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Macadamia Nuts: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Introduction

You might have eaten and heard about various kinds of nuts in your life, but have you heard of the macadamia nut? Macadamia nut is a lesser-known nut. It is a native of Australia, particularly the New South Wales and Queensland states. Out of the four species of macadamia, the two non-toxic ones used for consumption are Macadamia integrifolia and Macadamia tetraphylla and they belong to the family Poaceae. Along with various micro and macronutrients, macadamia nuts contain high amounts of unsaturated fats which are considered good for health. It also contains palmitoleic acid which is rarely found in other foods. Other than macadamia, only two other foods (durian and sea buckthorn) contain palmitoleic acid1. Let’s find out more health benefits of macadamia nut.  

Did you know?

Nutritional Value of Macadamia Nuts

Macadamia nuts contain a total energy of 714 kcal in every 100g2. It possesses the following nutrients: 

Properties of Macadamia Nuts

Macadamia nuts might possess the following properties: 

Potential Uses of Macadamia Nuts for Overall Health

The nutrient profile of macadamia contains high amounts of unsaturated fats and various bioactive compounds that might act against certain diseases. Some of the potential uses of macadamia nuts are as follows: 

1. Potential Uses of Macadamia Nuts for Diabetes

Diabetes

Macadamia nuts might be helpful against diabetes. Animal studies have shown that palmitoleic acid present in macadamia nuts might increase the insulin sensitivity of cells. It might affect the activity of certain proteins (MCP-1 and TNF-α) which are responsible for communicating with other cells. Thus, macadamia nuts might be affecting glucose production, transportation, and storage. Ultimately, these processes might result in a lowering of blood glucose levels. However, more studies are required to confirm these activities in humans. Kindly consult a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment of diabetes and do not self-medicate1.

2. Potential Uses of Macadamia Nuts for Weight Management

weight management

Macadamia nuts might be helpful for weight management and might alter the expression of certain genes which gives a satisfying feel during food intake. Thus, it might decrease the appetite and may help in weight management. It might also help in reducing the body mass index (the ratio of fat to muscle calculated according to individual height and weight). Therefore, macadamia nuts might help in weight management1. If you are obese please consult a proper nutritionist for guidance in weight management.  

3. Potential Uses of Macadamia Nuts for the Heart

heart health

Macadamia nuts might be good for the heart. It was seen that macadamia nuts which are enriched with palmitoleic acid might lower blood cholesterol levels. It might help in decreasing the LDL (low-density lipoproteins or bad cholesterol), triglycerides, and fibrinogen and might increase the levels of HDL (high-density lipoproteins or good cholesterol). These effects might be responsible for decreasing the risk factors of heart disease. Therefore, it might help in the maintenance of heart health1. If you are having any heart problems consult your doctor and get proper medication. Do not self-medicate.  

4. Potential Uses of Macadamia Nuts for Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

inflammaation

Macadamia nuts contain a high amount of fats, but these are monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). It has been seen that MUFAs, vitamin E, and phenolic compounds might help in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Therefore, it might be beneficial against chronic diseases caused due to oxidative stress and inflammation. However, more research is required to prove these potential uses of macadamia nuts3.   

5. Other Potential Uses of Macadamia Nuts

macadamia nut
Image Source: freepik.com

Though there are studies that show the potential uses of macadamia nuts in various conditions, these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of macadamia nuts on human health.  

In my experience, macadamia nut oil might be a fantastic addition in your diet for healthy and beautiful skin. It may be great for your skin because it contains palmitoleic acid. This acid might help protect your cells, especially in sun-exposed skin. The macadamia oil may also be an excellent moisturiser. That’s why it’s used in many cosmetic products like lipsticks, skin conditioners, hair care, and others5.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

How to Use Macadamia Nuts?

Different parts of macadamia nuts can be used for various purposes. For food purposes, macadamia nuts can be utilised in the following ways: 

It is used in other industries too: 

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking Macadamia nuts in large quantities or any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.   

As per my observations, adding macadamia nuts to your snack recipes might just give your brain the much needed boost. One of the possible benefits of macadamia nuts is their contribution to normal brain function. While the specific mechanisms are not fully understood, enjoying macadamia nuts as part of a balanced diet may help support your brain health and overall cognitive function6.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Side Effects of Macadamia Nuts

Macadamia nuts are not as widely consumed as other nuts. However, there have been reports of allergies caused by them. It was observed in various studies that macadamia nuts might cause allergies in some individuals. Therefore, you should ensure that you are not allergic to macadamia nuts before eating them4

Also Read: Pecans: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Precautions to Take with Macadamia Nuts

You should be cautious about consuming macadamia nuts as they might cause allergies in susceptible individuals. Therefore, you should ensure that you are not allergic to these nuts before eating them. There is insufficient data regarding the effect of macadamia nuts on pregnant women, breastfeeding women, children, and elderly individuals. Therefore, kindly consult a doctor before eating them4.

Also Read: Pine Nuts (Pinoli): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Interactions with Other Drugs

Macadamia nuts might interact with certain drugs and can alter their activity. However, such effects need to be explored by further research. Therefore, kindly consult a doctor and make sure that it is completely safe for you to consume macadamia nuts. Especially, if you are undergoing any treatment and are on medication for the same. 

Also Read: Munakka: Benefits, Side Effects, Precautions and More!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the macadamia nut benefits? 

Macadamia nuts might act against diabetes, coronary heart diseases, cholesterol, oxidative stress, and inflammation. However, these effects are yet to be proved by further research. Therefore, kindly consult a doctor for the mentioned conditions and do not self-medicate1,3.

How do we make use of macadamia nuts? 

You can use macadamia nuts by simply dry roasting them or roasting them in oil. You can also use them for flavouring ice creams and baked goods. You can also use macadamia oil for cooking and frying3.

Can we use macadamia nut for skin care? 

Macadamia nuts may be used for making skin care products, sunscreens, and soaps. It might be helpful as a skin cleanser and skin-lightening agent too. Therefore, it might be of potential use for skin care. However, more research is required to prove these potential uses of the macadamia nut1,3

Is it true that macadamia nuts are rich in fats? 

Yes, macadamia nuts are rich in fats. However, these are monounsaturated fats which are good for the body. Therefore, it might prove to be good for the body1.

Can macadamia nut help in treating eye problems? 

There are no reports regarding the use of macadamia nuts for eye problems. There is a need for more research regarding this subject. 

References

  1. Hu W, Fitzgerald M, Topp B, Alam M, O’Hare TJ. A review of biological functions, health benefits, and possible de novo biosynthetic pathway of palmitoleic acid in macadamia nuts. J Funct Foods [Internet]. 2019;62(August):103520. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2019.103520 
  2. FoodData Central. Chopped macadamia nuts [Internet]. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Available from: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/901392/nutrients 
  3. Wood LG, Garg ML. Macadamia Nuts (Macadamia integrifolia and tetraphylla) and their Use in Hypercholesterolemic Subjects. In: Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention [Internet]. Elsevier; 2011. p. 717–25. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780123756886100854 
  4. Vanga SK, Raghavan V. Processing effects on tree nut allergens: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr [Internet]. 2017 Nov 22;57(17):3794–806. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10408398.2016.1175415 
  5. Akhtar N, Ahmad M, Madni A, Sattar M, Bakhsh. Evaluation of basic properties of macadamia nut oil. Gomal University Journal of Research. 2006;22:21-27. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237671502_EVALUATION_OF_BASIC_PROPERTIES_OF_MACADAMIA_NUT_OIL
  6. Northwestern Medicine. Best brain-boosting foods: what to eat for better memory and focus [Internet]. Northwestern Memorial HealthCare; Updated November 2025 [cited 2026 Jan 19]. Available from: https://www.nm.org/healthbeat/healthy-tips/nutrition/best-food-for-a-healthy-brain

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Jowar: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

Many Indians eat roti daily, which is one of the staple foods of many states. There are many types of roti, and jowar is one of such cereals which is popularly used for making rotis. Jowar is also known as durra, jowari, sorghum, great millet and milo. It is mainly cultivated in India and Nigeria. It is one of the topmost produced cereal crops, which ranks fifth after maize, wheat, rice, and barley. Jowar is also grown in other countries like the United States, Mexico and Australia, but as an animal feed. It contains various nutrients and may be beneficial for health1. Let’s read and find out more in detail. Let us discuss more health benefits of the jowar.

Nutritional Value of Jowar

100g of jowar provides an energy of 329 kcal. The nutrients present in it are as follows2

The vitamins present in jowar are as follows: 

Properties of Jowar

Jowar might possess the following properties3

Potential Uses of Jowar for Overall Health

Jowar contains various phenolic compounds and other bioactive compounds. It is highly nutritious. Therefore, it might be of potential use for various conditions that are stated below. 

1. Potential uses of jowar for oxidative stress 

Jowar may contain many bioactive compounds which may act as an antioxidant agent. This antioxidant property might be due to the presence of various phenolic compounds, especially condensed tannins. These compounds might help in the neutralisation of free radicals, which cause a decrease in oxidative stress. Jowar might help in reducing oxidative stress and may also fight against various chronic diseases4. However, more research is required to prove the role of jowar in decreasing oxidative stress. Kindly consult a doctor for chronic diseases and do not self-medicate.

2. Potential uses of jowar for diabetes 

A study5 conducted showed that jowar might fight against diabetes. It was seen that jowar might have the potential to lower the blood glucose level. It was seen that the grains of jowar might be effective in reducing the activity of certain enzymes involved in the breakdown of starch into glucose, which leads to an increase in blood glucose. Therefore, by inhibiting these enzymes, jowar might help in lowering the blood glucose level, and this may be due to the presence of tannins. However, more research is required to prove these claims. Therefore, kindly consult a qualified doctor for the proper diagnosis and treatment of a serious condition like diabetes and do not self-medicate. 

