Ayurveda is an ancient Indian medical system. Ayurveda means the science or knowledge of life, where ‘Ayur’ means life and ‘Veda’ means knowledge.
The Ancient and Traditional practice of Ayurvedic is 5,000 years old and works on three basic three principles or doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha) and ayurveda practice is based on three classical texts – the Charaka Samhita, the Sushruta Samhita, and the Ashtanga Hridaya which were written in Sanskrit over 2,000 years ago and are collectively known as the Great Trilogy.
Ayurveda takes a holistic approach to health, focusing on lifestyle, diet, and natural substances. It is important to note that while Ayurveda is a recognised traditional system of healthcare in India, its treatments should be approached responsibly and under the guidance of qualified practitioners. Individuals are encouraged to consult registered medical professionals for the diagnosis and management of any medical condition1.
Ayurvedic herbs are an integral part of the Ayurvedic medicine system. Since ancient times, these herbs have been used to help manage different diseases, promote mental clarity, boost immunity, and support healthy skin. In Ayurvedic practice, attention is given to the person as a whole, addressing the mind, body, and lifestyle rather than focusing solely on the symptoms of a condition. A wide range of herbs are used in Ayurveda to treat illnesses, with active ingredients derived from leaves, roots, flowers, and bark. These herbs are selected with the intention of promoting internal balance and supporting the body’s natural functions2.
Manjistha, for instance, may be beneficial in managing bone-related conditions. A 2020 study found that the root of Manjistha contains a compound that may be effective as a phytomedicine in the treatment of bone disorders16.
Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)
The Ayurvedic system offers a traditional, holistic approach to wellness, focusing on balance and overall health rather than isolated symptoms. Some of the benefits of ayurvedic herbs are as follows:
The following ayurvedic herbs have been traditionally valued for their various properties and uses over many years. Below is an overview of some commonly known herbs and their traditionally associated benefits:
Ashwagandha is a well-known herb in traditional Ayurvedic practice, used for various purposes over many centuries. The name ‘Ashwagandha’ is derived from Sanskrit, where ‘Ashva’ means horse and ‘Gandha’ means smell, suggesting, in traditional texts, the vitality and strength associated with a horse.
It is sometimes referred to as ‘Winter Cherry’ or ‘Indian Ginseng’, and is particularly noted in Ayurveda for its traditional association with supporting the body’s resilience and overall vitality. The roots of the Ashwagandha plant are commonly used in Ayurvedic preparations5. The benefits of Ashwagandha are as follows:
Ashwagandha is a versatile herb and is traditionally available in various forms, including powders, tablets, and liquid extracts. It may be taken with or without food, depending on individual preference and practitioner guidance.
Caution: The use of Ashwagandha during pregnancy is not generally recommended unless under the supervision of a qualified medical professional. Individuals with thyroid-related conditions, particularly hyperthyroidism, should seek advice from a healthcare practitioner before using Ashwagandha or related preparations.
Brahmi, also known as Bacopa monnieri, is a well-regarded herb in traditional Ayurvedic practice. It has been traditionally used for its association with supporting cognitive health and mental clarity. The plant’s leaves are considered particularly valued in Ayurvedic literature and are often used in various preparations
Brahmi is also noted in traditional sources for its natural antioxidant and soothing properties, which have contributed to its continued use over generations.
Below are some traditionally associated uses of Brahmi7:
Shatavari also known as ‘queen of herbs’. is a medicinal herb with many health benefits. The presence of saponins contributes to its antioxidant properties. Shatavari is traditionally associated with supporting immune function and female reproductive health, as described in classical Ayurvedic texts.
Here are some benefits of Shatavari8:
Liquorice has been used since ancient times in various traditional systems of medicine, including those of India, Greece, and Egypt. Owing to its naturally sweet flavour, it continues to be used in a range of preparations such as herbal teas, confectionery, capsules, and liquid extracts.
The benefits of Liquorice are as follows9,10:
Neem has been mentioned extensively in classical Ayurvedic texts and is included in a large number of traditional formulations. It is often associated with supporting general hygiene, skin care, and internal balance in Ayurvedic practice11.
The benefits of neem are as follows:
Licorice root has been traditionally studied for its potential benefits in supporting oral hygiene. Some research17 suggests that compounds found in licorice may help in maintaining dental cleanliness and overall oral health. However, its use should be approached with caution and under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional.
Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS
Manjistha is particularly noted for its long-standing use in Ayurvedic practices related to circulatory and skin wellness12. The benefits of Manjistha are as follows;
Amala is highly regarded in Ayurvedic tradition as a nourishing and revitalising fruit. It has naturally occurring antioxidants and helps support the body’s internal balance. The benefits of amala are as follows13:
Some studies18 suggest that Amla contains antioxidants and phytonutrients that may help support cognitive health. Its naturally high Vitamin C content is also believed to play a role in maintaining normal brain function.
Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.
Haritaki is known as the ‘king of herbs’ in Ayurveda. In traditional Ayurvedic belief, Haritaki is associated with promoting internal balance and supporting clarity of mind, vitality, and overall well-being. The benefits of Haritaki are as follows:
Also Read: Black Salt: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects, Precautions & More!
Ayurveda offers a time-tested, holistic approach to health, rooted in balance and natural practices. When used under the guidance of qualified professionals, Ayurvedic herbs may support general well-being as part of a balanced lifestyle.
Also Read: Tamarind (Imli): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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H1N1, also known as swine flu, is a type of influenza A virus that was identified in humans in 2009. It emerged as a result of a mix of genes from flu viruses found in North American swine, North American birds, humans, and Eurasian swine1.
H1N1 causes respiratory illness by infecting the nose, throat, and sometimes the lungs. Its symptoms are similar to those of seasonal flu, which includes, fever, cough, sore throat, and body aches. In India, signidicant H1N1 outbreaks were recorded in 2009 and 2015, and the virus continues to circulate as a seasonal flu strain2.
The H1N1 infection can affect both the upper and lower respiratory tract. In severe cases, it may lead to complications such as viral pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), particularly among vulnerable groups such as pregnant women, young children, the elderly, and individuals with compromised immune systems.
Vaccines that offer protection against the H1N1 virus are widely available and are included in the annual influenza vaccine recommended by global and national health authorities.
Understanding H1N1 causes, symptoms, treatment, and preventive measures is critical for managing future outbreaks and minimising health impacts. This article provides a comprehensive overview of H1N1 influenza to help increase awareness.
Swine flu, or H1N1 influenza, is a contagious viral infection caused by a subtype of the influenza A virus, primarily affecting the respiratory tract. The H1N1 virus originated from a mix of swine, bird, and human flu viruses and gained global attention during the 2009 pandemic3.
It is important to note that, although it is called “swine flu,” the virus primarily spreads through inhaling contaminated air (either from an infected person or animal) and not through the consumption of properly cooked pork3,4.
