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14 Health Benefits of Black Pepper (Kali Mirch) and Recipes

Introduction

Black pepper or kali mirch, scientifically known as Piper nigram, is a spice rich in several minerals, vitamins and antioxidants. It’s active compound ‘piperine’ is found to have loads of advantages for health. So, adding black pepper to food not only makes it spicy and tasty but also renders several health benefits. Called as the “king of spices”, black pepper is said to be good for digestion, respiratory issues, joint pains and also lowers risk of cancers. It is proposed to aid in weight loss too when consumed regularly. With its myriad of benefits, this spice can be a great addition to your everyday diet! 

In this blog, we’ll take a look at some of the conventionally-believed as well as science-backed benefits of  black pepper and how it can be a health-booster. We’ll also suggest some delicious recipes to soak in the benefits of this spice. 

Potential Health Benefits of Black Pepper

There are plenty of benefits surrounding this spice and this is the reason why our ancestors had named it the ‘King of Spice’. Well, here we discuss 14 important health benefits of black pepper and how it can help keep many diseases at bay. 

1. Lower the Risk of Cancer 

Black pepper is said to lower the risk of cancer1.  Adding it to milk along with turmeric can enhance the benefit. This drink, which is usually given to individuals suffering from a severe cold, is said to consist of antioxidants, vitamin A and carotenoids that help in reducing cancer risk and lower inflammation. 

2. Good for Digestion 

Black pepper helps in improving digestion. It works by stimulating the digestive enzymes, enhancing the digestive capacity and reducing the time food stays in your gastrointestinal tract2. Black pepper may also help improve the absorption of nutrients from food items. Consuming it raw increases hydrochloric acid release by stomach, which helps in breaking down and absorption of food.  

Black pepper and its superstar component, piperine, have some impressive tricks up their sleeve! Research suggests12 that piperine, found in black pepper, has a fun way of turbocharging our digestive system. Giving a friendly nudge to the digestive enzymes in our pancreas increases our digestive capacity and may assist the digestive process. 

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

3. Provides Relief from Constipation 

Passing less than three stools a week can be a sign of constipation. Adding some pepper to your daily food can help solve this issue. And not just constipation, black pepper can also help in curbing diarrhea and other types of digestive tract disorders if consumed daily3. Although, its excessive consumption can lead to acidity, so make sure you just just a pinch to your daily food. 

4. Enhance Skin Health 

Applying black pepper on skin is said to help with certain skin conditions. A study4 found that applying a black pepper based cream combined with UV treatment helped in skin repigmentation in Vitiligo disease. (This condition makes your skin appear white and this is also called white patches.) Black pepper is also said to curb wrinkles and skin problems like dark spots. If you are suffering from acne too, you can try using some black pepper. It may help your skin flush away the intoxicants and rejuvenate it. However, it’s ideal to always discuss with a dermatologist before moving onto using any home remedies for your skin issues, as there are chances of allergies and irritation. 

5. Healthy for Hair 

Black pepper is said to be useful in dealing with dandruff5. You can add some crushed black pepper to curd, apply it on your scalp and let it dry for a minimum of 30 minutes. This can also help make your hair shiny and smooth. But make sure to not use excess black pepper as this can result in scalp burning. Also, do not use shampoo for the next 24 hours after applying black pepper to your hair as this may cause side effects.  

6. Aids in Weight Loss 

The wonder spice may also aid in losing weight6. It can be added to green tea and consumed two to three times a day for this purpose. This is because this spice has a rich content of phytonutrients that helps in breaking down excess fat. This also improves your body’s metabolism. However, remember these remedies only support your weight loss efforts. A regular exercise regimen and healthy diet is the key to losing weight.  

7. May Help Deal with Depression 

Depression is said to be one of the most common problems faced by people worldwide and this can even lead to many other serious problems. Although medicines and relaxation techniques are needed to curb this issue from being devastating, trying out natural remedies like black pepper has no harm. Initial studies7 have shown that consuming black pepper can be helpful in depression and improve thinking abilty. This can possibly be due to the release of mood-enhancing chemicals in the brain that help keep the mind calm. However, consumption in moderation is important to prevent any side effects. 

8. Helps in Managing Respiratory Diseases 

Cold and cough are common respiratory problems that can be managed by consuming black pepper. You can add a pinch of black pepper and turmeric to a glass of milk with some honey and consume it hot for some instant relief. Black pepper mixed with honey may help thin down mucous and relieve chest congestion.  

Adding black pepper to some warm water along with some eucalyptus oil in it and inhaling the steam is also a simple remedy that can help deal with chest congestion. 

9. Reduces Joint Pain 

If you are suffering from joint pain or arthritis, black pepper can help. It has medicinal properties that can help manage conditions like gout,  which is caused due to increase in blood uric acid levels. It is also useful for people suffering from spinal and joint pain due to its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. 

10. Detoxifies Your Body 

This spice increases your body’s metabolism and helps you sweat and urinate, which are said to help relieve the body of toxins. It can support liver function, improve digestion and has antioxidants that scavenge free-radicles in the body and help reduce the risk of many diseases.   

11. Anti-inflammatory properties  

For many chronic or long-term conditions such as cancer, heart conditions, diabetes, asthma amongst others, inflammation is a key underlying issue. Many studies8 have suggested that the active compound piperine in black pepper can help fight off inflammation effectively, which lowers the risk of these conditions.  

12. Good for Your Brain  

Piperine in black pepper has shown results when it comes to improving brain health such as enhancing memory power. Researchers found that this king of spice showed a potential when it came to seeing a better response in degenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease9

13. Improves Blood Sugar Control 

Individuals with diabetes can use a generous sprinkling of black pepper in their meals as the health benefits of black pepper show an ability to improve one’s blood glucose metabolism. A regular intake of this spice may show a positive response when it comes to insulin sensitivity10. However, more research is needed in this matter.  

14. Might Be Effective Against Cholesterol 

Higher cholesterol levels are a warning sign for a possible heart disease. Regular consumption of black pepper has shown effective results in reducing cholesterol levels due to the presence of the compound piperine. It can help enhance good cholesterol and manage blood lipids levels effectively11

Did you know that black pepper holds a remarkable 20 per cent share of the global spice trade? It’s intriguing to note that the berries of black pepper grow in long green clusters, entwining themselves around tall trees and poles within the jungle. When these berries ripen and turn red, they are harvested to produce both black and white pepper varieties13

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Miscellaneous Benefits 

Consuming black pepper as part of your meals: 

Although initial studies have shown possible health benefits of black pepper, further long-term human trials are needed to confirm these. 

Also Read: Health Benefits of Garlic (Lahsun)

Tips for Using Black Pepper in Cooking

This wonder spice can be added to almost any savoury food recipe. May it be hot or cold, this spice can be sprinkled over these dishes to spice it up. Here are some simple tips for adding black pepper to your daily cooking. 

Black pepper is obtained by drying the ripe green berries of the pepper plant. This versatile spice is commonly used in three forms: powder, oil, and oleoresin. Interestingly, many countries import whole pepper berries and then process them into powder for various culinary uses14. 

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S

Black Pepper Recipes

Black pepper can be used in many dishes as this adds an aroma and a taste that can leave you craving for it all day. Here are some tasty recipes that you can add black pepper to. 

1. Black Pepper Chicken Fry 

Boneless pepper fry chicken is the tastiest among all other chicken dishes. This can leave your taste buds craving for more. 

Ingredients: 

Here is what you need to have to prepare your tasty dish of black pepper chicken: 

Note: Before you prepare the chicken, it must be marinated with salt, ginger garlic paste and turmeric. 

Preparation of Pepper Chicken: 

Here is how you prepare your tasty dish of black pepper chicken: 

2. Potato Fritters with Black Pepper Crunch: 

Dry fried foods and black pepper are the perfect companions. The best part about pepper is that when it’s sprinkled at the last minute, it gives the food a finishing touch that makes your dish not only tasty but also healthy. 

Ingredients: 

Here is what you need to have before you cook your crunchy potato pepper fritters: 

Preparation of Crunchy Potato Pepper Fritters: 

Now that you have all your ingredients ready, it’s time to make your tasty dish of crunchy potato pepper fritters. 

After frying them, you can add some pepper to them. Now your crispy and crunchy potato pepper fritters are ready to be munched. 

Also Read: Mustard Oil: Health Benefits, Nutrition, Uses & Side Effects

Conclusion

Incorporating black pepper into your diet may offer remarkable health benefits, like better digestion and anti-inflammatory effects, in addition to improving the flavour of your food. There are several ways to include it in your daily diet, however, remember that it should be consumed in moderation. As black pepper might have side effects especially in case of certain medical conditions and also affect how well some medications are absorbed, you should be careful not to consume too much of it and speak with your healthcare provider to know the right daily requirement for you based on your condition.

Also Read: Amazing Health Benefits of the Avocado

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Here are some frequently asked questions that will give you an insight into black pepper.

What are the side effects of black pepper (Kali Mirch)? 

Black pepper may cause allergic reactions in some individuals.. Also, some individuals might experience side effects such as hyperacidity or stomach burns with excessive black pepper consumption.  
 
If large quantities enter your lungs, it may result in difficulty in breathing and can be a medical emergency. 
If crushed pepper enters your eyes, it may cause a severe burning sensation and the only way that you can get away from this is by washing your eyes and hands properly. 
In rare cases, it is found that black pepper reacts to some medicines, may affect their absorption or cause irritation and allergies. It should be carefully consumed especially in case of any medical conditions and in pregnant women. 

Can black pepper help in digestion? 

Yes, it does. Black pepper does help in good food digestion. By sprinkling some pepper powder on any of your meals, you may increase your body’s ability to break down food and aid in digestion. If in case you have consumed more pepper, then you may end up having acidity or stomach burns or ulcers, so moderation is key. 

Can black pepper reduce inflammation? 

Yes, black pepper is found to have anti-inflammatory effects particularly due to its antioxidant content.. The major component found in black pepper piperine can help fight acute inflammation. 

References 

  1. Banerjee S, Katiyar P, Kumar V, Saini SS, Varshney R, Krishnan V, Sircar D, Roy P. Black pepper and piperine induce anticancer effects on leukemia cell line. Toxicol Res (Camb). 2021 Feb 18;10(2):169-182. doi: 10.1093/toxres/tfab001. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8045589/  
  1. Srinivasan K. Black pepper and its pungent principle-piperine: a review of diverse physiological effects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2007;47(8):735-48. doi: 10.1080/10408390601062054. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17987447/ 
  1. Mehmood MH, Gilani AH. Pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of black pepper and piperine in gastrointestinal disorders. J Med Food. 2010 Oct;13(5):1086-96. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2010.1065. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20828313/ 
  1. Bertoli C, et al. Vitiligo Treated with Combined Piperine-Based Topical Treatment and Narrowband Ultraviolet B Therapy: Follow-Up with Reflectance Confocal Microscopy. Diagnostics (Basel). 2024 Feb 25;14(5):494. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics14050494. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10931403/#:~:text=Our%20results%20suggest%20that%20the,macule%20without%20any%20adverse%20events.  
  1. Deepak N. Antidandruff and anti-inflammatory activity of Piper nigrum extract against dandruff causing pathogens. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2018;51(1):140–5.Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344164592_Antidandruff_and_Anti-Inflammatory_Activity_of_Piper_nigrum_Extract_against_Dandruff_Causing_Pathogens 
  1. Alqahtani N. The effect of curcumin-black pepper on body fat composition and lipid levels in overweight male adults. Int J Med Res Health Sci. 2021;10(1):110–5. Available from: https://www.ijmrhs.com/medical-research/the-effect-of-curcuminblack-pepper-on-body-fat-composition-and-lipid-levels-in-overweight-male-adults.pdf  
  1. Wattanathorn J, Chonpathompikunlert P, Muchimapura S, Priprem A, Tankamnerdthai O. Piperine, the potential functional food for mood and cognitive disorders. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 Sep;46(9):3106-10. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.06.014. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18639606/  
  1. Bang JS, Oh DH, Choi HM, Sur BJ, Lim SJ, Kim JY, Yang HI, Yoo MC, Hahm DH, Kim KS. Anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic effects of piperine in human interleukin 1beta-stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes and in rat arthritis models. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11(2):R49. doi: 10.1186/ar2662. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2688199/  
  1. Chonpathompikunlert P, Wattanathorn J, Muchimapura S. Piperine, the main alkaloid of Thai black pepper, protects against neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment in animal model of cognitive deficit like condition of Alzheimer’s disease. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010 Mar;48(3):798-802. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.12.009. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20034530/  
  1. Khan S, Arif M, Laraib H, Naqvi SN, Shah OA, Farooq U, Sami-Ullah M, Khan GA. The effect of turmeric and black pepper powder incorporated in breakfast on postprandial glycemia, appetite, palatability, and gastrointestinal well-being in normal-weight adults. Food Sci Nutr. 2024 Jan 16;12(4):2846-2854. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.3965. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38628217/  
  1. Yang Y, Kanev D, Nedeva R, Jozwik A, Rollinger JM, Grzybek W, Pyzel B, Yeung AW, Uhrin P, Breuss JM, Horbanczuk JO. Black pepper dietary supplementation increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in pigs. Current Research in Biotechnology. 2019 Nov 1;1:28-33. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335630372_Black_pepper_dietary_supplementation_increases_high-density_lipoprotein_HDL_levels_in_pigs 
  2. Srinivasan K. Black Pepper and its Pungent Principle-Piperine: A Review of Diverse Physiological Effects. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2007 [cited 2025 May 19]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17987447/
  3. Real Food Encyclopedia – Black Pepper and Peppercorns – FoodPrint. FoodPrint. 2024 [cited 2025 May 19]. Available from: https://foodprint.org/real-food/black-pepper-peppercorns/
  4. International Pepper Community. History of Pepper. International Pepper Community. [cited 2025 May 19]. Available from: https://www.ipcnet.org/history-of-pepper/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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Everyday Benefits of Jeera Water That You Should Know!