3. Potential uses of jowar for weight management 

Sorghum or jowar is a grain which is digested slowly by our body. Jowar contains condensed tannins, which may react with starches and proteins to form a bulk in the intestines, making it even less digestible6. It was seen that jowar intake may feel more satisfied and fuller in the stomach. Thus, it might help in reducing calorie intake and might be good for weight management. Furthermore, in comparison to whole grain biscuits, jowar biscuits may cause lower hunger and higher satiety. Kindly ensure that you consult with a doctor before including jowar in your diet for weight management.

4. Potential uses of jowar for the heart 

Jowar might have cholesterol-lowering potential. Cholesterol might build up in the blood vessels, block them and cause decreased blood flow to the heart. This blockage in the heart due to cholesterol leads to the improper functioning of the heart. Phytosterols and polycosanols are lipids present in jowar that might help regulate the synthesis, absorption and excretion of cholesterol6. Thus, affecting the cholesterol levels in the blood, jowar might reduce the risk of heart diseases. If you have any heart problems, consult your doctor and get proper treatment. Do not self-medicate.

5. Potential uses of jowar for inflammation 

Numerous studies have shown that the phenolic compounds present in jowar might be effective against inflammatory markers. The phenolic compounds of jowar might influence and interfere with the inflammatory processes by affecting the activity of inflammatory markers. Thus, jowar might help in alleviating inflammation3, 6. If you have any inflammatory problems, consult a doctor and do not self-medicate.  

6. Potential uses of jowar for cancer  

Studies showed that phenolic compounds present in jowar may have antioxidant potential, which may help as an anticancer agent. A compound like 3-deoxyanthocyanidins (a phenolic compound) may fight against the growth of cancer cells involved in cancers of the colon, hepatoma, oesophagus, breast, and stomach7. Cancer is a serious condition, and if you have cancer, consult a doctor and get proper medication. Do not self-medicate.  

Though there are studies that show the potential uses of jowar in various conditions, these are insufficient, and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of jowar on human health.  

How to Use Jowar?

Jowar can be used for making various kinds of food. It can be used to make: 

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking jowar in large quantities or any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor. 

Also Read: 12 Nutritional Benefits Of Bajra (Pearl Millets)

Side Effects of Jowar

Jowar is a relatively safe cereal grain that is consumed. It is relatively safe when consumed in food quantities. However, it may have certain unknown side effects which need to be uncovered by further research and exploration. Therefore, kindly consult a doctor immediately if you notice any unusual symptoms after eating jowar. 

Precautions to take with Jowar

There is insufficient data regarding the consumption of jowar for pregnant and breastfeeding women. So, it is advised to consult a doctor before eating jowar. There is insufficient data regarding the effects of jowar on children and elderly individuals. Kindly consult a doctor before giving it to them. 

Also Read: Coconut Milk: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!

Interactions with Other Medicines

Jowar might react with unknown drugs, which need to be explored by further research. Kindly consult a doctor if you are undergoing any treatment and are on medication for the same.

Also Read: Poha: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects & More

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the benefits of jowar? 

Jowar might be helpful against heart disease, diabetes, cancer, oxidative stress, and cholesterol. However, more research is required to prove these potential effects. Therefore, kindly consult a doctor before use for any health condition. 

What are the nutrients of jowar? 

Jowar is rich in nutrients, it contains carbohydrates, fats, proteins, sugars, fibre, minerals (calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron) and vitamins (B1, B2, B3, E). It also contains various phytochemicals and bioactive compounds.

Is jowar good for the heart? 

Yes, jowar might be good for the heart as it might lower the risk factors leading to heart disease. However, more research is required to prove these potential uses. Kindly consult a doctor for heart disease, as it is a serious condition and do not self-medicate. 

Can we eat jowar if we have diabetes? 

Yes, you might eat jowar, and it might lower your blood glucose levels. However, ensure that you consult a doctor before consuming jowar for health conditions. Moreover, diabetes is a serious condition and must be properly diagnosed and treated by a doctor. Do not self-medicate.

Is jowar good for the skin? 

There are no reports regarding the potential uses of jowar for the skin. There is a requirement for more research on this subject. 

References

  1. Dutta N. Use of sorghum/jowar for various purposes in different states of India. International Journal of Modern Agriculture. 2021 [cited 2025 May 16]. Available from: https://www.modern-journals.com/index.php/ijma/article/view/1089/920 
  2. Sorghum grain nutrition facts and analysis. NutritionValue.org. [Internet]. [cited 2025 May 16]. Available from: https://www.nutritionvalue.org/Sorghum_grain_nutritional_value.html?size=100+g 
  3. Tanwar R, Panghal A, Chaudhary G, Kumari A, Chhikara N. Nutritional, phytochemical and functional potential of sorghum: A review. Food Chemistry Advances. 2023 [cited 2025 May 16]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772753X23003222 
  4. Xu J, Wang W, Zhao Y. Phenolic compounds in whole grain sorghum and their health benefits. Foods. 2021 [cited 2025 May 16]. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8392263/ 
  5. Park JH, Lee SH, Chung IM, Park Y. Sorghum extract exerts an anti-diabetic effect by improving insulin sensitivity via PPAR-γ in mice fed a high-fat diet. Nutrition Research and Practice. 2012 [cited 2025 May 16]. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3439576/ 
  6. Xiong Y, Zhang P, Warner RD, Fang Z. Sorghum grain: From genotype, nutrition, and phenolic profile to its health benefits and food applications. Indian Institute of Millets Research. 2019 [cited 2025 May 16]. Available from: https://www.millets.res.in/pdf/ext-links-Sorghum_Grain-Genetics_Nutrition_Phenolic_Profile_Health_Benefits_and_Food_Applications.pdf 
  7. Collins A, Santhakumar AB, Francis N, Blanchard C, Chinkwo K. Impact of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) phenolic compounds on cancer development pathways. Food Bioscience. 2024 [cited 2025 May 16]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212429224006072 

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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Turnip: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Introduction

The scientific name of turnip is Brassica rapa, belongs to the family Brassicaceae. It is an herbaceous plant grown across the world. Turnip vegetable is indigenous to Europe, America, Russia and Asia. Turnip is believed to have been cultivated around 4000 years back and its domestication has various ancient origins. It played an important role during slavery in America and Africa. Turnip is thought to be native to the Mediterranean region. Turnip is an economically important crop worldwide and is vividly cultivated for its tender growing tops, forage, fleshy roots and oilseeds. It is usually grown in a temperate climate in the early spring or winter. Turnips can be found in a mixture of purple, white and yellow and are bulbous in shape. It contains several organic acids, has a strong aroma, and is a crop with nutritional and medicinal value1. Let us look at some of the health benefits of turnip. 

Nutritional Value of Turnip

Turnip contains several organic compounds like glycosinolates, isothiocyanates, flavonoids, indoles, sulfur compounds, phenolics, carbohydrates, and volatiles1. It has the following nutritional components: 

Nutritional contents of turnips2

Properties of Turnip

Studies have shown that turnip may possess the following properties: 

Potential Uses of Turnip for Overall Health

Some of the potential health benefits of turnip are given below. 

1. Potential Uses of Turnip to Protect the Liver

liver health

Consumption of herbs and vegetables in case of liver diseases has drawn great attention. Turnip contains several organic compounds like glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, flavonoids, phenols, indoles, volatiles and sulfur compounds that may possess antioxidant activity. The compounds present in turnip may reduce the risk of liver damage and might help maintain its structure and function. However, more studies are needed to check the action of turnip to protect the liver1.

2. Potential Uses of Turnip to Protect the Kidney

kidney health

Turnip may help to protect against kidney damage. It contains compounds like flavonoids, which may possess antioxidant activity and reduce oxidative stress in kidneys, thereby protecting it. However, more studies are needed to check the activity of turnips to protect the kidney. You must seek proper treatment if you have been diagnosed with kidney disorders1.

3. Potential Uses of Turnip for Diabetes

diabeties

Turnip may be used in case of diabetes. Turnip contains several constituents like quercetin, indole, alkaloids, etc. These constituents may be responsible for the anti-diabetic activity of turnip. A study1 on mice showed that turnip might show its anti-diabetic activity against type-2 diabetes. However, these studies were conducted on animals therefore, more studies are required on humans to check the anti-diabetic effect. You must check your sugar levels regularly and seek medical advice in case of high sugar levels.

Turnip is readily available and has multiple health benefits. Among all other bioactive compounds, the presence of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant abilities of turnip might be useful for reducing hepatic damage being caused by diabetes4.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

4. Potential Uses of Turnip for Cancer

cancer

Turnip may reduce the risk of cancer. It contains several compounds that may inhibit DNA damage and reduce the risk of tumours and cancers in the body. It may allow the body to detoxify the harmful chemicals better. Further studies are required on the human body to confirm the anti-cancer activity of turnips. Cancer is a serious disease therefore, you must consult your doctor if you have been diagnosed1.

Based on my observations, including turnip in your diet has several benefits. Many studies show that it contains antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective properties. Due to these properties, turnips might be useful in managing many diseases such as cancer, diabetes, inflammatory diseases, etc3.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

5. Potential Use of Turnip Against Bacterial and Fungal Infections

infection

The use of natural products as antimicrobial agents has increased because of increased resistance and side effects of drugs. Turnip may be used in fungal and bacterial infections due to its presence on constituents like quercetin, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, flavonoids, phenols, indoles, volatiles, sulfur compounds, and other biological compounds. However, more research is required to confirm the antimicrobial activity of turnips1.