Swine flu (H1N1) is caused by the influenza A (H1N1) virus3.
Infection occurs when the virus enters the body through the nose, mouth, or eyes. The most common sources of infection include:
While the original H1N1 strain emerged from swine and was occasionally linked to close contact with infected pigs, the 2009 pandemic strain has since adapted to human transmission. In most incidences, it is not spread from pigs to humans. Instead, the virus primarily spreads through droplet transmission and fomite transmission, making person-to-person contact and surface hygiene key areas of prevention.
Swine influenza (H1N1) presents symptoms similar to seasonal influenza, ranging from mild to severe. Common H1N1 symptoms include3:
Gastrointestinal H1N1 symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhoea are more commonly observed in children6.
While swine influenza (H1N1) can affect anyone, certain individuals are at a higher risk. These risk factors include7:
Swine flu (H1N1) is diagnosed by detecting the presence of the H1N1 virus in respiratory specimens that are typically collected using nasopharyngeal swabs, nasal swabs, or nasal aspirates, depending on the type of diagnostic test being used. Throat swabs, while sometimes collected, are generally less sensitive and not preferred for molecular testing methods such as RT-PCR, which is commonly used for confirming H1N1 infection. Early and accurate diagnosis helps guide H1N1 treatment and prevent complications.
Common diagnostic methods include8:
While many cases of swine flu (H1N1) are mild, the infection can lead to serious complications, especially in high-risk individuals. These complications may require hospitalisation and can sometimes be life-threatening. Common complications include3,9:
The H1N1 treatment focuses on reducing the severity of H1N1 symptoms, preventing complications, and stopping the spread of the H1N1 virus. Management strategies include:
Note: They are most effective when started within 48 hours of symptom onset3. Zanamivir is inhaled and not recommended for patients with asthma or COPD due to the risk of bronchospasm. Peramivir is administered intravenously and is usually reserved for hospitalised patients or those unable to take oral medications.
Practicing essential H1N1 precautions, such as those mentioned below, can significantly reduce the risk of infection:
If you are diagnosed with swine influenza (H1N1), it’s important to manage your symptoms at home while taking steps to prevent spreading the virus to others. Key guidelines for daily living while ill include:
Vaccination is one of the most effective ways to prevent H1N1.
Seasonal influenza vaccines, including quadrivalent vaccines (which also protect against both lineages of influenza B), are designed to provide immunity against the most common flu strains, including H1N1 and H3N2 (both subtypes of influenza A)12.
Most cases of swine flu (H1N1) are mild and can be managed at home. However, medical attention should be sought if you experience the following10:
Note: In children, watch for signs like fast breathing, irritability, poor feeding, or lack of responsiveness10. Additionally, pregnant women, the elderly, and people with underlying health conditions should consult a doctor early, even for mild symptoms.
Swine flu (H1N1) remains a significant public health concern, particularly for vulnerable populations. The H1N1 (pdm09) strain, which caused the 2009 pandemic, is now part of regular seasonal influenza circulation and no longer classified as a separate pandemic strain. Awareness of symptoms, early detection, and timely medical treatment are essential to reducing the severity and spread of the infection. Annual vaccination remains the most effective preventive measure.
In addition, following basic H1N1 precautions, such as maintaining hand hygiene, using masks, and avoiding close contact with those who are ill can reduce transmission. Public health campaigns also play a vital role in reinforcing these preventive measures, especially during flu season and among high-risk groups.
Yes, like other flu viruses, H1N1 can mutate over time6. Immunity from previous infection or vaccination may not provide full protection against new variants.
Most individuas recover within 5 to 7 days, although fatigue and cough can persist for longer3. Recovery may take more time in severe cases or in individuals with underlying health conditions.
No, antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, not viral illnesses like H1N1. However, they may be prescribed by a doctor if a secondary bacterial infection, such as pneumonia develops.
Swine flu is not spread by eating pork or pork products. The virus causes an infection in the respiratory tract and is not transmitted through meat. It is safe to eat properly cooked pork, as cooking meat to an internal temperature of at least 70°C (160°F) kills viruses and other pathogens13.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Neem juice, derived from the crushed leaves of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica), has traditionally been incorporated into various cultural practices. The neem tree is native to regions including India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan, and is recognised in systems such as Ayurveda, Unani, and traditional Chinese medicine1.
Neem leaves contain a variety of naturally occurring compounds known as phytochemicals. These are currently the subject of scientific research for their potential roles in supporting various biological functions.
Please note that while neem juice is traditionally consumed for general wellness, it is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. You should consult a healthcare professional before introducing any new product into your daily routine, especially if you have underlying health conditions or are taking medication.
Some nutrients found in neem leaf are minerals like calcium and phosphorous. Neem juice also contains phytochemicals such as2:
Owing to the history of phytochemicals it contains, neem juice may show the following properties for human health1:
The many valuable properties of neem juice may be beneficial for health conditions. However, most of these uses have been observed in laboratory-scale trials using neem leaf extract. More research is necessary to confirm its effects in humans. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that you consult a qualified medical professional before using neem juice for any health-related concerns, particularly for serious or ongoing medical conditions.
Neem leaf extract could help promote wound healing as observed during several animal studies using rats. Neem juice may show properties similar to its extract. Therefore, you may use neem juice to help accelerate wound healing2. However, if you have a wound, you still need to take complete wound care to prevent the wound from getting infected. Avoid using neem juice without consulting with a doctor first.
Neem extract has been evaluated for its antidiabetic activity in laboratory studies. Neem extract may show positive effects on blood glucose and help improve insulin signaling, increase glucose uptake, and restore impaired glucose metabolism. Neem leaf extract also showed activity against diabetes mellitus3. Avoid using neem juice or any other herbal remedy without consulting your healthcare provider first.
Neem leaf extract has shown potential as a liver-supportive agent in animal studies4. It appeared to help restore liver enzyme levels and reduce signs of liver toxicity, although further research, including human clinical trials, is necessary to confirm these effects. It is essential to consult your healthcare provider if you are experiencing any liver-related issues. Attempting to treat liver conditions with herbs or home remedies without medical supervision may lead to complications or worsen the condition.
Neem leaf extract has shown antibacterial activity against several foodborne bacteria in laboratory studies5, along with antifungal effects and potential action against the growth of coxsackievirus. Neem juice may share some of these properties; however, all findings to date have been observed in lab-based research. If you are experiencing a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection, it is essential to seek medical advice and receive appropriate treatment, as larger clinical studies are required to confirm neem’s efficacy in humans.
Neem leaves are known to contain antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Free radicals in the body are thought to contribute to the development of chronic conditions over time, and antioxidants may help neutralise these effects. The antioxidant potential of neem leaves may support the body’s natural defences against oxidative stress, while their anti-inflammatory properties may assist in managing general inflammation and swelling6.
Though some studies show the benefits of neem juice in various conditions, these are insufficient to establish the true extent of the benefits of neem juice on human health. Always consult a doctor for appropriate management of medical conditions.
