According to Balinese mythology, a divine bird was sent to Earth carrying four seeds coloured red, white, black, and yellow. During its journey, the bird consumed the yellow seed, leaving only the red, white, and black ones. These are believed to represent the various types of rice grains known today.
Among them, red rice stands out for its distinctive colour and traditional significance. Commonly referred to by different names such as Oryza longistaminata, Matta rice, Palakkadan Matta rice, and Rakthashali in Ayurveda, red rice owes its rich hue to the presence of anthocyanin, a natural antioxidant pigment.
Red rice can appear in several forms, which include wild, weedy, or cultivated and may be partially or fully covered with husk. It has been traditionally cultivated in regions such as Sri Lanka, China, the United States, Korea, and India. Within India, red rice is grown in various states, including Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Odisha, and Madhya Pradesh. Notable varieties include Patni from Maharashtra, Matali and Jatu from Kullu, and Matta from Kerala1.
Did You know?
Red rice is a nutritional powerhouse. It contains proteins, carbohydrates, mono-unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals like zinc and iron. Additionally, red rice is a source of polyphenols, including vanillic acid and ferulic acid, as well as antioxidants like anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and flavonoids, which are responsible for its characteristic colour. The nutritional components of red rice per 100 grams are given below2:
Scientific studies have examined various aspects of red rice, and its consumption has been associated with several beneficial nutritional properties. Some of these observed characteristics are outlined below, based on available research and traditional dietary usage.
Some of the potential benefits of red rice are described as below:
Inflammation is the body’s natural defence mechanism in response to infection, stress, or tissue injury. It can be acute, such as in the case of fever, or chronic, as seen in long-term conditions like arthritis. A systematic review12 has reported that red rice may exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in certain experimental settings. Antioxidants are known to help protect cells from oxidative stress and may assist in reducing inflammatory responses. These potential effects are attributed to the presence of naturally occurring compounds in red rice, such as gamma-oryzanol, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds3.
While such findings are of interest, it is important to note that more robust scientific studies are needed to confirm these observations. At present, there is insufficient clinical evidence to support any definitive health claims regarding the management or treatment of inflammatory conditions through the consumption of red rice.
Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers affecting women worldwide. Some preliminary research13 has investigated the potential effects of red rice on breast cancer cells in laboratory settings. Findings from these studies suggest that certain compounds present in red rice, such as polyphenols, particularly proanthocyanidins may influence cellular processes related to cancer progression. For example, red rice extracts have been observed to inhibit the activity of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a protein associated with cell growth and may also play a role in reducing cell migration in vitro4.
However, it is important to emphasise that these studies are experimental in nature, and the results have not been confirmed through large-scale clinical trials. At this stage, there is no conclusive evidence to support any preventive or therapeutic claims related to breast cancer, and further research is required. Individuals should consult with qualified healthcare professionals for medical advice or treatment..
Alopecia is the loss of hair or baldness. Red rice is naturally rich in protein and other nutrients, which are important for general health, including the maintenance of hair. Some experimental research5 has explored the potential impact of red rice on hair health. In one such study, red rice extract was found to inhibit the activity of the enzyme 5-alpha reductase, which is associated with hair loss in certain conditions. These findings suggest a possible link between compounds found in red rice and reduced hair shedding in laboratory models. However, these results are preliminary and have not been confirmed through extensive human studies. At present, there is insufficient scientific evidence to support the use of red rice in managing alopecia, and individuals experiencing hair loss are advised to seek guidance from a qualified medical professional.
Type 2 diabetes is characterised by elevated blood glucose levels either due to a decreased insulin level or resistance of the body to insulin (a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels). A study6 in 2020 investigated the potential effects of red rice in a diabetic mouse model. The findings suggested that red rice consumption may be associated with improved insulin sensitivity and a lower glycaemic response in that experimental context. These observations were attributed to the naturally low glycaemic index of red rice and the presence of certain bioactive compounds. While these results are scientifically noteworthy,
it is important to recognise that the study was conducted on animals, and further well-designed clinical trials in humans are necessary to confirm these outcomes. At present, there is not enough evidence to support any definitive health claims regarding the management of Type 2 diabetes through red rice consumption. Individuals with diabetes should consult a qualified healthcare provider for appropriate dietary and medical guidance.
Dyslipidemia is characterised by elevated cholesterol, including increased low-density lipoprotein, often referred to as ‘bad’ cholesterol, and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL), known as ‘good’ cholesterol. A review of existing research7 has noted that red yeast rice, which is a fermented form of red rice, may help reduce cholesterol levels by inhibiting its synthesis in the body.
Additionally, the presence of naturally occurring phytosterols and monounsaturated fatty acids in red rice has been associated with potential benefits in managing lipid profiles. These findings suggest that red rice might have a positive effect on dyslipidemia8. However, further rigorous studies are required to establish these claims with greater scientific certainty.
Literature indicates that diets rich in dietary fibre are generally associated with a reduced intake of fats and may contribute to improved digestive health. Traditional Chinese medicine has historically used red rice as a natural help for digestion8. As a good source of dietary fibre, red rice may support regular bowel movements and provide relief from constipation. Furthermore, red rice is naturally low in fat while being relatively high in protein and fibre, which can promote feelings of fullness, potentially reducing overeating and supporting metabolic health. These characteristics suggest that consuming red rice could be beneficial for digestion, relief from constipation, and maintaining a healthy weight1. However, further scientific studies are needed to confirm these effects.
Though there are studies that show the benefits of red rice in various conditions, these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of red rice on human health.
As red rice is a good source of many nutrients, including phytochemicals, which are believed to possess properties that may support skin health and potentially contribute to anti-ageing effects15.
Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS
You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.
Also Read: 14 Health Benefits of Amaranth Leaves That You Must Know
Few side effects related to the consumption of red rice include:
However, if you experience any adverse reactions to red rice, it is advised to discontinue its use immediately and consult a doctor or the Ayurvedic physician who prescribed it. They can provide appropriate guidance based on your symptoms.”
Certain studies14 have explored the potential of red yeast rice in supporting bone health. Preliminary findings from these studies suggest that red yeast rice may have a role in promoting bone formation.
Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)
Eating red rice is okay if taken in moderate amounts. However, general precautions must be followed in the following conditions:
Also Read: Plums (Aloo Bukhara): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects & More!
Therefore, you must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician about the possible interaction of red rice with other drugs and follow the prescription thoroughly, as they will know your health condition and other medications you are taking.
Also Read: Clove (Laung): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!
Red rice is a nutrient-rich grain with potential health benefits supported by both traditional knowledge and preliminary scientific studies. While promising, its therapeutic claims require more clinical evidence for confirmation. As with any supplement, it should be consumed with caution and professional guidance.
Yes. In comparison with white rice, red rice is rich in zinc and iron which may offer several health benefits.
Some famous red rice varieties include Patni of Maharashtra, Matali and Jatu of Kullu, and Matta of Kerala.
Yes. Red rice is low in fat and high in protein and fibres, which increases satiety and reduces overeating, which may help in weight loss.
If red rice is fermented consumed improperly, it may be associated with a risk of liver injury. Excessive intake of red rice can lead to digestive discomfort, including indigestion, bloating, and stomach pain, primarily due to its high fibre and protein content. While red rice consumption is generally not known to cause allergic reactions, in some cases, it may be linked to symptoms such as itching, rashes, or swelling. The precise causes and mechanisms underlying these reactions are not yet fully understood.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
7 
Halim seeds, also known as garden cress seeds, are tiny reddish-brown seeds packed with nutrition and health benefits. Used for centuries in traditional medicine and cooking, they have been valued for their medicinal properties and rich nutrient profile.
These seeds come from Lepidium sativum, an edible herb belonging to the Brassicaceae family. Originally native to Egypt, the plant is now cultivated worldwide, including in India, where it is primarily grown in Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. The plant produces light pink or white flowers and tiny seed pods, which are harvested for their seeds.
Halim seeds are also known by different names across regions, such as Holan, Chandrasura, Aliv seeds, and garden cress. With their impressive nutritional value, they have gained popularity as a superfood. Let’s explore the numerous health benefits these tiny seeds have to offer1.