6. Potential Use of Turnip to Relieve Pain and Swelling

pain Relieve

Turnip may be used to alleviate pain. Turnip consists of several natural analgesics like flavonoids (substances that reduce pain). A study1 on mice showed that turnips might possess analgesic properties. Swelling in the body may be caused due to various reasons like external stimuli, irritants, foreign organisms, etc. Flavonoids present in turnip may help reduce swelling too. However, further studies are needed on humans to check these effects. You must consult your doctor for a proper diagnosis and treatment related to any kind of pain.

7. Potential Use of Turnip to Lower Cholesterol Levels

cholesterol

Turnip may reduce bad cholesterol levels due to its antioxidant activity. The natural antioxidants like quercetin, tocopherols, ascorbic acid and beta carotene present in turnip may help breakdown the LDL (low-density lipoproteins). This may lead to lower LDL levels in the body. More research is required to confirm the activity of turnips in lowering cholesterol levels. You must check your cholesterol levels and consult your doctor in case of abnormal cholesterol levels1.

Though studies show the benefits of turnips in various conditions, these are insufficient, and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of turnips on human health. 

How to Use Turnips?

Turnips can be included in the diet in the following way: 

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.

Side Effects of Turnips

Turnip, a natural product, has no specific side effects. However, if any reaction is noticed on using it, seek immediate medical attention. Consult your ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it to you they will be able to identify the cause and treat it effectively.

Precautions to Take with Turnips

General precautions should be taken while having turnips, as in any other general medicine. Pregnant women and lactating mothers should take special care. You must consult your doctor before having turnips. Precaution should be taken before giving turnips to the elderly or children. In such cases, you must have turnips only if your doctor prescribes them. 

Interactions with Other Drugs

There is not enough evidence on the interaction of turnips with other drugs. Further studies on the interaction of turnips are required. Therefore, you must consult your doctor if you are on any other medication before consuming turnips.

Also Read: Peanut Butter: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the benefits of turnip for our body? 

Turnips may be used in case of diabetes, cancer or antimicrobial infections. It may help relieve pain and reduce swelling. It may be used to protect the liver and kidneys. Additionally, it may also lower bad cholesterol levels. However, further studies are required to check the effect of turnip on the given diseases. You must consult a doctor if you suspect any disease instead of self-medicating1

What are the benefits of turnip in diabetes? 

Turnip may be used to manage diabetes. Turnip contains several constituents like quercetin, indole, alkaloids, etc. These constituents may be responsible for the anti-diabetic activity of turnip by lowering high blood sugar levels However, you must check your sugar levels regularly and seek medical advice in case of high sugar levels1.

What are the nutritional benefits of turnip? 

Turnip contains several organic compounds like glycosinolates, isothiocyanates, flavonoids, indoles, sulfur compounds, phenolics, carbohydrates, and volatiles. It also contains carbohydrates, fibres and minerals like calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and many more. Vitamin C is also present in turnips. These compounds possess several properties like antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal properties which may benefit the human health1,2

Is turnip used to treat jaundice? 

No, there are no studies that suggest the use of turnips for jaundice. 

What are the side effects of turnip? 

Turnip, a natural product, has no specific side effects. However, if any reaction is noticed on using it, seek immediate medical attention. Consult your ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it to you they will be able to identify the cause and treat it effectively. 

References

  1. Sheikh MA, Anjum N, Gull A, Saini CS. Turnip. In Antioxidants in Vegetables and Nuts-Properties and Health Benefits 2020 (pp. 143-158). Springer, Singapore. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-15-7470-2_7 
  2. Food Data Central turnips, frozen, unprepared [Internet]. U.S. Department of Agriculture. [cited 2022 Sep 7]. Available from: [Internet]. U.S. Department of Agriculture. [cited 2022 Sep 8]. Available from: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170059/nutrients 
  3. Paul S, Geng CA, Yang TH, Yang YP, Chen JJ. Phytochemical and health-beneficial progress of turnip (Brassica rapa). J Food Sci. 2019. Available from: https://ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1750-3841.14417
  4. Javed A, Ahmad A, Nouman M, Hameed A, Tahir A, Shabbir U. Turnip (Brassica Rapus L.): a natural health tonic. Brazilian Journal of Food Technology. 2019;22:e2018253. Available from: https://www.scielo.br/j/bjft/a/pH7R3CmhYrcSjxmCRzJmrVN/?lang=en

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Pumpkin (Kaddu): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Introduction

Pumpkin, harvested in the fall, is used to scare evil spirits. Carved pumpkin, known as jack-o’-lantern, is used to decorate spooky Halloween parties. It is often used to make thanksgiving pies and seasonal lattes. The scientific name of the pumpkin is Cucurbita moschata, belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae. Pumpkin is cultivated globally at high altitudes and sea levels from Northern Mexico to Argentina and Chile. It has spread to Europe (France and Portugal), Asia (India and China) and Western America.

A pumpkin is a trailing plant or an annual vine. The unripe fruit is often cooked as a vegetable, whereas ripe fruit is used in various beverages and confectionery. Pumpkin fruit contains constituents like β-carotene, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals1. Let us look at some of the potential pumpkin benefits. 

Nutritional Value of Pumpkin

The nutritional components of pumpkin are: 

All the parts namely, seeds, flesh, and peel of indigenous as well as hybrid pumpkins are nutrient-dense, providing many essential nutrients like carbohydrates, fibres, fats, sodium, potassium, iron, vitamin C, calcium, copper, phosphorus, isoleucine, serine, and tyrosine6.

Dr. Smita Barode, BAMS

Properties of Pumpkin

Various studies have shown that pumpkin may possess the following properties: 

Pumpkin seeds too have a high nutritional quotient. Two tablespoons of shelled and roasted pumpkin seeds provide 163 calories and four grams of carbohydrates, eight grams of protein and eight per cent of your daily iron needs5.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Potential Use of Pumpkin for Overall Health

Some of the potential health benefits of pumpkin are given below. 

1. Potential Uses of Pumpkin for Diabetes

Diabetes

Pumpkin may be used for the management of diabetes. Reports of studies done on rabbits suggest that pumpkins may have properties to keep excess sugar levels in check. The phenolic compounds present in pumpkin may be responsible for the anti-diabetic activity. However, these studies were conducted on animals therefore, more studies are required on humans to claim these findings. You must check your sugar levels regularly and seek medical advice in case of high sugar levels1

2. Potential Uses of Pumpkin for Lowering Blood Pressure

blood pressure

Hypotension occurs due to low blood pressure in the arteries. Studies on rats showed that pumpkin seed oil might relieve hypotension. It may protect against heart attacks due to its high magnesium content. Further studies are required to confirm the effects of pumpkin against hypotension. However, you must check your blood pressure regularly and consult your doctor in case of abnormal blood pressure3.

3. Potential Uses of Pumpkin to Protect the Liver

liver health

Pumpkins may protect the liver against fatty liver progression. Bioactive compounds in pumpkin, like phenolic compounds and β-carotene, may be responsible for liver protection. Unsaturated fatty acids may lower blood cholesterol levels and increase cholesterol breakdown in the liver. More studies are needed to claim the role of pumpkins in protecting the liver. You must consult your doctor in case of abnormal cholesterol levels3.

4. Potential Uses of Pumpkin for Cancer

cancer

Pumpkins may be used to reduce the risk of certain types of cancers. This is due to the antioxidant activity of polyphenolic compounds present in pumpkins. Pumpkin extract may inhibit the growth of tumour cells and reduce the risk of gastric, breast, lung, colorectal and prostate cancer. A study3 suggested that proteins in pumpkin may inhibit the growth of skin cancer cells. Additionally, polysaccharides (a type of complex carbohydrates) present in pumpkins may show their anti-cancer activity by removing harmful toxins from the body. Further studies are required on the human body to confirm the anti-cancer action of pumpkins. Cancer is a serious disease; therefore, you must consult your doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Researchers have found promising effects of pumpkin seed oil in the prevention of ailments like prostrate diseases, cancers, diabetes, and even anxiety disorders7.

Dr. Anuja Bodhare, BAMS, MD (Ayu)

5. Potential Uses of Pumpkin as an Anti-microbial

pumpkin

Pumpkins may possess anti-microbial properties because of their protein content. The oil-soluble components of pumpkins may fight against disease-causing microbes like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. However, more research is required to confirm the anti-microbial activity of pumpkins3.

6. Potential Uses of Pumpkin for Ulcer

Gastric Ulcers

Pumpkins (Kaddu) may be used for ulcers. Studies conducted on albino rats suggested pumpkins may increase the activity of an enzyme, alkaline phosphatase and the mucosal thickness (inner stomach lining) to protect against duodenal ulcers. They are also known to decrease the ulcers as measured by Ulcer index (a scale used to measure the severity of ulcers). However, further studies are needed on humans to check the anti-ulcer activity of pumpkins. You must consult your doctor for a proper diagnosis and treatment of ulcers instead of self-medicating3.

7. Potential Uses of Pumpkin for Arthritis

Arthritis

Pumpkins may be to help manage arthritis. Certain bioactive compounds in pumpkins may help in the case of arthritis due to their anti-inflammatory activity. A study3 conducted on rats suggested that pumpkin seed oil may act against rheumatoid arthritis due to their antioxidant activity. However, more studies are required to confirm the effect of pumpkins on arthritis therefore, you must not self-medicate and consult your doctor if you experience severe joint pain. 