As neem has hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, and antispasmodic properties, neem juice may be beneficial for maintaining digestive health. It may help promote regular bowel movements, support liver function, and assist in relieving occasional constipation; however, further clinical research is needed to confirm these effects.
Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS
To prepare fresh neem juice, rinse the leaves thoroughly with clean water. Grind them into a paste and add water to achieve a juice-like consistency. Neem juice is traditionally consumed for its potential health benefits.
You must consult a qualified doctor before taking neem juice or any herbal supplements. Likewise, do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.
Neem leaves are proven to have antifungal properties. Because of this, the juice extracted from its leaves might be beneficial for reducing dandruff from the scalp and maintaining healthy hair and clean scalp.
Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)
While neem has been used traditionally for centuries, modern research into its safety remains insufficient. Responsible, restricted use is recommended until supported by more clinical trials7.
Here are some precautions you need to take while using neem juice.
There is a lack of sufficient information to support the use of neem juice during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Therefore, it is advised to avoid taking neem without consulting with your doctor or healthcare provider.
There is a lack of information supporting the use of neem juice in the elderly and children. It is better avoid its use unless prescribed by a doctor or healthcare provider.
Avoid using neem juice for its properties without consulting your doctor. Always consult your doctor about any herbs or juices you need to avoid when taking any medication.
Neem juice, derived from neem leaves, is rich in bioactive compounds and traditionally used in various cultures for its antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and potential antidiabetic and liver-supportive properties. While early research, particularly in laboratory and animal studies, shows beneficial properties, there is insufficient clinical evidence to fully establish its effectiveness for human health. Neem juice should be consumed with caution, especially by pregnant women, children, and the elderly. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider before using neem juice as a supplement or remedy.
Also Read: Lauki Juice: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!
Neem juice may show properties against diseases like diabetes, liver problems and microbial infections. Neem juice may also show wound healing and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, before using neem juice for these effects, you are advised to consult with your healthcare provider. Avoid using herbal supplements without consulting with your doctor.
Current global evidence on neem extracts is limited, with toxicity and side effects still not well understood. It is advisable to use them with caution until further clinical studies establish their safety and efficacy.
Neem juice may have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and it is sometimes believed to help with skin concerns such as inflammation and swelling associated with acne. Avoid using any herbal supplement on the skin without a dermatologist’s consultation.
There are some laboratory studies that report the positive effects of neem juice on diabetes. However, these findings are limited, and further research is necessary to establish its efficacy and safety to support the use of neem juice for people with diabetes. You should not use herbal supplements for serious health conditions like diabetes without consulting your doctor.
1. Alzohairy MA. Therapeutics Role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Their Active Constituents in Diseases Prevention and Treatment. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:7382506. doi: 10.1155/2016/7382506. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4791507/
2. Nasrine A, Narayana S, Gulzar Ahmed M, Sultana R, Noushida N, Raunak Salian T, Almuqbil M, Almadani ME, Alshehri A, Alghamdi A, Alshehri S, Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq S. Neem (Azadirachta Indica) and silk fibroin associated hydrogel: Boon for wound healing treatment regimen. Saudi Pharm J. 2023 Oct;31(10):101749. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101749. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10470283/
3. Satyanarayana K, Sravanthi K, Shaker IA, Ponnulakshmi R. Molecular approach to identify antidiabetic potential of Azadirachta indica. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2015 Jul-Sep;6(3):165-74. doi: 10.4103/0975-9476.157950. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4630690/
4. Nikolova G, Ananiev J, Ivanov V, Petkova-Parlapanska K, Georgieva E, Karamalakova Y. The Azadirachta indica (Neem) Seed Oil Reduced Chronic Redox-Homeostasis Imbalance in a Mice Experimental Model on Ochratoxine A-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Aug 28;11(9):1678. doi: 10.3390/antiox11091678. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9495949/
5. Badam L, Joshi SP, Bedekar SS. ‘In vitro’ antiviral activity of neem (Azadirachta indica. A. Juss) leaf extract against group B coxsackieviruses. J Commun Dis. 1999 Jun;31(2):79-90. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10810594/
6. He JB, Fang MJ, Ma XY, Li WJ, Lin DS. Angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of azadirachtin A improve random skin flap survival in rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2020 Dec;245(18):1672-1682. doi: 10.1177/1535370220951896. Epub 2020 Aug 31. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7802382/
7. Islas JF, Acosta E, G-Buentello Z, Delgado-Gallegos JL, Moreno-Treviño MG, Escalante B, et al. An overview of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and its potential impact on health. Journal of Functional Foods [Internet]. 2020 Nov [cited 2025 May 30];74(104171):104171. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464620303959
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Typhoid fever is a serious (and potentially life-threatening) illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi that spreads primarily through contaminated food and water. Once inside the body, the bacteria rapidly multiply in the intestinal lymphoid tissue known as Peyer’s patches, and eventually enter the bloodstream, leading to infection (bacteraemia)1,2.
With increasing urbanisation, poor sanitation, and the growing threat of antibiotic-resistant strains, the global risk of typhoid is rising, especially in communities lacking clean water and proper hygiene1,2.
Given the public health threat posed by typhoid fever, vaccination plays a crucial role in prevention. This article explores the typhoid vaccine, what it is, the types available, when it should be administered, and its possible side effects, helping you make informed decisions about protection against this preventable disease.
The typhoid vaccine is a preventive vaccine that provides immunity against the Salmonella Typhi bacterium, which is responsible for causing typhoid fever2,3.
The vaccine consists of either weakened live bacteria or inactive (killed) bacteria (alone or attached to a carrier protein). When the body is exposed to the bacteria or its antigens, it helps in developing long-lasting protection by stimulating the immune system to recognise and fight the bacteria if exposed in the future. While the vaccine does not treat active infection, it plays a critical role in preventing illness and reducing its spread3.
It is important to note that while the vaccine lowers the chances of getting sick, it doesn’t fully stop the bacteria from spreading (especially in people who carry it for a long time). So, while it helps reduce transmission, it doesn’t completely prevent it.
There are three main types of typhoid vaccines:
As of 2019, an estimated 9 million people contract typhoid each year, and approximately 110,000 die from the infection1. The disease disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries, where access to clean water, proper sanitation, and healthcare may be limited2.
Vaccination plays a key role in reducing the risk of infection and preventing its transmission, which is especially crucial in areas with frequent outbreaks, improper sanitation, and rising antibiotic resistance. Moreover, by stimulating the body’s immune system to recognise and fight Salmonella Typhi, the vaccine lowers the chances of severe illness, complications, and death. It also helps protect vulnerable populations, making it an essential tool in the global fight against typhoid fever3.