Halim seeds are packed with the goodness of carbohydrates, proteins, fibers and minerals like calcium, phosphorus, zinc, etc. and phytochemicals like flavonoids, phenols, lectins, tannins, glycosides, etc. The nutritional components and bioactive components of Halim seeds are mentioned below:
Scientifically proven properties of Halim seeds include:
Based on my experience, I have found that the extract from halim seeds shows promising potential as an antifungal agent. It has been observed to effectively inhibit the growth of various fungal species. Halim seeds may possess strong antifungal properties, which could be beneficial in the management of fungal infections.
Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)
Some of the potential benefits of Halim seeds are described below:
Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterised by hyperglycemia (an increase in blood glucose levels) with reduced or total loss of insulin (a hormone that regulates blood glucose in the body) function.
Qusti et al. conducted a study4 in 2016 to assess the effects of Halim seeds in diabetic rats. The study showed that Halim seeds showed a significant decrease in blood glucose levels. This effect was attributed to the inhibition of molecules which inhibit the insulin pathway. This indicates that Halim seeds may help in managing diabetes. However, we need more studies to support these claims in humans.
Strong bones reduce the risk of fractures and protect vital organs like the brain and heart from damage. To build strong bones and promote bone healing in fractures, calcium and Vitamin D play an important role.
Dixit et al. conducted a study1 on rats in 2020, stating that Halim seeds may positively impact bone health and help promote bone healing in case of fractures due to the presence of calcium and phosphorus in high amounts. This indicates that Halim seed consumption may have a positive impact on bone fractures, provided more human studies are done to support these claims.
Obesity is defined as an excessive or abnormal accumulation of fat in the body. A Body Mass Index (BMI)>25 kg/m2 is defined as overweight, and >30 kg/m2 is considered obese. Reducing body weight may help in managing obesity.
Dixit et al. conducted a study4 in 2020 to assess the effect of Halim seeds on obese rats; the study findings supported the use of Halim seeds for weight loss. This indicates that Halim seed consumption may help manage obesity by reducing weight. However, we need more studies to support these claims in humans.
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide. Literature reviews support the use of dietary agents and a reduced risk of breast cancer.
Mahassni et al. conducted a literature review5 in 2013, stating Halim seeds contain phytochemicals like organo-sulfur compounds and phytosterols, which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and may inhibit cell multiplication, arrest the cancer cell cycle and cause apoptosis (cell death of cancer cells). This indicates that Halim seeds may exert an anti-cancer effect on breast cancer. However, there is limited evidence, and we need more studies to support these claims in humans.
Hyperlipidemia or hyperlipoproteinemia is defined as an increase in total cholesterol, a reduction in low-density lipoprotein or bad cholesterol and an increase in high-density lipoprotein or good cholesterol.
Yousef et al. conducted a study6 in 2014 to assess the effects of Halim seeds on hyperlipidemia; this study states that Halim seeds positively impacted lipid profiles. This effect is attributed to the inhibition of an enzyme, which aids the formation of cholesterol. This indicates that the consumption of Halim seeds may help manage hyperlipidemia. However, more studies should be conducted to claim these effects with more reliability.
In my practice, I have observed that halim seeds may exhibit significant antidiarrheal properties. It is believed to achieve this by inhibiting gastrointestinal propulsion and fluid secretion, resulting in a decreased frequency of bowel movements and reduced fluid loss.
Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS
Though there are studies that show the benefits of Halim seeds in various conditions, these are insufficient, and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of Halim seeds on human health.
You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an Ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.
According to a study9, it is stated that in addition to the nutritional components, Halim seeds also contain anti-nutrients like phytates and oxalates, which may interfere with the absorption of nutrients.
However, if you experience any adverse reactions to Halim seeds, it is advised to discontinue their intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed them. They will be able to guide you appropriately.
Also Read: Kayam Churna: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More
Consuming Halim seeds is okay if taken in moderate amounts. However, general precautions must be followed in the following conditions8:
The safety data regarding the use of Halim seeds in pregnant and breastfeeding women, the elderly and infants is limited; therefore, it is advised to take necessary cautions if you plan to add this herb to your dietary routine. It is advised to follow precautions and consume it in moderate amounts.
Consuming Halim seeds is contraindicated in the following situations:
Also Read: 14 Amazing Health Benefits of Pumpkin Seeds!
However, you must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician about the possible interaction of Halim seeds with other drugs and follow the prescription thoroughly, as they will know your health condition and other medications you are taking8.
Also Read: Chia Seeds: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects, and More!
Yes, animal studies3 show that Halim seeds may help in weight loss. However, we need more studies to support these claims in humans. Therefore, it is advised to consult a doctor for proper treatment in case you have any weight-related issues.
The safety data regarding the use of Halim seeds in pregnancy is limited; therefore, it is advised to take necessary cautions if you plan to add this herb to your dietary routine. It is advised to consult a doctor for proper advice.
Yes, Halim seeds, due to their high iron content, may help in managing iron-deficiency anemia.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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5You would come across an Ashoka tree while walking in your building compound or on the streets. The Ashoka tree is considered sacred and legendary in India. In Sanskrit, Asoka or Ashoka means ‘without sorrow’. Ashoka is associated with several traditional beliefs and is sacred to the Hindu God of love, Kamadeva. It is believed that Gautama Siddhartha, the founder of Buddhism, was born under the Ashoka tree. The scientific name of the Ashoka tree is Saraca asoca, which belongs to the Caesalpinaceae family. Ashoka tree is native to India and is found all over India, especially in the Himalayas, Kerala, Bengal and the southern regions. The Ashoka tree has been used extensively in Ayurveda1. Let us look at some of the health benefits of the Ashoka tree.
Ashoka plants may contain several bioactive compounds like saponins, steroids, proteins, carbohydrates, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, and many more1. Ashoka tree leaves and flowers may contain the following components:
Did you know that in Sri Lanka, the traditional medicine called Asokaristha is used to tackle menstrual disorders like menorrhagia? The key component of this medicinal preparation is the bark of the Ashoka tree. However, additional studies have been conducted to understand the scientific basis behind its effectiveness10.
Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)
Several studies have shown that the Ashoka tree may have the following properties:
Did you know that the bark of the Ashoka tree might aid various conditions like indigestion, dysentery, piles, irregular menstruation, and sores? And guess what? The dried flowers of the tree may be used in syphilis and haemorrhage11!
Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS
Some of the potential Ashoka tree uses are:
A study3 by Cibin et al. in 2012 showed that flavonoids from Ashoka tree flowers might reduce the number of tumours in skin cancer. This is because it may destabilise the free radicals (harmful molecules in the body) and reduce oxidative degradation of lipids (fats). Additionally, flavonoids from the Ashoka tree may reduce the enzymes like glutathione peroxide, catalase and ornithine decarboxylase, which may be responsible for causing skin cancer. However, these studies were conducted on animals; therefore, further studies on humans are required to check if the Ashoka tree can act against cancer. You must immediately consult your doctor if you suspect any symptoms of cancer.
A study2 by Shirolkar et al. in 2012 showed that catechins in Ashoka tree bark and leaves might show antimicrobial activity. The catechins may inhibit the growth of bacteria. It may act against infections caused by bacteria like E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureas, and many more. However, further studies are required to check if the Ashoka tree may be beneficial for bacterial infections. Therefore, you must consult your doctor if you suspect any bacterial infection.
A study5 by Swamy et al. in 2013 showed that bioactive compounds like β-sitosterol and epicatechin in the Ashoka tree might reduce the risk of heart disease. Ashoka tree may reduce bad cholesterol levels by destabilizing the body’s free radicals (harmful molecules) and reduce oxidative degradation of lipids (fats). High cholesterol levels in the body may increase the risk of heart diseases; therefore, antioxidant activity may contribute to protecting the heart. However, further large-scale studies on humans are required to investigate if the Ashoka tree may be beneficial in reducing the risk of heart diseases. Therefore, you must immediately consult your doctor if you suspect any symptoms of heart disease.
A study4 by Gupta et al. in 2014 showed that the flavonoids like quercetin and gallic acid in the Ashoka tree may reduce inflammation caused in arthritis. The inflammation may be reduced by inhibiting the release of inflammatory cytokines (molecules in the body responsible for causing inflammation). However, further studies are required to check if the Ashoka tree may be beneficial for arthritis. Therefore, you must consult your doctor if you suspect arthritis instead of self-medicating.
