Fever is one of the most common signs that your body is responding to an infection or another health condition1. Although a rise in body temperature can feel worrying, it is often a normal part of your body’s defence system and usually improves with appropriate care. In some cases, however, fever can be a sign of an illness that needs medical attention1,2. In this blog, we explain what fever is the main types of fever, common symptoms, stages of fever, safe management tips, and when to consult a doctor.
A fever is a temporary increase in body temperature. It happens when the body’s temperature-control centre in the brain, called the hypothalamus, raises the body’s “set point” in response to infection, inflammation, or other triggers2.
Normal body temperature is generally around 36.5°C to 37.5°C (97.7°F to 99.5°F), although it can vary slightly between individuals and throughout the day2.
In adults, a body temperature of 38°C (100.4°F) or higher is generally considered a fever. The exact reading can vary depending on where and how the temperature is measured, such as by mouth, ear, forehead, armpit, or rectum2.
Note: Fever itself is not a disease. It is a sign that tells you the immune system is responding to an underlying problem, most often an infection.
You may have wondered how many types of fever actually exist.
Fever can be classified in several ways. Doctors commonly classify fever based on body temperature, how long it lasts, the pattern of temperature changes, and its underlying cause.
Understanding the different types of fever can help you describe your symptoms more clearly to a doctor and may guide the next steps in care. Let us look at the main ways fever is classified:
The severity of fever depends on how much the body temperature rises above the usual range2.
| Type | Body Temperature | Description |
| Low-grade fever | 37.3°C to 38.0°C (99.1°F to 100.4°F) | A mild increase in temperature. It may occur with viral infections, mild bacterial infections, after vaccination, or with inflammatory conditions. It usually does not require specific treatment unless you feel very uncomfortable or symptoms worsen. |
| Moderate fever | 38.1°C to 39.0°C (100.6°F to 102.2°F) | Common in infections such as influenza, COVID-19, urinary tract infections, and pneumonia. Most people experience chills, fatigue, headache, and body aches at this stage. |
| High-grade fever | 39.1°C to 41°C (102.4°F to 105.8°F) | May indicate a more serious infection or inflammatory condition. Medical attention is recommended if the fever persists or occurs with confusion, difficulty breathing, severe pain, dehydration, or worsening symptoms. |
| Hyperpyrexia | Above 41°C (105.8°F) | A medical emergency that needs immediate care. Hyperpyrexia can occur with severe infections, heat stroke, certain nervous system conditions, or serious drug reactions. If not treated promptly, it may lead to organ damage. |
The length of time a fever lasts can provide clues about its cause3.
The way body temperature changes throughout the day often provides important diagnostic clues.
Fever can be classified based on what is causing it:
Fever symptoms can vary depending on the cause, how high the temperature is, and a person’s age. While a raised body temperature is the main sign of fever, other symptoms may indicate that the body is fighting an infection or illness. These include9,10:
Fever often progresses through three stages as the body raises, maintains, and then lowers its temperature in response to an infection or another trigger. These include2,11:
Diagnosing a fever means measuring body temperature and finding the underlying cause. Depending on your symptoms and medical history, your doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests or checks2,8:
Most fevers caused by mild viral infections improve with supportive care. These steps can help reduce discomfort and support recovery10,12:
Taking the right precautions can help prevent complications and ensure timely medical care. Below are some steps that you can take10,12:
Also Read: Fever (High Temperature): Causes, Stages, Treatments, and Red Flags
Most fevers improve within a few days with rest and supportive care. However, you should consult a doctor if you or your child10,12:
A fever is often a sign that your immune system is doing its job, but it is important to know when it needs closer attention. Understanding the different types of fever, their symptoms, and the warning signs can help you manage a fever safely and recognise when medical care is needed. Most fevers improve with simple supportive measures, but persistent, recurrent, or severe fever should not be ignored. If you are unsure about the cause or your symptoms get worse, consult a doctor for timely evaluation and care.
Also Read: Viral Fever: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options
Most fevers caused by viral infections improve within about 3 days, although some may last up to a week. If a fever lasts for more than 3 days, keeps coming back, or occurs with severe symptoms, consult a doctor2,12.
No, fever itself is not contagious. However, the underlying illness causing the fever, such as influenza or other viral or bacterial infections, may spread from person to person3.
Fever is not a sign of pregnancy. It usually suggests an infection or another medical condition. Pregnant individuals who develop a fever should seek medical advice promptly, as some infections can affect both the mother and the developing baby12.
Yes, in some cases, certain cancers, particularly lymphoma and leukaemia, may cause persistent or recurrent fever. However, infections are a much more common cause of fever than cancer2,6.
Teething may cause a slight rise in body temperature, but it does not usually cause a true fever of 38°C (100.4°F) or higher. A high fever during teething is more likely due to another illness and should be checked by a doctor1,2,13.
Severe dehydration can contribute to a rise in body temperature, especially during hot weather14. However, dehydration is more often a result of fever than the main cause, because fever increases fluid loss through sweating10.
A fever itself does not usually delay your period. The underlying illness, along with physical stress, inflammation, and the immune response it triggers, may temporarily affect hormone levels and delay ovulation15,16. This can lead to a late or irregular menstrual period. In most cases, the menstrual cycle returns to normal once you recover.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Did you know that your red blood cells (RBCs) usually live for about 120 days? At the end of their lifespan, they are naturally broken down and recycled by the body through a process called hemolysis1.
However, if RBCs are destroyed much earlier than expected, or in larger numbers than usual, it can cause problems. This may happen because of inherited blood disorders or other medical conditions, and it can sometimes lead to anaemia or serious complications2. Though many complications can be prevented or managed well when the cause is found and treated early.
In this blog, we will explain the meaning of hemolysis, its causes and types, common symptoms, how doctors diagnose it, and the treatment options that may help.
Hemolysis means the breakdown of RBCs. This can be a normal part of how the body renews blood cells. RBCs usually circulate for about 120 days before old or damaged cells are removed1.
Did You Know?
Problems can occur when RBCs are destroyed faster than the bone marrow can replace them. This usually happens for two broad reasons: intrinsic causes, where the issue is within the RBCs themselves, and extrinsic causes, where something outside the RBCs damages them.
The defect is within the RBC itself, such as an abnormality in the RBC membrane, enzymes, or haemoglobin. While most intrinsic causes are inherited (present from birth), some may be acquired later in life.
The RBCs are structurally normal, but they are destroyed by factors outside the RBC, such as immune reactions, infections, certain medications or toxins, mechanical injury, or an enlarged spleen. These causes usually develop later in life, although not all extrinsic causes are acquired.
Important: Although intrinsic haemolytic anaemias are usually inherited and extrinsic haemolytic anaemias are often acquired, this is not always the case. Some intrinsic causes may be acquired, so the terms intrinsic and extrinsic do not strictly mean inherited and acquired, respectively.
Symptoms can vary from person to person. They may depend on how quickly RBCs are being destroyed, how severe the condition is, and what is causing it. Common hemolysis symptoms and signs include6,12:
Note: Dark or reddish-brown urine is more commonly seen in intravascular hemolysis due to the presence of haemoglobin in the urine (haemoglobinuria). In extravascular hemolysis, urine usually does not become dark because RBCs are broken down mainly in the spleen and liver. Dark urine caused by haemoglobinuria should also be distinguished from haematuria (blood in the urine) and myoglobinuria (muscle protein in the urine).
Doctors may describe hemolysis in different ways, depending on where RBCs are destroyed and what is causing the destruction.
If your doctor suspects hemolysis, they may recommend a complete blood count to check for anaemia. They may also advise other blood or urine tests, such as6:
Additional tests, such as G6PD tests, may be recommended depending on the suspected cause.
Treatment depends on the cause, how severe the hemolysis is, and the person’s overall health. Your doctor may recommend one or more of the following options4,6,13:
If hemolysis is severe or not treated, it may lead to complications such as13,14:
Not every type of hemolysis can be prevented. However, the following steps may help lower the risk of severe episodes and related complications:
Also Read: What Is a Dangerous White Blood Cell Count and How to Increase White Blood Cells?
Speak to a doctor if you notice any of the following symptoms, especially if they are new, persistent, or getting worse4,6,12,13:
Also Read: Folate Deficiency: Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention
Hemolysis is a normal process when old RBCs are removed from the body. It becomes a concern when RBCs break down too early or too quickly. This may happen because of inherited blood disorders or acquired medical conditions. Mild cases may cause few or no symptoms, but severe cases can lead to serious complications. Recognising symptoms early, finding the cause, and getting timely treatment can make a meaningful difference. If you have symptoms that may suggest hemolysis, speak to your doctor for the right diagnosis and care.
Hemolysis simply means the breakdown of RBCs, and it can be a normal body process. However, when RBCs break down too early or too quickly, it may point to an underlying medical condition that needs evaluation1.
