, facial wrinkles, and firmness when applied on the face. In addition, there was no report of any skin irritation during or after the trial. Hence, drinking noni fruit juice may help to increase skin health. However, if you have any skin-related issues, consult your doctor and do not self-medicate. 

6. Other Potential Uses of Noni Fruit Juice

Though studies show the potential uses of noni-fruit juice in several conditions, these studies are insufficient, and there is a need for further research to develop the true scope of the benefits of noni-fruit juice on human health. Additionally, it is essential to consult a doctor before using noni fruit juice for any medical condition. 

I would suggest noni juice if you’re looking for a natural way to support your bones and potentially protect your hearing. Noni juice might have some unexpected perks! In a study done among post-menopausal women, those who drank noni juice showed a possible increase in bone resorption (which can help with osteoporosis) and also experienced less hearing loss. Plus, their mental health and overall quality of life improved1.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

How to Use Noni Fruit Juice

Different types of Noni fruit juice are commercially available based on extraction techniques, such as traditional and non-traditional4. These include: 

You should consult a qualified doctor before using noni fruit juice in large quantities. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing modern medical treatment with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation of noni fruit juice without consulting an ayurvedic physician. They will guide you with its form and dosage based on your health condition. 

In my opinion, sipping on some noni juice might help you go that extra mile or power through your workout with more energy. Human intervention studies have shown that noni juice may have a surprising benefit—it could boost physical endurance1!

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

Side Effects of Noni Fruit Juice

Noni juice side effects may include: 

Therefore, it is advised to limit the consumption of noni-fruit juice to avoid such side effects. If such side effects appear, consult your doctor and get proper treatment.

Also Read: Lauki Juice: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!

Precautions to Take with Noni Fruit Juice

Despite the various advantages of noni juice for good health, it is essential to follow certain precautions:  

I recently came across a fascinating study involving heavy smokers and noni juice. After 30 days of consumption, participants who drank noni juice experienced a significant decrease in levels of superoxide anion radicals and lipid hydroperoxide, which are indicators of oxidative stress. This suggests that noni juice may have antioxidant benefits that are good for individuals exposed to tobacco smoke8.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Also Read: 13 Health Benefits of Watermelon and Recipes

Interactions with Other Drugs

More human research and scientific evidence must be conducted to study the possible interaction between noni fruit juice and other drugs. Therefore, people should not assume that there are no interactions at all. Therefore, medical consultations with Ayurvedic doctors are recommended before including noni juice in a diet.

Also Read: Top Health Benefits of Buttermilk

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Is noni fruit juice suitable for pregnant women? 

No, noni fruit juice is not suitable for pregnant women. It may interfere with foetal development and may create further complications. Therefore, pregnant women should take precautions and avoid having noni juice

What are the side effects of noni fruit juice? 

The noni juice side effects may include nausea, irregular heartbeats, muscle weakness, and hyperkalemia (high amount of potassium in the blood). Therefore, if you observe such side effects, take proper treatment from your doctor. 

What are the vitamins in noni fruit juice? 

Noni fruit juice contains vitamin C, vitamin B3, and vitamin B9.

What are the benefits of noni juice for blood pressure? 

The advantage of noni fruit juice for blood pressure is that it may help to lower systolic high blood pressure. However, consult your doctors if you have a high blood pressure problem, and do not self-medicate. 

Does noni fruit juice interact with other drugs? 

No major report has recorded the interaction of noni juice with other drugs. However, take medical consultations from your doctors and do not use noni juice to self-medicate unless advised.

References

  1. ​​West B, Deng S, Isami F, Uwaya A, Jensen C. The Potential Health Benefits of Noni Juice: A Review of Human Intervention Studies. MDPI | Foods. 2018;7(58):1–22. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5920423/pdf/foods-07-00058.pdf 
  2. ​Brown A. Anticancer activity of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) fruit: a review. Phytotherapy research. 2012;26(10):1427–40. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22344842/ 
  3. ​Chemical Constituents of Pure Noni Juice [Internet]. [cited 2022 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/noni/nutritional_analysis_juice.asp 
  4. ​​Ali M, Kenganora M, Santhepete M. Health Benefits of Morinda citrifolia (Noni): A Review. Pharmacognosy Journal. 2016;8(4):321–34. Available from: https://www.phcogj.com/sites/default/files/10.5530pj.2016.4.4.pdf 
  5. Palu AK, West BJ, Jensen J. Noni-based nutritional supplementation and exercise interventions influence body composition. N Am J Med Sci. 2011 Dec;3(12):552–6. doi: 10.4297/najms.2011.3552. PMID: 22363077; PMCID: PMC3271418. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3271418/
  6. Nayak BS, Marshall JR, Isitor G, Adogwa A. Hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective activity of fermented fruit juice of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) in diabetic rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:875293. doi: 10.1155/2011/875293. Epub 2010 Oct 14. PMID: 20981320; PMCID: PMC2958566. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2958566/
  7. West BJ, Sabin RA. Efficacy of a Morinda citrifolia based skin care regimen. Curr Res J Biol Sci. 2012;4(3):310–14. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267201851_Efficacy_of_a_Morinda_citrifolia_Based_Skin_Care_Regimen#:~:text=Digital%20images%20were%20analyzed%20with,baseline%20of%20both%20the%20semi%2D
  8. Wang MY, Lutfiyya MN, Weidenbacher-Hoper V, Anderson G, Su CX, West BJ. Antioxidant activity of noni juice in heavy smokers. Chem Cent J. 2009 Oct 6;3:13. doi: 10.1186/1752-153X-3-13. PMID: 19807926; PMCID: PMC2765950. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19807926/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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