A study6 by Maruthappan et al. in 2009 showed that flowers of the Ashoka tree might help to reduce stomach ulcers. The results suggested that the Ashoka tree may reduce lesions, inflammation and acid secretion to reduce stomach ulcers. However, these studies were conducted on animals; therefore, further large-scale studies on humans are required to check if the Ashoka tree may be beneficial for stomach ulcers. You must consult your doctor if you suspect ulcers.
A study7 by Mishra et al. in 2014 showed that bioactive compounds like phytosterol, flavonoids and saponins in the Ashoka tree might be beneficial for type II diabetes. These bioactive compounds may increase the secretion of insulin (a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels). Additionally, it may reduce blood sugar levels. However, further large-scale studies on humans are required to check if the Ashoka tree may be beneficial for diabetes. You must consult your doctor if you have abnormal sugar levels.
A study by Verma et al. in 2010 showed that intake of leaf extracts of the Ashoka tree may help to relieve pain. The bioactive compounds like tannins, triterpenoids, saponin, flavonoids and glycosides in the Ashoka tree might help to reduce pain. However, further studies are required to check if the Ashoka tree may be beneficial in reducing pain. Therefore, you must consult your doctor if you experience pain for a prolonged period.
A study9 by Gill et al. in 2017 showed that flavonoids and phenols in the Ashoka tree might help to reduce depression. These bioactive compounds may increase the antioxidants in the brain and reduce oxidative stress by destabilizing harmful free radicals. This may reduce the symptoms of depression. However, further large-scale studies on humans are required to check if the Ashoka tree may be beneficial for depression. Therefore, you must consult a doctor if you suspect symptoms of depression.
Though studies show the benefits of the Ashoka tree in various conditions, these are insufficient, and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of the Ashoka tree on human health.
It’s interesting to note that the Ashoka tree might be beneficial in detoxifying the body and naturally purifying the blood. This may help to keep skin allergies away. It’s amazing how this natural remedy offers multiple benefits for overall well-being11!
Dr. Smita barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.
Various parts of the Ashoka tree can be consumed in the following ways1:
You must consult a qualified doctor before taking Ashoka tree in large quantities or any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.
Did you know that the Ashoka tree is like a superhero for your skin? Its root, bark, and seed extracts may have incredible powers to tackle a wide range of skin issues! From fighting off acne and eczema to reducing freckles and even enhancing skin complexion, this tree with its various parts might be a true skin saviour12.
Dr. Anuja Bodhare, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)
Various natural preparations made from parts of the Ashoka tree has no specific side effects. However, if any reaction is noticed on using it, seek immediate medical attention. Consult your ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it to you; they will be able to identify the cause and treat it effectively.
Also Read: Shilajit: Uses, Benefits & Side Effects By Dr. Anuja Bodhare
The following precautions must be taken before consuming the Ashoka tree:
It is advised to consult your doctor before consuming a preparation made from parts of the Ashoka tree if you have any pre-existing diseases.
The Ashoka herb has special benefits for the endometrium (lining of the uterus) and uterine muscles. This might make it a helpful uterine tonic for addressing irregular menstrual cycles and avoiding miscarriages.
Dr. Ashok Pal, BAMS
There is not enough evidence on the interaction of the Ashoka tree with other drugs. Further studies on the interaction of the Ashoka tree are required. Therefore, you must consult your doctor if you are on any other medication before consuming Ashoka tree.
Also Read: Atibala: Benefits, Side Effects, Precautions & More
There are several medicinal uses of Ashoka tree. Ashoka tree may act against cancer. It may be used for bacterial infections, arthritis, ulcers and depression. Ashoka tree may protect the heart and help to reduce blood sugar levels. Additionally, the Ashoka tree may help to relieve pain. However, you must consult your doctor if you experience symptoms of the mentioned conditions instead of self-medicating.
Various parts of the Ashoka tree can be consumed. The bark of the Ashoka tree can be powdered and consumed with honey. The decoction of the bark of the Ashoka tree can be consumed with milk. Ashoka tree can be consumed as ayurvedic medicines in the form of Asokarishta and Asokaghrita. However, you must consult a qualified doctor before using such preparations.
Pregnant and breastfeeding women should be careful before consuming any parts of the Ashoka tree. People with heart disease should also be careful before consuming any parts of the Ashoka tree. You should consult a doctor before consuming the leaf or flower of the Ashoka tree if you have any pre-existing diseases.
Various natural preparations made from parts of the Ashoka tree have no specific side effects. However, if any reaction is noticed on using it, seek immediate medical attention. Consult your ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it to you; they will be able to identify the cause and treat it effectively.
Ashoka leaves and flowers may contain bioactive compounds like tannins, steroids, proteins, carbohydrates, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids and many more.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
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2Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. It may also occur in men, although very rare. Breast cancers can start from any of the different parts of the breast1. The breast is an organ composed mainly of glands, ducts and fatty tissue. In women, the breast makes milk for feeding newborns and infants.
The most common types of breast cancer are2:-
The cancer cells begin in the ducts and then grow outside the ducts into other parts of the breast tissue. Invasive cancer cells can also spread or metastasise, to other parts of the body.
The cancer cells begin in the lobules and then spread from the lobules to the breast tissues that are close by. These invasive cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body.
There are other types of breast cancers as well, which a doctor usually diagnoses with the help of lab tests and biopsies.
Breast cancer must not be left untreated once diagnosed. The treatment for breast cancer comprises surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Proper diet and food supplements help in combating and overcoming, partially or otherwise, the side effects of the treatment cycle, especially chemotherapy and radiation.
Good nutrition is the key for cancer patients throughout the various phases of treatment and after. The treatment may affect the way your body metabolises certain foods and uses nutrients and this varies for each individual.
During the treatment process, your diet must help build up your strength. You must eat high protein, high-calorie foods which will promote the following-
If you had surgery, chemotherapy or radiation therapy, you need a lot of protein to feel fit and fight off infections. The body loses substantial immunity in the process of breast cancer (and other cancer) treatment. Fish, poultry, lean meat, eggs, low-fat dairy products, nuts and nut butter, dried beans, peas, lentils and soya foods are all good sources of protein.
In my opinion, depending on whether you are vegeterian or follow other diets, increase your consumption of poultry, fish, and legumes like beans and lentils for a healthy source of protein. Scientists suggest daily protein consumption may help cope with breast cancer3. One to two servings of soy food per day, such as tofu, edamame, and soy milk, may also be included assuming soy is used in moderation.
Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS
Grapes are a rich source of the antioxidant resveratrol, which has the potential to possibly stop cancer from starting in the breast4. You must eat grapes with their skin intact as it has the most resveratrol.
These have always been popular for their medicinal properties. They contain high levels of the flavonoid quercetin beneficial for lung and colon cancers5. Figs can reduce inflammation which is the major cause of cancer.
Cruciferous vegetables must be included in your regular diet. Broccoli has a high amount of a phytochemical called sulforaphane, which is a cancer-fighting plant compound6. These vegetables are effective sources of nutrition and also boost immunity.
The antimicrobial and antitumor properties of garlic and onion have been known for over 1000 years. They must be part of your daily diet.
Tea (both green and black) has active antioxidants that keep the harmful effects of free radicals in check, which cause cellular damage7. Fresh tulsi tea can be a good choice.
It is already an integral part of Indian foods. Curcumin I, II and III inhibit carcinogenesis and have proven anti-inflammatory properties. It is also an antitumour agent8.
This herb is rich in carnosol, a phytochemical that can slow the growth of cancer cells, strengthen the immune system and limit the production of cancer-related hormones. It acts as an antioxidant and can be included in your diet during and after breast cancer treatment9.
This ingredient in every Indian kitchen helps inhibit tumour cell growth. It is useful for patients with breast cancer and it has anticancer potential10. You may include it in your diet during and post-treatment.
This exotic flower product has excellent inhibitory properties against cancer cells11.
Nutritional properties of soya milk and other soya products make them preferred inclusions in your breast cancer diet.
If you ask me, roughly 25 to 30 grams of fibre should be taken daily. To my knowledge, whole grains are rich in vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, fibre, and complex carbs. According to a study12, eating a lot of fibre may keep you away from breast cancer and other hormone-dependent tumours. Make sure that at least 50% of the grains in your diet are whole grains, such as brown rice for dinner or whole-grain bread for lunch.
Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)
Also Read: Jaundice: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes and Types
Apart from the usual culprits like sugary foods, fatty foods and processed and preserved food, if you suffer from breast cancer, make sure you avoid the following:
Also Read: How Exercise Can Help You Deal with Breast Cancer
The most important part of breast cancer treatment is a regular follow-up, maintaining a healthy lifestyle and following a good diet. Apart from keeping to a diet rich in proteins, minerals, vitamins and nutrients, you must always be well hydrated. Drink plenty of water, exercise and keep your weight in check, as fat and obesity are inimical for breast cancer. Form a habit of taking small meals rather than heavy ones, spaced throughout the day. Do enough activities caring to avoid stress on the arm where the axillary nodes have been surgically removed.
Also Read: Best Summer Foods to Keep Your Body Cool
Your diet should be such that you eat enough nutrients to keep your body strong. A balanced diet consisting of fruits, vegetables, grains, beans, nuts, seeds, meats/eggs and dairy products is ideal. Talk to your doctor about any additional supplements that you may need.
Cruciferous vegetable-based juices, i.e. juices that contain vegetables like cabbage, spinach or any other belonging to the family of cruciferous vegetables containing loads of vitamin A.
You may go for any of these juice combinations:
– Orange, carrot, turmeric.
– Green apple, beetroot.
– Beetroot, carrot orange, cucumber.
Make sure to consume freshly prepared juices and not packaged ones. Whole fruits are always better than juices because they include all the fibre content.
Eggs are rich in powerful antioxidants, lutein and zeaxanthin. It inhibits cancer cell growth in breast cancers. It is good to have an egg a day unless you suffer from any other health conditions and must avoid it.
Berries, broccoli, tomatoes, walnuts, grapes and other coloured and leafy vegetables, fruits and nuts from the list. All plant foods that contain phytochemicals typically comprise foods for fighting your battle against breast cancer naturally.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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2A lipoma is a round or oval-shaped tissue mass that develops right under the skin. It composed of fat and moves easily when touched and rarely causes any discomfort. Lipomas can form in any body part, although the back, torso (trunk), arms, shoulders and neck are the most common parts.
Lipomas are slow-growing, soft tissue tumours that are typically benign (non-cancerous). In some cases, they may be mistaken for liposarcomas, which are rare malignant tumours; however, liposarcomas usually present differently and require specialist evaluation2.
Most lipomas don’t require treatment unless symptomatic. If a lipoma bothers you, you can consult a doctor and get it operated on.
According to healthcare professionals, the exact cause of lipoma development remains unclear. However, they often have a genetic link, if a family member has a lipoma, your risk of developing one is higher.
Several conditions are also known to be associated with the formation of multiple lipomas, such as:
Lipomas are usually not painful, although they can be bothersome if they push against a nerve or form near a joint. Many patients with lipomas do not experience any symptoms. Lipomas are typically encapsulated and they do not disseminate to the surrounding tissues.
While scientific evidence supporting the effectiveness of home treatments for lipomas is limited, some traditional practitioners believe that certain herbs and plant-based ingredients may offer benefits for managing the condition. Below is a list of popular natural remedies to consider but keep in mind that none of these can cure or prevent lipomas.
To support your body and reduce inflammation, include healthy fats, especially omega-3 fatty acids, in your meals. These essential fats are known to calm inflammation and promote overall wellness. At high enough levels, omega-3s help reduce inflammatory compounds in the body, such as cytokines and reactive oxygen species, which may play a role in fatty tissue growth.
Natural sources of omega-3 fatty acids include wild-caught salmon, sardines, flaxseeds, walnuts, chia seeds, and hemp seeds. You can eat them directly or use their oils in cooking or homemade remedies. When used consistently, these nutrient-rich fats can support the body’s natural balance and may help reduce discomfort linked to lipomas5.
Bioactive compounds found in Moro orange extract (found in blood orange) have demonstrated lipolytic effects, meaning they help break down fat cells. Studies6 suggest that these compounds, particularly anthocyanins like cyanidin-3-glucoside, may support the reduction of abdominal fat by enhancing fat metabolism and reducing the accumulation of fat in adipose tissue. This makes Moro orange extract a potential natural aid in managing localized fat deposits, including those seen in conditions like lipomas.
Apple cider vinegar is rich in acetic acid, has been studied for its potential to reduce fat accumulation and support metabolism. Research7 on obese rats and mice suggests that acetic acid may help prevent fat buildup in the body. To gently support your system, consider a daily detox drink that includes apple cider vinegar along with natural ingredients like ginger and raw honey. This combination may aid in overall detoxification and offer subtle support in managing fatty growths like lipomas.
Adjusting your diet may help support the body’s natural balance in individuals with lipomas. Brightly coloured fruits and vegetables are rich in antioxidants, which may help lower fat levels in the blood and reduce oxidative stress. Prioritise foods like berries, leafy greens, and carrots for their vibrant nutrient content8,9.
Focus on eating natural, minimally processed foods to reduce exposure to environmental toxins and synthetic additives. Lastly, reduce alcohol consumption and avoid smoking, as both can negatively impact overall health and potentially worsen fatty tissue imbalances.
Consult a doctor if you notice a skin outgrowth, lump, or knot beneath your skin. It’s critical to get it checked and rule out any dangerous illnesses like liposarcoma (a type of cancer)2.
If you have a lipoma and experience any symptoms, such as acute discomfort, consult the doctor immediately. In case your lipoma is developing quickly (over weeks), feels firm or doesn’t move as readily when touched, you must seek medical attention. Your physician will physically examine the lipoma to determine the right treatment for it.
Also Read: Natural Home Remedies for Blood Clots
Lipomas are common and affect millions of individuals. While they can be bothersome or cosmetically unappealing, they rarely lead to serious health problems. Most lipomas don’t require treatment, but it’s important to have them evaluated by a healthcare professional. If a lipoma causes pain or shows rapid growth, be sure to consult your doctor. When removal is necessary, lipomas are typically taken out through minimally invasive surgical procedures.
Lipomas can form in any part of the body. Although multiple lipomas can grow, most people only have one. These mostly form just beneath the skin on the following areas:
-Arms or legs
-Back
-Neck
-Shoulders
-Trunk (chest and torso)
-Forehead
If a lipoma causes discomfort or concern, the doctor can surgically remove it. Lipoma removal is a simple and quick procedure and in most cases, patients are able to return home the same day. As an alternative, liposuction may be considered. In this procedure, a physician uses a thin, hollow instrument to extract fatty tissue from the lump. The choice of treatment depends on the size, location, and nature of the lipoma, and should be discussed with a qualified medical practitioner.
Lipomas are common and affect about one in every 1,000 people. Lipomas more frequently occur in people between the ages of 40 and 60 but can occur at any age, including at birth. Lipomas are found in both men and women, though some studies2 suggest that they are more prevalent in women.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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10Hernias are caused when a weakness in the muscle or tissue of the body allows an internal part of the body to push through1. Typically, a hernia occurs between the chest and the hips. There are few or no symptoms initially. However, you may notice swelling or a lump in your belly (abdomen) or groin.
3 of the most common types of hernia are:
Exercise can be safe for some people with hernias. It may be safe to exercise with a hernia, but caution should be taken. To prevent additional stress on your hernia, focus on activities that won’t strain that area. It is not recommended to perform exercises or lift routines that strain or pull the abdominal area when suffering from abdominal hernias. Nevertheless, there are several exercises to avoid. Working out safely begins by knowing which exercises to avoid.
Furthermore, working out with a qualified personal trainer or an accredited physiotherapist is recommended. The trainer or physiotherapist can help you with safe exercises. Consult your doctor before exercising when you have been diagnosed with a hernia or are recovering after a hernia operation.
Some evidence is that exercise or yoga can help with or speed up the healing process after Hernia surgery. Exercise and yoga are recommended by physicians and physical therapists for a healthy lifestyle. Understanding the right exercises and the time to begin them from your doctor is important.
Use the thigh muscles during Pillow Squeeze. Begin by lying flat on the floor and bending your knees. Inhale deeply while holding a pillow between your knees. As you exhale, squeeze the pillow gently with both knees. Make sure to repeat this exercise 20 times daily.
Keeping your knees in the same position, exhale while sitting with a pillow between them. Lift your waist and rest your arms on the floor to provide support. Try to stay as straight as possible from your shoulders to your knees. Take in as much air as you can. Sit with a pillow between your knees and return to the initial position. Repeat 20 times daily.