The typhoid fever vaccine is recommended for individuals who are at a higher risk of exposure. These groups include:
While the typhoid fever vaccine is generally safe and effective, it may not be suitable for everyone. Individuals who should avoid or delay vaccination include:
The administration and preparation for all the typhoid fever vaccine types differ in certain aspects:
The typhoid vaccine schedule and frequency depend on the type of vaccine administered3,5,6:
Typhoid vaccines are generally effective and safe in preventing typhoid fever. They offer moderate protection, with an efficacy ranging from 50% to 85%, depending on the type of vaccine used7.
While they are not 100% protective, they significantly reduce the risk of infection, especially when combined with good hygiene and safe food and water practices.
Vaccine protection may decline over time, particularly for the Vi polysaccharide and Ty21a vaccines, which may require booster doses for continued protection.
Most side effects of typhoid fever vaccines are mild and temporary. Common side effects include5:
Note: Allergic reactions like rash, itching, and swelling may rarely occur in all types of vaccines.
It’s important to seek medical advice at certain points related to typhoid vaccination and potential infection:
Note: Antibiotic-resistant typhoid is a growing concern, especially in South Asia, so prompt diagnosis and blood culture testing are crucial to ensure the right treatment13.
Typhoid vaccination is a simple yet powerful tool in preventing a potentially serious and life-threatening illness. It offers protection against Salmonella Typhi, the bacterium responsible for typhoid fever, which continues to affect millions of people globally each year.
Vaccines are especially important for travellers to high-risk regions, individuals living in or near outbreak areas, and those working in environments where exposure is more likely. While no vaccine provides complete immunity, typhoid vaccines significantly reduce the risk of infection and severe complications.
By getting vaccinated, you not only protect yourself but also help limit the spread of disease within communities, making typhoid prevention a shared responsibility and a vital part of public health.
Also Read: Home Remedies For Typhoid!
India currently offers two WHO-prequalified typhoid conjugate vaccines3:
-Typbar-TCV® by Bharat Biotech
-TyphiBev™ by Biological E Ltd
Safety data is limited, but Vi polysaccharide vaccines and typhoid conjugate vaccines are considered to pose minimal risk and can be given if needed. However, the live oral Ty21a vaccine is not recommended during pregnancy due to potential risks3.
In addition to vaccination, safe food and water practices are crucial, such as eating thoroughly cooked food, peeling fruits before eating, and drinking only boiled, disinfected, or sealed bottled water. Handwashing before meals is also essential. In prevention of typhoid, WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) interventions remain equally important to vaccination, especially in high-risk areas3.
Yes, the typhoid vaccine can be safely administered alongside other routine vaccines3.
Yes, it’s important to tell your vaccine provider if you are currently taking or have recently taken antibiotics or anti-malarial medications5.
While the vaccine greatly reduces the risk, no vaccine offers 100% protection. If you develop symptoms of typhoid fever after vaccination, it’s important to seek medical care immediately.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Influenza B is one of the primary types of influenza viruses responsible for seasonal flu outbreaks across the globe1. Among the estimated 1 billion cases of influenza that occur annually, influenza B contributes significantly, more commonly in children and adolescents, however, it can affect all age groups1,2.
Although less prevalent than influenza A, influenza B virus can co-circulate with it and have varying global impact based on season and region3. Therefore, understanding what influenza B is, its symptoms and its management strategies is essential for effective prevention and treatment, especially during peak flu seasons.
Influenza B is caused by the influenza B virus, a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family4. This virus is divided into two genetically and antigenically distinct lineages4:
The influenza B virus spreads easily from person to person through respiratory droplets released when an infected individual coughs or sneezes, making close contact a key factor in transmission. It can also spread by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching your face without washing your hands2.
While influenza B typically leads to mild to moderate respiratory illness, particularly in otherwise healthy children, it can sometimes result in more severe disease. This is especially true for individuals with underlying chronic medical conditions, weakened immune systems, or other health vulnerabilities. In rare cases, it can even be fatal4.
Influenza B symptoms usually begin within 1 to 4 days after infection and can include2,6:
Note: Children (especially those under 5 years of age) may experience vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhoea. However, these symptoms are not prevalent in adults7.
Influenza B differs from types A and C in several important ways, including its virus structure, who it primarily affects, and the severity of the illness it causes:
Virus Strains:
Who It Affects:
Severity:
Outbreaks:
While influenza B can affect anybody, certain groups are at a greater risk of complications. These include:
Diagnosing influenza B typically starts with a clinical evaluation, where doctors review the patient’s symptoms and medical history10. To confirm the infection, several diagnostic tests may be used but the common ones are:
Other laboratory tests include immunofluorescence and serological assays to detect virus-specific antigens/antibodies. However, molecular tests have largely replaced these now11.
High-risk individuals should be especially vigilant for influenza B complications such as13
Most cases of influenza B can be managed at home with supportive care, but antiviral medications may be recommended in some situations, especially for those at high risk of complications. Common influenza B treatment options include:
These drugs are especially recommended for all hospitalised patients, those with severe or progressive illness, and high-risk individuals (e.g., elderly, pregnant women, people with chronic conditions, etc.), regardless of how long symptoms have been present10,11,12.
Adequate rest helps the body recover and conserve energy to fight the infection2.
Drinking plenty of fluids prevents dehydration, especially if fever is present2.
Fever and pain-relieving medications, when taken under medical supervision, can help relieve fever, headache, and body aches. Common mediactions include:
Note: Do not give aspirin to children as it has been associated with the risk of Reye’s Syndrome15.
To protect yourself and those around you, it’s important to follow these effective prevention measures:
Most individuals recover from influenza B within 5 to 14 days, though symptoms like cough may persist for longer than 14 days2,16.
However, in some cases, symptoms may worsen or lead to serious complications. It’s important to consult a doctor immediately if you experience any of the following16:
Also Read: Influenza A: What is It, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention
Understanding and effectively managing influenza B is crucial for reducing the spread of infection and minimising the risk of complications, especially among vulnerable groups like children, elderly, and those with weakened immune systems.
While often milder than influenza A, influenza B can still lead to a serious illness. Timely diagnosis, appropriate influenza B virus treatment (such as antiviral therapy), preventive measures like vaccination, and awareness of warning signs, all play a vital role in controlling the impact of this seasonal virus. Thus, by staying informed and proactive, individuals and communities can better protect themselves and others during flu season.
Also Read: H1N1 (Swine Flu): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
No. It’s important to stay home until at least 24 hours after your fever subsides without the use of fever-reducing medications to prevent spreading the virus15.
Antiviral medications work best when started within 48 hours of symptom onset, but they may still be helpful later for high-risk individuals or those with severe illness10.
In India, Influenza B circulates year-round, especially in central and southern regions. In northern areas, it peaks during winter (November to March), often alongside influenza A, with additional mild peaks seen post-monsoon (September to November)17.
