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Dronapushpi (Leucas aspera): Uses, Benefits and Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Introduction

Hippocrates, “the father of medicine,” has rightly described Nature as the best physician. Since ancient times, different parts of plants like leaves, seeds, flowers, roots and stems have been used for their medicinal value. One such plant which is of great significance is dronapushpi. Dronapushpi is a herb commonly found in India, from the Himalayas and down to Ceylon. The scientific name of this plant is Leucas aspera, and it belongs to the family Lamiaceae. In Sanskrit, it is known as dronapushpi, chitrak-shupa and chitrapathrika. In Hindi, it is called goma madhupati. It is known as thumbai, bahuphul in Marathi and Tunni in Southern India. In this article, we will learn more about dronapushpi, its health benefits, side effects, precautions, etc¹.

Nutritional Value of Dronapushpi

Dronapushpi contains different types of phytochemicals, which include phytosterols (plant sterols) like β-Sitosterol and its glycoside and terpenes (organic compounds found in oils) like norlabdane, labdane, abietane-leucasdins A, B, C and leucastrins A and B. The oil of dronapushpi contains fatty acids like adipic acid, laballenic acid, tridecanoic acid, lauric acid and glutaric acid².

Properties of Dronapushpi

Dronapushpi shows numerous scientifically proven properties, some of which are mentioned below:

It may have antioxidant properties¹.
It may have properties to arrest the growth of fungi and bacteria¹.
It may have the potential to reduce pain¹.
It may have properties to manage fever¹.
It may have the potential to reduce cough¹.
It may have properties to reduce blood glucose³.

Based on a study² I read, it was found that dronapushpi flower balls might provide a satisfying combination of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, iron, and calcium. Thus, they may offer a convenient and tasty option that may be enjoyed as a snack while providing the body with valuable nourishment.
Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

Potential Uses of Dronapushpi for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of dronapushpi are described below.

1. Potential Use of Dronapushpi on Fungal Infections

Literature states that dronapushpi may have the potential to kill harmful fungi. Prajapati et al. conducted a study¹ in 2010. The findings of this study showed that leaves obtained from dronapushpi plant helped in killing fungi like Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton rubrum. This indicates that it may have the potential to manage hair, skin, scalp and nail infections caused due to these fungi. However, we have yet to claim these results with greater reliability. It is further advised not to self-medicate and consult your physician for proper treatment of any fungal infection.

2. Potential Uses of Dronapushpi on Bacterial Infections

Ayurvedic literature supports the use of different plant extracts that may help manage bacterial infections. A study¹ conducted by Prajapati et al. in 2010 stated that the oil extracted from dronapushpi might arrest the growth of bacterias like S.aureus, S.typhi, K.aerogenes, E.coli and P.vulgaris and may have the potential to manage pneumonia, typhoid, urinary tract infections and diarrhoea caused by these bacteria. However, due to limited studies, it is advised not to rely on dronapushpi as a remedy and kindly consult your physician for the proper management of any bacterial infections.

3. Potential Uses of Dronapushpi in Diabetes

Ever wondered what happens to the food that we eat? The food that we eat is broken down into glucose by enzymes like alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase. Verma et al. 2017 conducted a study⁸, and the results of this study show that dronapushpi may help lower blood glucose and may have a positive impact on diabetes. This effect is due to the inhibition of alpha-amylase, which helps in reducing blood glucose levels. However, we need more studies to claim these results with greater reliability. Also, it is advised not to consider dronapushpi as an alternative to modern medicine; you should always consult your doctor for proper management of diabetes³.

4. Potential Use of Dronapushpi on Fever and Cough

Literature studies support the use of herbs like dronapushpi for managing fever. A study¹ conducted by Prajapati et al. in 2010 stated that dronapushpi might help reduce body temperature if you have a fever. Additionally, it may help manage the cough. This indicates that this herb may positively impact fever and cough. The exact mechanism behind these effects is unclear, and thus, you should not rely on dronapushpi for the treatment of fever or cough. It is best to consult your doctor for the proper treatment.

5. Potential Uses of Dronapushpi in Peptic Ulcers

Peptic ulcer or gastric ulcers are sores on the lining of the stomach, food pipe (esophagus) or small intestine. Ulcers are usually associated with stomach pain, indigestion and acid reflux. Many literature studies² support the use of herbal preparations like dronapushpi for managing ulcers. Hiremath et al., in 2022 stated that this herb may help in reducing gastric acid production and, thus, help manage ulcers. However, it is advised not to consider dronapushpi as an alternative to modern medicine, and you should consult your doctor for the proper management of peptic ulcers.

6. Potential Uses of Dronapushpi in Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a skin disease that causes rashes, itchiness, and scaly skin. A review⁴ conducted by Singh et al. in 2022 stated that the presence of antioxidants in dronapushpi may help eliminate the harmful radicals from the body and helps relieve skin itchiness and rashes. This indicates that dronapushpi may positively impact psoriasis. However, you should not consider it as an alternative to modern medicine; it is always advised to consult a physician for the proper management of psoriasis.

7. Potential Uses of Dronapushpi in Prostate Cancer

Studies show that compounds extracted from different parts of the plants may positively impact prostate cancer. Anjusha et al. conducted a study⁵ in 2017, the results showed that dronapushpi might have the potential to manage prostate cancer. To claim these results with greater reliability, we need more studies. It is further advised not to consider dronapushpi as an alternative to modern medicine; kindly consider your doctor for the proper management of prostate cancer⁵.

8. Potential Uses of Dronapushpi in Jaundice

Jaundice is a disease condition characterised by the yellowing of skin, nails and eyes due to an increase in bilirubin (a breakdown product of red blood cells). Literature studies⁶ support the use of dronapushpi to reduce bilirubin. A review which was conducted by Das et al. in 2012 stated that the hot water extract of the entire plant of dronapushpi might help manage jaundice. However, you should not consider this herb as an alternative to modern medicine and should consult your doctor for proper treatment of jaundice.

9. Other Potential Uses of Dronapushpi

Dronapushpi may help improve menstrual flow¹.
It may help manage constipation¹.
The juice of the leaves is administered in the ears to provide relief from ear pain⁶.
Traditionally, dronapushpi was used for managing snake bites¹.
Dronapushpi is a good source of healthy fats and is used as an effective nutraceutical which promotes general well-being³.
Inhaling the crushed flowers of dronapushpi may help manage migraine⁶.

Though there are studies that show the benefits of dronapushpi in various conditions, these are insufficient, and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of dronapushpi on human health. 

From what I have read, the utilisation of the entire dronapushpi plant in a particular herbal composition has been patented for its effectiveness in dealing with epileptic convulsions and cerebral function disorders. This indicates that researchers may have found positive outcomes in using a combination of different parts of the dronapushpi plant, constituting 70% of the herbal composition, to address conditions such as seizures and problems related to brain function⁹.
Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

How to Use Dronapushpi?

Dronapushpi is dried and powdered, 1-3 g of this powder is used for the above-mentioned health benefits.
Juice prepared from the fresh leaves of dronapushpi is consumed in 5-10ml quantities for its health benefits².

You must consult a qualified doctor before consuming any herbal supplements. You should not discontinue or replace your ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting your doctor.

One interesting but surprising use I have come across is the smoking of dried dronapushpi inflorescences and exhaling the smoke through the nose to possibly address nose bleeds. This unique practice suggests that dronapushpi may have been traditionally employed as a remedy for managing nose bleeding⁹.
Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Side Effects of Dronapushpi

Hiremath et al. conducted a study⁵ in 2022 which found that dronapushpi may result in CNS depression or slowing down of brain activity, which can result in nausea, vomiting, reduced heart rate and breathing, confusion and memory loss.

Dronapushpi is considered a safe formulation; however, if you experience any adverse reactions to dronapushpi, it is advised to discontinue its intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it, as they will guide you properly for your symptoms.

Also Read: Triphala Ghrita: Uses, Benefits, Side effects & more!

Precautions to Take with Dronapushpi

Consuming dronapushpi is okay if taken in moderate amounts. However, the following considerations must be taken:

The safety of consumption of dronapushpi by special groups like pregnant and lactating children and the elderly is not studied in detail. Therefore, it is advised to consult a physician if you belong to these special groups and plan to take dronapushpi.
If you are using fresh leaves of dronapushpi, you should first wash the leaves thoroughly under tap water.

Also Read: Kabasura Kudineer: Uses, Benefits and Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Interactions with Other Drugs

There may be an interaction between dronapushpi and your blood glucose-lowering medicines; this may cause blood glucose levels to fall too low. It is best to avoid this combination³.
There may be an interaction between dronapushpi and your anti-cancer medicines resulting in adverse effects. It is best to avoid taking them together⁵.
Herbal medicines like dronapushpi may interact with your ongoing medications and can result in toxicity or decreased efficacy⁷.

However, you must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician about the possible interaction of dronapushpi with other drugs.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the scientific name of Dronapushpi?

The scientific name of dronapushpi is Leucas aspera, and it belongs to the family Lamiaceae¹.

What is Dronapushpi called in Hindi?

In Hindi, dronapushpi is called as goma madhupati¹.

What are Dronapushpi’s side effects?

Hiremath et al. conducted a study⁵ in 2022 which found that dronapushpi may result in CNS depression which can result in nausea, vomiting, reduced heart rate and breathing, confusion and memory loss.

Does Dronapushpi benefit diabetes?

Yes, studies have supported the use of dronapushpi may help in reducing blood glucose and may help manage diabetes².

Can you take Dronapushpi during pregnancy?

The safety of dronapushpi during pregnancy is not well-established; it is therefore advised to avoid its use and consult your doctor for the same.

References

Prajapati MS, Patel JB, Modi K, Shah MB. Leucas aspera: A review. Pharmacognosy reviews. 2010 Jan; 4(7):85. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3249907/
Hiremath S, Pradeep AJ. Leucas aspera Spreng (Dronapushpi): A Review. Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine. 2022; 8(1):48-54. Available at: https://www.ayurvedjournal.com/JAHM_202281_11.pdf
Verma A, Kumar A, Upreti DK, Pande V, Pal M. Fatty acid profiling and In vitro antihyperglycemic effect of Leucas cephalotes (Roth) spreng via carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme inhibition. Pharmacognosy Magazine. 2017 Jan; 13(Suppl 1):S22. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5407111/
Singh R. APPLICATION OF HOMEOPATHY IN VETERINARY PRACTICES. 2022. Available at: https://www.pashudhanpraharee.com/application-of-homeopathy-in-veterinary-practices-3/
Mohan A, Nair SV, Lakshmanan VK. Leucas aspera nanomedicine shows superior toxicity and cell migration retarded in prostate cancer cells. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology. 2017 Apr; 181:1388-400. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27812900/
Das SN, Patro VJ, Dinda SC. A review: Ethnobotanical survey of genus Leucas. Pharmacognosy reviews. 2012 Jul; 6(12):100. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3459451/
Singh A, Zhao K. Treatment of insomnia with traditional Chinese herbal medicine. International Review of Neurobiology. 2017 Jan 1; 135:97-115. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/herb-drug-interaction
Bavarva JH, Narasimhacharya A. Leucas cephalotes regulates carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and improves antioxidant status in IDDM and NIDDM rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;127(1):98–102. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2009.09.042. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26866302_Leucas_cephalotes_regulates_carbohydrate_and_lipid_metabolism_and_improves_antioxidant_status_in_IDDM_and_NIDDM_rats
Dr Anthony Melvin Crasto. AYURVEDA……..Dronapushpi (দ্রোনপুষ্পি) [Internet]. New Drug Approvals; 2015 Feb 01 [cited 2026 Feb 06]. Available from: https://newdrugapprovals.org/2015/02/01/ayurveda-dronapushp

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability, or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation of the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

Benefits of Parivrtta Parsvakonasana and How to Do It by Dr. Himani Bisht

Introduction

“Yoga is the science and art of healthy living”. It is a spiritual practice that attempts to bring harmony between the body and mind. The science of yoga is rooted in Indian origin and is now well-established worldwide. The practice of yoga was first described in Yoga Sutras, a classic text by Patanjali¹. Yoga is known to integrate our physical, mental, and spiritual components to improve our overall health. This mind-body activity involves moving through a series of asanas (body postures) or pranayamas (breathing techniques). In this article, we will explore the health benefits of one such asana, parivrtta parsvakonasana.

What is Parivrtta Parsvakonasana?

Parivrtta parsvakonasana is a standing asana coupled with a spinal twist, in which one leg is stretched straight and the upper body is twisted, giving an intense stretch. The name comes from the Sanskrit words; “parivrtta”, which means turned round or revolved, “parsva”, which means side, “kona”, which means angle, and “asana”, meaning yoga pose or posture. This translates to revolved lateral angle pose in English².

Did you know?

In parivrtta parsvakonasana, one hand is in the reversed position, which gives the upper body a spinal twist, while the other hand is placed on the floor near the bent leg. In contrast, in utthita parsvakonasana, one hand is stretched above the head and the other hand is placed on the floor near the bent leg.
Parsvakonasana is similar to trikonasana; the only difference is that in trikonasana, both legs are straight.
Parsvakonasana is mentioned in both Ashtanga and Iyengar yoga, both these yoga forms come from the same lineage, the teachers who developed these yoga styles (B.K.S.Iyengar and Pattabhi Jois) were taught by Tirumalai Krishnamacharya.
Parivrtta trikonasana is a preparatory pose and garudasana is the follow-up pose of parivrtta parsvakonasana.
The practice of parivrtta parsvakonasana is known to activate the Manipura chakra, which controls energy and improves overall health.

How to Do It?