Introduction

In a bid to lead a healthy life, we keep trying different hacks and healthy concoctions. Besides promising countless health benefits, they also claim to detoxify the body and help in weight loss. Although many of these remedies may not work well enough to match-up to the claims, there are some which have proven benefits!  And one such drink is cumin or jeera water.  

Jeera’s health benefits are well documented in the traditional ayurvedic texts, and a significant part of these has been verified by modern science as well. Jeera seeds have been used in most Indian kitchens since ancient times. This spice adds a nutty and earthy flavour to foods and is said to be packed with several health benefits. One of the easiest way to experience the benefits of this wonder spice is to consume the jeera seeds soaked in water. 

In this blog, we will discuss in detail about the potential benefits of jeera water, how and when to consume it and if there are any precautions and risks you must be wary of when considering jeera water in your routine diet. So, let’s get started! 

Potential Benefits of Jeera Water

Before we move onto the benefits, let’s first see how to prepare jeera water.  

To prepare jeera water, all you need to do is soak a handful of cumin seeds in water and let it rest overnight. Being soaked for that long, the seeds swell up and release bioactive compounds into the water. Consuming this concoction in the morning everyday can help support your overall health in several ways.  

Here is how it can help and why it is an ultimate detox drink: 

1. Low in calories 

Jeera is naturally low in calories. One teaspoon of jeera seeds contains only about eight calories1! That’s very low compared to other beverages. 

2. Packed with Antioxidants 

Cumin seeds are loaded with antioxidants that play a significant role in fighting oxidative stress. Extracts of cumin seeds are rich in polyphenols and numerous other compounds, which help  detoxify the body by eliminating toxins from the system but also help boost immunity2.  

3. Improves Digestion 

Drinking jeera water regularly helps keep the digestive system healthy, which in turn, keeps the overall body functioning on track. It helps to break down complex nutrients like proteins, fat, and sugar to keep your gut healthy, and may keep digestive issues such as bloating, indigestion, diarrhoea, and nausea at bay. Jeera seeds have been found to be helpful in relieving symptoms in digestive issues like Irritable Bowel Syndrome3

4. Enhances Weight Loss Efforts 

Jeera or cumin is believed to lower appetite and accelerate body metabolism to promote fat burning, aiding in weight loss efforts2.  

A daily exercise routine, however simple it is, keeps the body fit and helps in fat-loss. Jeera water can add to the calorie-burning effects of following a regular exercise regime, not to forget a balanced diet to complete the overall health benefit! 

5. Can Help Fight Inflammation 

Studies have shown that cumin seeds have anti-inflammatory properties due to the presence of bioactive compounds. These can help regulate the mediators of pain and inflammation in body and prove to be helpful in managing symptoms and alleviating conditions like arthritis and kidney disease2,4

6. Potentially Lower the Risk of Cancer 

Jeera water is proposed to have anti-cancer properties. It reduces the risk of a variety of cancers and helps avoid metastasis, which is the spreading of cancer to other parts of the body5

7. Helps in Management of Diabetes  

Jeera water can help improve insulin sensitivity, that is the utilization of blood sugars by body cells. It also helps enhance insulin secretion and avoid sudden spikes in blood sugar levels, thus aiding in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus6

8. Hydrates the Body 

Jeera water helps in hydrating the body. The water content also helps to flush out toxins from the body. 

9. Relieves Acidity 

Cumin seeds are said to be gastro-protective. They contain compounds which help neutralise stomach acids and are effective in reducing acidity and mitigating its symptoms like heartburn, pain, nausea, bloating, constipation, etc2

10. Helpful in Anaemia 

Cumin seeds are rich in iron. Iron is required for the formation of haemoglobin in the blood, which is further essential for the transport of oxygen in the body. Drinking jeera water regularly helps to reduce the risk of and deal with the symptoms of anaemia such as fatigue and breathlessness7

11. Healthy for Heart 

Jeera water helps in regulating blood pressure, triglycerides, and cholesterol levels in the body. These are essential to keep the heart heathy. Moreover, jeera seeds are rich in antioxidants that can help keep the heart protected from various disorders8

12. Boosts Skin Health 

Jeera water is proposed to contain antioxidants and antimicrobial compounds which can help detoxify the body. It lowers acne risk and protects the skin from infections, thus supporting a healthy and glowing skin.  

13. Benefits Hair 

Jeera water is good for the hair as well. It strengthens hair and helps avoid hair loss, dandruff issues and premature greying of hair. However, these could be signs of an underlying medical condition and should be examined by a dermatologist before resorting to home remedies. 

14. Relieving Period Discomfort and Promoting Lactation 

Many women face discomfort during their menstrual cycles having symptoms such as backache, fatigue and cramps. It is found that drinking jeera-infused water can beneficial in relieving these symptoms. Traditionally, cumin seeds were also believed to regularise menstrual blood flow by stimulating the uterus to contract and releasing any trapped blood, although there is no scientific evidence to these claims9

Also, jeera is also believed to support milk production in lactating women. It is enriched with iron, which is healthy for consumption by lactating women.   

15. Possible Aphrodisiac Effect  

Cumin water when drunk with a teaspoon of honey and black pepper works is believed to work as a great aphrodisiac tonic in traditional medicine. 

Although studies have shown potential benefits of jeera water, further large-scale human research is needed to prove these claims.  Also remember, if you have any medical condition or are any facing symptoms, always consult your doctor before initiating any home remedies.  

A good source of dietary fibre is found in jeera (cumin) water, which may aid with piles and constipation. Studies10 have revealed that constipation, combined with infections in the anal tract, which are also brought on by constipation, is the primary cause of piles. Jeera has carminative, stimulant, anti-fungal, and anti-microbial qualities due to the presence of essential oils that contain cuminaldehyde and various pyrazines. Thus, jeera water may promote natural urination, aid in the recovery of infections or wounds in the digestive and excretory systems, and quicken digestion.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Best Time to Drink Jeera Water

Consumption of jeera water at the beginning of the day, after waking up, is the optimal time to do so. The benefits of jeera water on an empty stomach early in the morning include aiding in digestion, reducing any bloating and potentially being beneficial for weight loss. The drink can be consumed any time throughout the day, but the maximum benefits of jeera water can be availed when consumed early in the day. 

Since cumin or jeera water has a bland taste, you can try having it with a pinch of lemon juice or cinnamon powder. This will make the detox water appealing to your taste buds, as well as your health goals.   

Side Effects of Jeera Water

Jeera water may have several health benefits, yet excess consumption can be harmful and may lead to side effects like: 

1. Heartburn 

The consumption of jeera increases the release of more gas in the gastrointestinal tract. The excessive release of gas is attributed to causing heartburn in some individuals. 

2. Lower Blood Sugar Levels Drastically 

People who are susceptible to hypoglycaemia should be wary of the consumption of cumin water. Cumin has the tendency to reduce blood sugar levels. The consumption of cumin water can reduce blood sugar levels to a great extent which can offset hypoglycaemia. Thus, if you have diabetes, kindly check with your doctor or nutritionist before starting the same. 

3. Caution During Pregnancy 

High levels of jeera water consumption during pregnancy may have the possibility of increasing the chances of a miscarriage or inducement during labour. Pregnant women should limit their consumption of jeera water and discuss with their gynaecologist before consuming the same. 

4. Interfere with Blood Clotting 

Cumin has the possibility of slowing down the process of blood clotting in the body. This can increase the bleeding time from cuts and bruises. If you are consuming blood thinning medication, then its best to avoid cumin water.  

Jeera is an amazing condiment that has a host of health benefits, yet consumption in moderation is the best way to see its effects on the body. Jeera water may work wonders for the body, however, a healthy lifestyle goes a long way in keeping you healthy and fit. 

It is believed that jeera simultaneously acts as a stimulant and a relaxing agent. Research10 indicates that a healthy diet, adequate vitamin intake—particularly B complexes—and excellent digestion, with jeera supplementation contribute to restful sleep. In ancient Ayurvedic medicine, jeera water is consumed before bed to promote restful sleep. 

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Also Read: Top Health Benefits of Buttermilk

Conclusion

In conclusion, jeera water is a remarkable drink packed with numerous health benefits, making it an excellent addition to a healthy lifestyle. From aiding in weight loss and improving digestion to boosting metabolism and reducing inflammation, this simple concoction potentially offers a range of advantages. Incorporating jeera water into your daily routine, along with a balanced diet and regular exercise, can help contribute to your overall well-being. However, it is essential to consume jeera water in moderation to avoid potential side effects. Also, if you have any medical condition, it is always advised to consult your healthcare provider before incorporating jeera water or any other home remedies in your routine.

Also Read: 10 Benefits Of Drinking Water From Copper Bottle Vessels

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Does jeera water have calories? 

Jeera water itself is very low in calories. The main calorie content would come from the cumin seeds (jeera) used to make the water. Typically, 1 teaspoon of cumin seeds contains around 8 calories. However, the number of calories in jeera water as a drink is negligible unless large quantities of seeds are used. 

Does jeera water increase body heat? 

Jeera water is believed to have a warming effect on the body according to ayurveda. Jeera seeds contain compounds that can stimulate digestion and metabolism, which may lead to a slight increase in body heat. This warming effect is often associated with improved digestion and circulation, but individual reactions may vary. 

Can jeera water be taken at night? 

Yes, jeera water can be consumed at night. It is often recommended to drink jeera water before bedtime to aid digestion, promote better sleep, and potentially boost metabolism. However, moderation is key, as consuming too much liquid before bed could disrupt sleep by causing frequent urination. 

Can jeera water be taken every day? 

Yes, jeera water can be consumed daily as part of a balanced diet. It offers various potential health benefits, including improved digestion, metabolism, and potential weight management support. However, like any dietary supplement, moderation is advised, and individual tolerance should be considered to avoid any adverse effects. Its best to consult a doctor if you have any medical conditions. 

Can jeera water induce periods? 

There is no scientific evidence to suggest that jeera water can induce periods. While cumin seeds are known for their potential benefits in digestion and overall health, they do not possess properties that can regulate menstrual cycles or induce periods. 

Is jeera water good for fatty liver? 

Jeera water may be beneficial for fatty liver. Cumin seeds contain antioxidants and compounds that can support liver health by promoting digestion, reducing inflammation, and potentially aiding in fat metabolism. However, it should be consumed as part of a balanced diet and lifestyle changes recommended by a healthcare provider for managing fatty liver disease. 

Is jeera water good for uric acid? 

Jeera water may have some beneficial effects on uric acid levels. Cumin seeds (jeera) contain antioxidants and compounds that can help in reducing inflammation and improving digestion, which may indirectly contribute to managing uric acid levels. However, specific scientific evidence regarding jeera water’s direct impact on uric acid levels is limited, so it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare provider for personalized recommendations. 

Can jeera water cause acne? 

There is no direct evidence to suggest that jeera water causes acne. In fact, cumin seeds (jeera) contain antioxidants and antimicrobial properties that may help in reducing inflammation and promoting clear skin. However, individual reactions to foods and drinks can vary, so if you notice any adverse effects, it’s best to discontinue use and consult a dermatologist if necessary. 

References

  1. Food Data Central Food Details. U.S. Department of Agriculture (Internet).  https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/170923/nutrients 
  2. Rokonuzzaman and Naymatun Jannat. A Comprehensive Review of Cumin is a Natural Remedy for Health and Wellness. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2023 12(4): 61-66. https://www.ijmrhs.com/medical-research/a-comprehensive-review-of-cumin-is-a-natural-remedy-for-health-and-wellness.pdf 
  3. Agah S, Taleb AM, Moeini R, Gorji N, Nikbakht H. Cumin extract for symptom control in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a case series. Middle East J Dig Dis. 2013 Oct;5(4):217-22. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3990147/ 
  4. Shaheen N, Azam A, Ganguly A et al. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of black cumin (BC, Nigella sativa L.) extracts in in vivo model systems. Bull Natl Res Cent 2022; 46: 26.  https://bnrc.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s42269-022-00708-0#citeas 
  5. Chandrasekaran R, Krishnan M, Chacko S, Gawade O, Hasan S, Joseph J, George E, Ali N, AlAsmari AF, Patil S, Jiang H. Assessment of anticancer properties of cumin seed (Cuminum cyminum) against bone cancer. Front Oncol. 2023 Dec 6;13:1322875. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10730939/ 
  6. Ragavi M, Muthumeenakshi P. Hypoglycemic Effect of Black Cumin Seeds (Nigella Sativa L.) on Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Research in Siddha Medicine 2019; 2(2):100-106. https://journals.lww.com/jrsm/fulltext/2019/02020/hypoglycemic_effect_of_black_cumin_seeds__nigella.7.aspx 
  7. Asgary S, Najafi S, Ghannadi A, Dashti G, Helalat A. Efficiency of black cumin seeds on hematological factors in normal and hypercholesterolemic rabbits. ARYA Atheroscler. 2012 Winter;7(4):146-50. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3413082/ 
  8. Shabana A, El-Menyar A, Asim M, Al-Azzeh H, Al Thani H. Cardiovascular benefits of black cumin (Nigella sativa). Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2013 Mar;13(1):9-21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22911452/ 
  9. Omidvar S, Nasiri-Amiri F, Bakhtiari A, Begum K. Clinical trial for the management dysmenorrhea using selected spices. Complementary therapies in clinical practice. 2019 Aug 1;36:34-8. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1744388118307394#:~:text=A%20comparative%20clinical%20trial%20was,the%20overall%20management%20of%20dysmenorrhea

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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15 Amazing Health Benefits of Ghee 

Introduction

No other food element has received as much negative press as ghee. However, research1 conducted over the years has revealed that, rather than harming the body, ghee is actually beneficial.  