Hemolysis may be triggered by inherited blood disorders, autoimmune diseases, infections, certain medicines, blood transfusion reactions, toxins, mechanical heart valves, and, in people with G6PD deficiency, foods such as fava beans4,6.
When RBCs break down, they release potassium. Significant hemolysis can therefore increase blood potassium levels, although falsely elevated potassium (pseudohyperkalaemia) can also occur if blood cells break during sample collection15,16.
Mild cases of premature or excessive hemolysis may not be serious, but severe cases could be life-threatening. They can lead to severe anaemia or other complications1,13. This makes early medical treatment important.
Most foods do not cause hemolysis. However, fava beans can trigger hemolysis in some people with G6PD deficiency. If you have this condition, ask your doctor which foods, medicines, or other triggers you should avoid4.
Severe hemolysis may cause hyperkalaemia, which means high potassium levels in the blood, because potassium is released from damaged RBCs. This needs medical evaluation, especially if symptoms such as muscle weakness or abnormal heart rhythms occur15.
1. Thiagarajan P, Parker CJ, Prchal JT. How Do Red Blood Cells Die? Front Physiol. 2021;12:655393. doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.655393 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33790808/
2. Zhong H, Yazdanbakhsh K. Hemolysis and immune regulation. Curr Opin Hematol. 2018;25(3):177-182. doi:10.1097/MOH.0000000000000423 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6309361/
3. Hemolysis. MedlinePlus. Accessed July 20, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002372.htm
4. Mak GK, Shah M. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency. StatPearls. Accessed July 20, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470315/
5. Higa S, Keapoletswe K, Cirneanu L, Hagenaars S, LI J, Zagadailov E. P1476: The Clinical Characteristics And Overall Survival Of Patients With Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency In The UK: A Real-World Study. HemaSphere. 2023;7(Suppl):e0113950. doi:10.1097/01.HS9.0000972788.01139.50 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10430506/
6. Hemolytic anemia: MedlinePlus. Accessed July 20, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000571.htm
7. Thomas L. Hemolysis as Influence & Interference Factor. EJIFCC. 2002;13(4):95-98. Accessed July 20, 2026. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6208064/
8. Patil HR, O’Keefe JH, Lavie CJ, Magalski A, Vogel RA, McCullough PA. Cardiovascular Damage Resulting from Chronic Excessive Endurance Exercise. Mo Med. 2012;109(4):312-321. Accessed July 20, 2026. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6179786/
9. Chaudhary P, Maharjan N, Subedi B. Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia as the Initial Presentation of Metastatic Signet-Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Colon: A Case Report. Cureus. 16(12):e76034. doi:10.7759/cureus.76034 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39835047/
10. Tozluklu NN, Güvenç B. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia as the Presenting Feature of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Two Contrasting Cases Across Different Age Groups. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther. 2025;47:106115. doi:10.1016/j.htct.2025.106115 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616265/
11. Lv Y, Lau WY, Li Y, et al. Hypersplenism: History and current status. Exp Ther Med. 2016;12(4):2377-2382. doi:10.3892/etm.2016.3683 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27703501/
12. Palmer D, Seviar D. How to approach hemolysis: Haemolytic anaemia for the general physician. Clin Med. 2022;22(3):210-213. doi:10.7861/clinmed.2022-0142 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35584830/
13. Turner J, Parsi M, Badireddy M. Anemia. StatPearls. Accessed July 20, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499994/
14. Palmer D, Seviar D. How to approach hemolysis: Haemolytic anaemia for the general physician. Clin Med. 2022;22(3):210-213. doi:10.7861/clinmed.2022-0142 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35584830/
15. High potassium level. MedlinePlus. Accessed July 20, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001179.htm
16. Asirvatham JR, Moses V, Bjornson L. Errors in Potassium Measurement: A Laboratory Perspective for the Clinician. North Am J Med Sci. 2013;5(4):255-259. doi:10.4103/1947-2714.110426 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3662091/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Most people think of the thyroid as a hormone-producing gland, but it can also develop cancer. Thyroid cancer often progresses slowly and may not cause symptoms at first, so knowing the warning signs and seeking timely medical advice and care can make a meaningful difference1.
Although the word cancer can feel alarming, many thyroid cancers are manageable, especially when diagnosed early. This article explains what thyroid cancer is, the symptoms to watch for, causes and risk factors, how it is diagnosed, treatment options, and practical steps that may support thyroid health.
The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland at the front of the neck. It produces hormones that help regulate metabolism, heart rate, body temperature, and other important body functions2.
Thyroid cancer develops when thyroid cells grow in an uncontrolled manner and form a tumour. Many thyroid cancers progress slowly, which is why they can remain unnoticed in the early stages and may only be discovered during a routine neck examination or an imaging test done for another reason3.
However, thyroid cancer is relatively uncommon compared with many other cancers. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 45,240 new cases of thyroid cancer are expected to be diagnosed in the United States in 2026, accounting for about 2.1% of all new cancer cases4.
Did You Know?
Thyroid cancer is classified by the type of thyroid cell involved. This matters because each type behaves differently and may need a different treatment approach2.
The exact cause of thyroid cancer is not always known. It can develop when changes in thyroid cell genes affect how the cells grow and divide. The following factors may increase risk, although having a risk factor does not mean a person will definitely develop thyroid cancer.
Note: It is important to remember that having one or more risk factors does not mean you will develop thyroid cancer. Likewise, many people diagnosed with thyroid cancer may have no known risk factors.
Thyroid cancer may not cause symptoms in its early stages. When symptoms appear, they usually relate to a lump or pressure in the neck, voice changes, or problems with swallowing or breathing.
Possible thyroid cancer symptoms include2:
If your doctor suspects thyroid cancer, they will ask about symptoms, family history, and past radiation exposure. They will also examine the neck for thyroid nodules or enlarged lymph nodes. Depending on the findings, they may recommend one or more of the following tests5:
Treatment depends on the type of thyroid cancer, its size, whether it has spread, your age, and your overall health. Your doctor will consider these factors to recommend the most appropriate treatment plan. Common thyroid cancer treatment/management options include5:
Although most thyroid cancers are highly manageable, complications can occur, especially if the cancer is advanced or left untreated. These may include5:
There is no guaranteed way to prevent thyroid cancer. However, the following steps may help reduce risk or support earlier detection6:
Also Read: Best Iodine-Rich Foods to Support Thyroid Health Naturally
Consult a doctor if you notice any of the following symptoms, especially if they persist or worsen2,5:
Also Read: Early Warning Signs of Cancer You Should Know
Thyroid cancer can be concerning, but many cases are manageable, particularly when diagnosed early and treated appropriately.
Knowing the symptoms, understanding personal risk factors, and seeking medical advice for a new neck lump, persistent hoarseness, or swallowing or breathing difficulty can support earlier diagnosis and better care.
With timely treatment and regular follow-up, most people with thyroid cancer can live long, healthy lives.
Most thyroid cancers, especially papillary and follicular thyroid cancers, are treatable when diagnosed early. Most people have an excellent long-term prognosis with appropriate treatment and regular follow-up2.
The most advanced stage is Stage IV, where the cancer has spread beyond the thyroid to nearby tissues or distant organs such as the lungs or bones2,5,10. However, even in advanced stages, guided treatment can help control the disease and improve quality of life for the patient.
Weight loss is not a common early symptom of thyroid cancer. However, unexplained weight loss may occur in advanced cases or due to other medical conditions and should be evaluated by a doctor5.
Most thyroid cancers are not inherited. However, some cases (particularly MTC) can run in families due to inherited genetic mutations2. If you have a strong family history of thyroid cancer, speak with your doctor about genetic counselling and testing.
1. Forma A, Kłodnicka K, Pająk W, et al. Thyroid Cancer: Epidemiology, Classification, Risk Factors, Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers, and Current Treatment Strategies. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(11):5173. doi:10.3390/ijms26115173 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40507982/
2. Thyroid Cancer. American Thyroid Association. Accessed July 6, 2026. https://www.thyroid.org/thyroid-cancer/
3. What Is Thyroid Cancer? Types of Thyroid Cancer. Accessed July 6, 2026. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/thyroid-cancer/about/what-is-thyroid-cancer.html
4. Cancer of the Thyroid. Cancer Stat Facts. SEER. Accessed July 6, 2026. https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/thyro.html
5. Lee K, Anastasopoulou C, Chandran C, Cassaro S. Thyroid Cancer. StatPearls. Accessed July 6, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459299/
6. Castro ME de, Cunha LL, Ward LS. Narrative overview of possible preventive measures for differentiated thyroid carcinomas. Heliyon. 2024;11(1):e41284. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41284 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39811343/
7. Franchini F, Palatucci G, Colao A, Ungaro P, Macchia PE, Nettore IC. Obesity and Thyroid Cancer Risk: An Update. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(3):1116. doi:10.3390/ijerph19031116 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35162142/
8. Zhang X, Zhang F, Li Q, Feng C, Teng W. Iodine nutrition and papillary thyroid cancer. Front Nutr. 2022;9:1022650. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1022650 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.1022650/full
9. Kitahara CM, Kӧrmendiné Farkas D, Jørgensen JOL, Cronin-Fenton D, Sørensen HT. Benign Thyroid Diseases and Risk of Thyroid Cancer: A Nationwide Cohort Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(6):2216-2224. doi:10.1210/jc.2017-02599 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29590402/
10. Cancer Staging. American Cancer Society. Accessed July 6, 2026. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging.htm
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Headaches are among the most common health conditions, affecting individuals of all ages across the world. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), headache disorders affect over 40% of the world’s population1. While many people have occasional headaches, regular episodes can interfere with work, sleep, and other everyday activities. Understanding the different types of headaches can help identify their causes and improve their treatment and prevention2. In this blog, we will discuss how many types of headaches are there, their causes, how they are diagnosed, their treatment options, and simple tips to prevent them.