Parivrtta parsvakonasana must be done correctly for maximum health benefits. Let us now learn how to do parivrtta parsvakonasana:

First, stand in tadasana (stand straight and firm with your feet at shoulder level and hands by your side).
Take a deep breath, and with a jump, spread your legs a few feet apart.
Next, raise your arms sideways with the palms facing down.
Now turn the left leg sideways at ninety-degree to the right leg and the right leg sixty degrees to the left. Bend your left leg at the knee so that the left thigh is parallel to the floor.
Breathe out and rotate the upper body so that the right arm is near the left knee.
Give a good twist to the spine to the left and bring the left arm near the left ear, and gaze at the left arm, which is stretched up.
Remain in this position for about thirty seconds to a minute. Breathe deeply and slowly come back to tadasana.

Note: it is best to practice any asana empty stomach or a minimum of four hours have elapsed since you had a meal, whichever is sooner. The best time to practice parivrtta parsvakonasana is early morning, as the body is active and fresh.

Researchers believe that regular practice of yogasanas, including parivrtta parsvakonasana, may aid in diabetes. The yogasanas are believed to massage the internal organs and improve insulin sensitivity, which may lower blood sugar levels. Additionally, yogasanas like the Surya Namaskar may burn fat and glucose, lowering blood sugar levels⁷.
Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Benefits of Parivrtta Parsvakonasana

Keeping the origin and history in mind, let us now discuss some benefits of parivrtta parsvakonasana, which will make this asana worth trying. Enlisted below are a few health benefits of parivrtta parsvakonasana.

1. Benefit of Parivrtta Parsvakonasana in Arthritis

Arthritis is the swelling and inflammation of one or more joints in the body, which results in pain and stiffness in the joints. B.K.S. Iyengar, in his book³ “Light on Yoga”, states that the practice of parivrtta parsvakonasana may help in managing arthritis. However, there are no studies conducted yet to claim these effects and it is advised not to consider the practice of parivrtta parsvakonasana as an alternative to modern medicine. You should consult your doctor for proper treatment of arthritis. Additionally, you should practice this asana strictly under the guidance of a qualified trainer.

In my experience, osteoporosis, a bone disorder, may be reversed upto some extent with the regular practice of yogasanas, including Parivrtta Parsvakonasana. Parivrtta Parsvakonasana is known to enhance posture, produce better equilibrium, and expand the range of motion⁸.
Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

2. Benefit of Parivrtta Parsvakonasana in Cardiovascular Fitness

Cardiovascular fitness tells about how well your body delivers oxygen to different body parts during prolonged periods of exercise. Moore et al. conducted a study⁴ in 2007 to assess the effect of yoga asanas on health. The results of this study showed that the practice of parivrtta parsvakonasana may help improve cardiovascular fitness. However, to claim these effects with greater reliability, we will need more studies. It is therefore advised to consult your doctor for the proper treatment and not rely on this asana alone. Additionally, its practice should be strictly done under the supervision of a qualified trainer.

3. Benefit of Parivrtta Parsvakonasana on Lipid Panel

A lipid panel is a test which is done to measure cholesterol in the blood. Literature studies show that the practice of yoga asanas may positively impact lipid panels. Marian et al. in 2016, conducted a study⁴, the findings of which showed that the practice of yoga asanas like parivrtta parsvakonasana may help in increasing good cholesterol and decreasing bad cholesterol. Thus, the practice of parivrtta parsvakonasana may positively impact lipid panel, but the practice of this asana should not be considered an alternative to modern medicine. So, consult your doctor for proper treatment and do not rely on this asana alone. Additionally, one should practise parivrtta parsvakonasana under the supervision of a qualified trainer.

4. Benefit of Parivrtta Parsvakonasana on Mental Well-being

Literature studies show that the practice of yoga may have a positive impact on anxiety. Street et al. 2020 conducted a study⁶, the results showed that the ashtanga yogasanas like parivrtta parsvakonasana may help in managing anxiety, improving sleep quality and may help in reducing stress. Thus, there is a potential that this asana may positively impact anxiety. However, it is recommended not to rely on this asana alone and consult a doctor for proper treatment. Additionally, it is best to practice this asana under the supervision of a qualified trainer.

5. Benefit of Parivrtta Parsvakonasana on Gastric Function

Gastric function includes the initiation of digestion of food by secretion of gastric acid or gastric juices; the undigested food is then removed from the body in the form of urine. Literature studies³ show that the practice of yoga asanas may have a positive impact on gastric function. B.K.S. Iyengar in his book “Light on Yoga”, has stated that the practice of parivrtta parsvakonasana asana may help in contracting and improving blood circulation to the abdominal organs and help improve digestion. It may also help in managing acidity and help remove the waste matter via the colon without straining. This indicates that the practice of parivrtta parsvakonasana may improve gastric function, but you should not consider this asana as an alternative to modern medicine. It is advised to consult your doctor for proper management of any gastric function abnormality. Also, you should practice this asana strictly under the guidance of a qualified trainer.

6. Other Benefits of Parivrtta Parsvakonasana

The practice of parivrtta parsvakonasana may help in toning the hamstring muscles and strengthening them.
The practice of parivrtta parsvakonasana improves blood circulation around the spinal cord.
The practice of parivrtta parsvakonasana may help in reducing heart rate.

Note- The benefits mentioned above of parivrtta parsvakonasana are studied in a limited human population. To ascertain these claims in humans, more studies are required. 

Although the practice of Yoga may help in the development of the mind and body, however, you should not consider yoga as an alternative to modern medicine. It is advised not to rely on Yoga alone to treat any condition. Kindly consult a qualified doctor for proper treatment. Additionally, any asana practice should be done under the supervision of a qualified trainer.

Also Read: Benefits of Utthita Trikonasana (Extended Triangle Pose) and How to Do it By Dr. Ankit Sankhe

Risks of Parivrtta Parsvakonasana

While performing parivrtta parsvakonasana, caution needs to be taken in:

Pregnant women, children and the elderly.
Cases with vertigo, paralysis, and high or low blood pressure.

Following are the contraindications of parivrtta parsvakonasana:

Any surgery, fractures, discomfort, etc.
In a state of exhaustion or illness.
In any injuries of the head, neck and spine.
In spondylitis or any spinal abnormality (as this asana involves a spinal twist).

Also Read: Benefits of Kurmasana (Tortoise Pose) and How to Do it by Dr. Himani Bisht

Conclusion

Parivrtta parsvakonasana is a standing asana coupled with a spinal twist, in which one leg is stretched straight and the upper body is twisted, giving an intense stretch. The name comes from the Sanskrit words “parivrtta”, which means turned round or revolved; “parsva” which means side, “kona”, which means angle, and “asana”, meaning yoga pose or posture. This translates to a revolving lateral angle pose in English. The practice of this asana may have a positive impact on arthritis, fitness, lipid panel, acidity and anxiety.

Also Read: Benefits of Baddha Padmasana (Bound Lotus Pose) and How to Do it By Dr. Himani Bisht

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the revolved lateral angle pose in yoga?

Parivrtta parsvakonasana is known as the revolved lateral angle pose in yoga.

Which chakras are activated by parivrtta parsvakonasana?

Parivrtta parsvakonasana targets the Manipura chakra, which is known to control energy in the body.

Which category does parivrtta parsvakonasana belong to?

Parivrtta parsvakonasana is a standing asana coupled with a spinal twist. It is a variation of parsvakonasana and is part of Iyengar yoga and ashtanga yoga.

Is it safe to practise parivrtta parsvakonasana in pregnancy?

There is limited information regarding the safety of parivrtta parsvakonasana in pregnancy. It is therefore advised to consult your doctor for proper guidance.

Does parivrtta parsvakonasana benefit hair growth?

No, there are no studies which support the practice of parivrtta parsvakonasana on hair growth. Therefore, you should not rely on this asana alone and consult your doctor for proper treatment of hair loss.

References

1. Consulate General of India, Birmingham. Yoga: Origin, History And Development [Internet]. Birmingham: Consulate General of India Birmingham; 2015 Apr 25 [cited 2026 Jan 14]. Available from: https://cgibirmingham.gov.in/headline/display/11

2. Karuna Yoga Vidya Peetham. parivrtta Parsvakonasana – Revolved Side Angle Pose [Internet]. Slideshare; [cited 2026 Jan 14]. Available from: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/prevolved-side-angle-posepptx/261246509

3. Live With Yoga. Therapeutic Yoga for Arthritis [Internet]. Jaipur (IN): Live With Yoga; [cited 2026 Jan 14]. Available from: https://livewithyoga.org/yoga-for-arthritis/

4. Papp ME, Lindfors P, Nygren-Bonnier M, Gullstrand L, Wändell PE. Effects of High-Intensity Hatha Yoga on Cardiovascular Fitness, Adipocytokines, and Apolipoproteins in Healthy Students: A Randomized Controlled Study. J Altern Complement Med. 2016 Jan;22(1):81-7. doi: 10.1089/acm.2015.0082. Epub 2015 Nov 13. Erratum in: J Altern Complement Med. 2017 May;23(5):396. doi: 10.1089/acm.2015.0082.correx. PMID: 26565690; PMCID: PMC4739349. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4739349/

5. Ghazvineh D, Daneshvar M, Basirat V, Daneshzad E. The Effect of Yoga on the Lipid Profile: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Front Nutr. 2022 Jul 14;9:942702. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.942702. PMID: 35911119; PMCID: PMC9329825. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4739349/

6. Aakash. The impact of Ashtanga yoga on stress management and mental well-being: A systematic review of recent evidence. J Sports Sci Nutr [Internet]. 2024;5(2):95–104 [cited 2026 Jan 14]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/399648445_The_impact_of_Ashtanga_yoga_on_stress_management_and_mental_well-being_A_systematic_review_of_recent_evidence_Aakash

7. Khedikar SG, Erande MP. Management of diabetes mellitus through aasana and pranayama. Int J Curr Med Pharm Res [Internet]. 2018 Sep 28 [cited 2026 Jan 14];4(9A):3656-60. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sachin-Khedikar/publication/328305138_MANAGEMENT_OF_DIABETES_MELLITUS_THROUGH_AASANA_AND_PRANAYAMA/links/5bc56bfe458515f7d9bf2675/MANAGEMENT-OF-DIABETES-MELLITUS-THROUGH-AASANA-AND-PRANAYAMA.pdf

8. Fishman LM. Yoga vs. Osteoporosis and Scoliosis: Series 1 with Scoliosis Session [Internet]. Manhattan (NY): Manhattan Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; 2022 Dec 20 [cited 2026 Jan 14]. Available from: https://ipivot-now.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/2022-Final-OST-Manual-Ser-1-with-Scoliosis-Dec-20-2022.pdf

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

Benefits of Konasana (Angle Pose) and How to Do it By Dr. Ankit Sankhe

Introduction

Yoga is an age old method of asanas (poses or postures) and pranayamas (breathing techniques). This yoga offers physical and mental benefits for all age groups. Yoga finds root in the Sanskrit word “Yuj” meaning union or to join. Mind body fitness involves muscular activity and a focus on awareness of self, energy, and breathing. Yoga is more like an art than a restricted workout routine, which believes that healing comes from within. Regular yoga training may help you feel better from head to toe. This section will highlight one asana called Konasana^1,2. Let us discuss the Konasana and its health benefits.

What is Konasana?

Konasana is also known as the sideway bending pose or the angle pose yoga. The word is derived from the Sanskrit words “Kona” meaning angle, and “asana” meaning pose or posture, translating to the angle pose in English. This posture has two variations, Konasana I and Konasana II both involve sideways stretching using both hands³.

How to Do It?

Konasana must be done properly for maximum health benefits. One may perform Konasana in the following manner:

First, roll out a mat and stand in Tadasana. Ensure your body is aligned from head to toe, your feet are placed at shoulder level, and your neck is straight. Take a deep breath and proceed.
Next, slowly raise your right arm over the head, up in the sky, and bend your upper body to the right meanwhile, the left hand will be placed sideways, touching the left thigh.
Keep the legs and hips fixed only curve the spine sideways, giving it a side stretch. Continue to hold this position for six seconds.
Next, exhale and return to the original position.
Repeat the above steps with the left arm. This sequence completes one round of Konasana³.

Did you know?

In the 1920s, Indian Yoga teacher Yogendra introduced this side bend posture in his book “Yogasanas Simplified”. He called this sideway bend Konasana.

Benefits of Konasana

Konasana benefits are as follows:

1. Benefits of Konasana on Diabetes

Diabetes (Type I and Type II) is a metabolic disorder or issue characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to reduced synthesis or resistance of a hormone called insulin which regulates blood glucose. A study by Mahapure et al. in 2015 stated that yogasanas like Konasana might help reduce blood glucose levels. It is assumed that a side stretch during Konasana may result in alternate abdominal contractions and relaxations, which may result in increased secretion of insulin (the hormone that regulates blood glucose). Additionally, Konasana may help reduce oxidative stress, which is important in diabetic complications. This indicates that Konasana may help in managing diabetes. However, this asana should not be considered an alternative to modern medicine. Kindly consult a doctor for proper treatment. Additionally it is advised to exercise this asana under the supervision of a qualified trainer⁴.

2. Benefits of Konasana on Hypertension

Hypertension or high blood pressure has no noticeable symptoms, but if left untreated, it may become a risk factor for many other diseases. Lack of exercise and inactivity can lead to hypertension. Yoga may reduce high blood pressure. Along with pranayamas (breathing techniques), a few selected yogasanas, like Konasana, are prescribed for managing hypertension. Thus asanas like Konasana may positively impact blood pressure, but this asana should not be considered an alternative to modern medicine. Kindly consult your doctor for the proper treatment of hypertension. Additionally, it is recommended to perform this asana under the supervision of a qualified trainer⁵.