It turns out our grandmothers were right to cook ghee with steaming bowls of dal and rice. In ancient scriptures, ghee is even equated with gold. Given its impressive benefits, our ancestors truly understood the value of ghee! 

Nutritional Value of Ghee

15 Amazing Benefits of Ghee

1. Contains Healthy Fats 

Research suggests11 that ghee is low in harmful fats. It contains healthy fats that help increase good cholesterol (HDL) in the body. Unlike other fats, ghee does not contribute to heart disease1

2. Supports Digestive Health 

Ghee is closely linked to a healthy gut. Traditionally, a spoonful of ghee was consumed before meals to line the digestive tract and reduce the risk of ulcers and even cancer1

3. Strengthens the Immune System 

Ghee is rich in butyric acid, which helps the body in producing T-cells that fight diseases1

4. Source of Essential Vitamins 

Ghee is a reliable source of fat-soluble vitamins A and E, which support liver function, hormonal balance, and fertility2

5. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Cancer Properties

Butyric acid in ghee is known for its anti-cancer properties. Its antioxidants also give it anti-inflammatory benefits3. 

6. Safe for the Lactose Intolerant

Ghee is lactose-free. It doesn’t cause allergies in those who have dairy or casein intolerance4

7. Helps with Burns 

Ghee is one of the safest dermatological cosmetics. It is skin friendly and helps treat burns1

8. Promotes Healthy Skin 

Rich in antioxidants, fatty acids and a natural emollient, ghee helps maintain healthy skin by locking in moisture, improving skin repair, treating cracks and softening the skin. This is also one of the popular traditional benefits of ghee1,5

9. Strengthens Bones 

Ghee is rich in vitamin K, which helps in calcium absorption. It helps in the prevention of tooth decay and atherosclerosis6.  

10. Supports Thyroid Function 

Since the usage of ghee results in balancing the hormones, it is instrumental in managing thyroid disorders7

11. Helps with Weight Loss 

Ghee boosts metabolism, making it an ideal medium for weight loss1. It helps the body burn other stored fats more effectively.  

12. High Smoke Point 

Ghee remains stable and does not break into free radicals at a high temperature. Free radicals may contribute to cancer, amongst other diseases. This makes it an ideal medium and a stable fat to cook and fry food in1

13. Eases Menstrual Discomfort 

Ghee supports hormonal balance in the body, which can help alleviate menstrual issues such as PMS and irregular periods8

14. Enhances Flavour 

Ghee significantly enhances the taste of any dish that it is added to, for example, a bowl of dal becomes tastier with a spoonful of ghee. 

15. Cleanses the Body 

Ghee is considered a sattvic (pure) food in Ayurveda5. It attracts toxins and helps cleanse the body, contributing to reduced stress and anxiety when consumed1

Ghee may enhance your memory. According to a study1, desi ghee is a good source of vitamins A, D, E, and K and essential fatty acids (omega 3 and omega 9) which may help with memory. 

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

How to Make Ghee at Home?

Delicious and healthy ghee can be prepared using full fat or heavy cream. You can either buy it from the store or collect the thick cream that settles on top of the milk. 

Ghee, once misunderstood, is now recognised for its potential wellness benefits when used in moderation. Rich in essential fats and vitamins, it can be a nourishing addition to a balanced diet. Traditional practices and modern insights alike support its role in promoting overall health and well-being. 

Ghee is an excellent source of fatty acids, (such as linolenic and arachidonic acid) as well as fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) that may help maintain optimal health. I read an article that suggests the regular intake of ghee may help in maintaining good vision as a result of its rich antioxidant content10

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Conclusion

Ghee, once misunderstood, is now recognised for its potential wellness benefits when used in moderation. Rich in essential fats and vitamins, it can be a nourishing addition to a balanced diet. Traditional practices and modern insights alike support its role in promoting overall health and well-being. 

Also Read: Mustard Oil: Health Benefits, Nutrition, Uses & Side Effects

References  

  1. Kataria D, Singh G. Health benefits of ghee: Review of Ayurveda and modern science perspectives. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2024 Jan-Feb;15(1):100819. doi: 10.1016/j.jaim.2023.100819. Epub 2024 Jan 5. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10789628/ 
  2. Ahmad N, Saleem M. Studying heating effects on desi ghee obtained from buffalo milk using fluorescence spectroscopy. PLoS One. 2018 May 11;13(5):e0197340. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5947909/ 
  3. Rani R, Kansal VK. Effects of cow ghee (clarified butter oil) & soybean oil on carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes in rats. Indian J Med Res. 2012 Sep;136(3):460-5. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3510893/ 
  4. Portnoi PA, MacDonald A. The lactose and galactose content of milk fats and suitability for galactosaemia. Mol Genet Metab Rep. 2015 Oct 22;5:42-43. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5471386/ 
  5. Wawre MB, Khobragade D, Mundhada D. An Emerging Approach for Optimization of Cow Ghee as an Ointment Base in Combination With Selected Conventional Bases. Cureus. 2023 Mar 22;15(3):e36556. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10122110/ 
  6. Falahatzadeh M, Najafi K, Bashti K. From tradition to science: Possible mechanisms of ghee in supporting bone and joint health. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2024 Dec;175:106902. doi: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106902. Epub 2024 Sep 21. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1098882324000960?via%3Dihub 
  7. Jawa A, Jawad A, Riaz SH, Assir MZ, Chaudhary AW, Zakria M, Akram J. Turmeric use is associated with reduced goitrogenesis: Thyroid disorder prevalence in Pakistan (THYPAK) study. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2015 May-Jun;19(3):347-50. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4366771/ 
  8. El-Gharrawy HT, Sadek KM, Mahmoud SF, Abd Elrehim AM, Shukry M, Ghamry HI, Ibrahim SF, Fericean L, Abdo M, Zeweil MM. Natural Ghee Enhances the Biochemical and Immunohistochemical Reproductive Performance of Female Rabbits. Life (Basel). 2022 Dec 27;13(1):80. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9861198/ 
  9. Lamsal B, Bhandari TR, Panta P, Saiter JM, Pokhrel S, Katuwal TB, Adhikari R. Preparation and physicochemical characterization of ghee and mūrcchita ghŗ̥ta. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2020 Jul-Sep;11(3):256-260. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7528008/ 
  10. Kumar A, Tripathi S, Hans N, Pattnaik F, Naik SN. Ghee: Its Properties, Importance and Health Benefits. Lipid Universe. 2018;6:1–7. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339499398_Ghee_Its_Properties_Importance_and_Health_Benefits
  11. Sharma H, Zhang X, Dwivedi C. The effect of ghee (clarified butter) on serum lipid levels and microsomal lipid peroxidation. Ayu. 2010 Apr;31(2):134–140. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.72361. PMID: 22131700; PMCID: PMC3215354. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3215354/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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Ber Fruit (Jujube): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects & More!

Introduction

Ber fruit is a tropical or subtropical fruit. It is a nutritious fruit, scientifically called Ziziphus mauritiana. It belongs to the family Rhamnaceae1. The genus Ziziphus has around 170 species of plants under it. Of these Ziziphus mauritiana is a medium-sized, mostly evergreen tree, but deciduous during dry months.

The trees have simple, round to oval leaves, with greenish-white or yellow flowers and green, yellow to orange-red small round berries or fruits.

This plant is native to China, South and Central Asia and has been used extensively as nutritious food and for medicinal purposes for a long but is now grown throughout the world. In India, it is found along the arid (land with little or no rain) and semi-arid tracts of the country, which extend from the foothills of the Himalayas to the southern desert.

Other Names of Ber Fruit

It is referred to by various local names like

It is closely related and commonly mistaken for the Chinese date called Ziziphus jujuba, which belongs to the same genus Ziziphus. The ber fruit is nutritious and has many medicinal properties, making it potentially useful in different conditions.    

Nutritional Value of Ber Fruit

The ripe fruit of this plant has high nutritional value and is a very good source of vitamin C, vitamin B, vitamin A, and calcium. Below are the Nutrients per 100g of Ber fruit2

Potential Uses of Ber Fruit

Ber fruit (Ziziphus mauritiana) has many potential uses, and apart from the whole plant, seeds, roots, bark, leaves, and fruit of the plant are also used. The uses of ber fruit are as follows.    

1. Potential Uses of Ber Fruit for Skin

The jujube fruit has antioxidant properties and can help keep skin healthy. It can be used for skin rejuvenation by lightening and moisturising skin3.  

Traditionally, in India, it has been used to treat skin cuts, wounds, and burns. Studies4 have shown that local application of an alcoholic extract of the ber plant helps in wound contraction, may increase tensile strength, and reduce wound closure time. Thus, it can be really helpful in expediting wound healing. You are advised to consult with a dermatologist before using any herb for skin problems.  

2. Potential Uses of Ber Fruit for Digestion

Traditionally, it was used to help promote digestion and as an anti-diarrhoeal drug. A decoction of the bark may be helpful for diarrhoea. This property of the ber fruit plant is supported by animal studies as well5. However, more human studies are needed to establish this benefit.

3. Potential Uses of Ber Fruit for Cancer

Alcoholic extracts of the root, bark, and seeds of Ziziphus mauritiana have shown anticancer activity in cell culture studies6. They may act against cell division and cause the death of cancer cells. Apart from the anticancer activity, it might also possess antioxidant action, which might help in managing cancer. Thus, ber fruit has potential for cancer treatment. However, more studies are required to prove these claims. Cancer is a serious condition and must be diagnosed and treated by a doctor.

4. Jujube Benefits for the Heart

Studies have shown that extracts of the ber fruit lower blood cholesterol levels (hypolipidaemic action) by virtue of its antioxidant property. This makes it potentially cardioprotective and may be useful in maintaining heart health7. In serious conditions like these, it is advisable to consult a doctor before using any herb.

5. Potential Uses of Ber Fruit for the Brain

Betulinic acid is present in the bark of the ber fruit tree and may be useful in relieving anxiety. The chemical found in ber is studied to help reduce the levels of cortisol, the stress hormone. It interacts with the same receptor in the brain. Thereby, jujube fruit can help relieve anxiety8. Traditionally, it was used to produce a calming effect in cases of anxiety and insomnia.  However, these claims need further scientific evidence to prove their actual benefit.

Indian jujube has antioxidant activity due to the presence of phenolic compounds. Traditionally, it has been used to alleviate memory. Studies9 show decent levels of phenolic compounds in ber fruit may be responsible for its antioxidant actions. Thus, it might be helpful in improving memory in conditions like Alzheimer’s disease. Traditionally, ber fruit has also been used in the treatment of headaches, but sufficient data supporting this is not available.    

6. Potential Uses of Ber Fruit for Immunity

Studies10 in animals have shown that ber fruit may have some effect on the immune system and has potential as an immunotherapeutic agent. Larger human studies could help demonstrate the efficacy of ber fruit in helping with immunity. Therefore, avoid using ber fruit or other herbal remedies for their benefits without talking to your healthcare provider first.

7. Potential Uses of Ber Fruit for Bones

Ber fruit may improve bone health. It is a good source of vitamins and minerals, especially calcium. Thus, it may be consumed for having strong teeth and bones11. However, human studies are required to confirm the effectiveness of ber fruit for bones in humans. Therefore, prior consultation with a doctor is essential to avoid health-related complications.

8. Potential Uses of Ber Fruit for Weight Management

The fruit of ber tree is rich in fibre and has low carbohydrate and fat content. Over the years, it has been included in many weight loss diets. It may have anti-obesity activity, which is supported by animal studies12. You must consult a nutritionist before including anything in your diet for weight management benefits.

9. Potential Uses of Ber Fruit for Diabetes

Ber fruit may show anti-diabetic action owing to its antioxidant property. The extracts of ber fruit, seed, and leaves showed blood sugar-lowering properties (hypoglycaemic action) in animal studies13. Diabetes is a serious health condition and needs appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Please consult a doctor and do not use ber fruit to self-medicate.

10. Potential Uses of Ber Fruit for Blood

In Ayurvedic and Unani literature, it is considered useful for purifying the blood. This means it might remove toxins and pathogens from the blood14. It is also to be noted that ber fruit may have anti-inflammatory properties, which makes it potentially helpful in the management of many chronic inflammatory diseases like diabetes, fever, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, etc15.  

Though there are studies that show these potential uses of ber fruit in various conditions, these are insufficient, and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of ber fruit on human health.

How to Use Ber Fruit?

Ber fruit is used in the following ways: 

Your Ayurvedic physician will prescribe you the form and dosage as per your health condition.  People must consult an Ayurvedic doctor before taking herbal supplements made from ber fruit. Likewise, do not replace or discontinue your ongoing medications with ayurvedic or herbal preparations without consulting a qualified physician.

Side Effects of Ber Fruit

Ber fruit taken is most likely safe in amounts that are recommended. The most common side effects are as follows.  

Most of the recorded and studied side effects are of Ber fruit, which is the Chinese date, and more studies need to be done on Ziziphus mauritiana (ber fruit), the Indian jujube. However, if any side effects or discomfort are seen after taking Ber fruit, please immediately get in touch with an Ayurvedic physician who advised you to have the herb. They will prescribe you the appropriate treatment to overcome the side effects.