A headache is a pain or discomfort felt in the head, scalp, or face. It can range from mild to severe and may last for a few minutes or several hours2. Headaches occur when pain-sensitive structures in and around the head, such as blood vessels, nerves, muscles, and tissues, become irritated or triggered due to factors such as smell, stress, and medications2,3.
Headaches, especially when they occur frequently, can affect a person’s quality of life and even cause problems at work. The fear of getting another headache can greatly affect family relationships, social activities, and job performance. Living with long-term headaches may also increase the risk of other health problems, such as anxiety and depression, which is more commonly observed in people with migraines, a type of headache1.
There are two types of headaches: primary headaches and secondary headaches. The table below highlights the key differences between these two types:
| Feature | Primary Headaches | Secondary Headaches |
| Definition | Headaches that are not caused by any medical condition, but are a part of a headache disorder4. | Headaches that occur due to an underlying health problem5. |
| Common causes | Occurs due to complex changes in the brain and nervous system mechanisms that are involved in sensing and processing pain4. Factors such as stress, hormonal changes, lack of sleep, certain foods, and genetics can act as a trigger that brings on headache episodes2. | Occurs when an underlying health condition irritates or puts pressure on the pain-sensitive structures in the head and neck (such as nerves, brain covering [meninges], blood vessels, muscles and tissues covering the skull). These conditions can include brain infections, head injuries, medication overuse, extremely high blood pressure, acute sinus infections (long-term infections rarely cause headaches), strokes, tumours, and other brain disorders2,5. |
| Examples | Migraine, tension headache, cluster headache, etc.4. | Sinus headache, medication-overuse headache, cervicogenic headache, etc5. |
| Severity | Usually not life-threatening, but can interfere with quality of life1,4. | Depends on the cause and can range from mild to life-threatening5. |
| Treatment | Symptom management, trigger avoidance and prescription medications if needed2. | Treating underlying health condition5. |
Understanding the different types of headaches and their causes can help you identify possible triggers, recognise warning signs, and seek the right treatment when needed. Here are some of the common types of headaches:
These are among the most common types of primary headaches. They usually last between 30 minutes and one week. Although they can start around puberty, they are most common in people in their 30s. Women and young people are more likely to experience this headache.
This is a type of primary headache that occurs repeatedly2. It can last between 4 and 72 hours. It often begins during puberty and is most common in people aged 35 to 45 years. Women are more likely to be affected than men due to hormonal issues. Migraine attacks in children are usually shorter than in adults1.
Note: Food triggers can vary from person to person. Alcohol (especially red wine), excess caffeine intake or suddenly stopping caffeine, chocolate, fish, and processed meats may trigger migraines in some people.
These are extremely painful but rare types of primary headaches. They can last from 15 minutes to 3 hours. The pain occurs in clusters or as repeated episodes, at the same time each day or night for many weeks. They most commonly occur between the ages of 20 and 40 years but can occur at any age, including in children and older adults2. These are more common in men than in women7.
This is a type of secondary headache caused by the sinus issues9. Without treatment, the pain can persist for 4 weeks or less than that and become worse when a person bends forward or lies down. However, in most cases, the headache usually improves as the infection subsides9,10.
Note: Many headaches that people believe are caused by sinus problems are actually migraines. This is a common misunderstanding about headaches7.
This is a type of secondary headache, which is rare and chronic. It is most commonly seen in people aged between 30 and 44 years. It is often mistaken for primary headaches, such as migraine and tension-type headache. The pain goes away when the underlying condition is treated successfully.
This is a type of secondary headache caused by the overuse of medications. It is also known as rebound headache. Medication-overuse headache is characterised as:
As there are different types of headaches and their reasons vary, doctors might use more than one diagnostic procedure to determine the cause of a headache. These include:
Note: High BP causes headache only when it causes hypertensive emergencies or BP rises suddenly. Mild or moderate high blood pressure does not usually cause headaches.
Note: If the doctor suspects that the increased pressure inside the skull is caused by a tumour or another growth, they may recommend a CT scan or MRI before considering a lumbar puncture. In some cases, a lumbar puncture may not be safe.
The treatment options usually available for headaches include:
Frequent headaches can often be managed by identifying and avoiding the triggers that cause them. The following measures may help lower the risk of recurrent headaches:
Also Read: Home Remedies For Headache By Dr. Siddharth Gupta
It is very important to consult a doctor if the headache:
Headaches are a common ailment and their severity can range from a mild ache to severe pain that interferes with daily activities. While most headaches are harmless, some may be a sign of an underlying health problem that needs medical attention. Knowing the different types of headaches, their symptoms, causes, and treatments can help you manage them better and recognise when to see a doctor.
The 5 C’s of headaches are common triggers that can worsen or cause headaches: Cheese, chocolate, citrus fruits, caffeine, and coke. Avoiding these triggers may help reduce headaches in some people, especially those with migraines16.
The type of headache can often be identified by its location, how the pain feels, how long it lasts, and its symptoms (such as nausea, sensitivity to light, or nasal congestion). A doctor might correlate these along with the individual’s medical history and triggers and, in some cases, recommend tests to rule out serious underlying conditions2,10.
Headaches that start suddenly and are severe; occur after a head injury; or are accompanied by symptoms such as weakness, confusion, seizures, fever, vision changes, or difficulty speaking require immediate medical attention as they may be a sign of serious conditions such as a stroke, meningitis, or bleeding in the brain2,5.
Consult a doctor immediately if your headaches are sudden or severe, occur after a head injury, or are associated with fever, confusion, weakness, vision problems, seizures, or difficulty speaking. These symptoms may be a sign of a serious condition and should not be ignored2.
A brain tumour-related headache is usually persistent, gradually worsens over time, and may be worse in the morning or with coughing and straining. It is important to note that these symptoms may also occur if a person has a migraine or cluster headache. A person with tumour may have other associated symptoms, such as seizures, vision changes, weakness, or difficulty speaking. Most headaches are not caused by brain tumours; however, a new or worsening headache with neurological symptoms should be evaluated by a doctor5.
1. Migraine and other headache disorders. 2025. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders
2. Headache. 2026. Available from: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/headache
3. The anatomy of head pain. In: Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol 198. Elsevier; 2023:41-60. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-823356-6.00001-9 Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38043970/
4. Wang Z, Yang X, Zhao B, Li W. Primary headache disorders: From pathophysiology to neurostimulation therapies. Heliyon. 2023;9(4):e14786. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14786 Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37077680/
5. Wijeratne T, Wijeratne C, Korajkic N, Bird S, Sales C, Riederer F. Secondary headaches – red and green flags and their significance for diagnostics. eNeurologicalSci. 2023;32:100473. doi:10.1016/j.ensci.2023. 100473 Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10339125/
6. Nihir Shah, Asuncion RMD, Hameed S. Muscle Contraction Tension Headache. 2024. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562274/
7. Headache: When to worry, what to do. 2024. Available from: https://www.health.harvard.edu/pain/headache-when-to-worry-what-to-do
8. Cluster headache. 2025. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000786.htm
9. Sinusitis. 2024. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000647.htm
10. Headaches. 2025. Available from: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/headaches
11. Al Khalili Y, K. Ly N, Murphy PB. Cervicogenic Headache. 2022. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507862/
12. Aleksenko D, Lui F, Sánchez-Manso JC. Medication Overuse Headache. 2025. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK470171/
13. Medication Overuse Headache. 2022. Available from: https://headaches.org/resources/medication-overuse-headache/
14. Kim KT. Lumbar puncture: considerations, procedure, and complications. encephalitis. 2022;2(4):93-97. doi:10.47936/encephalitis.2022.00045 Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10295920/
15. Eskey CJ, Ogilvy CS. Fluoroscopy-guided lumbar puncture: decreased frequency of traumatic tap and implications for the assessment of CT-negative acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22(3):571-576. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11237986/
16. Speight N. Best practice: migraine. Arch Dis Child. 2006 Jun;91(6):541. PMID: 16714736; PMCID: PMC2082764. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2082764/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

Have you ever felt like your dog is losing weight, sliding on the floor, or exhibiting symptoms of an upset stomach? It could be worms! Intestinal worms are a common condition in dogs and can harm their health if left unnoticed1. Following a correct dog deworming routine protects your pet from serious issues while keeping them healthy and active. This article covers everything you need to know about dog deworming, including types of worms, symptoms, schedules, treatment, and prevention tips.