Pumpkin flowers are also edible and healthy. They are loaded with vitamin A which promotes healthy eyes, Vitamin B6 which boosts fertility, vitamin C which gives protection against flu, and phosphorus which helps in bone formation5.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

8. Potential Uses of Pumpkin for Depression

depression

Pumpkins may be used to manage depression. This is due to the presence of L-tryptophan, which raises the levels of happy hormones, serotonin. More research is required to confirm the activity of pumpkins for depression. However, if you are suffering from any symptoms of depression, you must visit a psychiatrist1.

Though there are studies that show the benefits of pumpkins in various conditions, these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of pumpkins on human health. 

Animal studies on pumpkin seed oil have revealed its positive effects on hair growth. Researchers believe it could be probably due to phytochemicals and vitamin E present in the pumpkin seed oil8.

Dr. Ashok Pal, BAMS

How to Use Pumpkins?

Pumpkins may be included in the diet in the following ways: 

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor. 

Side Effects of Pumpkins

Pumpkin, a natural product, has no specific side effects. However, if any reaction is noticed on using it, seek immediate medical attention. Consult your ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it to you they will be able to identify the cause and treat it effectively. 

Precautions to Take with the Consumption of Pumpkins

General precautions should be taken while having pumpkins as in any other general medicine. Pregnant women and lactating mothers should take special care. You must consult your doctor before having pumpkins. Precaution should be taken before giving it to the elderly or children. In such cases, you must have pumpkin only if your doctor prescribes it. 

Also Read: Kohlrabi: Uses, Benefits and Side Effects by Dr. Rajeev Singh 

Interactions with Other Drugs

There is not enough evidence on the interaction of pumpkins with other drugs. Further studies on the interaction of pumpkins are required. Therefore, you must consult your doctor if you are on any other medication before consuming pumpkins.

Also Read: Oolong Tea: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the uses of pumpkin (Kaddu)? 

Pumpkins may be used in case of diabetes, hypotension, cancer, ulcers, depression and arthritis. It may protect the liver. It may also fight against bacteria, viruses and fungi. However, the effect of pumpkins for these diseases needs to be confirmed by more research. You must consult your doctor instead of self-medicating if you suspect any diseases1,3.   

What are the nutrients in pumpkin? 

The nutrients present in pumpkins are proteins, fats, carbohydrates, fiber, sugar and vitamin C. It also contains minerals like calcium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, magnesium and many more2

What are the precautions while consuming pumpkin? 

Pregnant women and lactating mothers should take special care while eating pumpkin. You must consult your doctor before having pumpkins. Precaution should be taken before giving it to the elderly or children. Apart from this, all general precautions that are taken with other foods should be taken. 

Is pumpkin good for health? 

Yes, several studies have shown that pumpkin might be good for our health due to its antioxidant, anti-cancer, antimicrobial and many such properties1,3.

Is there any role of pumpkin for weight loss? 

Yes, pumpkin may help for weight management due to its low-calorie count and high nutritional value4

References

  1. Yadav M, Jain S, Tomar R, Prasad GB, Yadav H. Medicinal and biological potential of pumpkin: an updated review. Nutrition research reviews. 2010 Dec;23(2):184-90. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nutrition-research-reviews/article/medicinal-and-biological-potential-of-pumpkin-an-updated-review/614835C9F2CABAAAFD5E7925A72E7F9F 
  2. Food Data Central Pumpkin, raw [Internet]. U.S. Department of Agriculture. [cited 2022 Sep 7]. Available from: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/168448/nutrients 
  3. Kaur S, Panghal A, Garg MK, Mann S, Khatkar SK, Sharma P, Chhikara N. Functional and nutraceutical properties of pumpkin–a review. Nutrition & Food Science. 2019 Aug 28. Available from: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/NFS-05-2019-0143/full/html 
  4. Rahman MM, Juahir H, Islam MH, Khandaker MM, Ariff TM, Nik WM. Prophetic vegetable Pumpkin, Its impressive health benefits and total analysis. Bioscience Research. 2019;16(4):3987-99. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338539932_Prophetic_vegetable_Pumpkin_Its_impressive_health_benefits_and_total_analysis 
  5. Best Food Facts. Food facts: 8 things to know about pumpkins [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Dec 31]. Available from: https://www.bestfoodfacts.org/food-facts-fun-pumpkin-facts/
  6. Amin MZ, Islam T, Uddin MR, Uddin MJ, Rahman MM, Satter MA. Comparative study on nutrient contents in the different parts of indigenous and hybrid varieties of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima Linn.). Heliyon. 2019 Sep 13;5(9):e02462. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02462. PMID: 31687561; PMCID: PMC6819838. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6819838/
  7. Shaban A, Sahu RP. Pumpkin Seed Oil: An Alternative Medicine. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res. 2017;9(2):11. doi: 10.25258/phyto.v9i2.8066. Epub 2017 Feb 25. PMID: 34924730; PMCID: PMC8681145. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34924730/
  8. Hajhashemi V, Rajabi P, Mardani M. Beneficial effects of pumpkin seed oil as a topical hair growth promoting agent in a mice model. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2019 Nov-Dec;9(6):499-504. doi: 10.22038/AJP.2019.13463. PMID: 31763209; PMCID: PMC6823528. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31763209/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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White Onion: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

Do you have a habit of munching raw onions in a restaurant while waiting for food to arrive? or fill your pani puri with more pyaaz (onion)? Well, raw onions may or may not be your preference, but in the cooked form they surely can make mouths water. In India, onions are regularly used in our meals and difficult for us to imagine our meals without them. The scientific name of the White onion is Allium cepa L. and belongs to the family Amaryllidaceae. This white onion is one of the most grown and oldest crops in the world which originated in West Asia, Turkistan, and Afghanistan. China is the largest producer of onions and India is the second largest.

Onions have low perishability, i.e., it does not get spoilt so easily1. Different variety of onions like yellow, purple, white, and red are available which are slightly different from each other. In white onions, quercetin (a bioactive compound) is less than in red onions and they contain other compounds called ceposides A, B and C in them2. Let us discuss the health benefits of White onion. 

Nutritional Value of White Onion

White onion contains 36 kcal of energy in 100gm. The following are the nutrients present in 100g of white onion:

From my knowledge, several compounds in white onions may aid in the fight against cancer. One of the most abundant food sources of a substance known as quercetin, which is believed to stop the activity or production of substances thought to cause cancer. A decreased chance of getting lung cancer has been linked to a diet high in quercetin9.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Properties of White Onion

White onion might possess the following properties: 

Organic sulphur compounds are found in white onions. These substances are to blame for their acrid, overpowering taste and odour. Your risk of heart disease and stroke may be decreased because organic sulphur compounds may assist in lowering the level of cholesterol in your body and may also help dissolve blood clots. I suggest acquiring the most sulphur compounds from onions and consuming them raw as opposed to cooked9.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Potential Uses of White Onion for Overall Health

There are various active components in white onion that might be helpful against certain diseases. Some of the potential uses of white onion are as follows: 

1. Potential Uses of White Onion for Diabetes

diabeties

The activity of the alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase play a role in the progression of diabetes. It was seen in studies that white onion might have the capacity to reduce the activity of these compounds and may help in lowering blood glucose levels. This might be due to the presence of the various phytochemicals present in it. Therefore, white onion might be helpful for diabetes. However, ensure that you consult a doctor for the proper diagnosis and treatment of diabetes and refrain from self-medication6.

2. Potential Uses of White Onion for Blood Pressure

blood pressure

It was seen in studies that white onion might interfere with the activity of an enzyme Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) which alters the blood pressure. Many drugs which are prescribed by doctors for high blood pressure also target this enzyme to lower the blood pressure. Therefore, white onions might also reduce blood pressure. However, kindly consult a doctor and do not self medicate for your health conditions. Do not self medicate6.

3. Potential Uses of White Onion for Oxidative Stress

onion

Studies have shown that white onions contain many phytochemicals like quercetin and kaempferol which exhibit antioxidant properties. This antioxidant property of white onions might help in reducing oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals. Thereby, white onion may help against cell damage and chronic diseases caused by oxidative stress7.

4. Potential Uses of White Onion for Fungal Infections

skin infections

White onions contain ceposides in them and these ceposides are saponins that might be responsible for the antifungal activity. In a study4, the ceposides isolated from white onions were evaluated for their antifungal activity against different fungi. Therefore, white onions might be effective against certain fungi and fungal infections. However, more studies are required to prove these possible effects. If you have any fungal infections consult the doctor and do not self-medicate.  

5. Potential Uses of White Onion for the Heart

supports heart health

Onions might exhibit many beneficial properties as a nutraceutical vegetable and may help in reducing the risk of heart diseases. It may act as an antioxidant, regulate blood lipids, and improve the function of blood vessel cells. Therefore, by decreasing the risk of heart disease, onions might help in the maintenance of heart health. Heart diseases are serious, and you must consult a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment of suspected heart diseases5. Do not self-medicate.  

6. Potential Uses of White Onion for Weight Management

weight management

A study5 was conducted to check the effect of onion on weight. They were given onion peel extracts containing quercetin. It was noted that over a period there may be a decline in the body fat mass and the body-mass index (ratio of fat to muscle calculated according to individual height and weight). Therefore, quercetin present in white onions might be helpful for weight management. However, more large scale studies are required. If you want to manage weight consult a proper nutritionist and do not self medicate.  

Though there are studies that show the potential uses of white onion in various conditions, these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of white onion on human health. 

How to Use White Onion?