Also Read: Peepal Tree: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!

Precautions to Take with Ber Fruit

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding

Traditionally, jujube was used in treating abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting in pregnancy16. In recommended amounts, it is safe in pregnancy, but excessive consumption is harmful; therefore, the gynaecologist should always be consulted before starting it.  

Also Read: Drumstick (Sahjan): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!

Interactions with Other Medicines

Also Read: Plums (Aloo Bukhara): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects & More!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Can Ber fruit be used in pregnancy? 

Traditionally, it was used to treat nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain in pregnancy. To be used safely, it should be consumed in recommended amounts and in accordance with the advice of the gynaecologist. 

Is jujube fruit used in weight loss? 

It is used for weight loss. However, it is advisable to consult a nutritionist for better advice.

Does ber fruit cause kidney stones?  

Not many studies have been done on Ziziphus mauritiana thus, no information regarding this is available.

Does ber fruit reduce uric acid levels?   

Animal studies17 have shown that ber fruit extracts lower uric acid levels in the case of silica-induced toxicity. More studies are needed. 

Is ber fruit climacteric? 

A climacteric fruit is one that can ripen after being picked. Ziziphus mauritiana is believed to exhibit climacteric behaviour18

References

  1. Syed Zameer Hussain, Bazila Naseer; Ber/Jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana): Morphology, Taxonomy, Composition and Health Benefits. Fruits Grown in Highland Regions of the Himalayas. 2021 Jun; (); 157-168. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-75502-7_12#citeas
  2. CABI Invasive Species Compendium. Ziziphus mauritiana (jujube). [Internet]. Avaibale from: https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/57556  
  3. Batovska D, Gerasimova A, Nikolova K. Exploring the therapeutic potential of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) extracts in cosmetics: a review of bioactive properties for skin and hair wellness. Cosmetics. 2024 [cited 2025 May 29]. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/11/5/181 
  4. D. Senthil Rajan; M. Rajkumar; Wound healing activity of an herbal ointment containing the leaf extract of Ziziphus Mauritiana Lam. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2012 November; 7 (4); 98-103. Available from: https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJPP/article-full-text-pdf/0B330BA37347    
  5. Dahiru D, Sini MJ, John-Africa LB. Antidiarrhoeal activity of Ziziphus mauritiana root extract in rodents. ResearchGate. 2006 [cited 2025 May 29]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289176754_Antidiarrhoeal_activity_of_Ziziphus_mauritiana_root_extract_in_rodents 
  6. Prakash O, Usmani S, Singh R, Singh N, Gupta A, Ved A. A panoramic view on phytochemical, nutritional, and therapeutic attributes of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.: a comprehensive review. Phytotherapy Research. 2020 [cited 2025 May 29]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342737119_A_panoramic_view_on_phytochemical_nutritional_and_therapeutic_attributes_of_Ziziphus_mauritiana_Lam_A_comprehensive_review 
  7. Kumar JV, Pratap CG. Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and antiobesity potentials of the ethanolic extracts of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. fruits. Annals of Phytomedicine: An International Journal. 2023 [cited 2025 May 29]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.54085/ap.2023.12.2.87 
  8. Mu H, Sun Y, Yuan B, Wang Y. Betulinic acid in the treatment of breast cancer: application and mechanism progress. Fitoterapia. 2023 [cited 2025 May 29]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/betulinic-acid 
  9. Tanmay Kumar Koley, Charanjit Kaur; Antioxidant activity and phenolic content in genotypes of Indian jujube (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk). Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2016 Nov; Volume 9, Supplement 9; S1044-S1052. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878535211002905    
  10. Mishra T, Bhatia A. Augmentation of expression of immunocytes’ functions by seed extract of Ziziphus mauritiana (Lamk.). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2009 [cited 2025 May 29]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874109006904 
  11. Amit Sareen, Raghbir Chand Gupta; Comparison of Key Mineral Elements in Wild Edible Fruits of Ziziphus Mauritiana and Z. nummularia Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and Flame Photometer. International Journal of Fruit Science. 2020 Jun; 20 (2); S987-S994. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15538362.2020.1774468 
  12. Deshpande MS, Shengule S, Apte KG, Parab PB. Anti-obesity activity of Ziziphus mauritiana: a potent pancreatic lipase inhibitor. ResearchGate. 2013 [cited 2025 May 29]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236888768_Anti-obesity_activity_of_Ziziphus_mauritiana_A_potent_pancreatic_lipase_inhibitor
  13. Rashwan AK, Karim N, Shishir MRI, Bao T, Lu Y, Chen W. Jujube fruit: a potential nutritious fruit for the development of functional food products. Journal of Functional Foods. 2020 [cited 2025 May 29]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464620304291 
  14. Hare Krishna, Avinash Parashar; PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF SOME INDIAN JUJUBE (ZIZIPHUS MAURITIANA LAMK.) CULTIVARS. Journal of Food Biochemistry. 2012 Nov; 37(); 571-577. Available from: https://sci-hub.hkvisa.net/10.1111/jfbc.12008 
  15. Abdulrhman Alsayari, Shadma Wahab; Genus Ziziphus for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021 December; 28 (12); 6897-6914. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319562X21006598   
  16. ISSG. GLOBAL INVASIVE SPECIES DATABASE. Ziziphus mauritiana. [Internet].  Available from: http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=214  
  17. Rudra Prasad Dutta; HAEMATOLOGICAL AMELIORATION BY ZIZYPHUS MAURITIANA IN SILICA INDUCED TOXICITY IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS. 2018 Jan; 9(1); 165-174. Available from:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325847756_HAEMATOLOGICAL_AMELIORATION_BY_ZIZYPHUS_MAURITIANA_IN_SILICA_INDUCED_TOXICITY_IN_WISTAR_ALBINO_RATS  
  18.   Pareek S, Yahia EM. Postharvest biology and technology of ber fruit. Horticultural Reviews. 2013 [cited 2025 May 29]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255719851_Postharvest_Biology_and_Technology_of_Ber_Fruit 

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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Incredible Health Benefits of Guava Fruit & Its Leaves 

Introduction

Guava is a tropical fruit found in Venezuela, Mexico and Colombia. It is usually eaten fresh or made into beverages, while its skin and leaf are used in traditional home remedies. While some believe guava can cause a cold (something that might be true for a few sensitive individuals) it also comes with a host of impressive health benefits1

Guava is helpful to manage health problems such as high blood pressure, diarrhoea, diabetes, cough and different types of cancer. It is also good for people with diabetes and can be included in your diabetes diet plan. 

Well, how does guava do all of this? The answer to this question is that guava has a high source of vitamin C and fibres that act as antioxidants. These antioxidants help reduce or stop harmful effects caused by oxidation2

Common Facts About Guava

Guava is a fruit with medicinal properties and may be beneficial in many health problems such as diarrhoea, blood pressure and many more conditions. Here are some facts about guava that you may find interesting3,4

Nutritional Facts About Guava

If pineapple holds the title of “king of fruits”, then guava certainly earns its name as “queen of fruits,” all because of its medical properties. Guava was first sold in the market in Florida in 1847, and between 1948 and 1969, Hawaii introduced 21 different cultivars of guava. However, guava trees are sensitive to sudden drops in temperature, which can severely affect their growth or even cause the trees to die5

Here are some key nutritional facts about guavas you should know4:

Guava contents per 100g Amount 
Calories 68 
Carbohydrates 14.32g 
Fibre 5.4g 
Fats 0.95g 
Protein 2.55g 
Vitamin C 275% of the daily recommended intake 
Folate 12% of the daily recommended intake 
Vitamin B5 9% of the daily recommended intake 
Vitamin B6 8% of the daily recommended intake 
Niacin 7% of the daily recommended intake 
Magnesium 6% of the daily recommended intake 
Potassium 9% of the daily recommended intake 
Phosphorus 6% of the daily recommended intake 
Manganese 5% of the daily recommended intake 

Note: Guava has great medicinal benefits, but it must be consumed in moderation. It is important to note that guava contains fructose, which can be harmful to your health if consumed in large quantities. 

Types of Guavas

Most guava trees have similar characteristics, but there are some differences based on climate. In colder climates, guava trees grow up to 12 feet tall, while in warmer climates, they can reach heights of up to 20 feet. Guava plants require extra care during winter months, as they are sensitive to cold and sudden temperature drops6.  

The two common types of guavas as follows5:

1. Pink and red varieties of guavas 

These guavas are also called desert guavas and usually taste sweet and appear to be pink in colour. This variety of guavas is easily available in the market around you. This high-quality variety is often sold in Hong Kong and has a smooth texture with fewer seeds.  

2. White and yellow varieties of guavas

This variety tastes acidic and mild with no fragrance. The inside layer appears to be pale white or yellow while the skin looks green when ripe. This variety may also turn pinkish when ripe. 

Note: Though there are many different varieties of guavas, all of them are known to be a powerhouse of healthy nutrients.

Health Benefits of Guava

Guava fruits or the “queen of all fruits” are considered to be high in medicinal value. A 100-grams serving of guava fruit contains just 68 calories and 8.92 grams of natural sugar, making it a nutrient-dense option for a healthy diet. It is also rich in calcium and contains around 18 grams of essential minerals for every 100 grams, making it beneficial in supporting various aspects of health and help manage different diseases4

However, in order to understand how beneficial this tropical fruit can be, let’s take a closer look into the health benefits of guava. 

1. Helps boost your immunity 

Guava is rich in vitamin C and is said to contain four times the content of vitamin C found in oranges4. Vitamin C helps boost immunity which helps the body to fight common infections and pathogens. Also, more vitamin C helps in good eyesight2

2. May reduce the risk of developing cancer 

Vitamin C, lycopene and other types of polyphenols act as antioxidants that help in neutralising infections in the body that prevent the growth of cancerous cells. Clinical studies2,7 suggests that guava fruit may prevent prostate cancer and also prevents the growth of breast cancer cells.  

In my experience, I have observed that water extracts of guava may have anti-proliferative activity against KB cells. This means that the extracts have the ability to inhibit the growth and division of certain harmful cells10

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

3. Helps to manage blood sugar levels 

Guava has a high content of fibre and glycaemic index that helps prevent the development of diabetes. You may refer to glycemic index food chart to find out the GIs of other foods and modify your diet accordingly. Fibre content regulates blood sugar levels from spiking, while glycaemic index also restricts your blood sugar to rise at a short rate2.

4. Helps in keeping your heart healthy 

Guava contains high amounts of sodium and potassium that helps the body to balance and regulate high blood pressure in patients suffering from hypertension. Guavas help in reducing cholesterol that is one of the primary reasons for heart diseases. However, this fruit increases the levels of good cholesterol and substitutes this with bad cholesterol2.

5. Helps during constipation 

Guavas contain high amounts of good dietary fibre when compared to other fruits. One guava a day contains 12 per cent of fibre intake that makes it highly beneficial for digestive health. It also helps in healthy bowel movements. This reduces your risk of constipation2

6. Helps in better eyesight 

Guava fruit contains vitamin A that helps boost an individual’s eyesight. Eating guava not only prevents bad eyesight but also prevents you from developing cataracts and macular degeneration4

7. Anti-stress agent 

Guava contains magnesium in the fruit that helps relax your muscles and nerves. So, this means that after a hard workout or a long day at the office, you need just one guava to get you relaxed. This fruit helps you combat stress and provides a good energy boost to your system2.

8. Helps women during pregnancy 

Guavas benefit pregnant women such that it contains folic acid and vitamin B-9 which is recommended to be given for women since it helps in developing the baby’s nervous system and protects the baby from neurological disorders8

9. One of the best solutions for toothaches 

Guava leaves have anti-inflammatory action and antibacterial ability that fights infections and kills germs and people consuming guava leaves at home will help curb toothaches. The juice from the guava leaves is also said to provide relief from swollen gums and oral ulcers2

10. Helps in cold & cough 

Guava has a very high content of vitamin C and iron when compared to other fruits. However, guava is believed to help from getting a bad cold or any viral infection. The juice from raw guavas is very beneficial in curing cough and cold. It gets rid of the mucus and disinfects the respiratory tract, throat and lungs5

11. May help with menstruation pain 

Many women experience bad and painful cramps as period symptoms and guava leaf extract may help reduce the pain during menstruation. A study2 which involved 197 women consuming guava leaf extract (6 mg) found that it greatly helped in reducing the pain.

Over the years, I have observed that the leaf of Psidium guajava, commonly known as guava, has a spasmolytic effect. This means that it can help relieve spasms or involuntary contractions of certain muscles. The main component responsible for this effect is a compound called quercetin, which is found in its leaf and the plant extract10

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

Also Read: Curry Leaves (Kadi Patta): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!

Benefits of Guava Leaves

While we often rely on western medicine for common issues like fever, cold, or cough, it is important not to overlook the beneficial properties of natural remedies, particularly guava leaves. If guava fruit is healthy, then its leaves are super healthy. If the fruit is known for its health benefits, the leaves are even more impressive in what they offer. 

Here are some of the benefits of guava leaves that you need to know2:

Note: Guava leaves can be boiled in hot water and consumed or made into a cup of tea, ensure to seek your healthcare provider’s advice to see if this may be beneficial to your situation. 

Guava leaves for healthy hair 

Hair fall is often a sign of an unhealthy scalp and guava leaves can help stop hair fall and strengthen the scalp because of their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. They can also be effective in helping with common scalp issues like dandruff. 