The incubation period for influenza B (the time between exposure to the virus and the appearance of symptoms) is typically around 2 days but can range from 1 to 4 days2.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Pneumonia is a broad term that refers to lung infections caused by various organisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi1. Normally, the lungs contain tiny air sacs called alveoli that fill with air during breathing. In pneumonia, these alveoli become inflamed and filled with pus and fluid. This makes breathing difficult and reduces oxygen intake2.
The infection typically spreads when a person breathes in respiratory droplets or accidentally inhales secretions from the mouth or throat (when an infected person coughs or sneezes)2. Pneumonia can range from mild to life-threatening, with the highest risk seen in infants, older adults, individuals with weakened immune systems, patients with chronic illness (such as diabetes), smokers, and patients on ventilators1,3.
Fortunately, pneumonia (when caused by bacteria) can be prevented with vaccines. In this article, we will explore what pneumococcal vaccines are, how they work, and who should receive them.
As mentioned, pneumonia is a respiratory infection caused by bacteria, fungi or viruses. More commonly, it occurs due to infection with the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae (also known as pneumococcus). Infection with this organism can lead to serious illnesses such as pneumonia, sinusitis, ear infections (otitis media), and meningitis. These infections remain a significant cause of illness and death, even in high-income countries4.
More than 90 distinct pneumococcal serotypes have been identified, and while many are capable of causing illness, only a subset is responsible for the majority of severe and invasive pneumococcal diseases5.
Pneumococcal vaccines help prevent these infections in the body by developing immunity against them. These vaccines contain parts of the bacteria (specifically capsular polysaccharides) either alone or linked to a carrier protein, which trigger the immune cells to produce antibodies that fight against specific pneumococci strains. Let us discuss about this in detail in the next section.
Pneumonia or Pneumococcal vaccines help the body develop active immunity by training the immune system to recognise and combat certain serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. There are two types of pneumococcal vaccines currently in use, which include:
After vaccination, the immune system generates targeted antibodies against the specific pneumococcal serotypes present in the vaccine, helping to protect the body from future infections caused by those strains.
Pneumococcal vaccines are available in two main formulations: PCV and PPSV. Let us see how they differ in covering different serotypes.
Note:
It’s best to consult a doctor to determine the appropriate vaccine and schedule based on age, health status, and medical history.
Clinical studies have demonstrated strong immune responses and significant protection against vaccine-covered serotypes9,10. Top pneumococcal vaccine uses include:
Overall, widespread vaccination has led to a marked decline in pneumococcal infections globally and continues to be a critical tool in preventing pneumonia and its complications.
The CDC recommends pneumococcal vaccines for:
Some individuals may need to avoid pneumococcal vaccination or should first consult their doctor. The CDC recommends avoiding or delaying vaccination in the following conditions.
For PCV15, PCV20, or PCV21:
For PPSV23:
Tip: Always talk to a doctor about your vaccination history, allergies, and medical conditions before getting vaccinated.
Most pneumococcal vaccine side effects are mild and temporary. They may vary slightly by vaccine type and age group3:
These side effects typically resolve on their own. If severe or persistent symptoms occur, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider.
While most pneumococcal vaccine side effects are mild, you should contact a doctor or seek medical attention immediately if you experience:
Always consult your doctor if you’re unsure whether a symptom is vaccine-related or if you’re concerned about any reaction.
The pneumococcal vaccine plays a vital role in protecting individuals (especially young children, older adults, and those with certain health conditions) from serious and potentially life-threatening infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumococcal vaccine uses conjugate and polysaccharide formulations to build immunity against multiple strains of the bacteria, significantly reducing the risk of severe pneumonia, hospitalisations, and complications such as meningitis and bloodstream infections.
Widespread vaccination not only safeguards individual health but also helps reduce the spread of pneumococcal disease within communities, making it an essential part of public health protection!
Safety data on PCV15 and PCV20 during pregnancy is limited. However, PPSV23 is recommended for pregnant patients with certain health conditions like diabetes and heart disease3.
For children, pneumococcal vaccines are available at paediatric or family doctor offices, community clinics, and public health departments. Adults can get vaccinated at a doctor’s office, pharmacies, federally funded health centres, or local health departments12.
Immunity develops about 2 to 3 weeks after vaccination and generally lasts around 5 years, but children and older adults may need re-immunisation sooner3.
PCV13, PCV15, and PCV20 are given as intramuscular (IM) injections, usually in the upper arm muscle for adults and older children, and the thigh muscle for infants; PPSV23 can be given IM or subcutaneously3.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
In India, an estimated 77 million adults are currently living with type 2 diabetes (T2DM)1. In many cases, lifestyle interventions such as diet modification and regular physical activity are sufficient in the early stages of T2DM. However, as the condition progresses, additional treatments may be needed to improve insulin sensitivity or enhance insulin secretion by the pancreas2.
In recent years, medications like Mounjaro and Ozempic have gained widespread attention for their effectiveness in managing type 2 diabetes (T2DM)3,4. Both tirzepatide and semaglutide (active ingredients of Mounjaro and Ozempic) are prescription medications approved by the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) and are prescribed under medical supervision5,6. While they share similarities in purpose, their mechanisms of action and dosing differ.
In this article, we aim to provide a neutral, fact-based comparison of Mounjaro and Ozempic to help you better understand each option and support informed conversations with your doctor.
Mounjaro (tirzepatide) and Ozempic (semaglutide) are both injectable medications designed to help manage T2DM in adults, alongside diet and exercise. Below are some brief details of these drug molecules-
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) are hormones that help regulate blood sugar after meals.
Ozempic works by mimicking GLP-1 only, while Mounjaro targets both GLP-1 and GIP7,8. This dual action makes Mounjaro potentially more effective for blood sugar control compared to Ozempic.
Both Mounjaro and Ozempic are medications (once weekly injections) that work by enhancing the body’s natural hormone responses. Both should be used in conjunction with lifestyle and dietary changes for optimal results3,7,8.
| Feature | Mounjaro (tirzepatide) | Ozempic (semaglutide) |
| Drug Class | GIP & GLP-1 receptor agonist | GLP-1 receptor agonist |
| Stimulates Insulin | Yes (Enhanced due to dual hormone action) | Yes (Via GLP-1 pathway) |
| Suppresses Glucagon | Yes | Yes |
| Lowers Blood Glucose | Highly effective | Effective |
| Weight Loss Effect | Substantial | Significant |
Both Mounjaro and Ozempic have demonstrated strong results in lowering HbA1c, a key marker of long-term blood sugar control. However, their effectiveness can vary depending on individual patient factors such as baseline HbA1c, weight, other health conditions, and treatment adherence.
In a study comparing tirzepatide and semaglutide, tirzepatide reduced HbA1c by 2.01% to 2.30%, depending on the dose, while semaglutide reduced it by 1.86% in 40 weeks13. Thus, Mounjaro (tirzepatide) has the potential for greater reduction in HbA1c levels over time when comnpared to semaglutide.