According to what I’ve observed, regular practice of Konasana might support clearer and healthier skin. It may help with frequent boils and managing pimples on the skin⁶.
Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

3. Benefits of Konasana for Stroke

A brain attack damages the brain due to the blockage of the blood supply. It has been found that the Konasana may improve blood circulation to the brain and help manage and may reduce the risk of stroke. The Health Ministry of India approves the Konasana and its potential for preventing stroke. This indicates that the Konasana may positively impact stroke. However, it is recommended not to rely on this asana alone and consult a doctor for proper stroke treatment. Additionally, one should perform this asana under the guidance of a qualified trainer^3,5.

4. Benefits of Konasana on Depression

Regularly performing different yogasanas and pranayamas may help in reducing the symptoms of depression. Asanas like Konasana are approved by the Ministry of health and Family Welfare, India, for managing depression. Thus, the Konasana may help in alleviating depressive symptoms. However, it is advised to consult a doctor for proper treatment of depression and not rely on this asana alone. Additionally, one should perform this asana under the supervision of a qualified trainer⁵.

5. Benefits of Konasana on Obesity

Obesity is the accumulation of more body fat which may increase the risk of several diseases. It is now evident that regular yoga (Konasana) may positively impact obesity by reducing body weight and excess body fat. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare approved the Konasana for managing obesity. However, one should not consider this asana an alternative to modern medicine. Kindly consult your doctor for proper treatment. Additionally, it is recommended to exercise this asana under the supervision of a qualified trainer⁵.

6. Benefits of Konasana for Asthma

Asanas like Konasana is approved by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India, for managing asthma. This sideway stretch may help in opening chest muscles and improving breathing. Thus, the Konasana may positively impact asthma. It may not help in clinically treating asthma but may provide symptomatic relief. However, it is advised to consult a doctor for proper treatment of asthma and not rely on this asana alone. Additionally, one should follow this asana under the supervision of a qualified trainer⁵.

Also Read: Benefits of Sarpasana (Snake Pose) and How to Do it By Dr. Himani Bisht

7. Other Benefits of Konasana

Asanas like Konasana may help tone and strengthen the side muscles³.
It may help constipation by improving digestion and stimulating the digestive organs³.
It may help reduce the waistline³.
It may help relieve back pain³.

The above-mentioned benefits of Konasana are not yet proven in any human study and are based on a literature search.

Yoga exercise may help develop the mind and body it is not an alternative to modern medicine or treatment. You Should not rely on Yoga alone to treat any condition. Instead, please consult a qualified doctor who can assess your condition and advise accordingly. However, it is necessary to perform and learn Yoga under the supervision of a yoga master to avoid any injuries.

In my view, Konasana may have potential benefits for increasing height. By practising this yoga asana, you engage in a deep side stretch and twist, which may enhance overall body flexibility and alignment. However, it’s important to note that individual results may vary, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle with proper nutrition is essential for optimal growth and development⁶.
Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

Also Read: Benefits of Shashankasana (Rabbit Pose) and How to Do it By Dr. Himani Bisht

Risks of Konasana

People with neck pain should avoid overstretching

Conditions, and contraindications of Konasana, include³:

People with hypertension and other cardiac complaints.
People with spinal or neck injuries.
Pregnant women should avoid doing this asana, as a side stretch may pressure the abdomen and the unborn baby.

It is advised to perform Konasana under the guidance of a qualified trainer. Additionally, this asana should not be considered a substitute for modern medicine.

I may provide you with a beneficial tip. Practising Konasana slowly and mindfully may offer relief from sciatica. However, always remember to listen to your body and consult a healthcare professional if needed⁶.
Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Conclusion

Konasana yoga is also known as the sideway bending pose or the angle pose yoga. The word is derived from the Sanskrit words “Kona” meaning angle, and “asana” meaning pose or posture, translating to the angle pose in English.This asana may positively impact diabetes, asthma, hypertension, obesity, stroke, and depression. Additionally, Konasana may help tone and strengthen side muscles, improve digestion, and relieve constipation and back pain.

Also Read: Benefits of Vakrasana (Spinal Twist Pose) and How to Do it By Dr. Himani Bisht

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the angle pose in yoga?

Konasana is also known as the sideway bending pose or the angle pose. The word is derived from the Sanskrit words “Kona” meaning angle, and “asana” meaning pose or posture, translating to the angle pose in English³.

What are the variations of Konasana?

Konasana yoga has two variations, Konasana I and Konasana II; both involve sideways stretching using both hands³.

How to do Konasana?

First, roll out a mat and stand in Tadasana. Ensure your body is aligned from head to toe, your feet are placed at shoulder level, and your neck is straight. Take a deep breath and proceed. Next, slowly raise your right arm over the head, up in the sky, and bend your upper body to the right meanwhile, the left hand will be placed sideways, touching the left thigh. Keep the legs and hips fixed only curve the spine sideways, giving it a side stretch. Continue to hold this position for six seconds. Next, exhale and return to the original position. Repeat the above steps with the left arm. This sequence completes one round of Konasana³.

What are the benefits of Konasana?

Regular training in this asana may help in reducing diabetes, hypertension, asthma, stroke, and depression and managing obesity. Further, this asana may help strengthen the side muscles, relieve constipation, and improve digestion^4,5.

What are the contraindications of Konasana?

People with hypertension and other cardiac complaints, spinal or neck injuries, and pregnant women should avoid doing this asana³.

References

9 benefits of yoga (2021) 9 Benefits of Yoga | Johns Hopkins Medicine. Available at: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/9-benefits-of-yoga
Woodyard, Catherine. “Exploring the therapeutic effects of yoga and its ability to increase the quality of life.” International journal of yoga vol. 4,2 (2011): 49-54. doi:10.4103/0973-6131.85485. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3193654/
Konasana – The Angle Pose (2019) The Yoga Institute. Available at: https://theyogainstitute.org/konasana-the-angle-pose/ (Accessed: December 27, 2022).
Mahapure, Hemant H et al. “Effect of yogic exercise on superoxide dismutase levels in diabetics.” International journal of yoga vol. 1,1 (2008): 21-6. doi:10.4103/0973-6131.36792. Available at: https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1907O89.pdf
Dhiman, Kamini & Prasad, Jagdish & Padhi, Madan & Bharti, & Srikanth, Narayanam & Sarada, Ota & Singh, Renu. (2017). GUIDELINES & TRAINING MANUAL–INTEGRATION OF AYUSH (AYURVEDA) WITH NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF CANCER, DIABETES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND STROKE (NPCDCS). Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336880683_GUIDELINES_TRAINING_MANUAL–INTEGRATION_OF_AYUSH_AYURVEDA_WITH_NATIONAL_PROGRAM_FOR_PREVENTION_AND_CONTROL_OF_CANCER_DIABETES_CARDIOVASCULAR_DISEASES_AND_STROKE_NPCDCS
Brahmachari D. Yogāsana Vijñān: The Science of Yoga [Internet]. Bombay: Asia Publishing House; 1970 [cited 2025 Dec 29]. Available from: https://www.indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/yogasana-vijnan-science-yoga

Kumkumadi Tailam: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

Although, it is rightly said that ‘don’t judge a book by its cover’, it’s difficult not to be moved by the glowing face of a person. Beauty is just a higher form of health and healthy-looking skin is always considered beautiful. The basic aim of “Swasthavritta” is to keep a healthy person well by preventing sickness. Kumkumadi tailam, an ancient recipe, includes rare ayurvedic ingredients. High-quality saffron oil is called kumkumadi tailam. This special combination of oils and kumkumadi tailam promotes youthful and healthy-looking skin. Kumkumadi tailam might help to heal uneven skin, brighten skin and add radiance¹.

Friendly Reminder: The information shared here is for educational purposes only and the reader should consult a registered medical practitioner before implementing any changes to their health routine.

Ingredients of Kumkumadi Tailam

The kumkumadi tailam is made of ingredients mixed in equal amounts (48gms each) given below²:

Tribulus Terrestris – Gokshura
Solanum Indicum – Brihati
Oroxylum Indicum – Shyonaka
Gmelina Arborea – Gambhari
Berberis Aristata – Daruhaldi
Vetiveria zizanioides – Ushira Patra
Prunus Cerasoides – Padmaka
Nymphaea Stellata – Niledible root (Neel Kamal)
Stereospermum Suaveolens – Patala
Desmodium Gangeticum – Shalaparni
Uraria Picta – Prishnaparni
Pterocarpus Santalinus– Lal Chandan
Laccifer Lacca – Lac
Rubia Cordifolia – Manjistha
Glycyrrhiza Glabra – Yashtimadhu (Mulethi)
Ficus Benghalensis– Vat Vriksha
Ficus Lacor – Java Fig
Nelumbo Nucifera – Kamal Kesar
Aegle Marmelos – Bael
Premna Mucronata – Agnimantha

Other ingredients used are goat milk, sesame oil, Kesar and rose water Q.S.(quantity sufficient). These ingredients are mixed to finally obtain the ayurvedic preparation called kumkumadi tailam.

Properties of Kumkumadi Tailam

The potential properties of kumkumadi tailam are:

It may have astringent activity.
It can show anthelmintic (destroys parasitic worms) activity.
It may be a diuretic.
It might show beneficial properties for eyesight.
It can have rejuvenating properties.
It may have anti-inflammatory activities.
It may show antiseptic properties.
It might have carminative (relieving flatulence) activity.
It may show antioxidant properties.
It might have antimicrobial activities.
It might possess anti-cancer properties.
It may have hypoglycaemic (blood sugar lowering) properties¹.

Potential Uses of Kumkumadi Tailam for Overall Health

Some of the potential uses of kumkumadi tailam are discussed as follows.

1. Potential Uses of Kumkumadi Tailam for Reducing Discolouration of Lips

When kumkumadi tailam is applied locally to the lips, it helps to dilate the blood vessels at the affected lip region. As a result, the active ingredient in the herb may easily penetrate the skin and enter the bloodstream through the capillaries at the affected lip areas¹.

Nitin Jathar et al. (2020) conducted a study³ on 30 patients suffering from discoloured lips due to smoking. They were treated with kumkumadi tailam by applying it locally. This demonstrated improvement in the lip colour significantly. Since the primary dosha that may cause lip discolouration might be pitta, kumkumadi tailam might improve lip colour by relieving pitta¹. This may indicate the potential of kumkumadi tailam in helping in improving lip discolouration. However, there is a need for more studies in this area. You must consult an Ayurvedic physician to understand the exact benefits of the herb for humans.

Let me tell you about the wonders of kumkumadi tailam. This magical oil can work wonders for your skin! It may act on the inflammation in the top layer of your skin, known as the epidermis. It has chemicals that may change how your skin cells called melanocytes and immune cells behave. By doing so, it might help lighten dark spots and hyperpigmentation².
Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

2. Potential Uses of Kumkumadi Tailam for Healing Wounds

Many herbs present in the herbal preparation of kumkumadi tailam might have wound-healing properties and anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antibacterial characteristics. Combining these herbs might help stop bleeding in wounds and injuries, heal skin ulcers and expedite the regeneration of the tissue in wounds². These benefits of this herb in the formulation need to be further evaluated by studies. You must consult a doctor before using any herb for its medicinal benefits.

3.Potential Uses of Kumkumadi Tailam for Reducing Hyperpigmentation

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperpigmentation properties might be present in kumkumadi tailam. The formulation might also exhibit anti-ageing, skin hydration, anti-wrinkle, moisturising benefits and potential improvement in skin texture. Thus, using kumkumadi oil for the face can brighten skin, increase skin softness and decreases pigmentation making the skin radiant. It might also decrease the amount of melanin pigment released. Moreover, it may improve skin lustre while reducing the appearance of scars, dark circles under the eyes and hyperpigmentation^1,2.

In my opinion, in addition to its potential benefits of kumkumadi tailam for dark spots and hyperpigmentation. It may also help help those struggling with patchy skin. This Ayurvedic formulation may help manage dryness and improve overall skin texture³.
Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

4. Potential Uses of Kumkumadi Tailam as a Sunscreen

One of the major kumkumadi oil ingredients is saffron. Golmohammadzadeh et al. (2010) studied⁴ that saffron present in kumkumadi tailam might have properties that can be used as a natural UV-absorbing agent. Thus, it might be used as sunscreen.

On regular applications, kumkumadi tailam may also remove the damage caused by prolonged sun exposure like sun tan, blemishes, dark spots, etc. However, the studies conducted on the exact benefits of this formulation are insufficient to prove its benefits. It is better to get professional advice from qualified doctors².

5. Other Potential Uses of Kumkumadi Tailam

A stressed person - Different types of stress — _{Image Source: freepik.com}

Several other potential uses of kumkumadi tailam need to be studied further to prove its exact efficacy. Some of these are:

It can help reduce stress and relieve depression.
It might have some suppressing effects on tumours.
It might be able to improve memory and learning capacity.
It can have some beneficial effects on disorders like diarrhoea with blood and bleeding piles, on topical application.
It may potentially act as a blood purifier due to its antioxidant properties.
The roots used in the kumkumadi tailam can have beneficial effects on conditions like paralysis, skin discolouration, rheumatoid arthritis, flatulence, leucoderma, spleen & liver disorders, diabetes, jaundice and generalized weakness^1,2.

Though there are studies showing the kumkumadi tailam benefits in various conditions, these are insufficient and there is a need of further studies to establish the true extent of kumkumadi tailam on human health. 

I would suggest giving kumkumadi tailam a try if you’re looking for a natural solution for acne. This ayurvedic product might be beneficial for certain skin disorders, specifically acne⁵.
Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

How to Use Kumkumadi Tailam?

To obtain kumkumadi tailam benefits for the skin, you may take some amount of the oil on your palms, and then gently rub it all over the skin regularly for clear and radiant skin. You may gently apply it on affected areas like lips using your fingers for targeted benefits. It is best to apply it before bedtime^1,2.

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any kumkumadi tailam supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing modern medical treatment with an ayurvedic/kumkumadi tailam preparation without consulting a qualified doctor. 