Deworming in dogs is the process of giving antihelmintic drugs that kill or remove parasitic worms and eggs from a dog’s body2. These worms normally live in the intestines, but there are also some types which live in other organs like the heart, lungs, or blood vessels and cause harm3,4.
Regular deworming helps:
A variety of parasitic worms can infect dogs. The following are the most common types:
These are the most common types of parasites found in dogs. They are long, spaghetti-like/ tubular parasites that live in the intestines. The roundworm-related infections are more common during winter. Compared to dogs, puppies are seen as more prone to such infections3.
These are the worms with a thin, whip-like shape. These attach to the lining of a dog’s big intestine and feed on small amounts of blood and tissue. These usually do not cause any serious harm to the dogs; however, sometimes, they can also cause severe health issues3.
These are the long, flat worms that look like strips of tape. Adult forms live in the small intestine of the dogs and usually do not cause any serious issues. Infection is often noticed when small, rice-like segments of the worm are found around the dog’s tail, in its faeces, or on its bedding3.
These worms are hook-like structures infecting the dog’s intestine. After entering the dog’s body, the larvae move to the small intestine, attach to its wall, and grow into adult worms. Hookworm infections are common during summer and autumn. Puppies are at an increased risk of developing such infections, which can become serious if left untreated3.
These intestinal parasites are seen in the heart, lungs, and even blood vessels of the dogs. They get transmitted when mosquitoes pick up heartworm larvae from an infected dog and pass them to another dog when they bite. The larvae then travel to the heart and grow into adult worms. If left untreated, they can cause severe complications like lung disease or heart failure in dogs4.
These are tiny, single-celled parasites. The common type of this parasite that infects the dogs is Cystoisospora. The infection can cause damage to the intestinal lining, causing several issues like loss of appetite, weakness, dehydration, etc. This infection is highly contagious, and the most prone ones are puppies, due to their weak immunity3.
These are single-celled parasites. If these reach the body, they can interfere with nutrient absorption, as they can damage the intestinal lining. They show the same symptoms as a coccidia infection3.
The dogs can get worms in different ways, such as:
The following symptoms can help you tell if your dog has worms:
In severe cases they may have symptoms such as:
The dog deworming schedule is different for puppies and adults:
The deworming schedule in puppies includes the following:
The deworming schedule in adult dogs includes the following:
Note: This information provided is only for educational purposes and should not replace expert veterinary advice. Deworming schedules might vary depending on a dog’s age, breed, health, environment, and parasite risk. Always contact a certified veterinarian before beginning or changing your pet’s deworming routine as the intestinal parasitic infections might sometimes need medications along with deworming.
Also, note that coccidia and giardia are common intestinal parasites, but they are protozoa rather than worms. Routine deworming medications do not treat these infections, and they might require specific medications prescribed by a veterinarian. Therefore, under suspected conditions please consult a veterinarian.
The following steps explain how to deworm a dog safely:
Note: The deworming procedure varies depending on your dog’s age, weight, health status, and type of worm infestation. Always follow the veterinarian’s directions and prescription label. Do not provide deworming medications without veterinarian supervision, as inappropriate dosing can be ineffective or cause adverse effects.
While deworming medications are generally safe, some dogs may develop mild side effects. The following are some common side effects of deworming a dog:
Note: If the side effects do not resolve within the timeframe specified by your veterinarian, consult them promptly to prevent potential complications.
The following are some tips by which you can keep your dogs away from getting worms:
The following are some symptoms you should consider in your dogs to seek immediate care:
Also Read: Dog Skin Infection: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Home Care
Deworming is an important aspect of proper dog care. Regular parasite control helps dogs avoid stomach disorders and other major health concerns. You can keep your dog healthy, comfortable, and protected from harmful worms throughout its life by adhering to an appropriate deworming plan, practising proper hygiene, and getting veterinary assistance as needed.
Also Read: Dog Tear Stains: Causes, Treatment & Natural Removal Tips
You may naturally lower your dog’s worm risk by practising proper hygiene, cleaning their living space on a regular basis, and keeping them away from consuming raw meat, waste, or contaminated soil. A balanced diet and clean water help to support a healthy immune system, which reduces susceptibility to infection3,10
Yes, some intestinal worms, such as hookworms and tapeworms, can spread from dogs to humans by contact with contaminated soil, faeces, or fleas. Good hygiene and regular deworming of pets significantly lower this danger3.
Most adult dogs require deworming every three months, depending on their lifestyle and exposure risk. Puppies need more frequent deworming, usually every two weeks until 12 weeks of age and then monthly until 6 months7.
The majority of deworming side effects in dogs are minor and typically last 24 to 48 hours. Symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhoea, decreased appetite, drooling, or moderate fatigue usually subside after a day or two as the body responds to the medicine. It is also usual to find dead worms in the stool following treatment. However, if side effects last more than two days, it is advised to see a veterinarian8.
Yes, for most healthy adult dogs, deworming every three months is considered a standard preventive measure. However, the exact frequency should be determined by a veterinarian based on the dog’s risk factors and health status8.
1. Intestinal Parasites in Dogs. 2026. doi: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/ac-aid-intestinal-parasites-in-dogs.pdf
2. Sherlock C, Holland CV, Keegan JD. Caring for Canines: A Survey of Dog Ownership and Parasite Control Practices in Ireland. Veterinary Sciences. 2023;10(2):90. doi:10.3390/vetsci10020090 https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/10/2/90
3. Intestinal parasites in cats and dogs. doi: https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/pet-owners/petcare/intestinal-parasites-cats-and-dogs
4. Keep the Worms Out of Your Pet’s Heart! The Facts about Heartworm Disease. 2022. doi: https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/keep-worms-out-your-pets-heart-facts-about-heartworm-disease
5. Suganya G, Porteen K, Sekar M, Sangaran A. Prevalence and molecular characterization of zoonotic helminths in dogs. J Parasit Dis. 2019;43(1):96-102. doi:10.1007/s12639-018-1066-z https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30956452/
6. Heartworm in Dogs. doi: https://www.heartwormsociety.org/heartworms-in-dogs
7. Stull JW, Carr AP, Chomel BB, Berghaus RD, Hird DW. Small animal deworming protocols, client education, and veterinarian perception of zoonotic parasites in western Canada. Can Vet J. 2007;48(3):269-276. doi:10.4141/cjas68-037 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1800965/
8. The Complete Beginner’s Guide to Deworming Dogs and Cats at Home. doi: https://www.acdra.org/post/guide-deworming-dogs-cats-at-home
9. Label: TAPEWORM DEWORMER FOR DOGS- praziquantel tablet. doi: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=94812721-1153-49f7-b574-ef4c24ebc70d
10. Dogs. 2026. doi: https://www.cdc.gov/healthy-pets/about/dogs.html
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can spread to other parts of the body, such as the bones, spine, or brain1. This article will explain what bone tuberculosis is, its forms, common symptoms, and how to manage it efficiently. Early detection of this disease is critical since timely diagnosis and treatment can reduce long-term problems and enhance the chances of recovery.
Bone tuberculosis is a form of TB that occurs when the infection occurs in the bones or joints. It is also known as skeletal tuberculosis or osteoarticular tuberculosis. TB of the spine is the most common type of bone TB, also known as Pott’s disease. Other commonly affected regions include the hip, knee, ankle, and long bones. It develops slowly, may go unnoticed in the early stages, and can cause significant bone destruction over time if not diagnosed and treated early2.
TB can affect different parts of the skeletal system. The different types of bone TB include:
This is the most common type of bone tuberculosis, which affects the spinal vertebrae. It can cause the spinal bones to collapse, resulting in severe back pain and deformities such as kyphosis (hunchback). In severe disease, it can compress the spinal cord, resulting in neurological symptoms such as numbness of the extremities and buttock area and weakness3.
This type affects the long weight-bearing bone joints, such as the knees, hips, foot, and ankle. It develops slowly and leads to chronic pain, swelling, and stiffness in the affected joint. Over time, it can destroy joint cartilage and reduce mobility significantly. If untreated, it may result in permanent joint deformity4.
This one can affect almost any bone in the body, including the ribs, skull, pelvis, and long bones. It often develops through more than one route of infection5. In children, especially aged under 6, it can affect even fingers and toes (known as spina ventosa)6.