Bend your knees and lie down flat on the floor. Your head and chin should be at the same level. Then, raise one leg up, keeping the other leg bent. Try wrapping a towel around your foot and pulling the lifted leg towards yourself. Try to stretch your hamstring muscles until they feel a bit stretched. Hold that position for at least 30 seconds. Then go back to the starting position. Perform this exercise 10 times a day with each leg.
Keep your knees bent and inhale as you lie flat on the floor. As you exhale, open one knee sideways. Bring it as close to the floor as possible. Now bring the knee back. Proceed in the same manner with the other knee. Do this five times per day. Maintain a straight body position during the exercise.
Keeping your feet apart, bend your knees in the same position. Inhale as you hold your arms straight out in front of you. Inhale slowly as you roll over your hips on your right side. Bend both knees sideways. Do the same on the other side. Repeat this exercise ten times a day, then increase to 20.
The pose helps strengthen the lower body and core. Keep your feet close together. Put your hands over your head while pressing your knees together. You should keep your thighs parallel to the floor by bending the knees as much as possible. Return to the starting position after holding the stretch as long as possible.
Strengthen the muscles in your stomach with this exercise. With both feet flat on the floor, lie on your back with the knees bent. Keep the shoulders down and lift the lower back off the floor. Remain in this position for as long as possible before returning to your starting position.
It strengthens the diaphragm and can benefit people affected by Hiatal hernias5. You can either sit up or lie down. One hand should go on the stomach, the other on the chest. Take a deep breath through your nose, focusing on your stomach as it rises. Focus on lowering the stomach as you breathe out through pursed lips. Repeat this a few times.
Strengthen your lower abdominal muscles by cycling your legs in the air. Lay on a slant board. You can remove excess pressure from your head and feet while exercising with slant boards. You can do bicycle leg exercises on your slant board by lifting your legs towards your chest. Stabilise yourself by holding your sides while pedalling your legs. Perform these exercises in 10 to 15-minute sessions three times every week.
It is vital to maintain a flexible abdomen to reduce the risk of hernias. Keep your knees straight while you lie flat on the floor. Keeping your back firmly on the ground, bend your legs on each side and try to touch the surface. Keep the posture in place for 5-10 seconds, then return to your starting position. Repeat the exercise on the opposite side. You should perform this stretch daily. Stretching your abdominal muscles increases their flexibility, making them less likely to weaken under pressure.
Any exercise should be performed with correct breathing. Take deep breaths from your abdomen rather than your chest. It helps release abdominal pressure by lifting the diaphragm. Your back should be on the ground. One hand should be placed on your chest, and the other on your belly. Let air enter your abdomen as you breathe through your nose. You should raise your lower hand instead of the hand on your chest as you breathe in.
To be done only after discussing with the surgeon:
In the aftermath of surgery, it is normal to feel some pain. In particular, after abdominal surgery, deep breathing can be quite painful, which makes people breathe very shallowly. Sometimes, the inability to expand the lungs properly can lead to infections in the bottom of the lungs. You should therefore take a few conscious deep breaths throughout the day. You should also use controlled coughing to rid yourself of phlegm or sputum. To aid in coughing and clearing the lungs properly, you can hold a pillow or towel near the surgical wound to provide some support.
Walking around after hernia surgery is a highly recommended exercise to enhance the speed of your recovery. By doing so, you encourage your circulation to run smoothly and encourage your gut to keep working. It is important for patients to walk a little after surgery and increase the distance after recovery. Walking helps speed up recovery and prevents infection and blood clots.
Leg exercises provide you with the strength to keep your legs mobile and prevent blood clots by keeping the circulation moving. Repeat each exercise several times to start with and increase repetitions as you get stronger.
Your core muscles will be strengthened, thus reducing the risk of hernias:
Also Read: Is It Possible to Increase Penis Size? Myths vs. Medical Facts
Certain exercises and activities should be avoided after your hernia surgery or if you have a hernia:
Also Read: 6 Best Yoga Poses & Exercises To Deal With Piles
When exercising with a hernia, keep certain tips in mind to make sure you remain safe. One of the most important steps is to avoid the exercises listed above. As part of your exercise routine, make sure that you include aerobic exercises, glute bridges and postural strengthening exercises.
Be sure not to overdo it. You should be gentle with yourself until your hernia has recovered. If you do it correctly, exercise will help you manage your hernia better and prepare you for surgery if necessary. After surgery, it is definitely an important part of your prevention plan
You always run the risk of worsening hernias when you begin exercising. Hence, patients must seek treatment for a hernia before participating in intense exercise. Every person is different therefore, it is mandatory to discuss with your doctor the right time to begin exercises and the type of exercise one should engage in.
Also Read: Food Choices for Hernia: What to Eat and Avoid
It is safe to exercise with a hernia, however, there may be risks to making your hernia worse. If done correctly, exercise can help you cope with your hernia better6. Ensure to be careful and not overdo your exercises or perform any strenuous exercises. Consult your doctor before doing any exercise.
The benefits of exercise may help you manage many chronic health conditions and alleviate the symptoms of a hernia. However, you must be careful, as some exercises can cause strain on your affected area and may worsen your hernia.
Core exercises such as crunches, planks, sit-ups and some pilates, in other words, exercises that are more advanced, should be avoided. Performing heavy lifting exercises, including deadlifts and squats, at a high intensity, can result in your hernia getting worse. In addition, avoid sports with high impact or contact. Avoid bending down and lifting anything heavy at home.
Yes, walking is a highly recommended exercise for a person suffering from a Hernia. You can go for short walks unless advised otherwise by your doctor.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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14Hernia is a condition that occurs when an internal organ or tissue pushes through a weak spot or region in the covering muscle or tissue that is supposed to contain it. For example, one of the most common types of hernias is when the intestines (internal organs) push through the lower abdominal muscle wall (surrounding tissue). This produces a bulge in the lower abdominal area1.
A hernia may not be serious immediately, but many hernias tend to worsen with time and will require surgical intervention. Anybody can get a hernia regardless of age or gender, although it may be more common in older adults and those who are overweight. Most hernias occur within the abdominal cavity, between the chest and the hip.
It produces a noticeable lump or bulge that can be pushed back in or that can disappear when lying down. Laughing, crying, coughing or straining during a bowel movement or physical activity may make the lump reappear after it has been pushed in. Speak with a doctor immediately for an appropriate diagnosis.
A hernia can be caused by several reasons. The weakening of the enveloping tissues or other muscles due to ageing, strain, obesity, or birth defects can make it easier for internal organs to push through1.
Risk factors for hernia may also include pregnancy, being overweight, straining when going to the toilet, forceful and regular coughing, or giving birth. Additionally, some hernias may be caused after a surgical procedure, while other hernias, such as hiatal hernias, do not have causes that are fully understood.
This is the most common hernia. The inguinal canal goes from the abdominal region to the lower groin. The weakening of tissues in this region may cause the intestines or tissue from inside to push through and create a bulge at the top of the inner thigh2.
A femoral hernia is a rare type of hernia in the groin region that occurs over the femoral canal in the upper thighs. This type of hernia is more likely in older women3.
When the tissues or muscles near the belly button (navel) become weakened, the internal tissue can push through and make a bump in that area. This is known as an umbilical hernia. If the hernia is detected above the navel but below the breastbone, it is known as an epigastric hernia. This hernia may be noticed more often in young children4.
Inside your body, your digestive organs, like the intestines, are kept separated from the upper chest cavity due to the diaphragm. The diaphragm is a muscle within your chest that keeps the organs separate and organised, but sometimes the diaphragm can become weakened, damaged or have defects from birth. This leads to parts of the stomach pushing through and entering your chest region, known as a hiatal hernia. In some people with severe defects, not only the stomach but multiple organs from the tummy region are free to push into the chest area. This is called a diaphragmatic hernia5.
Incisional hernias occur at the site of an incision or cut, usually made for surgical purposes. After the surgery, the body may not heal the muscle tissue properly, which may lead to a weak point developing. This makes it easier for a bulge to form and the internal organs to push through. Some types of incisional hernias are called ventral hernias6.
Avoiding too much straining of your abdominal muscles after abdominal surgery and allowing your muscles to heal completely goes a long way to prevent the development of a hernia.
Dr. Ashish Bajaj, M.B.B.S., M.D. in Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology
A hernia can be easily noticed since they typically occur in common places and have similar symptoms. In most cases, you will need to speak with your doctor immediately after finding a hernia. Here are a few key signs to watch for:
Home remedies do not cure a hernia. These may help reduce the risk of hernia in some people. Consult a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment of a hernia.