Side Effects of Kumkumadi Tailam

Kumkumadi tailam is generally considered safe if used in the recommended dosages. Further, the local application of kumkumadi tailam on lips might not cause side effects such as allergic reactions, itching, etc. However, ayurvedic kumkumadi oil side effects cannot be completely denied as herbs may react differently in each person’s skin depending on their condition and body responses. Therefore, you must consult a qualified Ayurvedic doctor before using any herb for medicinal purposes².

Also Read: Cardamom (Elaichi): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!

Precautions to Take with Kumkumadi Tailam

Just like any remedy or treatment, general precautions need to be followed while using kumkumadi tailam. People should take extra precautions before giving them to children, the elderly and pregnant and lactating women. Please do not try to self-medicate with herbs. Ayurvedic herbs may have potential benefits, but it is advisable to consult a qualified Ayurvedic physician before their usage.

Also Read: Kalmegh: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects, Precautions & More!

Interactions with Other Drugs

The possibility of certain drugs reacting with herbs like kumkumadi tailam cannot be denied. Therefore, you must consult an Ayurvedic physician before using any herbal item in more than the prescribed quantities. Your Ayurvedic physician can appropriately modify the dosage and prescribe as per your current medications, conditions and requirements.

Also Read: Kodo Millets: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects, And More

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the major ayurvedic ingredients of kumkumadi tailam?

Several Ayurvedic ingredients are mixed together to make the formulation called kumkumadi tailam. A few major ingredients of the kumkumadi oil are: Kumkuma, Usheera, Kaaleeya, Laksha, Yashtimadhu, Chandana, Nyagrodha, Padmaka, Neelotpala, Manjishta, etc¹.

What is the method of preparation of kumkumadi tailam?

To prepare kumkumadi tailam, we first need to prepare a coarse powder of all herbs and soak them in water for a few hours. Further, a kwatha can be prepared by boiling this water with herbs until it is reduced to 1/4th of its volume. Then, this decoction can be filtered. Then you can prepare a herbal paste using herbs like Manjistha, Yashtimadhu, Mahua, Lac and Pattanga. Finally, this herbal paste, sesame oil and goat milk are mixed in a vessel, the mixture is boiled and simmered until the oil remains. Once this oil is taken out, we can mix a paste of saffron with rose water into this oil and preserve it in a glass bottle. This final preparation is called kumkumadi tailam².

Is kumkumadi tailam safe to use?

If consumed in the proper dosages, kumkumadi tailam is usually regarded as safe. Furthermore, patients may not have any negative side effects from the local application of kumkumadi tailam to their lips, such as allergic reactions, irritation, etc. It is better to consult your ayurvedic physician before using any herb for medicinal purposes.

Does kumkumadi tailam work as a good sunscreen?

Kumkumadi tailam might have properties that can be used as a natural UV-absorbing agent. It may also reverse sun damage to some extent. However, these properties have yet to be studied extensively. It would be best if you took advice from a qualified doctor before using it.

Can we use kumkumadi tailam for wound healing?

The herbs that combine to form kumkumadi tailam may be effective against bacteria, viruses and generalized inflammation in addition to healing of wounds. Combining these herbs may speed up the process of regeneration of wound tissue, stop untimely bleeding in wounds and heal skin ulcers. However, more studies should be conducted to better assess the advantages of using this herb in the formulation. Before utilising any herb for its therapeutic properties, you must visit a doctor.

References

Jathar DN, Salunkhe DM, Nalawade RJ. The Efficacy Of Kumkumadi Tailam In Discolouration Of Lips Due To Smoking. IJRAR-International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR). 2020 Nov;7 (4):569-74. Available at: https://ijrar.org/papers/IJRAR19D2706.pdf

Kapse SK, Dharkar N, Patel M. Critical Review Of Kumkumadi Oil And It’s Role On Vyanga. 2020 Dec;11(2):2159-2164 Available at: https://wjpr.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/article_issue/09c239e085ae065ee48162ac44de2399.pdf
athar N, Salunkhe MS, Nalawade RJ. The efficacy of Kumkumadi Tailam in discolouration of lips due to smoking. Int J Res Anal Rev (IJRAR). 2020 Nov;7(4):569-574. Available from: https://www.ijrar.org/papers/IJRAR19D2706.pdf
Golmohammadzadeh S, Jaafari MR, Hosseinzadeh H. Does saffron have antisolar and moisturizing effects? Iran J Pharm Res. 2010 Spring;9(2):133-140. PMCID: PMC3862060. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259450201_Does_Saffron_Have_Antisolar_and_Moisturizing_Effects
Prajapati PK, Sharma R, Amrutia A, Patgiri BJ. Physicochemical screening and shelf life evaluation of Kuṅkumādi Ghṛta prepared using Kesara and Nāgakesara. Anc Sci Life. 2017 Jan–Mar;36(3):129–135. doi: 10.4103/asl.ASL_49_15. PMCID: PMC5566823. PMID: 28867856. Available from : https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5566823/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Kale: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

Kale, also called “the queen of vegetables”, has received celebrity status by appearing on the menus of Michelin-star restaurants. In addition, it has become the favourite ingredient of many millennial food bloggers. Brassica oleracea or kale is a cruciferous winter vegetable available in different varieties like curly kale, dinosaur kale (lacinato kale), and Russian kale, also called Siberian kale. Curly kale is the most common of all; the leaves of kale look like ruffles, are purple or deep red and have a pungent taste. Originating in the 16th century in North America and later spreading to Canada and the U.S. In India, the cultivation of kale is limited to Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and the Nilgiri hills. Kale is one of the healthiest foods, the perks of which have been mentioned in several books by Greek physicians and botanists. There are several reasons to add this vegetable to your diet. Let us find out more about the benefits of kale¹.

Did you know?

Consuming kale regularly may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and certain types of cancer. source: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Kale contains high levels of vitamin K, which is important for blood clotting and bone health. source: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Kale is a good source of iron, which is essential for the production of red blood cells. source: medlineplus.gov
Eating kale may help improve eye health due to its high content of lutein and zeaxanthin. source: aao.org

Nutritional Value of Kale

Kale is a nutritional powerhouse; it is packed with the goodness of fibres, minerals and antioxidants like zeaxanthin and lutein, folate, tocopherols and other phytoconstituents like nitrates, sulforaphane, insole-3-carbinol, etc. The nutritional components of kale are mentioned in the table below.

Carbohydrates: 4.4 g per 100 g
Fibre: 4.1 g per 100 g
Protein: 2.9 g per 100 g
Iron: 1.6 mg per 100 g
Total fat: 1.49 g per 100 g
Calcium: 254 mg per 100 g
Vitamin C: 93.4 mg per 100 g
Folate: 241 micrograms per 100 g

Properties of Kale

The consumption of kale shows numerous scientifically proven properties; some of these properties are mentioned below:

It may have antioxidant properties.
It may have neuroprotective properties.
It may have antiproliferative properties.
It may have anti-bacterial properties.
It may have anti-diabetic properties².

Potential Uses of Kale for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of kale are described as follows:

1. Potential uses of kale for cognitive function

Literature suggests that consuming green leafy vegetables may have a protective effect towards cognitive decline. Morris et al. conducted a study³ in 2018 to assess the effect of the consumption of green leafy vegetables like kale on cognition. This study showed that kale consumption might help slow down age-related cognitive decline due to bioactive phytochemicals like lutein, folate, nitrate, tocopherols, etc. This indicates that the consumption of kale may have a positive impact on cognition. However, we need more studies to support these claims.

2. Potential uses of kale in cancer

Royston et al. conducted a literature review in 2015 to assess the impact of cruciferous vegetables on cancer prevention⁴. The findings of this review conclude that cruciferous vegetables like kale contain chemical components like insole-3-carbinol (I3C), sulforaphane (SFN) which are regulators of microRNAs (miRNAs) and inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) and may be helpful in chemoprevention. This indicates that the consumption of kale may positively impact chemoprevention. However, we need more studies to support these claims.

3. Potential uses of kale for blood glucose

Scientific studies have supported vegetarian diets, especially green leafy vegetables, for glycemic control. Sumio et al. conducted a study⁵ in 2016 to assess the effect of kale intake on plasma glucose. This study’s findings showed that kale intake might help suppress blood glucose levels. This indicates that kale consumption may help manage blood glucose levels. However, we need more studies to support these claims.

4. Potential uses of kale for gut health

Literature states that cruciferous vegetables like kale have a positive impact on the composition and health of gut microbiota (microorganisms in the gut). Shahinozzaman et al. conducted a study⁶ in 2021 to assess the impact of kale supplementation on gut health in mice. This study’s findings suggest that kale consumption may help improve gut microbial composition, bacterial microbial functions and, thus, gut health. This indicates that the consumption of kale may have a positive impact on gut health. However, there are no studies conducted on humans to support these claims.

5. Potential uses of kale on hypercholesterolemia

Hypercholesterolemia is defined as an increase in total cholesterol, an increase in LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and a reduction in HDL (high-density lipoprotein). Consumption of kale exerts a hypo-cholesterolaemic effect by HMG-CoA inhibition, the enzyme responsible for cholesterol synthesis. To evaluate the effect of kale supplementation in diet on lipid profile, Yeon et al. conducted a study⁷ in 2008 on hypercholesterolemia. The findings of this study showed that kale supplementation helped increase high-density lipoprotein or good cholesterol and decreased low-density lipoprotein or bad cholesterol. This indicates that the consumption of kale may have a favourable impact on lipid profile by inhibiting HMG-CoA. However, we need more studies to ascertain these claims.

6. Other potential uses of kale

Kale is low in carbohydrates and is also rich in fibres, both of which may promote weight loss.
It may promote bowel movements due to the presence of fibre.
Being a good source of calcium and Vitamin K, kale may help in boosting bone health.
Consumption of kale may help in detoxifying the body.
It may help in managing malnutrition problems.
Being a good source of iron and Vitamin C, it may help in boosting immunity.
Antioxidants like lutein present in kale may lead to healthier skin.
The presence of Vitamin K and iron may improve blood clotting.
Being a good source of omega-3 fatty acids and beta-carotene, it may improve hair growth.
Consumption of kale may help in managing macular degeneration because of the presence of lutein and zeaxanthin.

Though there are studies that show the benefits of kale in various conditions, these are insufficient, and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of kale on human health. 

I personally believe that kale is only nutritious but may also support your efforts to maintain a healthy weight. This leafy green vegetable is low in calories and high in fibre and protein. A mere two cups (500 mL) of raw kale have fewer than 50 calories and 4.5g of protein and fibre. This means you might enjoy a satisfying portion of kale without consuming excessive calories, making it a great choice for those looking to manage their weight while nourishing their bodies⁸.
Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

How to Use Kale?

You can incorporate kale into your dietary routine as a raw ingredient in salads.
Kale can also be consumed boiled, sautéed and steamed¹.

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor. 

In light of what I’ve observed, incorporating kale into your diet might be a tasty way to potentially safeguard against certain health issues. Kale might be effective in binding bile acids in the body. This unique property of kale may contribute to reducing the risk of premature degenerative diseases. By helping to bind bile acids, kale may have a positive impact on your health, potentially lowering the risk of certain conditions⁹.
Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Side Effects of Kale

A study⁷ conducted by Alfawaz et al. in 2021 emphasized the following facts:

Consumption of kale in excess can lead to constipation and stomach irritation.
Due to the presence of oxalates, kale can increase the risk of kidney stones.
Kale contains goitrogens, substances that inhibit the synthesis of thyroid hormone. So, its intake can increase the risk of iodine deficiency.
Being rich in iron, consumption of kale in excess can lead to iron toxicity.
Due to its potent antioxidant profile, it can trigger an allergic reaction in allergy-prone individuals.

However, if you experience any adverse reactions to kale, it is advised to discontinue its intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it. They will be able to guide you appropriately for your symptoms.

Judging from what I’ve witnessed, kale is a surprising vegetable that is packed with vitamin C. In fact, it might have a higher concentration of vitamin C compared to other salad vegetables and even vegetables from the Brassicaceae family. It might be considered one of the best sources of vitamin C and may meet the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for both males and females¹⁰.
Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

Precautions to Take with Kale

Eating kale is okay if taken in moderate amounts. However, general precautions must be followed in the following conditions:

People with impaired kidney function should be cautious when consuming kale, as it can have a deteriorating effect on the kidneys.
Like all other vegetables, it is always advised to wash kale before consuming it.

Also Read: Soybean: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Interactions with Other Drugs

There is no significant interaction of kale with other drugs. However, you must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician about the possible interaction of kale with other drugs and follow the prescription thoroughly, as they will know your health condition and other medications you are taking.

Also Read: Lettuce (Salad Patta): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the scientific name of kale?

The scientific name of kale is Brassica oleracea¹.

Can kale help in weight loss?

Yes. Kale contains low levels of carbohydrates, is rich in fiber and may help in promoting weight loss. However, scientific evidence to support this claim is limited. Therefore, you should consult a doctor if you have any weight-related issues.

Can kale help in managing diabetes?

Yes, kale may help manage diabetes as they have the potential to reduce elevated blood glucose. However, further studies are needed to support these claims. Therefore, it is advised to consult a doctor for the proper treatment of diabetes³.

Which vegetable is known as “queen of vegetables”?

Kale is known as “the queen of vegetables”¹.

What are the side effects of kale consumption?

Consumption of kale in excess can increase the risk of kidney stones, and iodine deficiency and can trigger an allergic reaction in allergy-prone individuals.