This condition affects more than one bone or joint at the same time or one after another. Commonly affected areas include the spine, pelvis, hip (femoral head), shoulders, and knees. It can cause symptoms like joint pain, stiffness, swelling, redness, warmth over the area, and difficulty in moving the joint. In severe cases, changes in bone shape or deformity may occur7.
Also Read: Spinal Tuberculosis (Pott’s Disease): Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis & More
Bone TB may be caused by:
Bone tuberculosis symptoms may develop gradually and can vary depending on the affected bone or joint. They can be divided into two:
Bone TB rarely causes general symptoms affecting the whole body. However, some people may experience the following:
Bone-related symptoms may occur due to damage and inflammation in the affected bones or joints. These include:
Bone TB is not usually communicable. Unlike pulmonary TB, which affects the lungs and can spread through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks1, bone TB develops when the TB bacteria travel from another region of the body to the bones or joints2,5.
A person with bone TB cannot spread the infection to others by physical contact, touching, sharing food, or being near someone. As a result, patients with bone TB are typically not considered contagious. However, if a person has both bone TB and active pulmonary TB, they may spread the TB bacteria through respiratory droplets from their lungs. In such cases, the lung infection is responsible for the transmission of TB, not the bone infection.
Bone tuberculosis diagnosis can be difficult since its symptoms usually appear gradually and resemble those of other bone and joint problems. Doctors usually confirm the diagnosis with a medical history, physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory investigations.
The doctor will ask about symptoms such as prolonged bone or joint pain, swelling, stiffness, fever, weight loss, and any previous TB exposure. They might also look for neurological symptoms (weakness, numbness, etc.), restricted joint movement, discomfort, and other signs and symptoms2.
The doctor might recommend blood tests such as:
The doctor may recommend this test to check for possible TB infection or exposure. The test checks for a skin reaction after injecting a small amount of tuberculin solution, usually on the forearm1,4.
The doctor might recommend some imaging tests to get a detailed view of the bones and joints:
To confirm the diagnosis of bone TB, the doctor may do a biopsy, which involves taking a small sample of tissue from the diseased bone and examining it. The sample is then sent to the laboratory to confirm the presence of the bacteria using tests2 such as AFB culture, which can help detect active TB infection and enable correct treatment planning. Please visit the site below to know more about the AFB (MGIT) test
Bone tuberculosis treatment primarily focuses on eliminating the TB bacteria, reducing pain and inflammation, and avoiding long-term damage to bones and joints. The doctor might recommend the following as treatment approaches:
If bone tuberculosis is not treated promptly, it can slowly progress and cause a variety of complications, such as:
Recovery from bone or spinal TB is usually slow and depends on how early the disease is detected and how well treatment is taken6. Most patients require several months of consistent medication, and improvement occurs gradually over time3,8 Pain and other symptoms usually begin to subside within a few weeks to months, although complete healing of bones and joints may take longer.
Along with completing the full course of TB treatment, following the lifestyle changes listed below may help improve the effectiveness of treatment:
Consult a doctor immediately for the following:
Also Read: Tuberculosis: Types, Causes, Treatment and Prevention
Bone tuberculosis is a serious but treatable form of TB that affects the bones and joints, most commonly the spine. Because its symptoms often appear gradually, early detection is critical for avoiding problems like bone degeneration, joint deformity, and nerve damage. Most patients can recover successfully if they receive immediate treatment, which includes antitubercular drugs and appropriate supportive care. Following the treatment as prescribed, eating a healthy diet, and attending regular doctor visits can help support recovery and lower the risk of complications.
People with persistent bone, joint, or back pain, swelling, stiffness, trouble moving the affected area, and symptoms such as fever, weight loss, or night sweats should be checked for bone TB. It may be diagnosed with the help of imaging tests (X-ray, CT scan, or MRI) and confirmed by tests, most commonly a bone or tissue sample4.
Yes, bone TB can usually be cured with early detection and a complete course of anti-tubercular drugs. Early treatment reduces problems and increases the likelihood of a full recovery3.
Bone TB can be avoided by lowering the risk of TB infection through early detection and treatment of active TB, avoiding close contact with untreated TB patients, and keeping a strong immune system. Good nutrition, good hygiene, and well-ventilated living areas may help reduce the risk of TB1,2.
Processed and junk foods, extra sugar, and alcohol11 should be avoided during bone TB treatment since they may decrease immunity and slow healing. Limit the intake of particularly fatty or deep-fried foods, as these may interfere with general healing and nourishment.
1. Tobin EH, Tristram D. Tuberculosis Overview. 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441916/
2. Pigrau-Serrallach C, Rodríguez-Pardo D. Bone and joint tuberculosis. Eur Spine J. 2013;22(S4):556-566. doi:10.1007/s00586-012-2331-y https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22711012/
3. Tobin EH, Rausch-Phung EA. Tuberculous Spondylitis (Pott Disease). 2026. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538331/
4. Marais LC, Nieuwoudt L, Nansook A, Menon A, Benito N. Tuberculous arthritis of native joints – a systematic review and European Bone and Joint Infection Society workgroup report. J Bone Joint Infect. 2023;8(4):189-207. doi:10.5194/jbji-8-189-2023 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37780528/
5. Emerson P, Philip A, Varghese GM, Thomas R. Tuberculous Osteomyelitis of the Hyoid Bone: A Case Report. Case Reports in Otolaryngology. 2013;2013:1-3. doi:10.1155/2013/549564 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3610351/
6. N. AlGhazi A, H. AlZahrani M, AlMutiri WA, AlZoum NM. Disseminated tuberculosis presenting as finger swelling in a 2-year-old: a case report of TB osteomyelitis. Case Reports in Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery. 2025;12(1):2473383. doi:10.1080/23320885.2025.2473383 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11899214/
7. Zhou J, Yang X, Hu Y, Li S. Epidemiological and osteoarticular involvement sites’ characteristics of multiple osteoarticular tuberculosis: a scoping review. Epidemiol Infect. 2025;153:e26. doi:10.1017/S095026882400150X https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39834064/
8. Herdea A, Marie H, Negrila IA, Abdel Hamid Ahmed AD, Ulici A. Reevaluating Pediatric Osteomyelitis with Osteoarticular Tuberculosis: Addressing Diagnostic Delays and Improving Treatment Outcomes. Children. 2024;11(11):1279. doi:10.3390/children11111279 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39594854/
9. Gupta K, Gupta R, Atreja A, Verma M, Vishvkarma S. Tuberculosis and nutrition. Lung India. 2009;26(1):9. doi:10.4103/0970-2113.45198 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20165588/
10. Spinal Tuberculosis: Rural India’s Hidden Epidemic. https://thespinefoundation.org/spinal-tuberculosis-hidden-epidemic/
11. Heshmati B, Omidi S, Mohammadi Y. Impact of alcohol consumption, substance use, and smoking on treatment outcomes in tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2025;14(1):139. doi:10.1186/s13643-025-02888-y https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40618124/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
One minute, your dog is happily wagging their tail, and the next, they are vomiting on your carpet. As a pet parent, this moment can instantly trigger worry, panic, and a hundred questions: Did they eat something bad? Is it serious? Should I rush to the vet?
The truth is, vomiting in dogs is surprisingly common. Research shows that only 28% of vomiting cases in dogs lead to a veterinary visit, meaning many pet parents initially try to monitor or manage the issue at home1. However, frequent or persistent vomiting may sometimes point to infections or other serious health conditions that should never be ignored1,2.
In this blog, we’ll break down everything you need to know about dog vomiting, from its common causes and different types, warning signs, treatment options, to safe home remedies. Whether your pup has vomited once or keeps throwing up repeatedly, this guide will help you stay calm, informed, and prepared to care for your beloved pet.
Vomiting means forcefully throwing up the contents of the stomach through the mouth3.
Dogs vomit as a natural protective response when something irritates their stomach or digestive system. Just like humans, a dog’s body tries to get rid of anything that may be harmful, indigestible, or upsetting to the gut. Vomiting can happen for many reasons, some mild and temporary, others more serious2.
Dog vomiting can be classified into different types based on how suddenly it occurs and how long it lasts4:
The colour and contents of the vomit may provide clues about your dog’s health and help answer questions like ‘why my dog is vomiting’ and the possible ‘causes of dog vomiting.’ Some common colour types include5:
Vomiting can occur due to many different reasons, ranging from mild stomach irritation to serious underlying diseases. Common reasons for dog vomiting include4:
Frequent vomiting may be accompanied by other signs, especially in stomach-related disorders such as gastritis. These include4:
To identify the cause of dog vomiting, the veterinarian may evaluate the dog’s medical history, clinical signs, laboratory tests, and imaging findings4.