The bulbs of white onion can be used for cooking. It is used in the preparation of different kinds of dishes in various cuisines around the world. It has a pungent flavour and can be used in the following ways: 

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking onion in large quantities or any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.   

Your body odour may be the only drawback to eating white onions that you will likely notice. The sulphur compounds in onions that are broken down by your body may react with perspiration on your skin to produce what is typically thought of as an unpleasant body odour. White onions may worsen gas and bloating in people with irritable bowel syndrome. If so, I suggest limiting their usage is advised9.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

Side Effects of White Onion

Consumption of white onion might cause heartburn5. There is a requirement for more studies to be performed for the exploration of more side effects of white onion if any. Therefore, ensure that you consult a doctor if you notice any unusual effects after the consumption of white onion. 

Also Read: Cabbage (Patta Gobi): Uses, Benefits, Side effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh 

Precautions to Take with White Onion

White onion is relatively safer when taken in food quantities. There have been no reports regarding the safety of white onion in children and elderly individuals. 

There have been no reports of the effects of white onion on pregnant women. Therefore, it is advised to consult and discuss with a doctor before use.

Also Read: Onion (Pyaaz): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!

Interactions with Other Drugs

Studies have shown that eating cooked onions might have the potential to increase warfarin (a drug which is helpful against blood clots) activity8. Therefore, kindly consult a doctor and confirm whether it is safe for you to consume onions, especially if you are undergoing any treatment and are on medication for the same. There is a need for more research to establish the effects of onion on other drugs.   

Also Read: Gulvel: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects, Precautions & More!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the benefits of white onion? 

White onions might be against diabetes, blood pressure, oxidative stress and for fungal infections. However, more research is required to prove the possible benefits of white onion. Therefore, kindly consult a doctor for the stated conditions and do not self-medicate1,4,6,7

Can we use dried white onion? 

Yes, you can use dried white onion for cooking. You can use it in soups, salads, and dishes1

Is white onion good for hair? 

There are no reports regarding the potential uses of white onion for hair. Therefore, there is a requirement for more research on this subject. 

What are the side effects of white onion? 

Sometimes, cooked white onion might cause heartburn. Kindly consult a doctor and discuss whether it is safe for you to consume onions5.

Are there any benefits of white onion for blood pressure?

Yes, white onions might help in lowering blood pressure by possibly interfering with the activity of ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) which is responsible for the abnormal rise of blood pressure. However, ensure that you consult a doctor for elevated blood pressure and do not self-medicate6.

References

  1. Ríos-González IJ, Guevara-Aguilar A, Sida-Arreola JP, Sánchez E, Ronquillo-Aboite JO, Alvarado-González M, et al. Effect of controlled atmospheres on the quality of white onion (Allium cepa L). J Food Sci Technol [Internet]. 2018 Sep 16;55(9):3564–74. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13197-018-3282-z 
  2. Golubkina N, Caruso G. Onion. In: Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Fruits and Vegetables [Internet]. Elsevier; 2020. p. 73–87. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128127803000052 
  3. FoodData Central. Onions, white, raw [Internet]. U.S. Department of Agriculture. [cited 2022 Sep 2]. Available from: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/1104962/nutrients 
  4. Lanzotti V, Romano A, Lanzuise S, Bonanomi G, Scala F. Antifungal saponins from bulbs of white onion, Allium cepa L. Phytochemistry [Internet]. 2012;74:133–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.11.008 
  5. Galavi A, Hosseinzadeh H, Razavi BM. The effects of Allium cepa L. (onion) and its active constituents on the metabolic syndrome: A review. Iran J Basic Med Sci [Internet]. 2020;24(1):3–16. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7894628/ 
  6. Oboh G, Ademiluyi AO, Agunloye OM, Ademosun AO, Ogunsakin BG. Inhibitory Effect of Garlic, Purple Onion, and White Onion on Key Enzymes Linked with Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension. J Diet Suppl [Internet]. 2019;16(1):105–18. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2018.1438553 
  7. Liguori L, Califano R, Albanese D, Raimo F, Crescitelli A, Di Matteo M. Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Five White Onion ( Allium cepa L.) Landraces. J Food Qual [Internet]. 2017;2017:1–9. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jfq/2017/6873651/ 
  8. Bushra R, Aslam N, Khan A. Food Drug Interactions. Oman Med J [Internet]. 2011 Mar 25;26(2):77–83. Available from: http://www.omjournal.org/fultext_PDF.aspx?DetailsID=75&type=fultext 
  9. Delzell E, Painter K, Mitchell K. Onions: Health benefits and nutrition. WebMD. Medically reviewed by Zilpah Sheikh, MD. 18 Jan 2024. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/diet/health-benefits-onions

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Arrowroot Powder: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

Arrowroot powder is a gluten-free product, and the scientific name is Maranta arundinaceae which belongs to the Marantaceae family. In India, arrowroot flour is called ‘aru’ or ‘aru-aru,’ and in Portuguese, it is called ‘araruta.’ This plant is derived from the tropical areas of South America and it appears in the Southeast region of Brazil to till the Guianas. It is termed an ‘arrowroot’ maybe because it resembles the shape of a rhizome or because it is used as a neutralizer to wound dressing. This plant is widely cultivated in Brazil and is the most common ingredient in home preparations for food1. Let us discuss some more health benefits of the arrowroot.  

Did you know?

Nutritional Value of Arrowroot Powder

The arrowroot powder contains the following nutrients: 

Nutrients present in 100 g of arrowroot powder2. 

Studies7 have shown that the consumption of Arrowroot powder may relieve Urinary Tract Infections. Arrowroot powder is known for its anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties that may aid in infections.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Properties of Arrowroot Powder

The arrowroot powder may have the following properties: 

Fun fact: I recently read in a study4 that due to the presence of high fibre content and amylose, Arrowroot may be used as an alternative to regular flour for chapatis. Arrowroot is known for its use in homoeopathy for numerous ailments and this added fact makes it a potential superfood.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Potential Uses of Arrowroot Powder for Overall Health

Arrowroot powder contains several nutrients that may have potential uses for the human body. Some of the potential uses are as follows: 

1. Potential uses of arrowroot powder for boosting immunity 

Arrowroot may contain bioactive compounds like flavonoids that may help in boosting immunity. It may also increase the level of antioxidants (Killing free radicals) and may help in fighting against diseases3

2. Potential uses of arrowroot powder as prebiotic 

As per the study4 by Harmayani et. al. arrowroot powder might be a possible source of prebiotics. Prebiotics may help in the maintenance of good bacteria in the gut and may be helpful in digestion. It has also been studied in the research that it might have antidiarrheal activity. As arrowroot may have prebiotic activity, it may help in absorbing nutrients and improve the stomach’s microbiological properties. However, more research is required on prebiotics.  

3. Potential uses of arrowroot powder for mouth 

Studies6 reported that arrowroot may be useful for relieving oral pain such as gingivitis (gum inflammation). Arrowroot may have anti-inflammatory properties that might be useful for inflammatory diseases of the mouth. It may also have antibacterial and antifungal properties. These properties of arrowroot powder may help in healing mouth-related conditions. However, do not self-medicate and consult a dentist if you have any dental-related issues. 

4. Potential uses of arrowroot powder for heart 

Arrowroot might be good for the heart and studies3 showed that it may improve the heart rate and may boost immunity. Arrowroot may improve blood circulation and prevent heart diseases such as congestive heart failure. If you have any heart condition, please do consult your doctor, and do not self-medicate. 

5. Potential uses of arrowroot powder as a gluten-free food 

Some people are intolerant to gluten-containing food and get allergies when they consume gluten-related foods. The only choice is the total removal of gluten from the diet. Arrowroot may help in the preparation of gluten-free products as it might have a lower content of phenylalanine (protein) in it. Several gluten-free products, such as ice cream stabilizers, bread, and infant formulas, are made from arrowroot. However, more studies are required1

Though there are studies that show the benefits of arrowroot powder in various conditions, these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of arrowroot powder on human health. 

Other than uses medicinal benefits, Arrowroot powder has a potential role in cosmetics as well. Studies8 say that Arrowroot has the capability of absorbing extra oil from the skin which in turn enhances skin rejuvenation. Hence, it may be used in cosmetic products as well.

Dr. Smita barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

How to Use Arrowroot Powder?

Arrowroot powder may be used to make: 

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking arrowroot in large quantities or any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.   

It is believed that Arrowroot powder may be safe and nutritious for expecting mothers. Arrowroot powder has proven rich source of Vitamin B9 and Iron, which is believed to help babies grow healthy. Though, I would suggest that expecting mothers still consult their doctors before consuming the powder and avoid self-medication.

Dr. Anuja Bodhare, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Side Effects of Arrowroot Powder

Arrowroot powder is considered safe; however, there is no sufficient information on its consumption in large quantities. In addition, individuals who are allergic to arrowroot may cause stomach discomfort4. Arrowroot powder might have other side effects; however, there is not enough information on the side effects of arrowroot powder. Contact your doctor if you notice any side effects after consuming arrowroot powder. 

Also Read: Red Rice: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects & More

Precautions to Take with Arrowroot Powder

Allergy due to arrowroot powder is rare, but there are chances that you might be allergic to it6.  

Do not self-medicate. Always talk to your doctor before consuming arrowroot powder. 

Also Read: Bhumi Amla: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects & More!

Interactions with Other Drugs

There is no sufficient information related to the interaction of arrowroot powder with medicines. However, if you notice any signs and symptoms, you must report them to your physician. 

Also Read: Amchur Powder (Dry Mango Powder): Uses, Benefits and Side Effects by Dr. Rajeev Singh

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the benefits of arrowroot powder? 