Do not try any exercise or home remedies without your doctor’s consent.
One of the main causes of hernia is strenuous exercise or overexertion. If you are engaged in heavy exercises, cut back and perform easy workouts. People who have suffered from hernia before should refrain from lifting heavy weights7. Some of the following exercises can help reduce the hernia:
Light cycling may be considered safe for people with smaller hernias and may also strengthen your muscles. If cycling is causing you more pain, then it should be avoided completely.
Walking is one of the most beneficial and simple exercises to perform and comes with many health benefits. Walking will generally not put additional strain on your hernia, depending on where it is.
Swimming can relieve a lot of pressure, strain, and pain due to the buoyancy of the water. Speak with your doctor and find out whether this exercise is appropriate for you. You will need to avoid strenuous laps and focus on gentle pool wading to get any benefit from this exercise.
Yoga may also support abdominal muscle strength, similar to the previously mentioned abdominal exercises. Avoid any yoga poses that increase your pain and discomfort, as this may worsen your hernia.
Smaller meals can be effective in decreasing the symptoms associated with hernias that involve the intestines. The less pressure you put on your stomach internally, the easier it is for you to digest your food. This will ensure that your digestive system is not under stress, which may benefit you by limiting your hernia pain.
An ice pack8 on the hernia will act as a quick inflammation reliever when your hernia is causing too much discomfort. Always cover the ice with a soft cloth and do not leave it on for long periods.
With more fibre, your stools will be easier to pass and you won’t need to strain. Softer stools can also decrease the risk of constipation.
Obesity and being overweight may increase your risk of a hernia or worsen your condition if you already have one. The more you weigh, the more pressure is placed against your muscle walls. Speak with your doctor about safe ways to lose weight9.
Home remedies for hernia only help in strengthening the muscles and preventing repeat herniation post-surgery. Surgery is the primary treatment for hernia.
Dr. M.G. Kartheeka, MBBS, MD(Pediatrics)
Also Read: Home Remedies for Jaundice By Dr. Siddharth Gupta
If your hernia is not causing you any symptoms like pain or bowel issues, your doctor may not immediately recommend surgery. However, in most cases, a hernia will be accompanied by several serious symptoms that require immediate medical attention. Consult a doctor if you notice the following:
Hernias usually become larger and more severe with time. A strangulated hernia is when the hernia bulge cannot be pushed back inside and becomes trapped within the muscles. This is a dangerous complication. Most hernias are surgically fixed by putting the internal organ back in its place and then strengthening the weak or damaged muscle tissue. Do not delay treatment.
Also Read: 8 Best Home Remedies For Piles
If you suspect that you might have a hernia, speak with your doctor immediately. Even if you do not yet have any symptoms, your doctor will need to monitor your situation and plan for your future. Hernias can be extremely painful to manage and live with. Luckily, there are several surgical options available. Be sure to check with your doctor what instructions you need to follow to manage your hernia before and after surgery.
Also Read: Food Choices for Hernia: What to Eat and Avoid
Most hernias occur due to a combination of two factors occurring at the same time: internal pressure of the organs and tissues and the weakening or opening of muscles or other tissues. This leads to the internal tissue pushing through the outer protective layers and creating a bulge that is easily visible.
The first signs of a hernia are usually a bulge, swelling or bump in the belly, upper and inner thighs, or upper groin that is accompanied by sharp pain in some cases.
A hernia is usually a serious issue unless it is small. Even small hernias eventually turn into serious medical conditions; however, larger ones typically require urgent medical attention and will have more painful symptoms.
No, most hernias do not go away on their own and will require some kind of medical attention eventually.
Hernia often requires surgery to prevent complications such as strangulation or obstruction, but some cases can be managed non-surgically depending on the type, size, and symptoms. Consulting a healthcare professional is essential for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.
Yes, hernias can cause pain, especially when the affected area is under strain or pressure. The pain can vary from a dull ache to a sharp, intense discomfort, and it may worsen with activities like lifting, coughing, or bending.
Yes, hernias can cause constipation, particularly if they obstruct part of the intestine. This can lead to difficulty passing stool, abdominal bloating, and discomfort. If you experience these symptoms, it’s important to seek medical advice.
Yes, hernias can affect pregnancy. The increased pressure in the abdomen during pregnancy can exacerbate an existing hernia or contribute to the development of a new one. It is important for pregnant women with hernias to consult their healthcare provider for appropriate management and monitoring.
Hernias typically do not directly cause weight loss. However, if a hernia leads to complications such as intestinal obstruction or severe pain, it may result in reduced appetite or difficulty eating, which could contribute to weight loss. It’s important to seek medical advice if you experience unexplained weight loss along with hernia symptoms.
A hernia occurs when an internal organ or tissue pushes through a weak spot or tear in the surrounding muscle or connective tissue. This can be caused by factors such as heavy lifting, chronic coughing, obesity, or strain during bowel movements.
A hernia often feels like a noticeable lump or bulge in the affected area, which can be accompanied by discomfort or pain, especially when lifting, bending, or coughing. The pain can range from a dull ache to a sharp, severe sensation.
Hernias can sometimes be managed without surgery through lifestyle changes, such as avoiding heavy lifting and maintaining a healthy weight, or using supportive devices like trusses. However, surgery is often recommended to prevent complications and provide a definitive solution.
Yes, hernias can recur even after surgical repair. Factors such as the strength of the repaired area, the patient’s overall health, and postoperative activities can influence the likelihood of a hernia reoccurring.
Hernias themselves do not cause cancer. However, in some cases, a hernia may obscure an underlying tumour or cancerous growth, leading to delayed diagnosis. It’s important to consult a healthcare professional if you notice any unusual symptoms or changes in the area of a hernia.
While hernias themselves are not typically life-threatening, complications such as strangulation or obstruction, where blood supply to the herniated tissue is cut off, can be serious and even life-threatening if not treated promptly. Seeking medical attention for symptoms of a hernia is important to prevent complications.
There can be a genetic component to hernias, as certain inherited factors may predispose individuals to weakened abdominal muscles or connective tissues, increasing the risk of developing a hernia. However, lifestyle factors such as heavy lifting, obesity, and chronic coughing also play significant roles.
While hernias primarily manifest as a noticeable lump or bulge in the abdomen, they can sometimes cause referred pain, including back pain. This may occur if the herniated tissue presses on nerves in the abdomen or affects the alignment of the spine, leading to discomfort in the back or surrounding areas.
1. InformedHealth.org [Internet]. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. Overview: Hernias. [Updated 2023 Dec 13]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK395554/
2. Hammoud M, Gerken J. Inguinal Hernia. [Updated 2023 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513332/
3. Goethals A, Azmat CE, Adams CT. Femoral Hernia. [Updated 2023 Jul 31]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535449/
4. Holt AC, Bamarni S, Leslie SW. Umbilical Hernia. [Updated 2024 Feb 27]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/
5. Smith RE, Sharma S, Shahjehan RD. Hiatal Hernia. [Updated 2024 Jul 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562200/
6. Hope WW, Tuma F. Incisional Hernia. [Updated 2023 Jun 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK435995/
7. Pathak S, Poston GJ. It is highly unlikely that the development of an abdominal wall hernia can be attributable to a single strenuous event. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2006 Mar;88(2):168-71. doi:10.1308/003588406X95093. PMID: 16551411; PMCID: PMC1964073. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1964073/
8. Koç M, Tez M, Yoldaş O, Dizen H, Göçmen E. Cooling for the reduction of postoperative pain: prospective randomized study. Hernia. 2006 Apr;10(2):184-6. doi:10.1007/s10029-005-0062-2. Epub 2006 Jan 24. PMID: 16432641. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16432641/
9. Dietz UA, Kudsi OY, Gokcal F, Bou-Ayash N, Pfefferkorn U, Rudofsky G, Baur J, Wiegering A. Excess body weight and abdominal hernia. Visc Med. 2021 Aug;37(4):246-253. doi:10.1159/000516047. Epub 2021 Apr 28. PMID: 34540939; PMCID: PMC8406351. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8406351/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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13The hydrocele is an enlargement of the scrotum, the thin sac that contains the testicles. This occurs when too much fluid builds up in the sac. Usually, it occurs in newborns. However, it can also affect adults1.