The veterinarian may ask about4:
Certain tests may help identify infections or parasites, including:
Imaging methods may be used to examine the stomach and digestive tract:
Many of you pet parents would be unsure about what to do if your dog vomits.
Actually, dog vomiting treatment depends on the cause and severity of vomiting. The main goals are to control vomiting, treat the underlying cause, and avoid dehydration:
If vomiting happens only once and your dog otherwise seems active and normal, you may monitor them at home for a short time before visiting the veterinarian. Some home remedies for dog vomiting include:
While dog vomiting cannot always be prevented, a few simple measures can help reduce the risk of stomach upset and digestive problems4:
If your dog vomits once but is otherwise acting normal, eating, and staying active, you may monitor them at home. However, contact your vet if you notice any of these signs5:
Vomiting is a common problem in dogs and can happen for many reasons, ranging from mild stomach upset to serious health conditions. Occasional dog vomiting may not always be dangerous, especially if your dog is otherwise active and behaving normally. However, repeated vomiting or vomiting along with symptoms such as blood, diarrhoea, weakness, dehydration, or abdominal pain should never be ignored.
Therefore, understanding the possible causes, types, symptoms, and warning signs of vomiting can help pet parents respond quickly and appropriately. Simple home care measures may help in mild cases, but persistent or severe vomiting always requires veterinary attention.
If your dog vomits once and otherwise seems normal, you can give the stomach some rest, provide fresh water, and offer a bland diet in small amounts. Avoid fatty foods, treats, or sudden diet changes4,5. If vomiting continues, contact your veterinarian.
The immediate steps include temporarily withholding food, keeping your dog hydrated with small amounts of water, and allowing plenty of rest4,5. Do not give any medicines without veterinary advice.
Frequent vomiting should not be ignored. Monitor for other symptoms such as diarrhoea, blood in the vomit, weakness, dehydration, or abdominal pain, and consult a veterinarian to identify the underlying cause4.
1. Pugh CA, Bronsvoort BM de C, Handel IG, et al. Incidence rates and risk factor analyses for owner reported vomiting and diarrhoea in Labrador Retrievers – findings from the Dogslife Cohort. Prev Vet Med. 2017;140:19-29. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.02.014 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5424887/
2. Elwood C, Devauchelle P, Elliott J, et al. Emesis in dogs: a review. J Small Anim Pract. 2010;51(1):4-22. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00820.x https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20137004/
3. Definition of vomiting – NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms – NCI. February 2, 2011. Accessed May 11, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/vomiting
4. Dixit S, Patel P, Yadav S, Patel S, Verma N. Vomiting in Dogs -A Review. Published online October 21, 2022. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364598700_Vomiting_in_Dogs_-A_Review
5. Vomiting in dogs. Accessed May 11, 2026. https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/vomiting-in-dogs
6. Furukawa R, Takahashi K, Hara Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of dogs presenting with vomiting as a gastrointestinal sign of chronic enteropathy. Vet Anim Sci. 2022;17:100255. doi:10.1016/j.vas.2022.100255 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35769538/
7. Holzmann B, Werner M, Unterer S, Dörfelt R. Utility of diagnostic tests in vomiting dogs presented to an internal medicine emergency service. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:1063080. doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1063080 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2023.1063080/full
8. Joo JB, Kim K, Ro WB, Lee CM. Diagnosis and management of presumptive cyclic vomiting syndrome in a dog: first report in veterinary medicine. BMC Vet Res. 2025;22:25. doi:10.1186/s12917-025-05106-y https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41361810/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
A fall or accident can instantly cause a broken bone, affecting your mobility and daily life. Bone fractures are the most common orthopaedic injuries, occurring when a bone cracks or breaks due to sudden impact, trauma, or weak bone structure1. Early recognition of fractures is important because timely treatment might help avoid severe complications like deformity or long-term pain.
Fractures can occur irrespective of age, and they can vary from a simple hairline fracture to complete breaks. The major causes of bone fractures are falls, sports injuries, road accidents, osteoporosis, and repetitive stress on the bone. Maintaining bone strength through a proper diet and understanding other preventive measures might reduce the risk of bone fractures and promote long-term skeletal health1.
In this article, we will discuss bone fractures, their types, symptoms, treatment options, etc.
As mentioned earlier, a bone fracture is a condition in which a bone cracks or breaks completely1. This may occur due to conditions like falls, road accidents, or sports injuries when the bone is subjected to pressure that it cannot withstand, causing it to split or break2. In some cases, bones weakened by conditions like osteoporosis or repeated stress are more likely to fracture, even with minor pressure. Bone fractures can range from a thin crack to a full break where the bone splits into multiple pieces depending on the force it is subjected to. For example, in high impact situations, such as in a car accident or gunshot injury, the bone can break into multiple pieces1.
Although bones are strong, they may fracture under certain conditions, such as:
A fracture is called a closed fracture when the bone breaks but does not pierce the skin, making it less exposed to infection. Open fracture occurs when the broken bone breaks through the skin, creating a wound, making it prone to infection3. Open fractures require immediate medical attention due to high chances of complications.
The symptoms of bone fracture usually depend on the type of fracture and severity. Some common bone fracture symptoms include:
There are various types of bone fractures based on the affected part of the body and their cause. All fractures require immediate medical attention; avoid relying solely on home remedies. Provide only quick first aid if needed and take the patient to the nearest hospital as soon as possible. The types of bone fractures, their causes, and basic first aid measures are as follows.
This is a fracture where the bone breaks but does not pierce the skin3. The injury is internal, and the risk of infection is lower compared to open fractures. Can occur from falls, minor accidents, or direct impact where the force is enough to break the bone but not the skin.
First aid for the fracture:
In this type of fracture, the broken bone sticks out through the skin or creates a wound that reaches the bone. The risk of bleeding and infection is very high3. It is commonly caused by severe trauma such as road accidents, falls from height, or high-impact injuries4.
First aid for the fracture:
Greenstick fractures usually occur in children as their bones are more flexible than adults. This is a partial thickness fracture, in which the bone partially breaks on one side while the other side stays intact. It can occur after a fall and from accidents, sports injuries, or being hit. Malnutrition, in particular, vitamin D deficiency, increases the likelihood of Greenstick fractures5.
First aid for the fracture:
In this type of fracture, the bone breaks into three or more number of pieces1,3. The bone fracture healing time for a comminuted fracture is more. Comminuted fractures can occur from high-impact trauma like car accidents or heavy falls1.
First aid for the fracture:
This type of fracture is a small crack in the bone that develops due to repeated stress on the bone over time, which may weaken the bone and reduce its ability to withstand force. Hairline fractures commonly occur in the foot or lower leg due to repeated activities such as jogging or running1,3,6.
First aid for the fracture:
This type of fracture causes injury to the surrounding structures, such as muscles, nerves, blood vessels, arteries, and even the lining of the bone (periosteum). Can result from accidents, crushing injuries, or falls3.
First aid for the fracture:
In this type of fracture, a small piece of bone is pulled away from the main bone by a tendon or ligament attached to it. It usually occurs due to a sudden strong pull, such as during sports activities or from repeated stress over time. In rare cases, it can also happen after surgery or due to diseases that weaken the bone7.
First aid for the fracture:
This type of fracture results from pressing of the bones against each other3, where the bone may collapse. Compression fractures usually occur in the spine and may be caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis or cancer3,8.
First aid for the fracture:
Note: The first aid tips provided are only for initial management and should never replace proper treatment. It is recommended to take the patient to the hospital as early as possible following an injury.
The most common approaches to diagnosing a bone fracture include:
Bone fracture treatment can be performed using either non-surgical or surgical methods, depending on the severity and type of injury.
Non-surgical treatment approaches include:
Surgical approaches for fracture are needed when nonsurgical options are not suitable and include:
Note: Treatment approaches are selected based on the types of bone fractures. Non-surgical methods should only be followed under the guidance of a doctor.
If surgical options are required, they should be performed by a qualified specialist. After surgery, adequate rest and proper care are important, and the patient should follow the doctor’s instructions to support safe and timely recovery.
The healing time for a bone fracture varies depending on the type and severity of the injury. While some fractures (e.g., fractures in the fingers) take 3 to 4 weeks to heal, others may need 6 to 8 weeks, 3 to 6 months, or even longer1. In children, the healing may be faster, while it might take more time in adults14 . More complex fractures, such as comminuted or complicated fractures, may require several months for complete recovery, especially if surgery is involved.
Several factors can affect the recovery process. These include the patient’s age, the type and location of the fracture, overall health, and the treatment method used1,3. Good nutrition (especially calcium and vitamin D supplementation), proper rest, and regular medical follow-up also play an important role in the healing process1,15.
Physiotherapy is an essential part of treatment and recovery after a fracture. Once the bones start healing, physiotherapy under expert guidance might help restore muscle strength, flexibility, and range of motion of the affected area4. It might help reduce stiffness and muscle weakness caused by extended periods of immobilisation. Normal activities can be resumed gradually, once the bones have healed and attained strength; however, it is important to follow medical guidance to avoid re-injury.