Arrowroot powder may help against digestive problems such as diarrhoea and dysentery. It may help in relieving pain and may help the heart from the risk3,4. However, it is essential that you meet your doctor before taking arrowroot powder. 

Can arrowroot powder be used for weight loss? 

Arrowroot contains saponins that might help in weight management. However, do not self-medicate and talk to your doctor if you can consume arrowroot for weight management3

What are the side effects of arrowroot powder? 

A few people who are allergic to arrowroot might have stomach discomfort. For this reason, it is important to seek expert advice4

Is arrowroot powder good for teeth? 

Arrowroot powder might be good for teeth. It may whiten the teeth and help in reducing mouth sores and gingivitis. However, it is better to consult a dentist and not self-medicate. 

Is arrowroot powder good for the heart? 

Arrowroot powder might be good for the heart. It may improve the circulation of blood and may help against heart-related diseases. However, please consult your doctor before taking arrowroot powder4

References

  1. Amante P, Santos E, Correia V, Fante C. Research Notes: Benefits and Possible Food Applications of Arrowroot (Maranta Arundinaceae L.). Journal of Culinary Science & Technology [Internet]. 2020;19(6):513-521. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15428052.2020.1791295  
  2. Arrowroot flour [Internet]. Food Data Central. 2022. Available from: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170684/nutrients  
  3. Brito V, Nascimento R, Narcisa‐Oliveira J, Joffer N, Fattori A, Cereda M et al. Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.): Botany, Horticulture, and Uses. Editorial Board [Internet]. 2005;233-274. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119750802.ch4  
  4. Kumalasari I, Harmayani E, Lestari L, Raharjo S, Asmara W, Nishi K et al. Evaluation of the immunostimulatory effect of the arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea. L) in vitro and in vivo. Cytotechnology [Internet]. 201;64(2):131-137. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3279578/  
  5. Baking With Food Allergies – Your Questions Answered [Internet]. Kids With Food Allergies Foundation. 2022. Available from: https://community.kidswithfoodallergies.org/blog/questions-answers-baking-with-food-allergies  
  6. Rani N, Singla RK, Narwal S, Tanushree, Kumar N, Rahman MM. Medicinal plants used as an alternative to treat gingivitis and periodontitis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022 Sep 6;2022:2327641. doi:10.1155/2022/2327641. PMID: 37941972; PMCID: PMC10630018. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10630018/
  7. Aswini B, Sivagurunathan P, Sowndarya S, Sumathi V, Vivekanandhan S, Uma C. A study on the effect of methanolic extracts of Maranta arundinacea leaves against urinary tract infection causing pathogens. Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology. 2022 Dec 3;43(22):71–77. doi:10.56557/upjoz/2022/v43i223235 Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366010887_A_STUDY_ON_THE_EFFECT_OF_METHANOLIC_EXTRACTS_OF_Maranta_arundinacea_LEAVES_AGAINST_URINARY_TRACT_INFECTION_CAUSING_PATHOGENS
  8. Nair C, V.S. Abhirami, Ahamed MA, Haripriya S.P., Vijay RS, Sandhya R., Prasobh GR. Formulation and evaluation of face powder by arrowroot. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2023;12(12):1115–1143. doi:10.20959/wjpr202312‑29033. Available from: https://wjpr.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/article_issue/16b35bdfd6ea3b2b0b62c738ded3d1d1.pdf

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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Pecans: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Introduction

You might have heard about almonds, cashews, pistachio and peanuts, but have you heard about the pecan nut? Don’t worry if you haven’t, we’ve got all the information that you need to know about this pecan nut. The pecan fruits are dark brown with black spots on them. Their shells are elliptic in shape, having a bulged-out (convex) exterior layer and a bulged (concave) inner layer. These fruits come under the category of drupes which grow in bunches and might contain three to eight nuts in them1.

The scientific name of the pecan tree is Carya illinoinensis, which is an important fruit plant in temperate regions like the Northern Hemisphere. It is an indigenous plant of the United States and Mexico but had spread to the regions of South America, Uruguay, Argentina, Peru, Brazil, and Chile. In recent times, pecan’s popularity has spiked, and it is now being cultivated in regions of China, Australia, and South Africa too. Pecans contain many nutrients which might be beneficial for human health. Some of its potential uses are stated in the following sections1.

Nutritional Value of Pecans

Pecan nut contains a total of 691kcal of energy in 100gm and the nutrients present and their content in 100g of pecan nut are:   

Vitamins present in pecan are: 

Pecan oil is derived from pecan nuts. This edible pressed oil is a good source of protein, unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and other minerals. Pecan oil is widely used to improve nerve cell function, strengthen cell activity, and eliminate free radicals. Generally speaking, It also might be useful in keeping cancer, reducing coronary heart diseases and heavy metal toxicity, and may have anti-ageing effects6.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Properties of Pecans

Pecans might possess the following properties: 

Potential Uses of Pecans for Overall Health

Pecans contain several bioactive compounds which might be beneficial to health and some of the potential uses are as follows. 

1. Potential Uses of Pecans for Diabetes

diabetes

Studies have shown that eating pecans regularly might improve insulin resistance, fasting insulin, and the functioning of the cells producing insulin (beta cells of the pancreas). This may help pecans help in lowering their blood glucose levels and it might be helpful against diabetes. However, kindly ensure that you consult a doctor for a serious condition such as diabetes and do not self-medicate3.

2. Potential Uses of Pecans for the Heart

heart health

Pecans may reduce the risk factors that are related to the heart. Pecans have different bioactive compounds that may help in reducing clinically relevant markers like glucose metabolism and blood lipid levels. The reduction in the clinically relevant markers may help in protecting the heart from cardiometabolic diseases. But there is a requirement for more research to prove the potential effects that pecans on the heart. Therefore, ensure that you consult a doctor if you have heart problems that may be serious3. Do not self-medicate.   

3. Potential Uses of Pecans for Inflammation

reduces inflammation

Pecans contain phytochemicals like tannins, ellagic acids and urolithins which might help reduce inflammation. These compounds might have the potential to alter the expression of genes that are responsible for chronic inflammation. This might further be helpful against chronic metabolic diseases caused due to inflammation. However, these effects need to be confirmed by more extensive research3

4. Potential Uses of Pecans for Cholesterol

cholesterol

Rajaram et al. in their study noticed that the consumption of pecans might have a cholesterol-lowering effect. Both total cholesterol and LDL (low-density lipoproteins) may reduce when pecans are given regularly to their test subjects. This may help pecan nuts to lower the cholesterol levels in the body. Therefore, further research on this subject might be able to reveal the effects of pecans on cholesterol. If you have high cholesterol levels, consult the doctor and do not self-medicate.  

5. Potential Uses of Pecans for Oxidative Stress

Image Source: freepik.com

Pecans might have the potential to improve the antioxidant status of the body. This might be due to the presence of gamma-tocopherol and catechins in pecans. However, it is believed that by increasing the antioxidant activity in the body, pecans might help in reducing oxidative stress. This might further help us against the various diseases caused by increased oxidative stress in the body4

6. Potential Uses of Pecans for Nervous System Diseases

Parkinsons Disease

Pecan nuts might be helpful against metabolic diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. However, such claims need to be further researched and backed up scientifically to be proven as facts. Therefore, kindly consult a doctor and do not self-medicate1.

Though there are studies that show the potential uses of pecan in various conditions, these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of pecan on human health.  

How to Use Pecans?

Pecans can be eaten simply by roasting the nuts. They are also used in the preparation of bakery products, candies, and dairy products. They can also be used for the preparation of various other dishes5.

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking pecans in large quantities or any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.   

In elderly patients, as body oestrogen levels decreased, the antioxidant levels also reduced. As an effect, increased levels of free radicals can lead to cell damage and shows sign of ageing. According to some studies, pecan oil exhibits antioxidant effects along with anti-ageing properties. Therefore, consuming pecan oil might be useful for reducing ageing effects in elderly patients6.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Side Effects of Pecans

 Pecan nuts might cause allergies in some individuals. Therefore, one should ensure that they are not allergic to pecan nuts before eating them5.  

Also Read: Triphala Ghrita: Uses, Benefits, Side effects & more!

Precautions to Take with Pecans

People who are allergic to pecans must be cautious and make sure that they do not consume pecans, food containing pecans or food that has been in contact with pecans5

There are no reports of the effects of pecan nuts on pregnant women. Therefore, pregnant women should confirm the safety of pecan nuts with their doctor before consuming them. 

There are no reports of any special precautions that need to be taken by children or elderly individuals for the consumption of pecans. Therefore, kindly consult with a doctor before giving pecans to children or elderly individuals. 

Also Read: Barley: Uses, Benefits & Side Effects

Interactions with Other Drugs

Pecans might react adversely to unknown drugs. However, such potentialities have not been reported. Therefore, there is a need for more research to study the adverse reaction of pecans to specific drugs. Kindly ensure that you consult a doctor and discuss whether it is safe for you to take pecans, especially if you are undergoing any treatment and are on medication. 

Also Read: Betel Leaves: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the benefits of pecan nuts to human health? 

Pecan nut might be helpful against cardiometabolic diseases, diabetes, degenerative diseases, and oxidative stress. However, more research is required to prove the effectiveness of pecan for the mentioned conditions. Kindly consult a doctor for the conditions and do not self-medicate1,3,4.

Are there any pecan benefits for the skin? 

There are no beneficial effects of pecan for skin reported yet. There is a requirement for more research on this subject. 

Can pecan nuts be used for cooking? 