Important Note: While both drugs are effective, patient response can vary. Factors like side effects, tolerability, cost, and individual goals (e.g., weight loss vs. glycaemic control) often play a role in determining the best choice.
In my experience, medicines like Mounjaro reduce the appetite. Here the role of nutrition plan comes into play. With the limited appetite of the patient- dietitian has to design a nutrient dense meal plan inorder to reduce the chances of nutrtional deficiencies or muscle loss. Many a times we also prescribe nutritional supplements as and when needed. This supports a healthy weight loss.
Dr. Malavika Athavale, Consulting Clinical and IBS Nutritionist
While Mounjaro and Ozempic are primarily approved for managing T2DM, many patients may also experience weight loss as an added benefit of treatment. This reduction in weight is largely due to the medications’ effects on appetite regulation, insulin sensitivity, and slower gastric emptying3,8. In a study comparing tirzepatide and semaglutide, at 12 months, treatment with tirzepatide lead to 6.9% higher weight loss as compared to treatment with semaglutide14.
However, it’s important to note:
Weight management can be a valuable secondary outcome for people with T2DM, as it often improves insulin sensitivity, lowers cardiovascular risk, and enhances overall metabolic health4,10. As always, these benefits are most effective when paired with a healthy diet, regular physical activity, and ongoing medical guidance.
Both Mounjaro and Ozempic are generally well-tolerated, but like all medications, they can cause side effects, especially during the initial weeks of treatment as the body adjusts7,8.
The table below shows common similar side effects of Ozempic as well as Mounjaro7,8:
| Side Effect | Mounjaro and Ozempic |
| Nausea | Common |
| Vomiting | Common |
| Diarrhea | Common |
| Constipation | Common |
| Decreased appetite | Common |
| Fatigue | Rare |
| Injection site reactions | Rare |
| Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) | Possible |
Other rare but serious side effects of both these medications include:
Also, semaglutide has been linked to a higher risk of worsening diabetic retinopathy15. However, further studies are needed to confirm this association.
Important: Both medications include a boxed warning and should be avoided in patients with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) or multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2).
Mounjaro and Ozempic are widely available in many countries, where they can be purchased with a prescription from major pharmacies. The cost of initiation dose of Mounjaro starts from about three thousand five hundred rupees per injection in India.
While Mounjaro may be a more affordable alternative, the actual medication cost for both can vary based on location, dosage, and healthcare/insurance coverage.
Also Read: Is Mounjaro Approved for Weight Loss? Here’s What Our Endocrinologist Says
The choice between Mounjaro and Ozempic often depends on individual needs and treatment goals.
For patients already using a GLP-1 receptor agonist but needing stronger blood sugar and weight control, tirzepatide may offer added benefits because of its dual-action mechanism. Also, due to its dose-dependent action, those with high baseline HbA1c levels might respond better to Mounjaro13.
Ultimately, an Endocrinologist’s assessment is essential to determine which medication is more suitable, based on medical history and individual treatment goals.
Note: Both Ozempic and Mounjaro are effective for diabetes management, but Ozempic vs Mounjaro for diabetes often comes down to other factors like patient response, tolerability, cost, and other health conditions.
Some patients may consider switching from Ozempic to Mounjaro if they are not seeing the desired results in blood sugar control or weight management16. However, switching between medications depends on several factors, like current response, side effects, dosage, and overall health. Remember, for a safe and effective transition plan, always consult your doctor. Self-switching or overlapping treatments can lead to risks and are not recommended.
Mounjaro and Ozempic are both effective options for managing T2DM, but they differ in how they work and their potential impact on blood sugar and weight. Mounjaro is a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist while Ozempic only targets the GLP-1 receptor, thereby providing better blood sugar control. Additionally, when comparing Mounjaro vs Ozempic for weight loss, clinical trials suggest that Mounjaro may lead to greater weight reduction. Ultimately, the best choice depends on individual factors such as tolerability and cost, treatment goals, and medical history. Always consult your doctor or diabetes specialist to determine which medication is right for you.
Also Read: Mounjaro (Injection): Uses, Side Effects, Dosage, and How It Works
Clinical studies suggest that Mounjaro may lower A1C more effectively than Ozempic, especially at higher doses7. However, individual results may vary. Therefore, the choice between Mounjaro vs Ozempic in type 2 diabetes should depend on medical advice as well as individual treatment goals.
No, not exactly. Both are injectable medications used to manage T2DM, but they belong to different classes2,5:
-Ozempic is a brand name for the drug semaglutide, which is a GLP-1 receptor agonist that activates one hormone pathway.
-Mounjaro is a brand name for the drug tirzepatide, which is a dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, meaning it activates two hormone pathways instead of one.
Yes, both drugs share certain common side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, and appetite loss. Serious but rare side effects (such as pancreatitis or thyroid tumours) are also similar and require medical attention if symptoms appear3,4.
The cost of Ozempic vs Mounjaro can vary widely depending on region, availability, dosage, and pharmacy.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Good nutrition plays a crucial role in helping the body recover from any illness, and pneumonia is no exception1,2. Studies2,3,4 show that undernutrition in children can significantly increase the risk of contracting pneumonia and worsen its outcomes, as a weakened immune system makes them more vulnerable to respiratory infections.
Pneumonia can spread through droplets, inhalation, or in newborns, through the bloodstream during or just after birth. Although it isn’t always contagious (as its spread depends on the cause), more research is needed to understand the transmission of pneumonia better2.
While precise numbers may vary, evidence consistently demonstrates that good nutrition can play a vital role in supporting pneumonia recovery5. In fact, targeted dietary interventions in malnourished older adults led to a 77% reduction in pneumonia-related hospital readmission, highlighting the importance of improved nutrition for recovery, immune function, and long-term management of pneumonia6.
If you’ve been diagnosed with pneumonia, adhering to your prescribed treatment plan, which typically includes antibiotics (for bacterial pneumonia only), and respiratory support is essential for recovery7. While it is not the primary treatment, a balanced, nutrient-rich diet can help promote the healing process by strengthening your immune system5,7. Additionally, monitoring your symptoms and maintaining good hygiene can help prevent the infection from spreading to others.
Following a nutritionally supportive diet during pneumonia helps ensure your body receives all the essential nutrients needed to fight the infection and recover quickly. In this article, we’ll share valuable tips on what to avoid during pneumonia recovery to help support a faster, safer, and more complete healing process.
A well-balanced nutritious diet plays a crucial role in recovering from pneumonia. When the body is fighting an infection, it needs extra nutrients to repair tissues, restore energy, and strengthen the immune system. A proper diet can support recovery from pneumonia by:
A balanced diet for pneumonia patients plays a crucial role in speeding up recovery by providing essential nutrients. In individuals with pneumonia, diet that includes the following five types of foods is beneficial:
In patients with pneumonia, foods to avoid include certain food products that may increase mucus production. Here’s what to limit or avoid and why:
Note: Some people report increased mucus production after consuming dairy, but scientific evidence on this is inconclusive. Thus, the focus should instead be on avoiding foods that may impair immunity or promote inflammation. Always consult a doctor or a registered dietitian for personalised dietary advice, especially during illness.