Guava is also rich in vitamin B & C which helps in nourishing hair and helps in hair growth. So if you have a guava tree in your garden, don’t let those leaves go to waste. Instead of discarding or burning them, grind them into a paste and gently apply it to your scalp. This simple remedy can strengthen your roots and significantly reduce hair fall9

Benefits of guava leaf tea   

Just as green tea is considered healthy, guava leaf tea might just be the next big thing in natural wellness. Known for its potent healing properties, it can be especially beneficial for digestive issues like abdominal pain or diarrhoea. To make guava tea, add guava leaves to boiling water and boil for 20 minutes. Then strain the water and allow it to cool for 5 minutes and consume this tea while lukewarm, preferably on an empty stomach and you may find instant relief from digestive problems2

Based on my experience, I have observed that water extracts of guava may have liver-protective activity. They have been found to significantly reduce elevated levels of liver enzymes and bilirubin in the blood. Guava extract may have a protective effect on the liver, promoting its health and function10

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Also Read: Know About 20 Super Healthy Leaves You Must Eat!

Conclusion

Guava stands out not only for its nutritional value but also for its traditional and therapeutic uses. Its unique blend of vitamins, minerals, and plant compounds supports various body systems, while the leaves offer added medicinal properties. As a natural, accessible option, guava can play a supportive role in everyday health when consumed mindfully.

Also Read: Betel Leaves: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Guava fruit and its leaves, have medical properties that can be beneficial to you. However, it is better to  consume it in moderation. Here are some frequently asked questions (FAQs) that will give you an insight about guava fruits and their other health benefits.

Is guava fruit recommended for people with diabetes? 

Individuals with diabetes are usually advised to eat apples, but guava can also be an alternative snack for diabetics. Guava is rich in dietary fibre and can help ease constipation but it can also help lower the risks of developing type 2 diabetes. It contains high levels of vitamin C that can be helpful for many health-related problems. You may find it beneficial to have one guava a day as a part of your fitness diet as a diabetic with the guidance from a healthcare provider. 

Is eating boiled eggs with guava fruit dangerous? 

Guava and egg are considered healthy, but some may be allergic. If you want to consume both boiled egg and guava together, then it is advised that you consult a doctor and seek medical advice to make sure this is safe in your case. 

What is the difference between white guava and pink guava? 

The white guava and pink guava are the same in terms of their nutrition content, but what makes them different is their colour, taste, and that they are found in different countries.  

What is the best time to eat guava? 

Guava can be eaten at any time but preferably not on an empty stomach. This is because, if your body needs to reap the benefits of these fruits, there must be some food in your stomach for it to digest and mix along with, you can consume guavas 30 minutes after you finish eating. 
Guava fruit, as well as its leaves, have medicinal properties that can be beneficial for certain health problems. However, make sure that you do not consume it in excess. Make sure to consult a doctor to know if you are allergic to guavas. 

Can guava spike my blood sugar? 

While the fibre content and low glycaemic index typically make guava safe for diabetics, if you consume too much guava too quickly, it may spike your blood sugar. This is especially true if you consume a particularly sweet variety of guava. For most people, however, moderate consumption of guava is an exceptionally healthy dietary choice.  

Can guava cause diarrhoea? 

Yes, when consumed in large amounts or if you already have a digestive issue, then guava may contribute to diarrhoea. One factor that may contribute to this is that guava contains indigestible seeds, another factor is that it may possibly result in insufficient absorption of fructose.  

Can guava be eaten raw? 

Yes, guava can be eaten raw and it is usually consumed in this form. Make sure to check whether the guava you have purchased is ripe before you eat it. 

References

1. Arévalo-Marín E, Casas A, Landrum L, Shock MP, Alvarado-Sizzo H, Ruiz-Sanchez E, et al. The Taming of Psidium guajava: Natural and Cultural History of a Neotropical Fruit. Frontiers in Plant Science [Internet]. 2021 Sep 28 [cited 2025 Apr 23];12. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8505677/  

2. Díaz-de-Cerio E, Verardo V, Gómez-Caravaca AM, Fernández-Gutiérrez A, Segura-Carretero A. Health Effects of Psidium guajava L. Leaves: An Overview of the Last Decade. International Journal of Molecular Sciences [Internet]. 2017 Apr 24 [cited 2025 Apr 23];18(4). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5412476/ 

3. Plant Village. Guava | Diseases and Pests, Description, Uses, Propagation [Internet]. plantvillage.psu.edu. [cited 2025 Apr 23]. Available from: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/guava/infos  

4. Hussain SZ, Naseer B, Qadri T, Fatima T, Bhat TA. Guava (Psidium Guajava)- Morphology, Taxonomy, Composition and Health Benefits. Fruits Grown in Highland Regions of the Himalayas [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2025 Apr 23];257–67. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352417612_Guava_Psidium_Guajava-_Morphology_Taxonomy_Composition_and_Health_Benefits  

5. Guava [Internet]. Purdue.edu. 2019 [cited 2025 Apr 23]. Available from: https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/guava.html  

6. Crane JH, Balerdi CF. Guava Growing in the Florida Home Landscape. EDIS [Internet]. 2006 Oct 11 [cited 2025 Apr 23];2006(18). Available from: https://hos.ifas.ufl.edu/media/hosifasufledu/documents/pdf/in-service-training/shared-related-publications/Guava-Growing-in-the-Florida-Home-Landscape.pdf  

7. Jamieson S, Wallace CE, Das N, Bhattacharyya P, Bishayee A. Guava (Psidium guajava L.): a glorious plant with cancer preventive and therapeutic potential. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition [Internet]. 2021 Jul 21 [cited 2025 Apr 23];1–32. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/10408398.2021.1945531?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed  

8. N. Olii, Sukaisi, Asriah, S.Y. Kusika, Zuraidah. The effect of red guava (Psidium guajava L.) juice on pregnant women’s hemoglobin level. Food Research [Internet]. 2022 Jun 26 [cited 2025 Apr 23];6(3):382–8. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361552422_The_effect_of_red_guava_Psidium_guajava_L_juice_on_pregnant_women  

9. Ruksiriwanich W, Khantham C, Muangsanguan A, Phimolsiripol Y, Barba FJ, Sringarm K, et al. Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Leaf Extract as Bioactive Substances for Anti-Androgen and Antioxidant Activities. Plants [Internet]. 2022 Jan 1 [cited 2025 Apr 23];11(24):3514. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2006336  

10. Akanda MdKM, Mehjabin S, Uzzaman S, Parvez GMM. A short review on a nutritional fruit: Guava. ResearchGate. 2018 [cited 2025 May 14]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330702066_A_short_review_on_a_Nutritional_Fruit_Guava

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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11 Surprising Health Benefits Of Coriander Leaves You Should Know

Introduction

Coriander leaves, widely regarded as one of the oldest herbs, are known to enhance the visual appeal and flavour of a dish. While all parts of the coriander plant are edible, it is the fresh, aromatic leaves and dried seeds that are most commonly incorporated into Indian recipes. 

This article focuses on Dhaniya or Coriander Leaves, which is also referred to as Cilantro by some. The name Coriander is derived from the Greek word koris, meaning stink bug, likely because of its distinctive aroma released by the leaves when they are chopped or bruised. 

Coriander is a herb with a history that dates back to 5000 BC and is thought to have originated in Italy. Surprisingly, despite its non-Indian origins, coriander has become an integral part of every Indian household. Indian recipes are considered incomplete without the addition of coriander leaves, making it even more intriguing to explore this modest yet essential herb. 

Nutrition Facts About Coriander Leaves

Coriander Leaves are a rich source of vitamin A and vitamin C, providing essential nutrients that contribute to overall health. In addition to these vitamins, coriander leaves contain dietary fibre, iron, manganese, calcium, vitamin K, and phosphorus. 

This remarkable herb also consists of 11 essential oils, is low in saturated fat, and contains a significant amount of linoleic acid, which offers numerous health benefits. 100 grams of coriander leaves may contain approximately 87.9% moisture, 6.5% carbohydrates  3.3% protein, 0.14% calcium, 0.06% phosphorus, and 0.01% iron. They also provide 60 mg of vitamin B₂, 0.8 mg of niacin, 135 mg of vitamin C, and 10,460 IU of vitamin A1

Health Benefits of Coriander Leaves

1. May Promote Healthy Vision

Coriander leaves have long been recommended by our grandmothers for promoting healthy eyes. This is because of their high content of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotenoids, all of which contribute to maintaining good vision2. Research3 has also shown that regular consumption of coriander may also help in the healing of conjunctivitis. 

2. Support the Immune System

Coriander leaves are a valuable source of vitamin C, vitamin E, and vitamin A, all of which play a crucial role in enhancing the immune system. Vitamin C, in particular, supports the effective functioning of white blood cells and helps in the absorption of iron, further strengthening immunity over time1.  

3. Help Manage Blood Sugar Levels

The vibrant green colour of coriander is due to its rich antioxidant content, which helps stimulate enzyme activity. This, in turn, promotes insulin secretion, which helps reduce blood sugar levels. Incorporating coriander into daily meals or consuming coriander-infused water may prove beneficial for individuals managing high blood sugar levels4

4. May Help Lower Bad Cholesterol

High cholesterol is now recognised as a common and significant health concern. Regular consumption of coriander leaves may help reduce LDL (bad) cholesterol levels while improving HDL (good) cholesterol, contributing to better cardiovascular health5

5. May Improve Bone Health

Coriander leaves are rich in minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, manganese, and magnesium. Additionally, their anti-inflammatory properties may help protect the bones, alleviating pain associated with arthritis6

6. May Help Improve Gut Health

Coriander leaves are a good source of fibre, which can help alleviate digestive issues. They are also being studied for their potential to address various digestive concerns, including stomach upset, diarrhoea, bowel spasms, gas, and nausea2.  

7. May Contain Beneficial Properties for Skin Health

Coriander leaves are rich in iron, vitamin E, and vitamin A, which may help reduce free radicals that can damage the skin. Additionally, coriander acts as a remedy for oily skin by absorbing excess oil. Its antimicrobial, antiseptic, and antifungal properties also contribute to soothing and cooling the skin7.  

8. Support Heart Health

Coriander extract has been studied for its potential diuretic properties, which help eliminate excess water and sodium from the body8. This process can contribute to lowering blood pressure and as previously noted, assist in managing cholesterol levels. These properties may help reduce the risk of heart disease. Furthermore, coriander is often used as a garnish and flavouring, and incorporating it into meals may help decrease sodium intake by reducing the need for additional salt seasoning. 

9. May Protect the Brain

A study9 has shown that coriander extract may protect brain cells from damage and improve memory in mice. This effect is likely attributed to coriander’s anti-inflammatory properties, as many forms of brain degeneration are linked to inflammation.  

10. May Contain Antimicrobial Benefits

Coriander possesses antimicrobial properties that can help combat infections, including foodborne illnesses, due to its plant compounds. One such compound, Dodecenal, has shown particular effectiveness against Salmonella infections. Additionally, coriander seeds have demonstrated protective qualities in fighting urinary tract infections. The oil derived from coriander can also be incorporated into antimicrobial products to address food-related diseases10. The benefits of coriander in combating infections may be obtained either by consuming the herb directly or by using various products that contain coriander extracts.  

11. Can be Incorporated in Everyday Cooking

Coriander can be easily incorporated into the diet. Fresh coriander leaves are widely available in most fresh produce markets, while coriander seeds, dried leaves, and powder can be found in many grocery stores. The leaves can be added to salads or used as a garnish for various dishes. Coriander seeds are suitable for use in roasts, baked goods, pickles, vegetable preparations, and other cooked meals. Additionally, coriander can be blended with ingredients such as garlic, lemon juice, coconut milk, and peanuts to create a flavourful marinade. 

Like mint and many other herbs, coriander leaves are now used as an ingredient in mouthwashes. Coriander leaves are believed to have antioxidant and antifungal properties, which may help in maintaining oral health12.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Also Read: Know About 20 Super Healthy Leaves You Must Eat!

How to Use Coriander Leaves?

You can add coriander to dals, sabzis, salads, or raitas for enhanced flavour and nutritional benefits. For skincare, a paste made from fresh coriander leaves can be applied to the skin and washed off after 15 minutes. 

Fresh coriander juice is beneficial in meeting daily vitamin and mineral requirements. It may be consumed as one glass per day or by adding 1 to 2 teaspoons to a glass of buttermilk. 

Coriander leaves can also be incorporated into snacks or breakfast items such as non-fried kothambir wadi, dhania paratha, or coriander tomato salsa to name a few. 

Including coriander leaves in your regular diet may be beneficial but ensure to consult with a doctor before making any changes to your diet.  

Based on some studies11, consuming coriander leaves might have sedative effects and might help with insomnia and anxiety in some people. 

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Precautions with Coriander Extract

Coriander and its extract may significantly lower blood pressure, potentially interfering with prescribed blood pressure medications. This may cause hypotension (abnormally low blood pressure). Symptoms of hypotension include anxiety, palpitations, sweating, and hunger. It is advisable to consume only a small amount of coriander daily, and even less when using its extract. Blood pressure should be monitored regularly, and any concerns should be reported to a doctor. Medical advice should be taken before continuing daily consumption of coriander extract as it may have a pronounced effect on blood pressure.

Also Read: Moringa Leaves – Health Benefits That You Should Know

Conclusion

Coriander leaves impart an aromatic flavour and refreshing fragrance to a variety of Indian dishes, including dals, sabzis, soups, and curries. In addition, daily consumption of fresh coriander leaves may support immunity, reduce bad cholesterol, soothe the skin, improve digestion, regulate blood sugar levels, and promote bone health. Including this distinctive herb in your recipes may contribute to enhancing overall well-being. 