Yes, pecan nuts can be used for cooking. They are generally used in the preparation of bakery products and flavouring dairy products5.

Is pecan good for the heart? 

Yes. Pecans might help lower the risks of cardiometabolic diseases. Therefore, pecans might be good for the heart3

What are the pecan nuts vitamins? 

Vitamin A, B (B1, B2, B3, B5 and B6), C and K are present in pecans2

References

  1. Bilharva M, Martins C, Hamann J, Fronza D, Marco R, Malgarim M. Pecan: from Research to the Brazilian Reality. J Exp Agric Int [Internet]. 2018 Jun 14;23(6):1–16. Available from: https://www.journaljeai.com/index.php/JEAI/article/view/901 
  2. FoodData Central. Nuts, pecans [Internet]. U.S. Department of Agriculture. [cited 2022 Aug 30]. Available from: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/2346395/nutrients
  3. McKay D, Eliasziw M, Chen C, Blumberg J. A Pecan-Rich Diet Improves Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients [Internet]. 2018 Mar 11;10(3):339. Available from: http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/3/339 
  4. Hudthagosol C, Haddad EH, McCarthy K, Wang P, Oda K, Sabaté J. Pecans Acutely Increase Plasma Postprandial Antioxidant Capacity and Catechins and Decrease LDL Oxidation in Humans. J Nutr [Internet]. 2011 Jan 1;141(1):56–62. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21106921/
  5. Vanga SK, Raghavan V. Processing effects on tree nut allergens: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr [Internet]. 2017 Nov 22;57(17):3794–806. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27171799/
  6. Zhao X-Y, Liu A-H, Zhang W, Lv S-J, Ren K. The effect of pecan oil on hippocampal cells apoptosis of ovariectomized rats. Procedia Eng. 2011;18:375–380. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.060. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705811028621

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Benefits of Surya Mudra and How to Do it By Dr. Himani Bisht

Introduction

Humans depend on nature for their survival. According to Ayurveda, the human body alone may be made up of five elements. The elements might be water (blood), air (breath), Earth (bones and muscles), fire (heat), and space (emptiness). Yoga is a physical exercise that offers a healthy way of life for all age groups, and it has been recognized as a significant part of current culture. All these elements may be balanced in the human body through yoga. Normally hands and legs are stretched during the asanas and mudras in yoga. Mudras are made with fingers. We perform specific yoga mudras by relocating the fingers depending on the factors and asanas. The fingers of our palm may represent the element of Panchabhutas (Fire, Air, Space, Earth, Water) as follows: 

Typically, our bodies have an ideal balance of these elements. But when one of them is out of proportion or any imbalance occurs, it may harm the body. Mudras in yoga may help in the removal of imbalance in the body. One of the best mudras we can follow is the Surya mudra. Surya mudra is associated with the earth and five elements. Let’s read and discuss more Surya mudra1,2

What is Surya Mudra?

Surya Mudra is also known as Prithvi Shamak Mudra and Agni Vardhak Mudra3

‘Surya’ refers to the ‘sun’, and ‘mudra’ refers to a hand gesture.  Surya mudra is a finger arrangement which is believed to represent that energy in our bodies is received from sunlight. Surya mudra comes under the ‘curative mudra’ in which we practice the mudra to remove any foreign material from the body. This class of mudra may try to bring balance to all the elements of the body2

How to Do It?

To gain health advantages from the Surya mudra, we must practise it correctly. The steps of Surya mudra or Agni Vardhak mudra are as follows: 

Do You Know?

Benefits of Surya Mudra

Several mudras may be designed to get different benefits depending on our requirements. Some of the benefits of Surya mudra are as follows: 

1. Benefits of Surya Mudra for Diabetes

Yoga mudras may improve pancreatic function. In a study, regularly performing the mudras might increase metabolic rates and may help in weight management. It might help in lowering blood sugar levels, which may reduce type-2 diabetes4. However, more studies may be necessary to determine the exact impact of Surya mudra on diabetes. Before performing the Surya mudra, you should seek medical advice because diabetes is a severe condition. Do not self-medicate and practice the Surya mudra under a proper trainer.  

2. Benefits of Surya Mudra for Thyroid

Surya mudra may enhance the functioning of the thyroid gland in the body. Therefore, it might lower the issues such as obesity caused by hypothyroidism.1 Please seek medical advice to avoid any complications. If you have a thyroid problem, consult your doctor. Do not self-medicate and practice the Surya mudra under a proper trainer.  

3. Benefits of Surya Mudra for Weight Management

Surya mudra may be one of the mudra or asanas which may act against weight loss5. This mudra may reduce the number of nutrients in the body which may raise the fire element in the body and decrease the Prithvi element. Obesity may affect heart functioning, which may be lowered by Surya mudra.3 If you have obesity, consult your doctor. Do not self-medicate and practice the Surya mudra under a proper trainer.  

4. Benefits of Surya Mudra for Body Temperature

When we practice Surya mudra along with Surya namaskar, it may regulate the body temperature. Surya mudra may avoid shivering, which may be caused by low and cold temperatures. In addition, in ‘hypohidrosis’ the body may not cool down by sweating, or a person may sweat less than usual. This might be lowered by doing Surya mudra3. However, don’t rely just on the Surya mudra and consult your physician. Do not self-medicate and practice the Surya mudra under a proper trainer.  

5. Benefits of Surya Mudra for Depression

A mudra is a hand movement that regulates the flow of energy to particular parts of the brain. As the Surya mudra may increase the body temperature it may lead to the release of antioxidants. It may lower stress levels and induce feelings of joy and satisfaction with life by keeping frustration away3. However, don’t rely on the Surya mudra and consult your doctor. Do not self-medicate and practice the Surya mudra under a proper trainer.  

6. Other Benefits of Surya Mudra

Yoga practice may help develop the mind and body; however, it is still not an alternative to modern medicine. You must not rely on yoga alone to treat any condition. Please consult a qualified doctor who will be able to assess your condition correctly and advise accordingly. Moreover, it is necessary to practice and learn yoga under the supervision of a trained yoga teacher to avoid any injuries.  

If you’re performing it in the summer, I would suggest it’s best to drink a lot of water to avoid dehydration. Practising Surya mudra during summer may increase the level of the fire component.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Also Read: Benefits of Virabhadrasana (Warrior Pose) and How to Do It By Dr. Himani Bisht

Risks of Exercise

Surya mudra has the following risk factors: 

In case of any medical condition, kindly consult the doctor and practice Surya mudra. However, more research is required to state the risk of exercise. Proper guidance of a qualified and experienced yoga teacher/yoga expert, we can assess and analyse the risk factors and continue to practice exercise with precautions. 

Also Read: Benefits of Sirsasana (Headstand) and How to Do it By Dr. Ankit Sankhe

Conclusion

Yoga mudras are yoga techniques that restore elemental balance inside the body by regulating the flow of life energy. Surya mudra is one of the techniques that may act against thyroid function, weight loss, and relieving constipation. You may do Surya mudra anywhere in the open or at home in any position. By regulating the heat factor in the body, Surya mudra may treat all the diseases related to it. It may be associated with increasing Agni (fire) element, so it is also known as ‘Agni Vardhak Mudra’. It may decrease the Prithvi (earth) element in the body, so it is also called ‘Prithvi Shamak Mudra’. To avoid complications, you may do Surya mudra frequently by taking the required precautions, possibly under the supervision of a yoga instructor.

Also Read: Benefits of Bhramari Pranayama and How to Do it By Dr. Himani Bisht

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the benefits of Surya mudra for metabolism?  

Surya mudra may increase the metabolism and energy flow to the body, which may help in absorbing the food. It may also boost the immune system. However, don’t rely just on the Surya mudra and consult your physician. Do not self-medicate and practice the Surya mudra under a proper trainer. 

Does Surya mudra have any effect on the reduction of heart-related problems? 

Surya mudra may reduce the risk of heart attack by lowering the levels of cholesterol in the human body. However, don’t rely just on the Surya mudra and consult your physician. Do not self-medicate and practice the Surya mudra under a proper trainer. 

What effect does Surya mudra show on eyesight? 

Daily practice of Surya mudra might strengthen the eyes and may help to improve vision. 

Is the Surya mudra beneficial for the liver? 

No, however, we must require more research on Surya mudra to determine its effect on the liver. 

What are the effects of Surya mudra on digestion? 

Surya mudra may help to reduce constipation, acidity, and indigestion which ultimately improves digestion. 

References

  1. Kumar SN, Venu A, Jaya MH. Effect of yoga mudras in improving the health of users: A precautionary measure practice in daily life for resisting the deadly COVID-19 disease. InLessons from COVID-19 2022 Jan 1 (pp. 41-59). Academic Press. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323998789000017 
  1. Sunitha S, CP S. Mudra Therapy and Its Classification. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (IJHSR). 2021;11(1):118-26. Available at: https://www.ijhsr.org/IJHSR_Vol.11_Issue.1_Jan2021/IJHSR16.pdf 
  2. Vandali V, Biradar RB. Yoga mudras: benefits. International Journal of Advances in Nursing Management. 2018 [cited 2025 Jul 15]. Available from: https://ijanm.com/HTMLPaper.aspx?Journal=International%20Journal%20of%20Advances%20in%20Nursing%20Management;PID=2018-6-4-13
  1. Raveendran AV, Deshpandae A, Joshi SR. Therapeutic role of yoga in type 2 diabetes. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2018 Sep 1;33(3):307-17. Available at: https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1101087 
  1. Krishnamurthy D. Promoting mental health@ at your fingertip. IP Journal of Paediatrics and Nursing Science. 2019 Apr 15;2(1):5-7. Available at: https://www.jpns.in/media/journals/IJPNS-2-1-5-7.pdf 
  2. The Yoga Institute. Yoga Mudras explained | Unlock energy & inner balance. The Yoga Institute. 2022 [cited 2025 Jul 15]. Available from: https://theyogainstitute.org/yoga-mudras-explained

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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Benefits of Prithvi Mudra and How to Do It By Dr. Ankit Sankhe

Introduction

The ancient Indian discipline of yoga has taken the Western world by storm. Modern-day yoga has been excellently reflected in the blogosphere. Famous Hollywood celebrities like Jennifer Aniston, Madonna, Britney Spears, Maria Sharapova, Meghan Markle, Robert Downey Jr., and many more have been practicing the art of yoga for their mental and physical well-being. 