It is usually not very threatening and might go on its own. However, you should still seek medical attention for it if it does not go away on its own.
Despite being more common in newborns, hydrocele can develop at any age. The development of these may be influenced by underlying injuries or even inflammation. A hydrocele is nothing more than a temporary and inconvenient condition for most people1.
Did you know?
An isolated testicular swelling is usually the only indication of a hydrocele. If you have hydrocele, you might notice symptoms such as redness, itching, soreness, etc. Hydroceles may cause discomfort in adult men due to the heaviness of a swollen scrotum. Generally, the pain increases with inflammation size. Most people with hydrocele do not feel any pain; they just complain of swelling in the scrotum. However, pain may appear along with these other symptoms in some situations. In some cases, the swelling might be smaller in the morning and larger in the afternoon1.
Over the years4, I have observed that based on traditional practices, applying a paste made from fresh corms of Grewia hirsuta (Kukurbijda) on the testicles at night may be used for hydrocele. It is believed that the application of this paste may provide some relief by potentially reducing inflammation or promoting healing in the affected area.
Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)
Hydrocele can be treated in many ways. However, you should also remember that your diet plays an important role in improving your symptoms. Our diet has a direct impact on our health. People with hydrocele should understand what foods can help improve the condition, as well as which foods can aggravate it. Here are lists of food items that you should and should not eat in this condition:
I have often come across people who get a hydrocele or have dealt with its care. They tend to use the tubers of Gloriosa superba L. (Colchicaceae) by cooking them with mustard oil for two hours. After cooling, the obtained lotion is applied externally on the hydrocele for two to three days. While the exact mechanism is not fully understood, it is believed that the application of this lotion may help reduce swelling and inflammation associated with hydrocele4.
Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.
Include fruits like apples, oranges, peaches, pineapple and grapes in your regular diet. Consume fresh, raw fruits and avoid tinned or canned fruits as much as possible. You can also include fresh homemade fruit salads and smoothies without any added sugar.
Include boiled or steamed vegetables in your regular diet. You can have a bowl of boiled vegetables served with your lunch and dinner. A healthy alternative would be to have a fresh vegetable salad every day.
Keeping yourself hydrated is very important. Keep a jug or a bottle of water with you always and make sure to drink water every 15-30 mins. Consuming water and other healthy fluids that will keep you hydrated and healthy is vital, more so for people dealing with hydrocele2.
Both black tea and ginger tea are known to have multiple benefits. Similarly, black tea and ginger tea can be beneficial for people dealing with hydrocele. Every day, a small cup of ginger tea may alleviate some pain and inflammation.
Fibrous food is very important for a good digestive system. Fibre-rich foods such as wheat, barley, rye, oats, methi, machine, jowar, bajra etc., can be beneficial for people dealing with hydrocele as it helps improve digestion3.
Adding antioxidants to your diet can be very healthy, especially beneficial for people suffering from hydrocele. Strawberries and other red and orange-coloured fruits and berries have high antioxidant content and can help detoxify your body.
Based on my experience, a hydrocele (Eksira) is commonly managed using rhizomes that are dried, powdered, and mixed with honey in a ratio of 1:2. This mixture is taken orally for a duration of two weeks. It is believed that the combination of dried rhizome powder and honey may have potential benefits in reducing the swelling and discomfort associated with hydrocele4.
Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS
Excess salt and sugar are found in processed foods. These foods can cause many health problems if consumed in large quantities. Furthermore, they lack fibre and vitamins, which are essential for health. The artificial ingredients in processed foods can also cause serious health problems. People suffering from hydrocele should avoid processed foods.
It is recommended to avoid preserved foods in case you have hydrocele. This is due to the fact that they contain a number of chemicals and artificial preservatives that are unhealthy. Complications and serious health issues can arise as a result of these preservatives. Among the most commonly used artificial preservatives are BHA and BHT, both of which are carcinogenic.
It is recommended that junk foods such as pizza, burgers, fries, etc., be avoided because of their low mineral, vitamin and fibre content. There are a number of problems caused by these and the condition of hydroceles may even worsen. In addition, junk foods are often heavy and contain a large amount of fat, which interferes with bowel movements. This results in constipation, which adds to the strain experienced during bowel movements, which can aggravate the hydrocele.
Spice intake should be reduced if you suffer from hydroceles. You should also avoid heavy and greasy foods. Heavy and greasy foods can be harmful to your health. A lot of discomforts can also be caused by such foods.
Drinks containing caffeine and pickles should be avoided by people with hydroceles. You may experience digestive problems if you consume excessive amounts of salt and oil in pickles. The consumption of large quantities of caffeine also has harmful effects on the digestive system, among other things.
The above-mentioned tips will be very helpful for people dealing with hydrocele to ease their pain and discomfort. Before following these tips, it is very important to first consult your doctor for proper treatment of hydrocele. Hydrocelectomy (a surgical procedure to remove or treat hydrocele) is an effective solution that may be advised by your doctor. Currently, laser-based surgery is used, which is minimally invasive and painless.
Among the foods that can be beneficial for anyone dealing with hydroceles are fibrous food, fruits and vegetables and plenty of water or any healthy fluid to keep yourself hydrated.
Yoga is highly recommended for hydrocele. Yoga asanas such as Vajrasana, Gomukhasana and Garudasana can be very beneficial.
Hydrocele in infants may heal naturally without any treatment, but in any case, one must consult a doctor for this condition. It is also important to address the cause of swelling and prevent any other complications by prompt treatment.
Hydroceles are more likely to develop in premature babies. An injury or inflammation of the scrotum may cause a hydrocele to appear later in life. Sexually transmitted infections may also cause hydrocele.
1. zaifa M, Moreno MA. Hydrocele. [Updated 2023 Jul 3]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559125/
2. Leslie SW, Rout P, Pandey J. Filarial Hydrocele. [Updated 2025 Aug 3]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560776/
3. Akbar A, Shreenath AP. High Fiber Diet. [Updated 2023 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559033/
4. Singh H. Traditional phytotherapy for the treatment of hydrocele in Odisha, India. Anc Sci Life. 2012 Jan;31(3):137-40. doi: 10.4103/0257-7941.103198. PMID: 23284221; PMCID: PMC3530339. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3530339/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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6Have you been experiencing an uncomfortable swelling around your testicles? Chances are that you may have developed a hydrocele. It may be difficult for you to understand what this could be, causing stress and panic. Therefore, knowledge about this condition, its symptoms and management can be extremely useful to take the next step. While surgery is a common management modality in modern medicine, traditional medicine has used phytotherapy (treatment using plant species) for managing hydrocele1.
In this blog, we will discuss about hydrocele and its symptoms and also share some home remedies that can help deal with this condition.
Did you know?
Medical terms such as hydrocele are most often beyond the knowledge of an average man; therefore, even if you may be experiencing symptoms, it could be challenging to assess what exactly it is. Hydrocele indicates swelling around the scrotum area which is more commonly observed in newborn babies and usually gets better after some time without any external treatment. However, in adolescent boys and older men, this condition is generally caused by an inflammatory agent or injury inside the scrotal sac. The accumulation of fluid in the scrotal sac causes swelling2.
Hydrocele usually is pain-free and doesn’t pose serious threats to the patient; however, it is always better to be on the safe side and consult with your doctor to get an expert advice on what is causing the swelling.
If you observe pain-free swelling in both or either one of your testicles, it is advised to check with your doctor.
Even though hydrocele under usual circumstances doesn’t result in pain, adult men may experience a feeling of heaviness or some amount of discomfort due to size fluctuation in the scrotum region. In some cases, the swollen area has visibly altered sizes which can cause increased pain and requires medical attention3.
Congenital hydroceles mostly resolve before two years of age. Therefore, parents of such patients should be properly counselled to curb their anxiety. In this regard, providers and nursing staff play a vital role. If hydrocele develops later in life, underlying pathology must be identified, as its prognosis is dependent on it.
Dr. M.G. Kartheeka, MBBS, MD(Pediatrics)
Hydrocele is generally considered a harmless condition. However, there may be various other factors contributing to the swelling of scrotal sac. It is always best to be aware of the potential health risks. You should not self-diagnose your condition or neglect the issue as it may worsen over time. A professional diagnosis renders essential information to take into account. A doctor’s thorough examination will help you establish whether what you are dealing with is entirely non-threatening or carries an underlying health issue that could cause more significant damage.