Also Read: 8 Unknown Benefits of Mango Leaves

References

  1. Nadeem M, Muhammad Anjum F, Issa Khan M, Tehseen S, El‐Ghorab A, Iqbal Sultan J. Nutritional and medicinal aspects of coriander (CoriandrumsativumL.). British Food Journal [Internet]. 2013 May 10 [cited 2025 May 8];115(5):743–55. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236879895_Nutritional_and_medicinal_aspects_of_coriander_Coriandrum_sativum_L_A_review  
  2. Chaurasia PK, Bharati SL. Coriander: A holistic outlook on its chemistry and pharmacology. Food Chemistry [Internet]. 2024 Dec 11 [cited 2025 May 8];469:142444. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814624040949  
  3. Holey PP, Gajbhiye PR, Dewani AP, Kohale NB, Aware NP. Current Updated Review on Prevention and Management of Conjunctivitis: A Comparative Study of Herbal and Pharmaceutical Management. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research [Internet]. 2023 Oct [cited 2025 May 8];82(2). Available from: https://globalresearchonline.net/ijpsrr/v82-2/09.pdf  
  4. David R, Nandhini V. Effectiveness of coriander seed powder to reduce blood sugar level among pre-diabetic clients. Int J Adv Res Community Health Nurs. 2020;2(2):123-5. Available from: https://www.communitynursing.net/article/view/50/2-2-26  
  5. Dhanapakiam P, Joseph JM, Ramaswamy VK, Moorthi M, Kumar AS. The cholesterol lowering property of coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum): mechanism of action. J Environ Biol. 2008 Jan;29(1):53-6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18831331/  
  6. Rajeshwari CU, Siri S, Andallu B. Antioxidant and antiarthritic potential of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) leaves. e-SPEN J. 2012 Oct;7(5):e223–e228. doi:10.1016/j.clnme.2012.09.005. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212826312000498
  7. Hwang E, Lee DG, Park SH, Oh MS, Kim SY. Coriander leaf extract exerts antioxidant activity and protects against UVB-induced photoaging of skin by regulation of procollagen type I and MMP-1 expression. J Med Food. 2014 Sep;17(9):985-95. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2013.2999. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4152784/  
  8. Patel DK, Desai SN, Gandhi HP, Devkar RV, Ramachandran AV. Cardio protective effect of Coriandrum sativum L. on isoproterenol induced myocardial necrosis in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012 Sep;50(9):3120-5. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.06.033. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22750725/  
  9. Mima Y, Izumo N, Chen JR, Yang SC, Furukawa M, Watanabe Y. Effects of Coriandrum sativum Seed Extract on Aging-Induced Memory Impairment in Samp8 Mice. Nutrients. 2020 Feb 11;12(2):455. doi: 10.3390/nu12020455. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7071483/  
  10. Kubo I, Fujita K, Kubo A, Nihei K, Ogura T. Antibacterial activity of coriander volatile compounds against Salmonella choleraesuis. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Jun 2;52(11):3329-32. doi: 10.1021/jf0354186. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15161192/  
  11. Gastón MS, Cid MP, Vázquez AM, Decarlini MF, Demmel GI, Rossi LI, Aimar ML, Salvatierra NA. Sedative effect of central administration of Coriandrum sativum essential oil and its major component linalool in neonatal chicks. Pharm Biol. 2016 Oct;54(10):1954–61. doi:10.3109/13880209.2015.1137602. Epub 2016 Feb 25. PMID: 26911626. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26911626/
  12. Hanashiro CT, González AHM. Coriandrum sativum (Coriander) in oral health: literature review. J Health Sci. 2021 Sep 20;23(3):195–198. doi:10.17921/2447-8938.2021v23n3p195-198. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354922837_Coriandrum_sativum_Coriander_in_Oral_Health_Literature_Review

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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7 Amazing Health Benefits Of Brown Rice

Introduction

Rice has been a primary crop all over the world for centuries. Today, rice is a staple in more than 100 cultures, and there are over 40,000 varieties grown1,2. In India, our meals are incomplete without rice. There are many types of rice, like long-grain basmati, black rice, white rice, and sticky rice, and they vary in terms of health benefits. 

Traditionally, we used to eat rice with the husk, but with time, dehusked white rice, that is brown rice, came into the limelight because of its numerous health benefits. Brown rice is a super healthy whole grain packed with various nutrients.  

In this blog, we’ll discuss in detail about brown rice, its nutritional value, potential health advantages, and how it compares to white rice.  

What is Brown Rice?

Brown rice is dehusked and unpolished rice produced by removing the outer layer (the hull of the rice kernel). This procedure helps brown rice to keep its nutritional value high. It is chewier as compared to white rice and has a nutty flavor. 

The Nutritional Profile of Brown Rice

Brown rice is healthier than white rice when it comes to nutritional value. This super food is low in calories, fat, and gluten-free. Hence, all diet-conscious people prefer this rice over white rice. This rice also contains some essential nutrients, which are as follows: 

Brown rice has a lower glycaemic index compared to white rice, making it a better choice for blood sugar control3.The antioxidants present in brown rice can help protect against oxidative stress and reduce the risk of chronic diseases4. Brown rice is a good source of selenium, which is important for thyroid function and immune health5.

Owing to its healthy nutrient profile, including brown rice in your diet can have several health benefits. 

Over the years, I have found that incorporating brown rice into one’s diet can have significant health benefits. Brown rice is a nutritious whole grain that is rich in dietary fibre. This fibre helps promote a healthy digestive system and may reduce the risk of colorectal and breast cancers4.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Health Benefits of Brown Rice

Some people might not find brown rice to be as tasty as white rice. But the nutritional benefits of brown rice can convince you to make slow and steady changes in your diet. Here are the unknown health benefits of brown rice: 

1. Helps in Weight Loss  

weight loss
Image Source: freepik.com

Brown rice is one of the famous foods used for weight loss. It is rich in dietary fibres that help to keep you full for a longer time, so choosing fibre-rich foods may help you consume fewer calories overall. Replacing brown rice with white rice can help support your weight and fat loss efforts6.

2. Controls Blood Sugar Level 

Home Remedies For Diabetes
Image Source: freepik.com

To control blood sugar naturally, you can include low carbohydrates and fats in your diet. Brown rice is the best option for it. It is beneficial to control blood sugar levels as it has a low glycaemic index3. A low glycaemic index means the food you consume digests more slowly and it doesn’t cause your blood sugar to spike after that. Studies show that by eating three servings per day of whole grains like brown rice, you can reduce your risk of developing type 2 diabetes by up to 29%7. Brown rice contains phytic acid, fibre, and essential polyphenols that help in the slower release of sugars, keeping us healthy. 

3. Aids Digestion  

improve digestion
Image Source: freepik.com

Brown rice is a helpful staple that can be easily added to the daily diet to optimize the digestive system. The fibres present in brown rice help to regulate intestinal movements and keep your bowel movements regular. They can show good results in managing conditions like colitis and constipation8.

4. Regulates Cholesterol Levels  

Cholesterol normal range
Image Source: freepik.com

Brown rice is a preferable choice for many people because it contains a low level of cholesterol9. The oil present in brown rice is known to reduce the levels of bad cholesterol (LDL cholesterol) to a large extent. The fibre in brown rice binds to the cholesterol in the digestive system and helps in its excretion, thereby balancing lipid levels.

In my experience, I have observed that incorporating brown rice into the diet might have a positive impact on hyperlipidaemia. Brown rice’s high fibre content and nutrient composition seem to play a role in regulating lipid levels and promoting cardiovascular health4

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

5. Neuroprotective Effect 

A stressed person - Different types of stress
Image Source: freepik.com

Brown rice may help to cut down the risk of cognitive dysfunction and neurodegenerative disorders10. They are rich in fibres that lower the cholesterol levels known to add to the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. This rice can help cut down on cholesterol by replacing it with healthier nutrients, such as fibre. It is also beneficial in dealing with diseases like Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s. They also help fight depression, anxiety, or stress. 

6. Improves Maternal Health 

good for pregnancy
Image Source: freepik.com

Brown rice works amazingly in postpartum depression. Consumption of this rice showed positive results in nursing women to improve disturbed mood, stages of depression and fatigue11.

7. Maintains Bone Health 

strengthen bones
Image Source: freepik.com

Brown rice is rich in calcium and magnesium that help to maintain bone health. It may aid in protecting against medical conditions such as arthritis and osteoporosis12.

Did you know that brown rice has a distinct nutty flavor and a chewier texture compared to white rice? This nuttiness can possibly be because of its higher oil content. However, it is important to note that brown rice is more prone to rancidity due to its higher oil content. So, it’s recommended to store brown rice properly to maintain its freshness and quality4.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Brown Rice vs. White Rice

White rice is more commonly consumed and popular amongst people. However, the benefits of brown rice far outweigh those of white rice. This is due to the fact that brown rice is a whole grain while white rice is a refined grain. What this means is that brown rice contains the bran, germ, and endosperm, all constituents of a grain. These are absent in white rice, which is what makes it less nutritious than brown rice. For this reason, the number of health benefits of brown rice is far greater than white rice. The absence of these integral components that make up a grain leaves white rice with lesser nutritional value than brown rice.   

However, white rice cooks faster than brown rice, and its taste may be preferred by some. Due to this , it is more commonly used in a lot of households.  

Also Read: Shilajit: Uses, Benefits & Side Effects By Dr. Anuja Bodhare

Conclusion

Both brown rice and white rice have their own advantages; brown rice provides more fibre, vitamins, and minerals, while white rice is easier to digest and often preferred for taste and texture. Therefore, choosing between the two depends on individual health goals, dietary needs, and personal preferences, making both suitable as part of a balanced diet.  

References

  1. Fukagawa NK, Ziska LH. Rice: Importance for Global Nutrition. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2019;65(Supplement):S2-S3. Available form: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31619630/ 
  1. Hanafiah NM, Mispan MS, Lim PE, Baisakh N, Cheng A. The 21st Century Agriculture: When Rice Research Draws Attention to Climate Variability and How Weedy Rice and Underutilized Grains Come in Handy. Plants (Basel). 2020 Mar 16;9(3):365. Available form: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7154822/ 
  1. Sun Q, Spiegelman D, van Dam RM, Holmes MD, Malik VS, Willett WC, Hu FB. White rice, brown rice, and risk of type 2 diabetes in US men and women. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Jun 14;170(11):961-9. Available form: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3024208/ 
  1. Ravichanthiran K, Ma ZF, Zhang H, Cao Y, Wang CW, Muhammad S, Aglago EK, Zhang Y, Jin Y, Pan B. Phytochemical Profile of Brown Rice and Its Nutrigenomic Implications. Antioxidants (Basel). 2018 May 23;7(6):71. Available form: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6025443/ 
  1. Ventura M, Melo M, Carrilho F. Selenium and Thyroid Disease: From Pathophysiology to Treatment. Int J Endocrinol. 2017;2017:1297658. Available form: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5307254/ 
  1. Golzarand M, Toolabi K, Eskandari Delfan S, Mirmiran P. The effect of brown rice compared to white rice on adiposity indices, lipid profile, and glycemic markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;62(27):7395-7412. Available form: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33905269/ 
  1. Hu Y, Ding M, Sampson L, Willett WC, Manson JE, Wang M, Rosner B, Hu FB, Sun Q. Intake of whole grain foods and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three prospective cohort studies. BMJ. 2020 Jul 8;370:m2206. Available form: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7341349/ 
  1. Kataoka K, Ogasa S, Kuwahara T, Bando Y, Hagiwara M, Arimochi H, Nakanishi S, Iwasaki T, Ohnishi Y. Inhibitory effects of fermented brown rice on induction of acute colitis by dextran sulfate sodium in rats. Dig Dis Sci. 2008 Jun;53(6):1601-8. Available form: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17957470/ 
  1. Sarkar M, Hossain S, Hussain J, Hasan M, Bhowmick S, Basunia MA, Hashimoto M. Cholesterol Lowering and Antioxidative Effect of Pregerminated Brown Rice in Hypercholesterolemic Rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2019;65(Supplement):S93-S99. Available form: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31619656/ 
  1. Ismail N, Ismail M, Farhana Fathy S, Asma Musa SN, Umar Imam M, Foo JB, Iqbal S. Neuroprotective effects of germinated brown rice against hydrogen peroxide induced cell death in human SH-SY5Y cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(8):9692-9708. Available form: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22949825/ 
  1. Sakamoto S, Hayashi T, Hayashi K, Murai F, Hori M, Kimoto K, Murakami K. Pre-germinated brown rice could enhance maternal mental health and immunity during lactation. Eur J Nutr. 2007 Oct;46(7):391-6. Available form: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17885721/ 
  1. Matsuzaki K, Yano S, Sumiyoshi E, Shido O, Katsube T, Tabata M, Okuda M, Sugimoto H, Yoshino K, Hashimoto M. Long-Term Ultra-High Hydrostatic Pressurized Brown Rice Intake Prevents Bone Mineral Density Decline in Elderly Japanese Individuals. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2019;65(Supplement):S88-S92. Available form: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31619654/ 

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof. 

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes. 

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Amazing Benefits of Barley Water and How to Make It

Introduction

In today’s stressful environment, staying healthy is a top priority for everyone. Despite our best efforts, we may still fall short on key nutrients, making us more vulnerable to illness. Although nutritional supplements are widely used to meet our nutrient needs, it is important to focus on natural food sources. Barley is one such food grain that can help you meet your nutrient requirements naturally.  