References

Ortega-Hernández, Erika et al. “Improving the Health-Benefits of Kales (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC) through the Application of Controlled Abiotic Stresses: A Review.” Plants (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 10,12 2629. 29 Nov. 2021, doi:10.3390/plants10122629. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34961097/
Morris, Martha Clare et al. “Nutrients and bioactives in green leafy vegetables and cognitive decline: Prospective study.” Neurology vol. 90,3 (2018): e214-e222. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000004815. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29263222/
Royston, Kendra J, and Trygve O Tollefsbol. “The Epigenetic Impact of Cruciferous Vegetables on Cancer Prevention.” Current pharmacology reports vol. 1,1 (2015): 46-51. doi:10.1007/s40495-014-0003-9. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25774338/
Kondo, Sumio et al. “Intake of kale suppresses postprandial increases in plasma glucose: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.” Biomedical reports vol. 5,5 (2016): 553-558. doi:10.3892/br.2016.767. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5103670/pdf/br-05-05-0553.pdf
Shahinozzaman, Md et al. “Kale Attenuates Inflammation and Modulates Gut Microbial Composition and Function in C57BL/6J Mice with Diet-Induced Obesity.” Microorganisms vol. 9,2 238. 24 Jan. 2021, doi:10.3390/microorganisms9020238. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7911404/
Soo Yeon KIM et al.Kale Juice Improves Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors in Hypercholesterolemic Men1 1 This research was supported by the Brain Korea 21 Project from the Korea Research Foundation. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, Volume 21, Issue 2,2008, Pages 91-97. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895398808600124
Alfawaz, Hanan A et al. “Awareness, Knowledge and Attitude towards ‘Superfood’ Kale and Its Health Benefits among Arab Adults.” Nutrients vol. 14,2 245. 7 Jan. 2022, doi:10.3390/nu14020245. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/2/245
U.S. National Library of Medicine. Healthy food trends – kale [Internet]. MedlinePlus; 2024 May 14 [cited 2026 Jan 6]. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000729.htm
NutritionFacts.org. Kale [Internet]. NutritionFacts.org; [cited 2026 Jan 6]. Available from: https://nutritionfacts.org/topics/kale/
Satheesh N, Workneh Fanta S. Kale: Review on nutritional composition, bio-active compounds, anti-nutritional factors, health beneficial properties and value-added products [Internet]. Cogent Food & Agriculture. 2020;6(1):1–32. doi:10.1080/23311932.2020.1811048 [cited 2026 Jan 6]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343905740_Kale_Review_on_nutritional_composition_bio-active_compounds_anti-nutritional_factors_health_beneficial_properties_and_value-added_products

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Grapes (Angur): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

Nothing feels more satisfying than tasting a batch of fresh grapes! These are not only important for curating a quality wine but are also used in refreshing fruit bowls and dishing out sinful desserts. It is because of this versatility, that grapes are also called as “Queen of fruits”. The scientific name of grapes is Vitis vinifera and it belongs to the family Vitaceae. Grapes are crunchy and juicy shots of heaven in various colours like black, green and red. They can be with or without seeds. About 8000 years ago, the cultivation of grapes began in the Middle East. They are now widely grown in Africa, Southern Europe, North and South America and Australia, India ranks among the top ten countries in the production of grapes. In India, 80% production is done in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. They are not only tasty but have several health benefits. Let us read about some evidence-based benefits which will tempt you to add grapes to your diet¹^,².

Did you know?

Grapes contain resveratrol, a compound that has been shown to have anti-cancer properties. source: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Grape seed extract has been found to have anti-inflammatory effects and may help reduce symptoms of arthritis. source: arthritis.org
Grape seed oil contains high levels of linoleic acid, which promotes cardiovascular health. source: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Eating grapes may help improve brain function and protect against cognitive decline. source: National Institutes of Health

Nutritional Value of Grapes

Grapes are richly packed with various nutritional components that are given as follows³:

Calories: 107 kcal (per 100 g)
Carbohydrates: 27 g (per 100 g)
Sugar: 23 g (per 100 g)
Fibre: 1.4 g (per 100 g)
Protein: 1.1 g (per 100 g)
Total Fat: 0.2 g (per 100 g)
Potassium: 288 mg (per 100 g)
Calcium: 15 mg (per 100 g)
Sodium: 3 mg (per 100 g)
Iron: 0.5 mg (per 100 g)

Properties of Grapes (Angur)

Grapes show numerous scientifically proven properties and some of these properties are mentioned below⁴:

It may have antioxidant properties.
It may act as an anticancer agent.
It might have anti-diabetic properties.
It may have anti-microbial properties.
It may act as a nootropic agent.
It may have anti-inflammatory properties.
It may have cardio-protective properties.

Potential Uses of Grapes for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of grapes are described as follows:

1. Potential uses of grapes on cognitive function

Studies support the association of grapes with an improvement in cognitive function. Grapes contain antioxidants like resveratrol which have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties which may help inhibit neurodegeneration. It also increases blood flow to the brain, and along with the presence of minerals like manganese, potassium and calcium, may improve brain health. Lee et al. conducted a study⁵ in 2017 to assess the effect of grape consumption on cognitive function. The study was conducted on ten participants with mild cognitive decline; this study showed a positive effect of grapes on cognitive function. Thus, grapes may have a positive impact on cognitive function. However, more studies are needed to support these claims.

2. Potential uses of grapes for liver disease

Literature reviews suggest that grapes contain phytochemical resveratrol, which may have hepatoprotective effects against cholestatic, chemical and alcohol-mediated damage. Asim et al. conducted a study⁶ in 2022 to assess the effect of the consumption of grapes on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. This study showed that grapes helped modulate hepatic gene expression, preventing oxidative damage and ameliorating NAFLD. This indicates that the consumption of grapes may help manage NAFLD. Additionally, resveratrol may help reduce liver fibrosis and steatosis, which are features of chronic liver disease and thus, may exert a hepato-protective effect. However, scientific evidence to support these claims is limited, and we need more studies to support these claims.

3. Potential uses of grapes for managing lipid profile

Polyphenol-rich food may have a favourable effect on lipid profile. Roberta et al. conducted a meta-analysis in 2020 to assess the impact of grapes on lipid profile⁷. This meta-analysis showed that grapes’ consumption significantly reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or bad cholesterol and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or good cholesterol. This reduction in LDL cholesterol is attributed to the presence of polyphenols like resveratrol in grapes. Therefore, the consumption of grapes may help in reducing bad cholesterol and increasing good cholesterol. However, we need more scientific evidence to support these claims.

Did you know that adding grapes to your diet can be a secret weapon for youthful aging? These amazing fruits are packed with antioxidants that work their magic inside your cells, fighting off harmful oxidative stress and kickstarting the production of a powerful antioxidant called glutathione¹⁰.
Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

4. Potential uses of grapes for type II diabetes

Type II diabetes mellitus is a global public health challenge affecting the majority of the population. It is characterized by an increased glucose production by the liver due to insulin resistance and beta-cell defects. Grapes have a low glycemic index, which may positively impact type II diabetes mellitus. Zunino et al. conducted a literature review in 2009 to assess the effect of grapes on type II diabetes⁸. The review suggested that grapes may have the potential to reduce elevated blood glucose, improve beta cell function and protect against beta cell loss due to the presence of numerous polyphenols like resveratrol, catechins, anthocyanins, etc. The results of this study indicate that grapes may exert a positive impact on type II diabetes. Additionally, the presence of resveratrol may help in managing diabetic neuropathy. However, we need more research to support these claims.

5. Potential uses of grapes in cancer

Several literature studies support the use of grapes as promising anticancer agents due to the presence of antioxidants. Zhou et al. conducted an in-vitro study⁹ in 2012 to assess the effect of grapefruit on small lung cancers. The results of this study supported the use of grapes for managing cancer. The anti-cancerous activity is attributed to the presence of antioxidants like proanthocyanidins which show inhibitory effects on several cancers.So, it might be possible that grapes can help in dealing with cancer. However, this finding needs further research to be applied practically.

6. Other potential uses of grapes

The presence of fiber content and potassium in grapes may help in normalizing blood pressure².
Due to their high melatonin content, grapes may help in managing insomnia.

Though there are studies that show the benefits of grapes in various conditions, these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of Grapes on human health. 

Including grapes in your diet might have a positive impact on retinal health. The antioxidants present in grapes may help protect and preserve the structure and function of the photoreceptors in the retina, promoting better vision and avoiding further damage¹¹.
Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

How to Use Grapes?

You can incorporate grapes into your dietary routine in the form of fresh, frozen or as juice².

You must consult a qualified doctor before including grapes in your diet. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with grapes without consulting a qualified doctor. 

Side Effects of Grapes

Data regarding the side effects of grapes is limited and more research is required to verify the side effects of grapes on human health. However, if you experience any adverse reactions to grapes, it is advised to discontinue its intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it. They will be able to guide you appropriately for your symptoms.

Also Read: Grapefruit (Chakotra): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!

Precautions to Take with Grapes

Eating grapes is okay if taken in moderate amounts. However, general precautions must be followed in the following conditions:

It is advised to thoroughly wash grapes before consumption.
Pregnant and lactating women have to be careful while consuming grapes, as the data regarding the safety profile of grapes is limited. Therefore, it is advised to consult a doctor before adding grapes to your diet.
Do not self-medicate, alter or discontinue your medications on your own while expecting grapes to be an alternative to the medications.

Also Read: Durian: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Interactions with Other Drugs

Grapes (Angur) are known to interact with several drugs resulting in untoward effects. Drugs known to interact adversely with grapes are mentioned below; given with them are the conditions wherein they are advised.

Statins used to lower cholesterol
Nifedipine used to treat high blood pressure
Organ transplant rejection drugs like cyclosporine
Anti-anxiety drugs like buspirone
Amiodarone used to treat abnormal heart rhythm
Anti-histamines like fexofenadine

These interactions can result in unwanted effects on the body and may reduce the drug’s efficacy. However, you must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician about the possible interaction of grapes with other drugs and follow the prescription thoroughly, as they will know your health condition and other medications you are taking.

Also Read: Buffalo Milk: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the scientific name of grapes?

The scientific name of grapes is Vitis vinifera¹.

Which fruit is known as the “queen of fruits”?

Grapes are known as “queen of fruits”¹.

Can grapes help in managing diabetes?

Yes, grapes may help manage diabetes as they have a low glycemic index. However, more studies need to be done to support these claims in humans. Therefore, it is advised to consult a doctor for proper treatment.

Can grapes help in case of insomnia?

The presence of melatonin in grapes may help manage insomnia. The scientific evidence supporting these claims is limited and therefore, it is advised to consult a doctor if you have any sleep-related issues.

What are the side effects of grapes consumption?

Data regarding the side effect profile of grapes is limited, and more research is required to verify the side effects of grapes on human health. However, if you experience any adverse reactions to grapes, it is advised to discontinue its intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it. They will be able to guide you appropriately considering your symptoms.

References

Pezzuto, John M et al. “Unraveling the relationship between grapes and health.” The Journal of nutrition vol. 139,9 (2009): 1783S-7S. doi:10.3945/jn.109.107458. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728694/
Lee, Jooyeon et al. “Examining the impact of grape consumption on brain metabolism and cognitive function in patients with mild decline in cognition: A double-blinded placebo-controlled pilot study.” Experimental gerontology vol. 87, Pt A (2017): 121-128. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2016.10.004. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27856335/
Dave, Asim et al. “Consumption of Grapes Modulates Gene Expression, Reduces Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, and Extends Longevity in Female C57BL/6J Mice Provided with a High-Fat Western-Pattern Diet.” Foods (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 11,13 1984. 5 Jul. 2022, doi:10.3390/foods11131984. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9265568/
Lupoli, Roberta et al. “Impact of Grape Products on Lipid Profile: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies.” Journal of clinical medicine vol. 9,2 313. 22 Jan. 2020, doi:10.3390/jcm9020313. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/2/313/htm
Zhou, Kequan, and Julian J Raffoul. “Potential anticancer properties of grape antioxidants.” Journal of oncology vol. 2012 (2012): 803294. doi:10.1155/2012/803294. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22919383/
Dave A, Park EJ, Kumar A, Parande F, Beyoğlu D, Idle JR, Pezzuto JM. Consumption of Grapes Modulates Gene Expression, Reduces Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, and Extends Longevity in Female C57BL/6J Mice Provided with a High-Fat Western-Pattern Diet. Foods. 2022 Jul 5;11(13):1984. doi: 10.3390/foods11131984. PMID: 35804799; PMCID: PMC9265568. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35804799/
Lupoli R, Ciciola P, Costabile G, Giacco R, Minno MNDD, Capaldo B. Impact of Grape Products on Lipid Profile: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies. J Clin Med. 2020 Jan 22;9(2):313. doi: 10.3390/jcm9020313. PMID: 31979098; PMCID: PMC7073656. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7073656/
Zunino S. Type 2 diabetes and glycemic response to grapes or grape products. J Nutr. 2009 Sep;139(9):1794S-800S. doi: 10.3945/jn.109.107631. Epub 2009 Jul 22. PMID: 19625702. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19625702/
Stanly C, Alfieri M, Ambrosone A, Leone A, Fiume I, Pocsfalvi G. Grapefruit-Derived Micro and Nanovesicles Show Distinct Metabolome Profiles and Anticancer Activities in the A375 Human Melanoma Cell Line. Cells. 2020 Dec 21;9(12):2722. doi: 10.3390/cells9122722. PMID: 33371199; PMCID: PMC7766354. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7766354/
Das S, Mitrovsky G, Vasanthi HR, Das DK. Antiaging properties of a grape-derived antioxidant are regulated by mitochondrial balance of fusion and fission leading to mitophagy triggered by a signaling network of Sirt1-Sirt3-Foxo3-PINK1-PARKIN. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014;2014:345105. doi: 10.1155/2014/345105. Epub 2014 Jan 12. Retraction in: Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 Aug 13;2022:9793504. doi: 10.1155/2022/9793504. PMID: 24669285; PMCID: PMC3942197. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24669285/
Patel AK, Davis A, Rodriguez ME, Agron S, Hackam AS. Protective effects of a grape-supplemented diet in a mouse model of retinal degeneration. Nutrition. 2016 Mar;32(3):384-90. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.09.017. Epub 2015 Oct 28. PMID: 26732835; PMCID: PMC4744109. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4744109/

Benefits of Gyan Mudra and How to Do it By Dr. Ankit Sankhe

Introduction

When one thinks about Yoga, what comes to mind immediately is meditation (dhyan) and exercises (asanas). While yoga surely includes that, what is also present in Yoga is mudras. Mudras are hand postures which means using the fingers to make specific postures of the hand.