The ideal diet for pneumonia patients includes warm fluids, soft foods, and meals high in vitamins A, C, and E to support lung health. You can follow the below-mentioned pneumonia diet chart to help with pneumonia recovery7,12:
| Mealtime | Options |
| Breakfast | Mixed fruits (apple, grapes, prunes), A handful of almonds or sunflower seeds 100% fruit or vegetable juice |
| Mid-Morning Snack | Mixed fruits (apple, grapes, prunes), A handful of almonds or sunflower seeds, 100% fruit or vegetable juice |
| Lunch | Brown rice or whole-grain bread, Stir-fried tofu or lean turkey with kale, Mixed legume soup, Steamed carrots or beans |
| Afternoon Snack | Brown rice or whole grain roti, Steamed vegetables (carrot, broccoli, spinach) Grilled salmon or skinless chicken, Low-fat yoghurt |
| Dinner | Brown rice or whole-grain bread, Stir-fried tofu or lean turkey with kale, Mixed legume soup Steamed carrots or beans |
Tip: Stay hydrated by consuming plenty of water throughout the day.
A pneumonia diet chart helps plan meals that are light, nutritious, and rich in essential vitamins to support better health. Along with dietary guidance, adopting a few lifestyle tips can further speed up the healing process:
Choosing the right diet for a pneumonia patient may help reduce inflammation and support lung function. Nutrient-rich foods that may support recovery include warm soups, fruits rich in vitamin C, and leafy green vegetables. Additionally, knowing which foods may hinder recovery or worsen inflammation can help prevent complications and promote faster healing.
By providing essential nutrients, staying hydrated, getting adequate rest, and avoiding harmful substances like tobacco smoke and alcohol, you can support your immune system and significantly enhance your healing process. Also, staying up to date with vaccines, especially the pneumococcus vaccine and the flu vaccine, can help reduce the risk of developing pneumonia or experiencing severe complications.
Also Read: Pneumococcal Vaccine: Types, Side Effects, and Who Needs It
A pneumonia patient should aim for at least 1.5 litres of fluids per day unless advised otherwise by a doctor17,19. Staying hydrated helps thin mucus and ease coughing.
Yes, supplements like vitamin C may help strengthen the immune response18,20. However, they should be taken under medical supervision, especially if the patient is already on medication.
It’s best to avoid restaurant food during recovery, as it may contain excess salt, sugar, oil, and preservatives. Home-cooked, hygienic, and freshly prepared food is safer and more nourishing for pneumonia patients7.
Yes, warm herbal teas like black tea, green tea, peppermint tea, sage tea, and thyme tea can soothe the throat, reduce coughing, allow mucus clearance, and may boost the body’s anti-inflammatory processes16.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
1
Hepatitis A is a contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), which primarily spreads through feco-oral route, and contaminated food, water or close contact with an infected person. It remains a significant public health concern, especially in areas with inadequate sanitation and limited access to clean water1.
Most people recover fully and develop a long-lasting immunity against the HAV once they have been affected. However, in rare cases, hepatitis A can lead to severe complications, including liver failure (more common in older adults with underlying conditions). Fortunately, a safe and effective vaccine is available that offers reliable protection against this preventable disease2. In this article, we will discuss the hepatitis A vaccine for adults and children, its benefits, and why it’s important for public health.
The hepatitis A vaccine uses an inactivated HAV virus to safely stimulate the body’s immune system and provide long-term protection (possibly life long after two doses) against infection3.
When a vaccine is given, the white blood cells (WBCs) that fight an infection recognise the vaccine’s antigen (specific virus protein) and trigger specific WBCs (B and T cells). The B cells then multiply and create antibodies (proteins) and the T cells help in immune regulation and memory for protection against the virus when encountered in the future4.
Bonus: The vaccine also contains aluminium that boosts the immune response by keeping the antigen at the injection site longer and stimulating immune cells to release signals that enhance protection4.
The hepatitis A vaccine plays a crucial role in offering protection from the harmful effects of the HAV. Key hepatitis A vaccine uses include:
The hepatitis A vaccine is generally recommended for individuals at increased risk of infection or complications. The following groups of people are especially advised to get vaccinated against the HAV:
There are several types of hepatitis A vaccines available in the market currently that provide effective protection against HAV. These include both single-antigen vaccines and combination vaccines6:
These vaccines protect only against the HAV. These are approved for individuals aged 1 year and older and include:
Only inactivated vaccines are in use currently; no live-attenuated Hep A vaccines are licensed in most countries, including the U.S. Both of these are also inactivated vaccines and require a two-dose schedule for long-term protection.
This vaccine (inactivated) protects against both hepatitis A and hepatitis B viruses. They are approved for use in individuals aged 18 years and older and include:
It is important to note that this vaccine is not a replacement for single-antigen vaccines and used when protection against both Hepatitis A and B is needed.
Since both vaccines are equally effective, your doctor can help determine the most suitable option based on age, health status, and risk of exposure.
The hepatitis A vaccine for adults and children is typically given as part of a two-dose schedule for full protection. Here’s what you need to know about the hepatitis A vaccine dose schedule4.
Single-antigen hepatitis A vaccines are given in two doses4:
Combination hepatitis A vaccines are given in three doses:
For optimal effectiveness of the vaccine, you should follow your doctor’s suggestion for the hepatitis A vaccine dose schedule.
Note: The optimal hepatitis A vaccine age to start immunisation is 12 months, ensuring early protection during childhood. That being said, there is no upper limit for the hepatitis A vaccine age, and adults at risk can be vaccinated safely at any time.
Also Read: Everything To Know About the Influenza Vaccine & Its Importance
The hepatitis A vaccine is administered as an intramuscular injection, typically into the thigh for infants and toddlers (under 3 years) and into the upper arm for children aged 3 years and older and adults4.
It is typically given at clinics, travel health centres, hospitals, or public health departments8. If you’re unsure about when or where to get vaccinated, consult your doctor for guidance and support.
The vaccine has a well-established record of safety and effectiveness:
This vaccine is generally well tolerated, with most hepatitis A vaccine symptoms being mild and short-lived. Some common but mild hepatitis A vaccine side effects include4:
These hepatitis A vaccine side effects typically get better on their own in a few days.
Serious side effects such as anaphylaxis (difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or throat, or hives) may also occur, although extremely rare10.
While most people experience no or only mild hepatitis A vaccine after effects, you should seek medical attention if you notice:
If in doubt, always consult your doctor for reassurance and appropriate care regarding the hepatitis A vaccine’s effects.