Barley is a wonderfully versatile food grain with a rich, nutty flavour and a chewy, pasta-like texture. It is an essential ingredient for making breads, soups, stews, and various health products. Barley is often used to produce malt, which plays a key role in brewing beer and other alcoholic drinks. Scientifically known as Hordeum vulgare, this cereal plant belongs to the grass family, Poaceae and is widely grown across Western Asia and North Africa1

Barley water is often seen as the most beneficial way to consume barley, as it is easy to digest and helps keep the body hydrated. The ancient Greeks consumed kykeon, a drink made of water, barley, and naturally occurring ingredients. The Indian version of barley water, known as ”sattu,” is extremely popular in Punjab. It is rich in various nutrients that help remove toxins from your body by improving your metabolism. 

How to Make Barley Water?

Barley water is a drink made from water cooked with barley. Here is a simple recipe to make homemade barley water. 

Ingredients

1 cup pearl barley, 7-8 cups of water, the juice of 1 lemon, 1 tablespoon honey (optional), cinnamon stick, root ginger. 

Method

Wash the barley in water and strain. Repeat the process multiple times. Boil the barley and 7-8 cups of water along with a cinnamon stick and ginger. Let the pot simmer for at least 30 minutes until the grains are mushy. Let the water cool down; then strain it. You can mix lemon juice and honey (optional) for flavour while serving barley water. 

Barley water can also be flavoured with other natural ingredients like lemon juice and lemon rind. 

From my knowledge, barley water might be an aid in anaemia and fatigue. Barley is known as a rich source of iron. I recently read an article which suggests that iron helps to enhance blood volume11.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Nutritional Facts of Barley Water

Barley and its water are a rich source of the following essential nutrients2

Health Benefits of Barley Water

Drinking barley water can do wonders for your health. The health benefits of barley water include: 

1. Helps With Weight Loss

Since barley is a rich source of fibre, barley water can help keep your digestion and metabolism balanced. Barley water can help in weight loss as it digests slowly, can make you feel fuller for a longer period of time, and reduce cravings3. Although barley water contains a lot of calories, it has very little fat and hydrates you very well. Barley water may also stimulate fat metabolism. 

2. Excellent for Urinary Tract Infection

Barley water may have a diuretic effect that increases urination and flushes out toxins from the body4. Thus, it can help in the management of urinary tract infections, kidney stones and cysts. Children and adults can have it daily until the urine infection subsides. Barley water benefits include its ability to cleanse the kidneys and help manage health issues like high creatinine and cystitis. 

3. May Aid Digestion

Traditionally, barley water has been used as a natural remedy to support digestion and soothe stomach discomfort. It is light and easy on the stomach, contains essential minerals, and aids in various body processes. According to Ayurveda5, it is considered a digestive tonic that helps in facilitating the process of digestion. The high amount of fibre in barley helps regulate bowel movements and ease constipation.  

Barley water also helps when harmful bacteria known as Bacteroides affect the stomach and other organs of the body6. As barley water is high in dietary fibre, it also reduces the propensity of developing intestinal issues like constipation2

4. May Reduce Blood Sugar 

Barley water may also help lower blood sugar levels for several hours. Drinking unsweetened barley water can give you the benefits of controlling blood sugar spikes and helping in overall blood sugar management7. It also contains antioxidants, which may contribute to overall health. 

5. May Lower Cholesterol 

Barley is naturally rich in fibre and antioxidants, which may support heart health by helping to manage LDL (bad) cholesterol levels and contribute to better overall cardiovascular health8. Including barley water in your diet, along with other heart-friendly foods, can be a step toward better cardiovascular wellness. 

6. Boon for the Skin 

Not many people know that drinking barley water is good for your skin9. Barley water is hydrating and contains antioxidants that may help support overall skin wellness. It also contains a compound called azelaic that can help treat mild-to-moderate acne2. When included as part of a healthy lifestyle, it can contribute to clearer, healthier, and fresher-looking skin. 

7. Helps to Control Blood Pressure 

High blood pressure has often been known to be one of the leading causes of cardiovascular disease called atherosclerosis. As barley water helps lower and regularise blood pressure, it can effectively help slow down the onset of atherosclerosis2

8. Aids in a Healthy Pregnancy 

Barley water is rich in fibre and may help support digestion and hydration, which can be beneficial during pregnancy10. It can help manage constipation and even morning sickness. Most importantly, barley water has diuretic properties, which means it can reduce water retention during pregnancy. Pregnant women should speak to their doctor before adding new foods or drinks to their daily diet. 

Let me tell you a secret! Barley may aid in gallstones. Yes, you read it right. I recently read an article that suggests that by promoting the body’s bile and cholesterol metabolism, barley fibre potentially dissolves gallstones. From my perspective, because bile and cholesterol are the substances that cause gallstones to develop, barley fibre may work to inhibit the production of gallstones by metabolising these two substances12.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Side Effects of Barley Water

While barley water contains a lot of fibre, vitamins, and minerals and has several potential health benefits, it’s important to consume it in moderation. Some recipes may include added sugars or sweeteners that can reduce its nutritional value and health benefits. Because barley contains gluten and is high in fibre, it may not be suitable for people with gluten intolerance or those prone to digestive issues like bloating or constipation. 

For ages, barley proved beneficial for constipation. But did you know it may aid in diarrhoea as well? From my perspective, the total fibre included in barley has the potential to create bulk in the digestive tract and control bowel movements that may aid in preventing diarrhoea and constipation12.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

Conclusion

Barley water may be a refreshing and nutritious addition to a balanced lifestyle. When consumed as part of a varied diet, it can support overall well-being. As with any dietary change, it’s best to consult a doctor, especially during pregnancy or if you have specific health concerns. 

Also Read: 11 Incredible Health Benefits of Coconut Water

References

  1. Office of the Gene Technology Regulator [Internet]. The biology of Hordeum vulgare L. (barley). Version 2. Canberra: Australian Government; 2017 Apr. Available from: https://www.ogtr.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/2021-07/biology_of_hordeum_vulgare_l_barley_april_2017.pdf?utm_
  2. Zeng Y, Pu X, Yang J, Du J, Yang X, Li X, Li L, Zhou Y, Yang T. Preventive and Therapeutic Role of Functional Ingredients of Barley Grass for Chronic Diseases in Human Beings. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018 Apr 4;2018:3232080. doi: 10.1155/2018/3232080. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5904770/  
  3. Thatiparthi J, Dodoala S, Koganti B, Kvsrg P. Barley grass juice (Hordeum vulgare L.) inhibits obesity and improves lipid profile in high fat diet-induced rat model. J Ethnopharmacol. 2019 Jun 28;238:111843. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111843. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30951844/  
  4. Barley-Water a Powerful Diuretic. Am J Dent Sci. 1845 Dec;6(2):184. PMID: 30750699. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6076647/  
  5. Raj R, Shams R, Pandey VK, Dash KK, Singh P, Bashir O. Barley phytochemicals and health promoting benefits: A comprehensive review. J Agric Food Res. 2023;14:100677. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666154323001849
  6. De Angelis M, Montemurno E, Vannini L, Cosola C, Cavallo N, Gozzi G, Maranzano V, Di Cagno R, Gobbetti M, Gesualdo L. Effect of Whole-Grain Barley on the Human Fecal Microbiota and Metabolome. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015 Nov;81(22):7945-56. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02507-15. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4616929/  
  7. Osonoi T, Matsuoka T, Ofuchi K, Katoh M, Kobayashi T, Mochizuki K. Effects of barley intake on glycemic control in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing antidiabetic therapy: a prospective study. Diabetol Int. 2021 Oct 20;13(2):387-395. doi: 10.1007/s13340-021-00552-z. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8980183/  
  8. Behall KM, Scholfield DJ, Hallfrisch J. Diets containing barley significantly reduce lipids in mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Nov;80(5):1185-93. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1185. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15531664/  
  9. Lee S, Kim JE, Suk S, Kwon OW, Park G, Lim TG, Seo SG, Kim JR, Kim DE, Lee M, Chung DK, Jeon JE, Cho DW, Hurh BS, Kim SY, Lee KW. A fermented barley and soybean formula enhances skin hydration. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2015 Sep;57(2):156-63. doi: 10.3164/jcbn.15-43. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4566027/  
  10. Peugnet P, Robles M, Mendoza L, et al. Effects of moderate amounts of barley in late pregnancy on growth, glucose metabolism and osteoarticular status of pre-weaning horses. PLoS One. 2015 Apr 13;10(4):e0122596. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122596. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25875166/
  11. Pandey S, Kunwar N. Role of barley flour product and its impact on human health. Pharma Innov J. 2023;12(5):1500–1502. Available from: https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/2023/vol12issue5/PartS/12-5-146-460.pdf
  12. Inamdar A, Meti R. Structure, health benefits and value added products of barley. Int J Home Sci. 2020;6(3):532–534. Available from: https://www.homesciencejournal.com/archives/2020/vol6issue3/PartI/6-3-116-113.pdf

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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12 Ways How Avocado (Butter Fruit) Can Benefit Your Overall Health And Skin

Introduction

Avocado or more popularly called ‘Butter Fruit’ in India, is a rich creamy flavoured fruit that has  gaining the popularity of being a super fruit. This fruit is available in different varieties and all of them have one thing in common, which is a creamy taste. Worldwide, this fruit is known as ‘Alligator Pears’ and is treated as a luxury in most countries of the world. 

Avocado comes packed with antioxidants, fibres, vitamins and minerals including a high content of potassium. It is considered a super fruit because of multiple health benefits it is said to offer. It helps improve digestion, reduce the risk of cancer, aid in weight loss and boost heart health. Apart from this, it also aids in good skin health and helps improve your vision.  

In this article, we will focus on the health benefits of avocado, including some of its nutritional facts that rightly make it a super fruit. 

In my opinion, avocados might be a delicious brain-boosting food. Avocados contain a special nutrient called lutein, which may have some incredible benefits for our brains. In older adults, lutein has been linked to improved brain health, potentially helping them stay sharp and focused. And guess what? Even young children might benefit from avocados. Lutein has been shown to possibly improve cognitive function in little ones11.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Facts about Avocado (Butter Fruit)

Apart from the fact that this fruit offers loads of health benefits, there are certain interesting facts about this fruit that are lesser known. Here are some of those: 

Did you know? 

12 Health Benefits of Avocado for Health and Skin

There have been numerous studies in the past that have listed out some of the health benefits of butter fruit and why this fruit is considered a super fruit. Thus, here are some research-backed health benefits of avocado that you should know. 

1. Helps Maintain Blood Pressure

Owing to its high potassium levels, avocado can help maintain a healthy blood pressure level. Also, avocado is rich in magnesium and dietary fibres which can help regulate blood pressure. A recent study3 showed that consuming avocado for 5days/week reduced the chances of developing hypertension (high BP) by 17%. So, avocados can be a healthy food choice for keeping your blood pressure in check. 

Avocados are not only delicious but also packed with folate. It is a superhero nutrient that may support normal cell function and tissue growth12.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

2. Increases Good Cholesterol

In a study4, it was found that daily avocado consumption increased HDL (good) cholesterol levels, thereby improving blood lipid profile which can have a positive effect on heart health. Beta-sitosterol is an important compound found in avocados, which is a plant analogue of cholesterol and helps in reducing its absorption. Avocado’s rich content of monounsaturated fatty acids and fibres also contribute to maintaining proper cholesterol levels.  

3. Aids in Digestion

Avocado promotes digestion and is said to be good for your intestine. This is because this fruit contains soluble and insoluble fibres that improve gut health. These fibres work by adding bulk to stools, regulating bowel movements and promoting healthy gut microbiome, benefiting the digestive system overall5

From what I have read, avocados are the nature’s secret for fabulous hair and nails. It’s all thanks to a special nutrient called biotin, found in avocados. Biotin might act like a beauty vitamin that may help people struggling with dry and brittle nails and hair13.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

4. Good for Skin and Hair

This super fruit comes packed with nutrients that can help you maintain a healthy skin texture. It may also help nourish your hair and deal with dry hair. The two major antioxidants found in avocados, beta-carotene and lycopene can help deal with skin inflammation. Moreover, components like oleic acid have a moisturizing effect and help improve skin and hair texture. 

You can consume avocado regularly or apply its preparations on skin and hair to notice effects faster. You can apply avocado face mask or use avocado oil that is available in the market. A study even showed improvement in symptoms of skin conditions like psoriasis following regular topical application of an avocado preparation6. However, in any such conditions, its best to discuss with a dermatologist first. 

5. Improves Your Vision

Avocado helps keep your eyes healthy as it contains carotenoids which help protect your eyes from developing cataracts, age-related eye issues and macular degeneration. This fruit is rich in antioxidants, and this helps to neutralize the effects caused by free radicals. Moreover, it can help keep your vision intact. 

6. Natural Painkiller for Arthritis

Owing to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, avocado can help relieve joint and muscle pain. A study has shown that Avocado in combination with soyabean promoted cartilage formation in knee and provided relief from knee pain7. So, consuming avocado everyday may help ease your arthritis symptoms. 

7. Avoids Bad Breath

Consuming avocados can prevent you from having a bad breath that is caused due to indigestion or an upset stomach. This is because of the antibacterial and antioxidant properties in the fruit that manage to deal with bad odour-causing bacteria in your mouth.  

8. Reduces Risk of Cancer

Avocado is said to avoid the occurrence of cancer due to its carotenoid and monounsaturated fat content. Glutathione is the major antioxidant that helps protect cells from cancer and other free radicals that can cause cancer. Medically speaking, regular avocado consumption may help lower risk of cancers such as prostate cancer, oral cancer and skin cancer8

9. Healthy for Heart

One of the most striking medical conditions that most people around the world are facing is heart disease. Avocado helps promote heart health by: 

Replacing some unhealthy fat‐containing food items with avocado could lead to lower risk of heart diseases2,3,9

10. Aids in Anti-Ageing

Antioxidants in avocado can help fight oxidative stress and aid in improving skin elasticity and firmness. Avocado contains zeaxanthin and lutein that may lower signs of ageing by protecting your skin from UV radiation. Applying avocado oil or consuming it can not only improve your skin health but also helps avoid damage that results in premature ageing10.  