The science of Ayurveda believes that the human body is comprised of five natural elements (air, fire, space, earth and water) and these five elements are represented by our five fingers. It is said that if all five elements are balanced, then the body is in a state of well-being. Any imbalance in any one of these elements may lead to illness.

Our fingers are believed to be like live wires that conduct electric current through them. When we do a mudra, one or more fingers touch the thumb and an electric circuit is completed. Through this completed electric circuit, the life energy flows and helps bring about balance in the elements¹^,².

Mudras are said to have many potential benefits for the holistic development of a person. One such mudra is the Gyan mudra.

What is Gyan Mudra?

The word mudra is formed by joining two Sanskrit words ‘mud’ meaning joy or happiness and ‘ra’ which means to generate or produce. It signifies that the practice of mudra produces happiness or joy. The various hand and finger movements done while practicing any mudra are believed to build essential links in the nervous system and invigorate certain energy pathways in the body.

Gyan mudra (also spelled Jnana mudra) is a powerful mudra of learning and wisdom. It has been practiced by yoga gurus striving for peace and spiritual development since ancient times. The word Jnana or Gyan means knowledge or wisdom. Gyan mudra is hence the mudra for intuitive knowledge. It is also known as the psychic gesture of consciousness¹^,⁵.

How to Do It?

The mudras should be practiced with proper technique to obtain maximum health benefits. The steps to do Gyan mudra are as follows:

Sit in a comfortable position on the ground. The best pose to practice Gyan mudra is Padmasana (a simple cross-legged posture where each foot is placed on the opposite thigh) or Vajrasana (a sitting pose where you first kneel and then sit back on your legs so that your heels touch your buttocks).
Place your hands on your knees with the palms facing upwards. In each hand, join the tip of the index finger to the tip of the thumb. Apply light pressure between the tips of the thumb and forefinger.
Keep the other three fingers outstretched.
Close your eyes and concentrate on your breathing.
This is how Gyan mudra should be practiced.
You may continue practicing Gyan mudra for five minutes. The normal time for performing any mudra may range from 15-30 minutes. For effective results, it is recommended that you practice this mudra for 24 minutes²^,⁴.

Do You Know?

Here are some interesting facts about Gyan Mudra that make for an interesting read:

The Dakshinamurthy form of Lord Shiva, painted in certain Kerala temples dating back to the 16th CE onwards, shows the Gyan mudra posture. This form of Lord Shiva has four hands with the lower right hand assuming the Gyan mudra. Here, the thumb represents God and the forefinger represents man. The three outstretched fingers represent the three innate human impurities like egotism, delusion, and misdeeds of the previous births. The Gyan mudra thus metaphorically implies that man can reach God if he remains away from the aforementioned impurities⁶.
The Gyan mudra is also practised by Buddhists who know it by the name of Vitarka mudra. They perform the Vitarka mudra using the right hand. It is performed the same way as Gyan mudra except that the right hand is not kept on the thigh but raised and kept close to the heart with the thumb and forefinger facing the person³.

Benefits of Gyan Mudra

Gyan mudra is said to be a Yoga mudra with various benefits that may be helpful in maintaining good health and enhancing your spiritual level. Some of the potential benefits of Gyan mudra are:

1. Benefits of Gyan Mudra for the Brain Function

Everyone desires a sharp mind and a great memory. Gyan mudra may improve the blood flow to the brain by bringing about metabolic changes in the body, thus increasing the nutrient flow to the brain. This may help in increasing memory and concentration. Improvement in brain activity especially memory may be seen if this mudra is practiced consistently. It may also help in maintaining the overall mental well-being of an individual²^,⁴^,⁶.

In light of what I’ve perceived apart from enhancing focus, Gyan Mudra is believed to boost mental power. It is thought to possibly strengthen the mind and enhance cognitive abilities, making it a beneficial practice for improving overall mental prowess⁹.
Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

2. Benefits of Gyan Mudra for Mental Stability

Gyan mudra may be beneficial to stabilize the restlessness of the mind. It may help improve the focus of a fidgety mind and help one to attain the Gyan or Jnana state, that is the state of selective wisdom. This mudra may be used in situations where one needs to focus such as for studying or contemplation⁸.It may be used for meditation as it helps calm a restless mind⁷.

3. Benefits of Gyan Mudra for Anxiety

Undue anxiety can cause problems in our daily life. It may also affect the way we respond to situations. People having anxiety issues may benefit from performing Gyan mudra. A study has shown that regularly practicing Gyan mudra may help reduce anxiety levels and help the person to achieve a steady mind with rational thinking. It may also help the person provide appropriate reactions to dangerous or threatening situations which are generally considered to be anxiety-inducing⁵. It may help heal the internal organs by alleviating symptoms of stress, tension, depression, and sleeplessness²^,⁴.

4. Benefits of Gyan Mudra for Gland Function and Hormones

Gyan mudra may be beneficial in stimulating certain endocrine glands. It is believed that the tip of the thumb has centers corresponding to the pituitary and other glands. The pituitary gland is an important endocrine gland that secretes vital hormones. It may improve blood circulation to the pituitary gland⁴.When one does the Gyan mudra, the thumb tip is pressed lightly by the tip of the forefinger. This stimulates the pituitary and endocrine glands to work actively⁸.

5. Other Benefits of Gyan Mudra

The practice of this mudra may be beneficial in enhancing spiritual development in an individual².
It may help stimulate the pineal gland which is also known as the third eye. The pineal gland plays a very important role in the human body. It checks the activity of the pituitary gland and plays an important role in controlling our sleep-wake cycle (circadian cycle), and water and carbohydrate metabolism in the body (which is an important part of controlling blood sugar levels)².
It may play an important role in the practice of pranayama⁴.
It may improve the blood flow to the entire nervous system⁴.
Practicing this mudra daily may help those suffering from anger issues and mania⁸.

While Yoga mudras may be beneficial to a person in many ways, it must not be used as an alternative to conventional modern medicine. One must not rely on it to alone to treat any health condition. If you are facing any health issues, always consult a qualified medical doctor who can examine you and advise appropriate treatment. Besides, to avoid injuries, it is necessary to learn and practice Yoga under the guidance of a trained and qualified yoga teacher.

Based on what I have noticed, Gyan Mudra might have several benefits. It may help improve breathing problems and enhance blood circulation, allowing the lungs to receive more oxygen¹⁰.
Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Risks of Exercise

One must stop doing this mudra if any pain or stress is felt while doing it². Apart from this particular risk, there are no scientific studies available to show any other risks associated with practicing Gyan mudra. Yet, it is advised to practice this mudra under the guidance of a trained and qualified Yoga expert.

Conclusion

Gyan mudra or Jnana mudra is a Yoga mudra that has been practised since ancient times. It is a hand posture formed by joining the tips of the index finger and thumb. It is mudra of intuitive wisdom and knowledge. It has many benefits for the nervous system and endocrine systems. It may also help in spiritual development. One must learn this mudra from a Yoga expert and practice it consistently using the correct techniques, so as to avoid injuries and gain optimum benefits.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is Gyan mudra (Jnana mudra)?

The name Gyan mudra is derived from the Sanskrit word Jnana or Gyan meaning knowledge or wisdom. Gyan mudra is hence also known as the mudra for intuitive knowledge. Also known as the psychic gesture of consciousness, it has several health benefits for the nervous and endocrine system²^,⁴^,⁵^,⁸.

What are the steps of Gyan mudra?

Gyan mudra steps are: Sit in a comfortable position on the mat/ground. You may sit in Padmasana or Vajrasana. Keep your hands on your knees with the palms facing upwards. In each of your hands, join the tips of the index finger to the thumb and apply light pressure. Keeping the other three fingers outstretched, close your eyes and focus on your breathing. You may perform Gyan mudra for any duration between 15-30 minutes. For maximum benefit, it is advisable to practice this mudra for 24 minutes²^,⁴.

Can Gyan Mudra be done by children?

While Gyan mudra can be done by people of all age groups², it is advisable to practice this mudra under the guidance of a trained and experienced yoga teacher who can help you perform it without any side effects.

Should Gyan mudra be done only in sitting position?

It is not necessary that Gyan mudra be done in sitting position only. It can also be done while walking, standing, studying, reading, praying or while watching television².

Can Gyan mudra be done if I am taking treatment for any health condition?

Yes, Gyan mudra may be done even if you are undergoing any treatment for any health condition².

References

Rajput M. The source, meanings and use of “Mudra” across religions. International Journal of Computational Research and Development [Internet]. 2016 [cited 22 September 2022];1(1):36-41. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shahid-Rajput/publication/308693036_The_Source_Meanings_And_Use_Of_Mudra_Across_Religions/links/58133ff908aedc7d8961c693/The-Source-Meanings-And-Use-Of-Mudra-Across-Religions.pdf
S S, Sharma C. Mudra Therapy and Its Classification. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (IJHSR) [Internet]. 2021 [cited 22 September 2022];11(1):118-126. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/44996765/Mudra_Therapy_and_Its_Classification?auto=citations&from=cover_page
Raghupathi D. Theory and Practice of Hastha Yoga. International Journal of Science and Consciousness [Internet]. 2016 [cited 23 September 2022];2(3):33-41. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20180421002448id_/http://ijsc.net/docs/issue5/theory_and_practice_of_hastha_yoga.pdf
Kumar S, Venu A, Jaya M. Effect of yoga mudras in improving the health of users: A precautionary measure practice in daily life for resisting the deadly COVID-19 disease. Lessons from COVID-19 [Internet]. 2022 [cited 22 September 2022];:41-59. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9347266/?report=classic
Saraswat N, Kumar D. Effect of Jñāna mudra on anxiety level among young adults. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health [Internet]. 2021 [cited 22 September 2022];8(3):31-34. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20210814014332id_/https://www.kheljournal.com/archives/2021/vol8issue3/PartA/8-2-38-777.pdf
V. R. S, Krishnan D, Kumar A. Image of Dakshinamurthy in the Mural Art of Kerala. Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology [Internet]. 2018 [cited 22 September 2022];6: 756‐763. Available from: http://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume6/35.pdf
Bhavanani AB, Ramanathan M. Meditation: the inner yoga. Souvenir of the CME on “Sleep, consciousness and meditation: neurological correlates.” Department of Physiology & CYTER, MGMCRI, Puducherry. 2014;27:30-5.Available from : https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ananda-Bhavanani/publication/237079027_MEDITATION_THE_INNER_YOGA/links/00b7d536f57f599b39000000/MEDITATION-THE-INNER-YOGA.pdf
Karki A. Importance of Mudras in Stree Swasthya. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences [Internet]. 2021 [cited 23 September 2022];6(6):116-119. Available from: http://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/1603/1556
Monis S. Beyond Breath: a book on biohacking. Zorba Books; 2018. P. 70. Available from: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4-qEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT70&lpg=PT70&dq=gyan+mudra.gov&source#v=onepage&q&f=false
Nagarajan M, Mayuranathan M, Jayanthi S. A Deep Survey on Sole and Essence of Hand Mudra(s). International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT). 2017 Oct;5(4):378–83. Available from: https://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT1704050.pdf

Benefits of Chaturanga Dandasana (Four Limbed Staff Pose) and How to Do it By Dr. Ankit Sankhe

Introduction

In recent days, physical fitness has become important, and people have started linking physical health with mental and spiritual health. Yoga is a form of physical exercise that helps us to integrate our body and mind. Yoga means ‘joining’ or ‘union’. There are many systems of yoga, and each system unifies various aspects of human beings in different ways. One such system is Hatha Yoga which aims to balance and join multiple energy flows in the human body. The sun salutation, or Surya namaskar, is a part of hatha yoga involving various poses (asanas). One such asana used in Surya namaskar is chaturanga dandasana¹. Let us glance through some health benefits of chaturanga dandasana.

Did You Know?

Chaturanga dandasana is an intermediate pose with a combination of lower plank and push-up.
Chaturanga dandasana appears in the 1896 Vyayama Dipika, a gymnastics manual, as part of the very old sequence of danda exercises.

What is Chaturanga Dandasana?

Surya Namaskar is a combination of asanas performed one after the other with coordinated breath. Chaturanga Dandasana is one of the poses done while doing Surya Namaskar. It is pronounced as cha-you-Rahn-gah Dahn-dah-duh-nuh. Chaturanga dandasana is also known as the low plank pose or four-limbed staff pose. In English, ‘that’ means four, ‘anga’ means limbs, ‘danda’ means staff, and ‘asana’ means posture. Chaturanga dandasana is a posture used to build strength^1,2.

How to Do It?

You can do chaturanga dandasana in the following way:

Sit in the plank position with both your legs behind and your hands pointing forward
Keep breathing evenly
Stretch out both your heels so you feel the pressure on your thighs
Push the floor away from you while your hands point forward and keep your head stretched.
Keep your shoulders low and away from the ears¹.

I will highly recommend performing chaturanga dandasana for a shorter time at the beginning. To start with, you can perform this asana for ten seconds. As you build your strength and stamina, you can increase the duration according to your comfort¹¹.
Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Benefits Of Chaturanga Dandasana

Some of the benefits of chaturanga dandasana are:

1. Benefits of Chaturanga Dandasana for Back Pain

A study³ by Shah et al. in 2015 on thirty young girls from various colleges in Ahmedabad showed that chaturanga dandasana might help to improve endurance and stability of the lumbopelvic region (the lumbar region of the spine). In addition, it may enhance core muscle strength and may reduce the risk of back pain³.However, this is a small-scale study, and more studies are required to check if chaturanga dandasana may reduce the risk of back pain. You must consult your doctor if you have back pain for a long period.