If you feel you might have an hydrocele, then consult your doctor for diagnosis and management of the condition. Along with medical management, adopting some home remedies may also help in easing the discomfort in your scrotum.
Here are some quick, simple, and effective home remedies you can try:
Our diet directly impacts our health. A diet rich in fruits like oranges, apples, pineapples, grapes and peaches can support the immune system and maintain overall health. Especially fruits rich in antioxidants such as strawberries may aid in the body’s detoxification and help dealing with hydrocele5.
However, if you do switch to a fruit-based diet, then it is essential to avoid canned fruits as they consist of high levels of preservatives and additives that can worsen your condition. Moreover, if you have medical conditions like diabetes, it’s best to discuss with your doctor which fruits you can safely take and in how much quantity.
As important as it is to eat your fruits, it is also essential to add a healthy amount of greens to your regular diet. Including lightly sauteed veggies and fresh vegetable salad in your everyday life can play a contributing role in upgrading your quality of life and helping deal with the symptoms of hydrocele5.
A healthy diet ensures a healthy mind and body. Eliminate the toxins from your body by hydrating yourself with loads of water and healthy fluids5.
A concoction made of aloe vera and amla juice mixed in equal proportions and consumed every morning on an empty stomach can also be helpful. Their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties may help with itching, irritation and puffiness. But talk to a healthcare expert before trying anything new.
Using ice packs at least 2 to 3 times a week may help in easing the pain and soreness5.
Switching to healthier lifestyle alternatives and exercise may help reduce the size of swelling and uneasiness of scrotum6. And yoga may be the right and effective exercise in providing relief to the pain caused by hydrocele. However, it’s important to practice under the guidance of a trained yoga expert to avoid exercises and asanas that can put undue pressure on scrotal areas7.
Also Read: Best Home Remedies for Upset Stomach
Hydrocele or swelling in the scrotal sac can be worrisome if you don’t know about it. Understanding its symptoms can help in diagnosis and reduce panic associated with this condition. While home remedies may help manage mild hydrocele symptoms, these are not a substitute for medical management. If discomfort persists or worsens, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.
When occurring in newborns, the possibility of a hydrocele disappearing on its own within a year is 70%. Only if the hydrocele remains after two years will the operation be needed. Also, your doctor will evaluate the condition and give the best advice on the necessary treatment.
In an adult, when the hydrocele exhibits a medium to large size, surgery may be the best possible option. Leaving it untreated may cause it to expand in size over a time period causing inconvenience while partaking in daily activities along with constant itching, pain, discomfort and risks of potent infections.
Even though it is pretty uncommon for hydroceles to recur post operation, the possibility cannot be completely ruled out, significantly when the hydrocele has expanded massively.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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9Varicocele occurs when there is an enlargement in the veins of the scrotum, which is a thin pouch of skin that holds the testicles. These veins normally carry oxygen-poor blood from the testicles back to the heart. However, in varicoceles, the blood collects in the veins instead of flowing out properly, similar to varicose veins. Varicoceles often develop during puberty and may gradually worsen with time. Although they may cause discomfort and pain, symptoms may not be noticeable initially. Over time, varicoceles may affect the growth of the testicles, reduce sperm production, and may be linked to a higher risk of infertility. Symptoms of varicocele include:
If you experience any of these symptoms, you need to consult with your doctor as soon as you can. A timely and accurate diagnosis is important so that it does not cause any serious health problems later. The doctor may suggest surgery or recommend a few helpful exercises for your condition.
Regular movement and gentle exercise of the calf muscles may help provide temporary relief from varicocele-related discomfort. This is because physical activity helps improve blood circulation and reduces the risk of blood pooling in the veins. Aim to move regularly throughout the day and try to gently exercise both calf muscles every hour to support better blood flow. Maintaining a physically active routine is important for managing varicocele symptoms and overall health.
Did you know?
Here are some exercises that may help improve circulation and relieve the discomfort caused by varicocele:
This exercise boosts blood circulation and is great for alleviating the pain and discomfort of varicocele. You must begin by sitting right next to a wall, lying down in a comfortable position, and slowly lifting your legs on the wall. Maintain an angle of 90-120 degrees between your body and legs3,4.
You may rest your arms at your sides and breathe regularly. Hold this position for at least 5 minutes and repeat it every day. This is a very easy yoga posture that may help improve testosterone production.
This is a very simple exercise that can be done in the comfort of your home. It promotes better blood circulation and stretches both the inner groin and pelvic regions, thereby temporarily easing the pain associated with varicoceles. It also supports better blood drainage from the testicles. First, lay on your back, bend your knees, and bring them to your chest. Try to hold your feet with your hands. Now, slowly try to draw your legs downwards while maintaining a flat position with your back against the ground, and continue doing this until you feel a mild stretch. Maintain the position for about 1 minute. Do this exercise regularly for positive results5.
The regular practice of Dhanurasana may be involved in stimulating male reproductive organs and smoothening blood circulation across the entire body. It has several physical benefits, while also relieving stress and anxiety. Start by first lying down flat on your stomach while keeping your feet slightly apart and your arms at your sides. Next, raise your legs behind you and hold your ankles behind your back. Then, while inhaling, attempt to slowly raise your legs and chest away from the ground. Once you get in a comfortable position, breathe deeply and maintain the pose for about half a minute or less3,6.
Start by kneeling with both knees on the floor. You can use a yoga mat for added comfort. Keep your ankles and knees together and sit down on your heels. Make sure you sit straight with your buttocks resting on your heels. Meanwhile, your thighs should be resting on your calves as the big toes of both feet touch each other. Place your hands on top of your knees, keep your arms relaxed, head straight, and chin parallel to the ground. Focus on your breathing as you slowly inhale and exhale air. Hold in this pose for about 5 or 10 minutes and gradually increase the time to around 30 minutes per day7. This exercise has several benefits, including strengthening the sexual organs and pelvic muscles and alleviating varicocele pain. Vajrasana also promotes blood flow to the pelvic area, keeping the varicocele from worsening.
Walking at a regular pace every day has several health benefits, particularly for varicocele, as it helps improve blood circulation. Since poor blood circulation is thought to be the main cause of varicocele, regular walks can, to some extent, reduce the chance of developing them in the first place. Walking may also help ease the swelling and pain in the scrotum.
Along with the exercises given above, breathing exercises can help you feel relaxed, reduce stress, and provide relief from varicocele symptoms3. Make sure you consult a doctor before performing these exercises. It is important to perform yoga poses correctly and let your doctor know if you have any health conditions as all exercises may not be ideal for people with orthopedic issues, back pain, joint pain, and others.
Varicoceles are very common, don’t usually cause any complications and do not usually require any treatment unless they make a person very uncomfortable or if they cause clinical infertility.
Dr. Ashish Bajaj, MBBS, MD in Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology
While exercising can be very beneficial for your condition, you should avoid straining your body too much as it may aggravate the pain and inflammation. Strenuous physical activity may affect fertility in individuals with varicocele, as suggested by a research study involving athletes with this condition8. Avoid lifting weights as it increases the pressure on the veins in your legs, which can make your condition worse. You must also avoid doing squats and lunges as they add strain and excessive running is not recommended if you have varicocele. Use caution and speak with a doctor if you are planning to perform any exercises for varicocele.
Some believe that Kegel exercises can help in alleviating the symptoms of varicocele. These are easy-to-do pelvic exercises that, when done consistently, can improve and restore muscle tone and blood flow. They are thought to relieve issues like incontinence and varicoceles.
Dr. M.G. Kartheeka, MBBS, MD (Pediatrics)
Varicocele can be quite concerning as it may cause discomfort and affect your daily life. While some self-care measures may offer temporary relief, in certain cases, medical procedures such as surgery might be necessary. Regular exercise may help improve circulation and reduce discomfort, but it is important to speak with your doctor first to understand which exercises are safe for you and to explore suitable treatment options.
Also Read: 7 Best Exercises to Lose Weight at Home
Untreated varicoceles may cause fertility issues, low sperm quality or count, and affect your sexual life2,9.
Exercise can temporarily ease the pain of varicocele if you already have it. However, avoid strenuous exercise as it can aggravate varicocele symptoms.
The main self-care measures for varicocele include regular exercise, avoiding standing for long hours, maintaining your digestive health, and wearing comfortable underwear that offers testicular support, but is not too tight as it may restrict blood flow1.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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