11. Good for Bones

The lutein and zeaxanthin content present in avocado reduces your chances for cartilage defects7. Zinc, copper, phosphorous, calcium and selenium help in keeping bones healthy and reduce the chances of developing osteoporosis. These minerals help in improving bone density.  

12. Aids In Weight Loss

Avocado can also aid in weight loss, and this is particularly because of its high fibre content. Adding this healthy fruit to your everyday diet can help curb your appetite and keep you full for a longer time, stopping you from snacking between meals and thus reducing your calorie intake. 

While studies have shown potential health benefits of avocado consumption, further large-scale human trials are needed to corroborate these findings. Nonetheless, initial results are promising and consumption of this superfruit in moderation can prove to be a healthy addition to your diet. 

I would recommend avocado to help alleviate some of the bothersome symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Avocados contain vitamin B6, which has been studied for its potential to reduce fatigue, bloating, and irritability associated with PMS. It might just provide you with some natural relief and make those PMS days a little easier to handle14.

Dr. Anuja Bodhare, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Also Read: 7 Reasons Why Vitamin C Is Good For Your Skin

Conclusion

Avocado or Butterfruit is often referred to as a “super fruit” due to its rich nutritional profile and potential health advantages. Consumed in moderation, avocado can be a valuable part of a balanced and health-conscious diet. However, it is important to note that excessive consumption of avocado may lead to certain adverse effects. Remember, if you have any medical condition or are on any medications, it’s best to discuss with your healthcare provider before incorporating anything new to your routine diet, including avocados.  

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the side effects of excessive avocado consumption? 

While avocado offers numerous health benefits, it is important to understand that excessive consumption can have adverse effects. What is beneficial in moderation may become harmful when consumed in large quantities. Overconsumption of avocado may lead to: 
-Migraines 
-Digestive issues like bloating, diarrhoea etc 
-Weight gain 
-Allergic reactions 

What is recommended daily intake of avocado? 

Generally, one serving of avocado which is about 50 grams of avocado is considered safe and beneficial for health9. However, for individual requirements, it’s best to discuss with a nutritionist. 


Can avocado oil be used for cooking? 

Avocado oil is suitable for cooking and is considered a healthy option, as it may help reduce the risk of developing heart disease. Incorporating it into your diet can contribute positively to a healthy lifestyle and offer various health benefits. However, it’s best to discuss with your healthcare provider first, especially if you have any medical conditions.

References

  1. The Nutrition Source: Harvard School of Public Health (Internet). https://nutritionsource.hsph.harvard.edu/avocados/  
  2. James-Martin G, Brooker PG, Hendrie GA, Stonehouse W. Avocado consumption and cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2024 Feb 1;124(2):233-48. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212267222012576 
  3. Monge A, Stern D, Cortés-Valencia A, Catzín-Kuhlmann A, Lajous M, Denova-Gutiérrez E. Avocado consumption is associated with a reduction in hypertension incidence in Mexican women. Br J Nutr. 2023;129(11):1976-1983. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35979778/ 
  4. Mahmassani HA, Avendano EE, Raman G, Johnson EJ. Avocado consumption and risk factors for heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018 Apr 1;107(4):523-536. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29635493/ 
  5. Yang J, Lei OK, Bhute S, Kris-Etherton PM, Lichtenstein AH, Matthan NR, Petersen KS, Sabaté J, Reboussin DM, Lovato L, Vitolins MZ. Impact of daily avocado consumption on gut microbiota in adults with abdominal obesity: an ancillary study of HAT, a randomized controlled trial. Food & Function. 2025;16(1):168-80. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2025/fo/d4fo03806a 
  6. Bakhatwar M, Neha T, Anusha M, Rupini S, Kola M, Prathyusha B, Aleti R. Avocado-Based Topical Formulations for Psoriasis Management: A Natural Approach.2025;7 (Jan-Jun) https://matjournals.net/pharmacy/index.php/JPRD/issue/view/21 
  7. Al-Afify ASA, El-Akabawy G, El-Sherif NM, El-Safty FEA, El-Habiby MM. Avocado soybean unsaponifiables ameliorates cartilage and subchondral bone degeneration in mono-iodoacetate-induced knee osteoarthritis in rats. Tissue Cell. 2018;52:108-115. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29857819/ 
  8. Ericsson CI, Pacheco LS, Romanos-Nanclares A, et al. Prospective Study of Avocado Consumption and Cancer Risk in U.S. Men and Women. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2023;16(4):211-218. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10073249/  
  9. Pacheco LS, Li Y, Rimm EB, Manson JE, Sun Q, Rexrode K, Hu FB, Guasch‐Ferré M. Avocado consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease in US adults. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2022 Apr 5;11(7):e024014. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/JAHA.121.024014  
  10. Henning SM, Guzman JB, Thames G, et al. Avocado Consumption Increased Skin Elasticity and Firmness in Women – A Pilot Study. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2022;21(9):4028-4034. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9786235/  
  11. South Dakota Department of Health. Avocados: Good or Bad? The Good, the Bad & the Unsaturated [Internet]. Pierre (SD): South Dakota Department of Health; published circa 7.7 years ago [cited 2025 Aug 11]. Available from: https://healthysd.gov/avocados-good-or-bad/
  12. Zumpano J. Why avocados are so good for you. Cleveland Clinic Health Essentials [Internet]. 2023 Oct 9 [cited 2025 Aug 11]. Available from: https://health.clevelandclinic.org/why-avocados-are-a-healthy-addition-to-your-diet
  13. Malcolm X. The surprising health and beauty benefits of the avocado [Internet]. Health Beat (Jamaica Hospital Medical Center Newsletter); 2014 Oct 29 [cited 2025 Aug 11]. Available from: https://jamaicahospital.org/newsletter/the-surprising-health-and-beauty-benefits-of-the-avocado/
  14. Wyatt KM, Dimmock PW, Jones PW, Shaughn O’Brien PM. Efficacy of vitamin B-6 in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: systematic review. BMJ. 1999 May 22;318(7195):1375–1381. doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7195.1375. PMID:10334745; PMCID:PMC27878. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC27878/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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12 Nutritional Benefits Of Bajra (Pearl Millets)

Introduction

If you are looking for healthy options to fill your plate, there are several types of dietary cereals available which can prove to be an appropriate choice. And one such healthy cereal is Bajra, a grain rich in fibres, micronutrients, vitamins, and amino acids. 

Commonly categorized as millets, this grain possess numerous nutritional qualities and is good for consumption by all age groups of people, including infants, elderly, pregnant, and nursing mothers. There are some other variants of millets too, such as Sorghum (Jowar), Finger Millets (Ragi/Nachni), Proso Millets, Foxtail Millets, Little Millets (samai) that are used in various forms across the globe to enhance the nutritional value of regular meals1. However, bajra is commonly produced and consumed in India and is proposed to have several health benefits. It can help in managing diabetes by regulating blood sugar levels and also supports bone health. It is rich in antioxidants that help in protecting the body against chronic diseases2

In this blog, we will discuss in detail about the nutritional value and health benefits of this marvel food.  

What is Pearl Millet?

Pearl Millet, commonly known as bajra is a profoundly nutritious and easy-to-digest cereal grain. Being non-glutinous makes it a healthy option for people with a gluten allergy and celiac disease. They are power-packed with carbohydrates, essential amino acids, antioxidants, multiple vitamins like thiamine, riboflavin, folic acid, niacin, beta carotene, and minerals like iron, phosphorus, magnesium, and zinc1.

Let me tell you about the special compounds in Bajra that might help manage diabetes. These compounds, called phenolic compounds, have antidiabetic activity, meaning they may help control blood sugar levels. That’s why pearl millet might be used to make a range of tasty food products suitable for people with diabetes2.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Nutrition of Pearl Millet

Per 100 gm of Pearl Millet Contains:

In my opinion, adding Bajra to your diet can be a smart and tasty choice! It might be great for people with high cholesterol. It contains a special compound called phytic acid that may help regulate cholesterol metabolism and keep it balanced in the body9.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Nutritional Health Benefits of Pearl Millet

Owing to their rich nutritional value, bajra or pearl millets have several health benefits. These include: 

While the health benefits of bajra are mostly backed by scientific research, further large-scale human trials are needed to help corroborate the promising findings.  

Based on my observations, including Bajra in your diet might be a natural way to support gallbladder health and reduce the chances of gallstone formation. When our intestines produce too much bile, it may worsen the condition of gallstones. The insoluble fibre found in pearl millet might help reduce the production of excess bile in our digestive system. It is high in fibre, which may also help reduce the risk of developing gallstones9.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

Also Read: Poha: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects & More

How to Consume Pearl Millets

Pearl millets or bajra can be found in various forms for daily consumption. You can use it as flour to make flatbreads or dosa, grains to make porridge, processed grains as poha or upma for breakfast, and ready to eat snacks like millet or multigrain cookies. The potential health benefits of bajra make it a perfect superfood, optimum for regular consumption by all. 

You can combine your favourite millet recipe with protein-rich dishes containing lentils, cottage cheese, soya chunks, and some fresh fruits, and a vegetable smoothie or salsa to make a perfect platter of the recommended balanced diet. 

In my opinion, Bajra may help in managing anaemia and increasing haemoglobin levels. Bajra is rich in iron, containing about 8mg of iron per 100g. Thus, by including Bajra in your diet, you may boost your iron intake and support healthy haemoglobin levels10.

Dr. Anuja Bodhare, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Also Read: Urad Dal: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects, and More!

Conclusion

Bajra is a wonder cereal that is rich in essential nutrients, dietary fibre, proteins and even antioxidants. It has several health benefits ranging from healthy digestion to diabetes control as well as lowering risks of many diseases like high blood pressure and cardiovascular issues. It can therefore make up as a great component of a healthy and balanced diet. However, it’s important to note that like any other food item, bajra must also be consumed in moderation and incorporated in routine diet after doctor consultation in case you have any medical problems. 

Also Read: Amazing Health Benefits of Makhana (Fox Nuts)

References

  1. Kaur N, Ray B, Kalyani CV. Millets: Ancient Grains for Modern Nutrition – A Comprehensive Review. Indian J Community Med. 2024 Sep-Oct;49(5):665-668. doi: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_765_23.  Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11482393/
  2. Pei J, Umapathy VR, Vengadassalapathy S, Hussain SFJ, Rajagopal P, Jayaraman S, Veeraraghavan VP, Palanisamy CP, Gopinath K. A Review of the Potential Consequences of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum) for Diabetes Mellitus and Other Biomedical Applications. Nutrients. 2022 Jul 18;14(14):2932. doi: 10.3390/nu14142932. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9322144/  
  3. Vidhyalakshmi R, Prabhasankar P, Muthukumar SP, Prathima C, Meera MS. The impact of addition of pearl millet starch-germ complex in white bread on nutritional, textural, structural, and glycaemic response: Single blinded randomized controlled trial in healthy and pre-diabetic participants. Food Res Int. 2024 May;183:114186. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114186. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38760125/  
  4. Alzahrani NS, Alshammari GM, El-Ansary A, Yagoub AEA, Amina M, Saleh A, Yahya MA. Anti-Hyperlipidemia, Hypoglycemic, and Hepatoprotective Impacts of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) Grains and Their Ethanol Extract on Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet. Nutrients. 2022 Apr 25;14(9):1791. doi: 10.3390/nu14091791. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35565759/  
  5. Satyavathi CT, Ambawat S, Khandelwal V, Srivastava RK. Pearl Millet: A Climate-Resilient Nutricereal for Mitigating Hidden Hunger and Provide Nutritional Security. Front Plant Sci. 2021 Sep 13;12:659938. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.659938. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8475763/ 
  6. Owheruo JO, Ifesan BOT, Kolawole AO. Physicochemical properties of malted finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum). Food Sci Nutr. 2018 Oct 11;7(2):476-482. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.816. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6392857/   
  7. Anitha S, Botha R, Kane-Potaka J, Givens DI, Rajendran A, Tsusaka TW, Bhandari RK. Can Millet Consumption Help Manage Hyperlipidemia and Obesity?: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Nutr. 2021 Aug 17;8:700778. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.700778. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8416111/  
  8. Hassan ZM, Sebola NA, Mabelebele M. The nutritional use of millet grain for food and feed: a review. Agric Food Secur. 2021;10(1):16. doi: 10.1186/s40066-020-00282-6. Epub 2021 Mar 29. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8005370/  
  9. Pei J, Umapathy VR, Vengadassalapathy S, Hussain SFJ, Rajagopal P, Jayaraman S, Veeraraghavan VP, Palanisamy CP, Gopinath K. A review of the potential consequences of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) for diabetes mellitus and other biomedical applications. Nutrients. 2022 Jul 18;14(14):2932. doi:10.3390/nu14142932. PMID:35889889; PMCID:PMC9322144. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9322144/
  10. Patni D, Agrawal M. Wonder millet – pearl millet, nutrient composition and potential health benefits – a review. Int J Innov Res Rev. 2017 Jan–Mar;5(1):6–14. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352641591_WONDER_MILLET_-PEARL_MILLET_NUTRIENT_COMPOSITION_AND_POTENTIAL_HEALTH_BENEFITS_-A_REVIEW

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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