2. Benefits of Chaturanga Dandasana for Heart

A study on healthy women showed that chaturanga dandasana might help to reduce the strain on the heart by managing stress levels⁴. However, further studies are required to check if chaturanga dandasana can help to protect the heart. You must consult your doctor if you experience any symptoms of heart disease.

3. Benefits of Chaturanga Dandasana to Maintain a Good Posture and Improve Flexibility

Sakshi Khatri and Manoj Patil 2021 conducted a study on chaturanga dandasana. The study result showed that chaturanga dandasana might help to maintain and stiff and straight posture of abdominal muscle and the back⁵. In addition, it may improve stability and tone the spine, back, leg, shoulder, neck, wrist, and arms muscles⁶. However, more studies are required to check if chaturanga dandasana can help to improve posture and flexibility.

4. Benefits of Chaturanga Dandasana for Weight Management

In a study⁶ by Pande et al. in 2020, Surya namaskar consisting of chaturanga dandasana may help in reducing weight. The bends and stretches in chaturanga dandasana may help to lose adipose tissue (fats). However, further studies are required to check if chaturanga dandasana can help to manage weight. You must consult your dietician to assist you in giving you a workout plan to lose weight.

5. Benefits of Chaturanga Dandasana to Improve Blood Circulation

Surya namaskar consisting of chaturanga dandasana may help to improve blood circulation. It may improve scalp blood circulation and help reduce hair fall. In addition, Chaturanga dandasana may help to increase blood circulation in the skin, thereby keeping the skin young⁶. However, more studies are yet to be done to check if chaturanga dandasana can help to improve blood circulation.

6. Benefits of Chaturanga Dandasana for Cancer

Practising a yoga protocol consisting of chaturanga dandasana can reduce fatigue and inflammation in breast cancer survivors. Disturbed sleep increases inflammation and fatigue. Chaturanga dandasana may help to improve sleep and hence reduce fatigue and inflammation⁷. However, further large-scale studies are required to confirm whether chaturanga dandasana can benefit breast cancer survivors. Cancer is a dangerous disease; therefore, you must take proper care and not self-medicate.

7. Benefits of Chaturanga Dandasana for the Respiratory System

According to the article⁸ titled ‘A Role of ‘Surya Namaskara’ For Good Health’, published in 2020, chaturanga dandasana may help improve the lungs’ functioning. It may open the chest cavity and improve the strength of the muscles around the lungs. As a result, Chaturanga dandasana may increase the capacity and contractility of the lungs. However, further studies are required to check whether chaturanga dandasana may benefit the respiratory system.

8. Benefits of Chaturanga Dandasana for Mental Well-Being

A study⁹ by Taspinar et al. in 2014 showed that hatha yoga consisting of chaturanga dandasana might reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety. It may also help to reduce stress and fatigue and improve mood. However, further large-scale studies are required to check if chaturanga dandasana can help to improve mental well-being. You must consult your doctor if your mental health is hampered.

Yoga practice may help balance the mind and body and it is not an alternative to modern medicine. Instead, please consult a qualified doctor who can assess your situation correctly and advise accordingly. Moreover, it is necessary to practice and learn yoga under the supervision of a trained yoga teacher to avoid any injuries.

As we know, Chaturanga Dandasana is practised as a part of Surya Namaskar. It might help in building core strength and improving stamina. This asana should be followed by Adho mukha svanasana (downward-facing dog pose). You should avoid practising this asana if you suffer from headaches, blood pressure issues, or any injury involving the back, shoulder, or arms¹¹.
Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Risks Of Chaturanga Dandasana

The following risk may be associated with chaturanga dandasana:

Improper practice of chaturanga dandasana may cause wrist or lower-back injuries. Lower back injuries may be caused due to twists, forward bends and backbends¹⁰.

With the guidance of a qualified and experienced yoga teacher/yoga expert, we can access the risk factors and continue to practice exercise with precautions.

Also Read: Benefits of Kandharasana (Shoulder Pose) and How to Do it By Dr. Ankit Sankhe

Conclusion

Chaturanga dandasana is one of the poses done while doing Surya namaskar. Plank pose or four-limbed staff pose are the alternative names of this chaturanga dandasana. In English, ‘that’ means four, ‘anga’ means limbs, ‘danda’ means staff, and ‘asana’ means posture. Chaturanga dandasana is a posture used to build strength. Chaturanga dandasana might help to improve endurance and stability of the lumbopelvic region and reduce the risk of back pain. It may help to improve posture, and flexibility, manage weight, improve lung function, protect the heart, and improve blood circulation. Chaturanga dandasana might help to reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety. It may also help to reduce stress and fatigue and improve mood. Chaturanga dandasana may reduce inflammation and fatigue in breast cancer survivors. Improper practice of chaturanga dandasana may cause wrist or lower-back injuries. Therefore, you must perform chaturanga dandasana under proper guidance.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are chaturanga dandasana benefits?

Chaturanga dandasana might help to improve endurance and stability of the lumbopelvic region and reduce the risk of back pain. It may help to improve posture and flexibility, manage weight, improve lung function, protect the heart, and improve blood circulation. Chaturanga dandasana might help to reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety. It may also help to reduce stress and fatigue and improve mood. Chaturanga dandasana may reduce inflammation and fatigue in breast cancer survivors^3,8. However, you must consult your doctor if you have any diseases instead of self-medicating.

How to do chaturanga dandasana?

Sit in the plank position with both your legs behind and your hands pointing forward. Keep breathing evenly. Stretch out both your heels so you feel the pressure on your thighs. Push the floor away with your hands. Stretch your head and keep your shoulders low, away from the ears¹.

What is the other name for chaturanga yoga?

Chaturanga dandasana is also known as the plank pose or four-limbed staff pose. In English, ‘chatur’ means four, ‘anga’ means limbs, ‘danda’ means staff, and ‘asana’ means posture¹.

What are the risks of doing chaturanga dandasana?

Improper practice of chaturanga dandasana may cause wrist or lower-back injuries¹⁰. Therefore, you must perform chaturanga dandasana under proper guidance.

What are the benefits of chaturanga dandasana for mental well-being?

Chaturanga dandasana might help to reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety. It may also help to reduce stress and fatigue and improve mood⁹. You must consult your doctor if your mental health is hampered.

References

Couch J. The runner’s yoga book: A balanced approach to fitness. Shambhala Publications; 2016 Aug 1. Available from: https://books.google.mg/books?id=eBrIDAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=zh-CN#v=onepage&q&f=false

Chaturanga Dandasana [Internet]. Salamba Yoga. 2020 [cited 2022Nov6]. Available from: https://www.salambayoga.org/asana-and-alignment-guide/chaturanga-dandasana/

Shah J, Thakker D, Amarnath TK. An Experimental Study on Effects of Chaturanga Dandasana on Lumbopelvic Stability in Young Girls. National Journal of Integrated Research in Medicine. 2015 Mar 1;6(2). Available from: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=09759840&AN=115613824&h=E48Io%2FJF04yMzvhBs33pkxn0WFpdvNPSf1i%2BNGtFsqcxPvqXcG4FPR7hnqMDOp3jsWX3msWnxr9AFeRuHeSzhA%3D%3D&crl=c

Bernotiene G, Slapsinskaite A, Berškienė K, Daunoravičienė A, Vainoras A, Razón S. Yoga’s Effects on the Cardiovascular System of Healthy Women: Implications for Best Practices. Alternative Therapies in Health & Medicine. 2020 Sep 1;26(5). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32663177/

Butola LK, Ambad R, Gusain N, Dhok A. Indoor activities for physical fitness during the lockdown. Journal of Critical Reviews. 2020;7(10):542-5. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lata-Kanyal-Butola/publication/344521182_Journal_of_Critical_Reviews_INDOOR_ACTIVITIES_FOR_PHYSICAL_FITNESS_DURING_LOCKDOWN/links/5f7e023292851c14bcb66a51/Journal-of-Critical-Reviews-INDOOR-ACTIVITIES-FOR-PHYSICAL-FITNESS-DURING-LOCKDOWN.pdf

Pande P, Tendolkar V, Suraj S, Anjankar A. Yoga Helps to Improve Immunity & Fight Against Infection During Covid19. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology. 2020 Oct 1;14(4). Available from: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=09739122&AN=148410229&h=ofcRLP4cZL03xPfwHgHdgk%2FmXlkPY7iCTdf%2BcOFgkNBq3YzhwK%2BRd6ZH4MyOK6w86PN6w1eWk%2FGhBLaWeuttCQ%3D%3D&crl=c

Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Bennett JM, Andridge R, Peng J, Shapiro CL, Malarkey WB, Emery CF, Layman R, Mrozek EE, Glaser R. Yoga’s impact on inflammation, mood, and fatigue in breast cancer survivors: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Clinical oncology. 2014 Apr 1;32(10):1040. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3965259/

A Role Of ‘Surya Namaskara’ For Good Health Available from: https://www.aiirjournal.com/uploads/Articles/2020/03/4434_25.Vd.Manisha%20Nikam.pdf

Taspinar B, Aslan UB, Agbuga B, Taspinar F. A comparison of the effects of hatha yoga and resistance exercise on mental health and well-being in sedentary adults: A pilot study. Complementary therapies in medicine. 2014 Jun 1;22(3):433-40. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229914000387
Fishman L, Saltonstall E, Genis S. Understanding and preventing yoga injuries. International journal of yoga therapy. 2009 Oct 1;19(1):47-53. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337808622_Understanding_and_Preventing_Yoga_Injuries
The Art of Living. Chaturanga Dandasana (Four-limbed staff pose) [Internet]. [place unknown]: The Art of Living; [cited 2026 Jan 6]. Available from: https://www.artofliving.org/in-en/yoga/yoga-poses/chaturanga-dandasana

Cocoa Powder: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

Chocolates are a well known snack for all age groups and are an indulgent confection. The major ingredient of chocolate is cocoa powder which has several health benefits. Cocoa beans are procured from the cocoa tree (Theobroma cocoa) and since 460 AD the cocoa has been used as edible food. Chocolate consumption globally ranges from 0.12 kg per person per year in China to 11.85 kg in Ireland. Developed countries consume about 64% of the total cocoa consumption and the Ivory Coast in Africa is the largest cocoa bean producing country worldwide¹. Cocoa is a dried and fully fermented seed of cocoa fruit. The paste made from cocoa beans by grounding, roasting, shelling, and fermenting is the cocoa liquor. Cocoa powder is further made by removing the cocoa butter from cocoa liquor¹. There are several health benefits of cocoa powder and let us have a look at it.

Nutritional Value of Cocoa Powder

Cocoa powder may contain bioactive compounds like polyphenols¹. The nutritional content of cocoa powder is:

Energy: 598 kcal
Water: 1.37 g
Carbohydrate: 45.9 g
Protein: 7.79 g
Fat: 42.6 g
Sugar: 24 g
Fiber: 10.9 g
Iron: 11.9 mg
Magnesium: 228 mg
Potassium: 715 mg
Calcium: 73 mg
Phosphorus: 308 mg

Properties of Cocoa Powder

Several studies showed that cocoa powder might have the following properties:

It may be an antioxidant
It may lower the blood pressure
It may improve heart health
It may reduce the risk of diabetes
It may boost immunity
It may protect against cancer
It may protect against neurodegeneration
It may enhance mood¹
It may act as an anti-inflammatory³

Potential Uses of Cocoa Powder for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of eating cocoa powder are described as follows:

1. Potential Use of Cocoa Powder for Lowering Blood Pressure

The association between cocoa powder and blood pressure was first observed in Zutphen Elderly Study (a major study¹ confirmed by randomized controlled trials). Another study suggested that high flavanol consumption like cocoa powder may reduce blood pressure. Cocoa powder may help in reducing blood pressure and more research is required to check whether cocoa powder can reduce blood pressure in humans. However, it is vital to check your blood pressure regularly and consult your doctor in case of high blood pressure.

2. Potential Use of Cocoa Powder for Diabetes

Cocoa powders may be used against diabetes due to the presence of flavanols. Studies conducted on diabetic rats showed that flavanols might increase insulin secretion and may reduce blood glucose levels. Flavanols in cocoa powder may increase insulin secretion and glucose tolerance which may reduce diabetes. However, these observations were made on animals and further human trials are needed to support the activity of cocoa powder in diabetic individuals. You must check your sugar levels regularly and seek medical advice in case of high sugar levels¹. Do not self medicate.

3. Potential Use of Cocoa Powder for Boosting the Immune System

Cocoa powder may help to enhance the immune system, which is suggested by studies conducted on mice. Flavanols present in cocoa powder may be responsible for activating the immune system. Rumiro Puig et al. demonstrated that cocoa may defend the body from free radicals. Further studies on humans are required to confirm the effect of cocoa powder on the immune system¹.

4. Potential Use of Cocoa Powder for Cancer

Cocoa powder may help in reducing or eliminating cancer. Antioxidant properties of cocoa powder due to polyphenols may be responsible for its anti-cancer activity. Additionally, an experimental study¹ suggested that a constituent in a cocoa powder called proanthocyanadins may inhibit the growth of lung cancer cells in humans. However, this information is insufficient, and we require more human studies to suggest the benefits of cocoa powder on cancer. Cancer is a serious disease therefore, get diagnosed and take proper medications instead of self-medicating.

5. Potential Use of Cocoa Powder to Enhance Mood

Flavanols in cocoa powder may enhance the mood by reducing mental fatigue and improving self rated calmness. Cocoa powder may lead to the production of serotonin, a hormone that improves mood. More studies are required to check the effect of cocoa powder on mood³.