Also Read: How High Heels Affect the Body?
Here are some ways to help reduce the occurrence of bone fractures.
Also Read: Joint Pain During the Monsoon: Causes, Symptoms, Exercises & Relief Tips
The following signs and symptoms indicate the patient requires immediate medical attention:
Also Read: Sprained Ankle: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms & More
Bone fractures are common injuries that might vary in severity, but require timely medical attention for proper healing. Early diagnosis, an appropriate medical approach, and guided rehabilitation play an important role in recovery. By maintaining bone health and taking protective measures, the risk of fractures can be reduced, supporting overall mobility and quality of life.
Bone fractures can occur from trauma from accidents or sports injuries, due to low bone density (osteoporosis), repetitive usage of particular bones, such as from jogging or running1.
The initial approaches that can be employed following a fracture are managing bleeding, immobilising the injured area using a splint, and restricting the patient from moving3.
After a bone fracture, avoid moving the injured area or trying to straighten it, lifting or driving, and getting your cast wet3.
For a faster recovery from fracture, getting proper rest, taking a nutrient-rich diet, avoiding smoking and alcohol consumption, and having regular check-ups and follow-ups can help1,3.
The signs of a healing fracture may include a slow reduction in pain, reduced swelling and fading of bruises.
1. Fractures (Broken Bones). doi: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/fractures-broken-bones/
2. Broken Bone. 2024. doi: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000001.htm
3. Bone Fractures. 2022. doi: https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/bone-fractures
4. Open Fractures. doi: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/open-fractures/
5. Atanelov Z, Bentley TP. Greenstick Fracture. 2023. doi: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513279/
6. Fractures. 2024. doi: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/fractures
7. McCoy JS, Nelson R. Avulsion Fractures. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Accessed March 17, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559168/
8. Compression Fracture. doi:https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/compression-fracture
9. Diagnosis of Fracture. doi:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK174863/
10. Sadineni RT. Imaging Patterns in MRI in Recent Bone Injuries Following Negative or Inconclusive Plain Radiographs. JCDR. Published online 2015. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2015/15451.6685 Available from: https://europepmc.org/article/pmc/4625309
11. Computer Tomography. 2025. doi: https://www.nibib.nih.gov/science-education/science-topics/computed-tomography-ct
12. Bone Graft. doi: https://medlineplus.gov/bonegrafts.html
13. Seidlitz C, Kip M. Chapter 1: Introduction to the Indications and Procedures. doi: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546138/
14. Lindaman LM. Bone healing in children. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2001;18(1):97-108. doi: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11344982/
15. Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 14, 89081 Ulm, Germany, Fischer V, Haffner-Luntzer M, Amling M, Ignatius A. Calcium and vitamin D in bone fracture healing and post-traumatic bone turnover. eCM. 2018;35:365-385. doi:10.22203/eCM.v035a25. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29931664/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Every day, your body removes waste from the blood through urine. During this process, different minerals and substances dissolve in urine and are excreted along with it. Sometimes, these can stick together and form tiny solid particles called crystals1.
Crystals in urine are very common and are found using routine urine tests. In most cases, a small amount of these crystals is completely normal and may not cause much problems. However, sometimes these crystals can be a sign of a problem. When they appear in large amounts or are of certain types, they may be linked to conditions like kidney stones, dehydration2, urinary tract infections, or metabolic disorders. If not noticed, they can grow or lead to complications1.
In this article, we will discuss the different types of urine crystals, their causes, symptoms, and when to worry. We will also cover how they are diagnosed and how to manage and prevent them.
Your urine normally contains waste substances like minerals, salts, and acids that are dissolved in liquid. These substances are filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and carried out of the body in urine. Most of the time, they remain dissolved and pass out easily. However, sometimes these substances stick together and form tiny solid particles called crystals. These crystals are usually formed in your kidneys1.
Urine crystals occur when the natural balance of chemicals in urine is disrupted. This can happen if you don’t drink enough water, which makes your urine more concentrated and allows particles to bind together more easily. Crystals can also form when the urine contains too many minerals or compounds. Changes in urine acidity, whether too acidic or alkaline, can also raise the risk1,2.
When this happens, the substances start sticking together and form crystals. Over time, they can grow bigger and may lead to problems like kidney stones.
Crystals in urine can form due to several reasons that affect the balance of substances in the urine. These include the following.
Crystals in urine are often asymptomatic (no symptoms). But when symptoms occur, they may be associated with conditions such as kidney stones, urinary tract infections (UTIs), etc. The following are some symptoms that should not be ignored:
There are several types of urine crystals. The following are the most common types of crystals in urine.
Calcium oxalate crystals usually contain calcium oxalate, sometimes mixed with calcium phosphate. They are colourless, and shapes can be oval, biconvex, dumbbell-shaped, or long and rod-like may indicate a possible risk of kidney stone formation.
They may also be found in normal urine in small amounts without any disease.
Contain crystals made of different forms of calcium phosphate such as calcium orthophosphate (amorphous phosphate), carbapatite, and brushite (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate). These crystals are usually colourless and may appear in different shapes depending on the type and may indicate a possible risk of kidney stone formation.
In some cases, they may also be found in normal urine in small amounts without any disease.
Crystals made of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate. These are colourless and most commonly look like a coffin lid but can also appear as feather-like shapes, long prisms, and trapezoids.
These include crystals made from four types of uric acid: amorphous uric acid, anhydrous uric acid (uricite), monohydrate, and dihydrate crystals. Among these, amorphous uric acid and uric acid dihydrate are most commonly seen.
They may also appear even when blood uric acid levels are normal.
Some crystals are less common and are usually linked to specific genetic or metabolic conditions. These include:
Crystals in urine are diagnosed using a combination of several tests, which help identify the type of crystals present and any underlying cause.
A doctor should always guide treatment for crystals in urine. Hence, it is important to consult a doctor for proper care. He might suggest the following treatment options for crystals in urine.
Your doctor might recommend the following measures along with medications:
These include the following:
Treating Underlying Conditions: Your doctor suggests treating underlying conditions such as hyperparathyroidism, gout, diabetes, or other metabolic disorders because these conditions can increase certain substances in urine that lead to crystal formation2.
The following are some ways by which you can reduce the occurrence of crystals in urine.
Also Read: Dysuria (Painful Urination): Meaning, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Home Remedies
The following are symptoms you should not ignore if you have crystals in urine or if you develop any new symptoms.
Also Read: Bacteria in Urine: Causes, Symptoms, Test, Treatment & Prevention
Crystals in urine are common and often harmless when present in small amounts. However, in some cases, they may indicate dehydration, dietary issues, infections, or underlying medical conditions. Early detection through urine tests helps in proper diagnosis and management. With the right treatment, lifestyle changes, and good hydration, most cases can be effectively managed and avoided.
Also Read: The Fatty Liver Diet: Foods to Eat and Avoid to Reverse Fatty Liver Disease
Yes, a urinary tract infection (UTI) can cause crystals in urine, especially struvite crystals. This happens because certain bacteria change the urine environment, making it more likely for crystals to form2.
Calcium oxalate crystals in urine are tiny solid particles made from calcium and oxalate that can form when these substances become too concentrated in urine. They are the most common type of urinary crystals and may sometimes indicate a risk of kidney stones, but they can also appear in healthy people, especially if they are dehydrated or eat foods high in oxalate2.
Water is the best drink because it helps keep urine diluted and reduces the chance of crystal formation. You may also drink ginger ale or lemon-lime soda to maintain fluid intake11 but avoid too much sugary drinks as they can be dehydrating in summers.
Yes, small urine crystals can go away from your body through urine, with low or no pain at all1. However, large crystals might need further medical treatments10.
If you are already diagnosed with crystals in urine, you are recommended to avoid foods rich in oxalate (nuts, peanuts, spinach, etc.), animal protein and uric acid (beef, chicken, eggs, shellfish, etc.), and salts (canned, packaged, and fast foods)3.
Crystals in urine (crystalluria) are not always harmful. While some might (small ones) go away on their own, some can indicate a health problem. They form when there are too many minerals and not enough water in the urine, causing the minerals to stick together1.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Cancer is one of the major health problems around the world, affecting millions of people every year. Even though there is a big advancement in the medical treatment, many cases are detected very late, making the treatment procedure difficult. This is why knowing cancer is important, especially its early signs and symptoms. Finding cancer early can greatly improve the chances of successful treatment and recovery1.
There are different types of cancer, which can affect different body parts, and the early symptoms are often not clear or easy to notice. Common warning signs may include unexplained weight loss, constant tiredness, unusual lumps, unusual sweeting, etc2. Pain is usually a late feature in many cancers, so paying attention to the other changes in the body and consulting a doctor on time is important for diagnosis and improving treatment outcomes.