Hepatitis A vaccine plays a vital role in preventing acute hepatitis A, which can lead to severe liver problems, especially in older adults or those with pre-existing liver disease. This vaccination is especially important for young children, travellers to high-risk regions, MSM, IV drug abusers and individuals with chronic liver conditions. By getting vaccinated, you not only protect yourself but also help stop the spread of the virus in the community.
The vaccine is safe, effective, and well-tolerated, providing long-term protection and helping lower the incidence of hepatitis A cases worldwide. The hepatitis A vaccine after effects are also usually mild and resolve within a few days without any treatment.
So, if are not vaccinated or in the high-risk group , talk to your doctor about hepatitis A vaccination; it’s a simple and reliable step toward safeguarding your liver health!
Also Read: HPV Vaccine: What is It, When to Be Taken, Importance & Side Effects
Yes. The hepatitis A vaccine can be given at the same time as other vaccines, using different injection sites4,5. It does not interfere with the effectiveness of other immunisations.
You should receive the first dose as soon as travel is planned, ideally at least 4 weeks before departure, to allow your body time to develop protective antibodies4.
Protective antibodies typically begin to form within 2 to 4 weeks after the first dose, but full protection is not guaranteed until after 4 weeks4.
Yes. Pregnant women who are at increased risk of hepatitis A infection, such as international travellers, drug users, those with chronic liver disease, or women in close contact with international adoptees, should receive the hepatitis A vaccine. Although the vaccine’s safety in pregnancy hasn’t been fully established, it is made from inactivated virus, so the theoretical risk to the foetus is considered very low. Your doctor should guide the decision to vaccinate, and this decision should be based on the potential risk of exposure and severity of illness11.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Seasonal influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a highly contagious respiratory illness that affects millions of people worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it causes about one billion infections worldwide (including both symptomatic and asymptomatic), resulting in 3 to 5 million severe cases and nearly 290,000 to 650,000 deaths related to respiratory complications each year1.
While many individuals recover without complications, influenza can lead to serious health outcomes, especially among those with existing medical conditions or weakened immune systems. In severe cases, it may even result in pneumonia, sepsis, or a worsening of chronic diseases1.
Flu vaccinations that are both safe and effective have been used for more than 60 years. They continue to be the best defence against influenza and its consequences2. This article explores everything you need to know about the influenza virus vaccine, from how it works to who should get it.
Wondering what is influenza vaccine used for?
The influenza vaccine, commonly known as the flu shot, is a preventive measure designed to protect against infection from influenza viruses. It works by stimulating the body’s immune system, particularly the antibody-mediated response, and in some cases, cell-mediated immunity to produce antibodies that target the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins on the virus surface, without causing an illness. This helps the body recognise and fight off the virus if exposed later3.
Influenza vaccines are available in various forms, including inactivated influenza vaccine, nasal spray, as well as recombinant options4. These types will be discussed in detail in the following section.
Influenza vaccines for adults and children are available in different forms. The main types include:
This is the most common form of the flu vaccine, which is grown inside an embryonated egg (typically a chicken or hen’s egg)4.
Inactivated influenza vaccine also includes other forms such as4:
These vaccines are produced with recombinant DNA technology. While they do utilise parts of the influenza virus genome, they are not made using whole influenza viruses and do not involve egg-based production3.
This type of vaccine contains weakened live viruses and is sprayed into the nose4.
Note: Remember that accurate dosing depends on the influenza vaccine dosage chart guidelines. Always consult with a doctor to determine the best flu vaccine option for you.
The influenza virus vaccine plays a vital role in protecting individual and public health. Here’s why the flu vaccination is so important:
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends that everyone aged 6 months and older receive a flu vaccine each year unless they have specific medical reasons that contradict it3.
Vaccination is especially important for people at higher risk of serious complications from influenza and those who may spread the virus to vulnerable individuals. These include1:
Note: Vaccination during pregnancy also helps protect the newborn for the first few months after birth.
Note: Vaccination is recommended for all eligible children, not limited to age 5.
Note: The LAIV is not recommended for immunocompromised individuals.
For most people, the influenza vaccine schedule lies between September and October as they are generally considered the ideal months to get vaccinated. The main goal is for everyone to be immunised by the end of October before flu activity begins to rise significantly7.
It takes about two weeks after vaccination for the body to develop protective antibodies, which is why getting vaccinated before the peak flu season is strongly recommended.
Note: The influenza virus mutates frequently, resulting in changes to the circulating strains each year. Therefore, the influenza vaccine composition is updated annually to match the most common circulating flu strains1,3.
The influenza vaccine is administered using two primary methods, depending on the type of vaccine and the recipient’s age and health status:
Note: Administering the influenza vaccine in pregnancy is considered safe and effective at any stage of gestation. Children may need a different influenza vaccine dose than adults. Therefore, always verify the correct influenza vaccine dose before vaccination.
Note: Nasal spray should only be administered in healthy individuals from age 2 to 49 years. It should be avoided in pregnancy, people with weak immune systems, children with asthma (2 to 4 years), and in people with long term medical conditions3.
What to Expect (in both cases)9:
Influenza vaccine side effects are generally well-tolerated, and these may include3:
Yes, it is still possible to get the flu even after being vaccinated with the influenza virus vaccine. Here’s why:
Note: Even if the vaccine doesn’t prevent the flu entirely, it can still help your body fight it off faster and reduce the severity of the illness10.
Most influenza vaccine side effects (those mentioned above) are mild and short-lived. However, in rare cases, more serious reactions can occur.
Seek medical attention immediately if you experience any of the following after getting the flu vaccine3,10:
These symptoms could indicate a serious allergic reaction or another medical concern that needs prompt evaluation. If you’re unsure whether a symptom is related to the vaccine, it’s always better to consult a doctor and get it checked.
Also Read: Influenza A: What is It, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention
Understanding what the influenza vaccine is helps to recognise why it’s important. It’s an annual shot designed to protect against the most common flu viruses circulating each year. Getting vaccinated every year helps lower your risk of infection and severe illness, and also contributes to reducing transmission, especially among vulnerable populations. While the influenza vaccine doesn’t completely stop the spread of the virus due to ongoing changes in flu strains (antigenic drift) and varying effectiveness, it significantly reduces the risk of serious complications and hospitalisations. Therefore, following the appropriate influenza vaccine schedule (getting vaccinated annually) ensures timely protection, especially for high-risk groups.
No, this is not true. The flu vaccine contains a killed (inactivated) virus. This means it cannot cause the flu10.
No, pregnant women are at a higher risk of complications from the flu and the inactivated flu vaccine protects both the mother and the baby. It helps provide passive immunity to the infant for the first 6 months of life when they are very young to be vaccinated10.
Most people with allergies can safely get the flu vaccine. However, if you have a severe egg allergy or have had a serious allergic reaction to a previous flu shot, you should consult your doctor first3.
People who should consult a doctor before vaccination include those with severe allergies to vaccine ingredients, a history of Guillain-Barré Syndrome within 6 weeks of a prior flu shot, or those who are currently very ill3.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