6. Potential Use of Cocoa Powder for Alzheimer’s Disease

Cocoa powder may be used for Alzheimer’s disease which is a neurodegenerative disorder. Polyphenols present in cocoa powder may help in the case of Alzheimer’s disease through their antioxidant activity. In vitro studies suggest that polyphenols may have a neuroprotective effect. However, more studies are required to check the effect of cocoa powder on Alzheimer’s disease. You must consult your doctor if you experience any symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease³.

7. Potential Use of Cocoa Powder for Weight Management

cocoa powder may help in weight loss and may lower the Body Mass Index (BMI). Studies on animals have shown that cocoa powder may reduce body weight. Cocoa powder may inhibit dietary fat absorption and thereby cause a reduction in the rate of body weight. More studies are required on the human body to confirm if cocoa powder can be used to reduce weight. However, you must consult a dietician before making significant changes in your daily meals³.

8. Potential Use of Cocoa Powder for Stroke

Cocoa powder may reduce the risk of stroke and a study was conducted on 37103 volunteers for over ten years. The results suggested that people who consume a large amount of cocoa powder may have a reduced stroke risk compared to those who do not consume cocoa powder. Antioxidant, anti-platelet, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of cocoa powder may be responsible for lowering the risk of stroke. However, you must immediately consult your doctor if you experience any stroke symptoms³.

Though some studies show the benefits of cocoa powder in various conditions, these are insufficient. Therefore, there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of cocoa powder on human health.

In my experience, more cocoa powder in your diet may assist to enhance your attention span, working memory, and overall cognitive function. Additionally, it may improve cognitive function in those who have sleep-related problems such as insomnia⁵.
Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

How to Use Cocoa Powder?

Cocoa powder may be included in several foods and beverages like:

It can be a part of hot chocolate
It can be used as an ingredient in cakes and baked goods
Cocoa powder can be eaten directly as well

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking cocoa powder in large quantities or any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.

Magnesium has a critical role in controlling muscle contraction and supporting neuronal activity. Additionally, the mineral may lower the danger of neurological illnesses while defending nerve cells. I strongly recommend consuming cocoa powder as it may help support healthy muscular and neurological system function since it includes magnesium⁵.
Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Side Effects of Cocoa Powder

A few side effects associated with cocoa powder may be:

It may cause nervousness
It may increase urination
It may make you sleepy
It may fasten the heartbeat
It may cause allergy to the skin
It may lead to constipation
It might trigger migraine headaches
It may cause nausea⁴

If you experience any adverse reactions to cocoa powder, immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it. They will be able to guide you appropriately for your symptoms.

I have studied that zinc is a mineral and is abundant in 90% cocoa chocolate. I strongly recommend consuming cocoa powder as it may help aid in wound healing⁵.
Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

Also Read: White Onion: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Precautions to Take with Cocoa Powder

You must take the following precautions while consuming cocoa powder:

Cocoa powder may trigger migraine headaches. Therefore, you must be cautious before consuming it.
Cocoa powder contains caffeine. Therefore, pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers shall take extra precautions.
A large amount of cocoa powder may make the anxiety worse. Therefore, cocoa powder should be consumed in appropriate amounts.
Cocoa powder, when consumed in large amounts may cause worse diarrhoea⁴.

Also Read: Pear (Nashpati): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!

Interactions with Other Drugs

Some precautions to take before consuming cocoa powder are:

Precautions shall be taken before consuming medicines like aspirin, anticoagulant drugs, anti-platelet drugs, and NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)⁴.

Also Read: Tagar: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are cocoa powder’s health benefits?

Cocoa powder may be used against diabetes, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, and weight management. It may lower blood pressure. It may also enhance the mood and the immune system^1,3. However, if you have the above-mentioned problems kindly, consult the doctor and do not self-medicate.

What are the nutrients in cacao powder?

Several minerals like calcium, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, and many more are present. It also contains vitamins, sugars, fibres, and fats².

Is cocoa powder good for health?

Yes, cocoa powder may have several potential health benefits^1,3.

Is cocoa powder good for weight loss?

Yes, cocoa powder may be good for managing weight. It may help reduce weight and maintain body mass index (BMI)³.

What are the cocoa powder antioxidants?

Polyphenols and flavanol are cocoa powder antioxidants¹.

References

Katz DL, Doughty K, Ali A. Cocoa, and chocolate in human health and disease. Antioxidants & redox signaling. 2011 Nov 15;15(10):2779-811. Available from: https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ars.2010.3697
FoodData Central Chocolate, dark, 70-85% cacao solids [Internet]. U.S. Department of Agriculture. [cited 2022 Sep 6]. Available from: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170273/nutrients
Latif R. Health benefits of cocoa. Current opinion in clinical nutrition & metabolic care. 2013 Nov 1;16(6):669-74. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/co-clinicalnutrition/Abstract/2013/11000/Health_benefits_of_cocoa.11.aspx
Arakelyan, Hayk. Chocolate and Drugs Dangerous Interactions.2014. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275584061_Chocolate_and_Drugs_Dangerous_Interactions
Altomara D. Health Benefits of Cocoa Powder. WebMD. Published online January 12, 2025. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/diet/health-benefits-cocoa-powder

Best Home Remedies For Lipoma

Introduction

A lipoma is a round or oval-shaped tissue mass that develops right under the skin. It composed of fat and moves easily when touched and rarely causes any discomfort. Lipomas can form in any body part, although the back, torso (trunk), arms, shoulders and neck are the most common parts.

Lipomas are slow-growing, soft tissue tumours that are typically benign (non-cancerous). In some cases, they may be mistaken for liposarcomas, which are rare malignant tumours; however, liposarcomas usually present differently and require specialist evaluation².

Most lipomas don’t require treatment unless symptomatic. If a lipoma bothers you, you can consult a doctor and get it operated on.

What Causes Lipoma?

According to healthcare professionals, the exact cause of lipoma development remains unclear. However, they often have a genetic link, if a family member has a lipoma, your risk of developing one is higher.

Several conditions are also known to be associated with the formation of multiple lipomas, such as:

Dercum’s disease: An uncommon disease that causes painful lipomas to form on the arms, legs and trunk. It is also known as Adipose Dolorosa or Anders’ syndrome³.
Gardner syndrome is a familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) condition that may produce lipomas and several other health issues.
Hereditary multiple lipomatosis: This condition, also known as numerous familial lipomatosis, is hereditary (passed down through families)¹.
Madelung’s disease: This ailment is especially common in males who drink excessive alcohol. Madelung’s disease, also known as multiple symmetric lipomatosis, may cause lipomas to form throughout the neck and shoulders¹.

Symptoms of Lipoma

Lipomas are usually not painful, although they can be bothersome if they push against a nerve or form near a joint. Many patients with lipomas do not experience any symptoms. Lipomas are typically encapsulated and they do not disseminate to the surrounding tissues.

Painless: Most are painless, some may cause discomfort depending on size and location.
Round or oval-shaped: The rubbery fatty lumps are generally symmetrical.
Moveable: They are seen just under the skin or subcutaneous and slide when touched⁴.
Less than 2 inches in diameter: Lipomas can grow to be more than 6 inches broad in some situations¹.

Home Remedies for Lipoma

While scientific evidence supporting the effectiveness of home treatments for lipomas is limited, some traditional practitioners believe that certain herbs and plant-based ingredients may offer benefits for managing the condition. Below is a list of popular natural remedies to consider but keep in mind that none of these can cure or prevent lipomas.

1. Include a Diet Rich in Omega-3 Fatty Acids

To support your body and reduce inflammation, include healthy fats, especially omega-3 fatty acids, in your meals. These essential fats are known to calm inflammation and promote overall wellness. At high enough levels, omega-3s help reduce inflammatory compounds in the body, such as cytokines and reactive oxygen species, which may play a role in fatty tissue growth.

Natural sources of omega-3 fatty acids include wild-caught salmon, sardines, flaxseeds, walnuts, chia seeds, and hemp seeds. You can eat them directly or use their oils in cooking or homemade remedies. When used consistently, these nutrient-rich fats can support the body’s natural balance and may help reduce discomfort linked to lipomas⁵.

2. Incorporate Blood Orange to Your Diet

Bioactive compounds found in Moro orange extract (found in blood orange) have demonstrated lipolytic effects, meaning they help break down fat cells. Studies⁶ suggest that these compounds, particularly anthocyanins like cyanidin-3-glucoside, may support the reduction of abdominal fat by enhancing fat metabolism and reducing the accumulation of fat in adipose tissue. This makes Moro orange extract a potential natural aid in managing localized fat deposits, including those seen in conditions like lipomas.

3. Include Apple Cider Vinegar as a Detox Drink

Apple cider vinegar is rich in acetic acid, has been studied for its potential to reduce fat accumulation and support metabolism. Research⁷ on obese rats and mice suggests that acetic acid may help prevent fat buildup in the body. To gently support your system, consider a daily detox drink that includes apple cider vinegar along with natural ingredients like ginger and raw honey. This combination may aid in overall detoxification and offer subtle support in managing fatty growths like lipomas.

3. Make Dietary Adjustments

Adjusting your diet may help support the body’s natural balance in individuals with lipomas. Brightly coloured fruits and vegetables are rich in antioxidants, which may help lower fat levels in the blood and reduce oxidative stress. Prioritise foods like berries, leafy greens, and carrots for their vibrant nutrient content⁸^,9.

Focus on eating natural, minimally processed foods to reduce exposure to environmental toxins and synthetic additives. Lastly, reduce alcohol consumption and avoid smoking, as both can negatively impact overall health and potentially worsen fatty tissue imbalances.

When to Seek Professional Help?

Consult a doctor if you notice a skin outgrowth, lump, or knot beneath your skin. It’s critical to get it checked and rule out any dangerous illnesses like liposarcoma (a type of cancer)².

If you have a lipoma and experience any symptoms, such as acute discomfort, consult the doctor immediately. In case your lipoma is developing quickly (over weeks), feels firm or doesn’t move as readily when touched, you must seek medical attention. Your physician will physically examine the lipoma to determine the right treatment for it.

Also Read: Natural Home Remedies for Blood Clots

Conclusion

Lipomas are common and affect millions of individuals. While they can be bothersome or cosmetically unappealing, they rarely lead to serious health problems. Most lipomas don’t require treatment, but it’s important to have them evaluated by a healthcare professional. If a lipoma causes pain or shows rapid growth, be sure to consult your doctor. When removal is necessary, lipomas are typically taken out through minimally invasive surgical procedures.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Where do lipomas usually grow?

Lipomas can form in any part of the body. Although multiple lipomas can grow, most people only have one. These mostly form just beneath the skin on the following areas:
-Arms or legs
-Back
-Neck
-Shoulders
-Trunk (chest and torso)
-Forehead

What is the procedure for treating lipomas?

If a lipoma causes discomfort or concern, the doctor can surgically remove it. Lipoma removal is a simple and quick procedure and in most cases, patients are able to return home the same day. As an alternative, liposuction may be considered. In this procedure, a physician uses a thin, hollow instrument to extract fatty tissue from the lump. The choice of treatment depends on the size, location, and nature of the lipoma, and should be discussed with a qualified medical practitioner.

Are lipomas prevalent?

Lipomas are common and affect about one in every 1,000 people. Lipomas more frequently occur in people between the ages of 40 and 60 but can occur at any age, including at birth. Lipomas are found in both men and women, though some studies² suggest that they are more prevalent in women.

References

Bhatted S, Verma P, Latika. Clinical management of lipoma with Triphala Kala Basti—A case study. J Indian Syst Med. 2020 Jul–Sep;8(3):225–9. doi:10.4103/JISM.JISM_68_20. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/jism/fulltext/2020/08030/clinical_management_of_lipoma_with_triphala_kala.9.aspx
Yee EJ, Stewart CL, Clay MR, McCarter MM. Lipoma and Its Doppelganger. Surgical Clinics of North America [Internet]. 2022 Aug [cited 2025 Jun 3];102(4):637–56. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35952693/
Kasta RK, Pradhan AK, Giri P, Sahoo PK. Ayurveda treatment of nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis through Ksharasutra: A case report. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2024 Nov-Dec;15(6):101031. doi: 10.1016/j.jaim.2024.101031. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11696782/
Marzyńska D, Żaba R, Lacka K. Lipomas: genetic basis of common skin lesions and their occurrence in rare diseases. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2023 Aug;40(4):481–6. doi: 10.5114/ada.2023.129529. PMID: 37692275; PMCID: PMC10485760. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10485760/
Calder PC. n−3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition [Internet]. 2006 Jun 1 [cited 2025 Jun 3];83(6):1505S1519S. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/83/6/1505S/4633275
Briskey D, Malfa GA, Rao A. Effectiveness of “Moro” Blood Orange Citrus sinensis Osbeck (Rutaceae) Standardized Extract on Weight Loss in Overweight but Otherwise Healthy Men and Women—A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients [Internet]. 2022 Jan 18 [cited 2025 Jun 3];14(3):427. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8838101/
Beh BK, Mohamad NE, Yeap SK, Ky H, Boo SY, Chua JYH, et al. Anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects of synthetic acetic acid vinegar and Nipa vinegar on high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. Scientific Reports [Internet]. 2017 Jul 27 [cited 2025 Jun 3];7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5532206/
Shmerling RH. Apple cider vinegar for weight loss: Does it really work? Harv Health Blog Staying Healthy. Updated June 15, 2023 [Internet]. Boston (MA): Harvard Health Publishing; [cited 2025 Jun 9]. Available from: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/apple-cider-vinegar-diet-does-it-really-work-2018042513703
Batta AK. OBESITY AND BALANCED NUTRITION. 2016 Aug 12 [cited 2025 Jun 3];2016,(3 (4),):330–40. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314306858_OBESITY_AND_BALANCED_NUTRITION

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