This article might help you understand the main types of cancer, their early warning signs and how they are diagnosed. The aim is to raise awareness, help detect cancers early, and encourage people to take better care of their health.
Cancer is a disease that happens when normal cells in the body change and start growing uncontrollably, forming a tumour that can spread and harm healthy tissues1. However, all tumours are not cancers. They can be benign or malignant3. Also, not all cancers form solid tumours, such as blood cancers, which have no discrete growth as such4.
The spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another through the blood or lymph system is called metastasis. In addition, cancer also spread directly into nearby tissues (local invasion)3 or within body cavities, such as the abdomen6.
The risk of cancer increases with age. This is because, over time, the body builds up more risk factors, and the natural repair system of cells becomes less effective as we grow older1. Other risk factors include family history, lifestyle (smoking, alcohol, etc.), viral infections (human papilloma or hepatitis), etc2.
Cancer develops differently in each person, and not all growths are harmful. With early detection and proper treatment, many cancers can be managed effectively1.
There are different types of cancers which can develop in different body parts. Most of these cancers have very few known causes4,7,9. The following might help you understand how many types of cancer exist based on the types of cancer cells.
Carcinoma is a type of cancer that starts in epithelial tissue, which covers the skin and lines the inside of organs and body passages. It can develop in tissues that produce or secrete substances, such as in the breast, lungs, colon, prostate, or bladder, (adenocarcinoma) or in flat, thin cells that form the skin surface and line some internal organs (squamous cell carcinoma)10. The common cause is the accumulation of genetic changes over time, which leads cells to uncontrolled growth of cells. The risk factors that can trigger these genetic alterations including smoking, alcohol consumption, chemical exposure, lack of physical activity, obesity, etc11,12.
Sarcoma is a type of cancer that begins in the body’s supportive and connective tissues like bones, muscles, fat, cartilage, and tendons. It is more common in children and in adolescents, compared to carcinoma. However, several other types (soft tissue sarcomas) can also occur in adults. It often appears as a painful lump, especially in the bones, and the tumour usually looks like the normal tissue from where it starts10. It is commonly caused by mutation in the gene due to exposure to radiation or by certain cancer-causing chemicals (carcinogens)9.
Leukaemia is a blood cancer that begins in the bone marrow, the place where blood cells are produced. It disrupts the normal functioning of bone marrow, leading to the reduced production of red blood cells and the platelet count. This can cause problems like fatigue, anaemia, and poor blood clotting10. The risk factors include family history, age and sex, exposure to harmful radiations and chemicals, and viral infections (human T-cell leukaemia virus)4.
Myeloma (multiple myeloma) is a type of cancer that affects plasma cells, which are white blood cells that help fight infection by making antibodies8. The plasma cells produce certain types of protein (monoclonal (M) protein/paraprotein) which are found in the blood10. Here, abnormal plasma cells grow too much in the bone marrow and replace healthy blood cells, affecting red cells, white cells, and platelets. The risk factors include age, exposure to x-rays or other radiations, people belonging to specific races, etc8.
Lymphoma is a type of cancer that starts in the lymphatic system, which includes lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and thymus. This system helps fight infections by supporting the development and activation of white blood cells. It is a type of blood-related (hematologic) cancer, that is often seen as enlarged lymph nodes or mass-like growths. It can also develop in organs like the stomach, breast, or brain10. People with weak immune systems, those on immune-suppressing medicines, Epstein-Barr virus infection, radiation exposure, and those with a family history are at higher risk of developing lymphoma7.
There are several types of cancers. Below are some common types and their symptoms.
Although different types of cancer show different signs and symptoms, there are some warning signs to watch out for. The following are some early signs of cancer that you should not ignore.
Early detection of cancer plays a crucial role in improving outcomes and saving lives. The following says why early detection matters and how it is helpful to patients.
Note: Early detection helps improve outcomes in many cancers like breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer, but it is not equally effective for all cancers. Some, like pancreatic cancer, are often found late, while others (e.g., prostate or thyroid cancer) may be over diagnosed. Early treatment can improve well-being but may still cause side effects, and even advanced cancers can sometimes be managed with good care.
The following is a list of blood tests performed in early cancer detection.
Note: Diagnosis of cancer typically requires histopathological confirmation (biopsy); imaging or basic blood screening tests alone are generally not definitive for most cancers.
You should consider seeing a doctor if you notice:
Also Read: Does Masturbating Increase Risk of Prostate Cancer or Vice Versa?
Cancer is a serious condition, but it can often be effectively managed, especially with early detection. Recognising warning signs and going for regular check-ups can greatly improve treatment outcomes. Understanding different types of cancer and their symptoms helps you stay aware and take timely action. Prioritising your health and consulting a doctor when needed can make a life-saving difference.
An MRI cannot test all types of cancer. It is good to detect cancer caused in the brain, soft tissues, breast and colon12,14,21. However, it has limitations in early diagnosis of some types of cancers like lung cancer21.
There are said to be more than 200 types of cancer which affect the organs, tissues, blood, bone marrow and immune system2.
Yes, it is possible for a person to have more than one type of cancer, either at the same time or one after another. This is called multiple primary cancers. Although it is not very common, these cancers start separately in different parts of the body and are not caused by the spread of an existing cancer22.
The silent signs of cancer include:
-Unexplained weight loss
-Lack of appetite
-New or unexplained pain2
-New mole or changes in existing mole (skin changes)
-Unusual bleeding or bruising
-Changes in bowel movement
-Long-term cough or hoarseness17
-Difficulty in breathing or swallowing, chest pain or discomfort, etc11
The most common types of cancer found in women are breast cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, oral cancer and colorectal cancer23.
The most common types of cancer found in men are prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, oral cancer, stomach cancer and oesophageal cancer23.
1. Cancer. 2025. Doi: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer
2. Cancer: NHS. 2025. Doi: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cancer/
3. Cancer: Medline. 2025. Doi: https://medlineplus.gov/cancer.html
4. Leukaemia. 2023. Doi: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/leukaemia
5. Benign. 2025. Doi: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002236.htm
6. Menon G, Santillan VR. Peritoneal Surface Malignancies. 2025. Doi: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541114/
7. Lymphoma. 2025. Doi: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/lymphoma
8. Myeloma Basics. 2025. Doi: https://www.cdc.gov/myeloma/about/index.html
9. Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Soft Tissue Sarcomas. 2026. Doi: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/causes-risks-prevention.html
10. Cancer Classification. Doi: https://training.seer.cancer.gov/disease/categories/classification.html
11. Lung Cancer. 2025. Doi: https://medlineplus.gov/lungcancer.html
12. Breast Cancer. 2025. Doi: https://medlineplus.gov/breastcancer.html
13. Colorectal Cancer. 2024. Doi: https://medlineplus.gov/colorectalcancer.html
14. Bowel cancer (colon and rectal cancer). 2023. Doi: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bowel-cancer
15. Prostate Cancer. 2024. Doi: https://medlineplus.gov/prostatecancer.html
16. Sathe NC, Zito PM. Skin Cancer. 2025. Doi: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441949/
17. Symptoms of Cancer. 2019. Doi: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/symptoms
18. Imai M, Nakamura Y, Yoshino T. Transforming cancer screening: the potential of multi-cancer early detection (MCED) technologies. Int J Clin Oncol. 2025;30(2):180-193. doi:10.1007/s10147-025-02694-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39799530/
19. Tumor Marker Tests in Common Use. 2023. Doi: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/diagnosis/tumor-markers-list
20. How Cancer Is Diagnosed. 2023. Doi: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/diagnosis
21. Sim AJ, Kaza E, Singer L, Rosenberg SA. A review of the role of MRI in diagnosis and treatment of early stage lung cancer. Clinical and Translational Radiation Oncology. 2020;24:16-22. doi:10.1016/j.ctro.2020.06.002. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7306507/
22. Vogt A, Schmid S, Heinimann K, et al. Multiple primary tumours: challenges and approaches, a review. ESMO Open. 2017;2(2):e000172. doi:10.1136/esmoopen-2017-000172. https://www.esmoopen.com/article/S2059-7029(20)32451-0/fulltext
23. Kalra K. Common Cancers in India, theirincreasing incidence. Symptomswhich need immediate attention. Doi: https://www.cghs.mohfw.gov.in/CGHSGrievance/FormFlowXACTION?hmode=ftpFileDownload&fileName=23052025114829_Common-Cancers-in-India-their-increasing-incidence-(9-November-2021)-.pdf&folderName=Circular&isGlobal=1
24. Nicholson BD, Hamilton W, O’Sullivan J, Aveyard P, Hobbs FR. Weight loss as a predictor of cancer in primary care: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Gen Pract. 2018;68(670):e311-e322. doi:10.3399/bjgp18X695801. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29632004/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