The United Nations proclaimed 21st June as the International Day of Yoga to spread awareness about the importance and holistic health benefits of yoga. Yoga is more than just an exercise; it is a way to discover a sense of oneness with yourself, the world, and the nature.  

Yoga consists of ancient mudra science, which connects certain energy flows in the mind-body system. For example, five fingers represent five elements: thumb (Fire), index finger (Air), middle finger (Space), ring finger (Earth), and little finger (Water). The yoga mudras aim to bring back the elemental balance by guiding the flow of life energy within the body. Let us look at the health benefits of one of the mudras- prithvi mudra1

Did you know?

What is Prithvi Mudra?

Mudras have been depicted in Buddhist, Hindu and Christian imagery for centuries. Mudra therapy is an age-old effective therapy propounded by ancient sages. Mudra means hand gestures made for the betterment of the physical body. The principle of mudras is that the transfer of energy takes place from a higher to a lower level1,2

Imbalances in earth elements can cause obesity, weakness in cholesterol, bones or muscular diseases, etc. 

In Sanskrit, ‘prithvi’ means earth, and ‘mudra’ means a gesture of the hands. Therefore, Prithvi mudra helps to awaken the element of earth in our body. Prithvi Mudra is also known as the ‘Sign of Benediction or Blessing1,2

In my experience, Prithvi Mudra might be like a magical hand trick. It may help if someone is losing weight without any explanation or feeling very weak. By practising this gesture, one might feel more balanced and healthy.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

How to Do It?

Prithvi mudra is a simple yogic hand gesture. It is performed using the ring finger and thumb in the following way: 

Benefits of Prithvi Mudra

Some of the potential benefits of prithvi mudra are: 

1. Benefits of prithvi mudra for improving stamina 

Prithvi mudra may help in improving stamina. Further research is yet to be done to claim the effect of prithvi mudra on enhancing energy. However, you must consult your doctor and take appropriate medications to improve your stamina instead of solely relying on yoga3

2. Benefits of prithvi mudra for relieving chronic fatigue 

Prithvi mudra may help to alleviate fatigue which may be caused due to various reasons. Prithvi mudra may help prana to flow better through the spine and the other parts of the body. Prana is the sanskrit word of breath and refers to ‘life force’. This flow of prana ensures energy flow in all parts of the body and may therefore, keep the body energetic and reduce fatigue.  More clinical trials are required to check the effect of prithvi mudra to get rid of fatigue. However, you must not rely solely on prithvi mudra to eliminate fatigue1,3

3. Benefits of prithvi mudra for osteoarthritis 

Osteoarthritis is the wearing off of tissues present at the ends of bones. Prithvi mudra may help in the case of osteoarthritis. Further studies are required to check how beneficial prithvi mudra is for osteoarthritis. Therefore, you must consult your doctor if you experience joint pain3

3. Benefits of prithvi mudra to heal wounds 

Prithvi mudra may help to heal cuts and wounds. It might also help enhance the growth of the tissues. More studies are yet to be done to check if prithvi mudra can help to heal body tissue. However, you must not solely rely on prithvi mudra in case of injury that destroys the body tissues and seek medical help1

4. Benefits of prithvi mudra for skin, bones and nails 

Prithvi mudra may be beneficial for dry and cracked skin. It might help increase the bone density and help in case of bone fractures. Prithvi mudra may also reduce the brittleness of nails. However, more studies are required to check these properties. Therefore, you must consult a specialist for these problems1

5. Benefits of prithvi mudra to enhance immunity 

Practising mudras like prithvi mudra on a daily basis may help boost immunity and may therefore, fight against infections like Covid-19. Further investigation is needed to check if prithvi mudra may enhance immunity. You must consult a doctor if you have been diagnosed with infections like covid-193

6. Benefits of prithvi mudra for brain tumour 

A yoga regime consisting of prithvi mudra may be additionally used with ongoing treatment to manage brain tumours. The result of a case study suggested that ayurvedic medication, along with yoga therapy, may be beneficial in managing brain tumours. However, more clinical trials are required to check the effect of the same. You must take proper treatment if diagnosed with a brain tumour4

7. Benefits of prithvi mudra to increase concentration 

Prithvi mudra may have some effect on the cognitive brain. When practiced along with dhyana mudra, it may help to improve concentration and may keep the mind stable. However, more studies are required to check the impact of prithvi mudra on concentration4

Yoga practice may help develop the mind and body; however, it is still not an alternative to modern medicine. You must not rely on yoga alone to treat any condition. Please consult a qualified doctor who will be able to assess your condition correctly and advise accordingly. Moreover, it is necessary to practice and learn yoga under the supervision of a trained yoga teacher to avoid any injuries. 

According to what I have noticed, the regular practice of Prithvi Mudra might help keep your energy levels up. This possibly keeps you from feeling weak or lethargic. So, it’s like having a natural boost to keep you feeling energised throughout the day1.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Also Read: Benefits of Ashwini Mudra and How to Do It By Dr. Ankit Sankhe

Risks of Exercise

There were no associated risks or contraindications that have been investigated or reported as yet. However, it is essential to take necessary precautions before performing prithvi mudra. You must be extra cautious if you have heart disease. Pregnant and lactating mothers should be careful too. It is best to perform prithvi mudra under professional guidance. 

Let me tell you a secret. By regularly practising the Prithvi Mudra, you may enhance your self-confidence and might cultivate a strong belief in yourself. This empowering gesture may serve as a reminder of your inner strength, encouraging us to trust in your abilities and embrace your full potential5.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Also Read: Benefits of Ujjayi Pranayama (Ocean Breath) and How to Do it By Dr. Himani Bisht

Conclusion

Mudra therapy is an age-old effective therapy propounded by ancient sages. In Sanskrit, ‘prithvi’ means earth, and ‘mudra’ means a gesture of the hands. Therefore, Prithvi mudra helps to awaken the element of earth in our body. Prithvi mudra may improve stamina, relieve fatigue and boost the growth of tissues. It may be used in the case of osteoarthritis, brain tumour and to heal wounds. In addition, it may prevent covid-19 infections and may improve concentration. It is best to perform prithvi mudra under professional guidance. 

Also Read: Benefits Of Paschimottanasana (Seated Forward Bend Pose) and How to Do it

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the benefits of prithvi mudra? 

Prithvi mudra may improve stamina, relieve fatigue and boost the growth of tissues and heal wounds. It may be used in the case of osteoarthritis, brain tumour, and to heal wounds. In addition, it may boost immunity and may improve concentration. However, you must not solely rely on prithvi mudra for the treatment of the diseases,4

What are the steps to do prithvi mudra? 

First, sit in a relaxed position. Now, bring your ring finger and your thumb closer. Next, place your hands with palms facing upwards on the thighs or above the knees. Slowly fold your ring finger and tap the tip of the ring finger to the tip of the thumb with some pressure. Try to keep the rest of the three fingers extended and straight as much as possible1.

What are the risks associated with prithvi mudra? 

There are no associated risks or contraindications that have been reported as yet. However, it is essential to take necessary precautions before performing prithvi mudra. You must be extra cautious if you have heart ailments. Pregnant and lactating mothers should be careful too. It is best to perform prithvi mudra under professional guidance. 

Is prithvi mudra beneficial to enhance our immunity?  

Yes, regular practice of prithvi mudra may boost the body’s immunity. Therefore, it may help to fight against infections like Covid-19 infections3

What are the effects of prithvi mudra on brains? 

Prithvi mudra may have some effect on the cognitive brain. It may help to improve concentration and may keep the mind stable4

References

  1. Sunitha S, CP S. Mudra Therapy and Its Classification. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (IJHSR). 2021;11(1):118-26. Available from: https://www.ijhsr.org/IJHSR_Vol.11_Issue.1_Jan2021/IJHSR_Abstract.016.html 
  2. Rajput MS. The source, meanings and use of “mudra” across religions. Int. J. Interdiscip. Res. Arts Humanities. 2016;1:37-42. Available from: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144734522.pdf 
  3. Kumar SN, Venu A, Jaya MH. Effect of yoga mudras in improving the health of users: a precautionary measure practice in daily life for resisting the deadly COVID‑19 disease. In: Lessons from COVID‑19 [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Jul 17]:41–59. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-99878-9.00001-7. Epub 2022 Jun 24. PMCID: PMC9347266. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9347266/
  4. Sapra UK, Sharma R. Management of hemangioblastoma of brain with Ayurveda and Yoga: a case report. J Ayurveda Case Rep [Internet]. 2020 Jul–Sep;3(3):99–102. doi:10.4103/JACR.JACR_9_20. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349518913_Management_of_hemangioblastoma_of_brain_with_Ayurveda_and_Yoga_A_case_report
  5. Yoga Education Institute. Teaching and Practicing Mudras and Mantras [Internet]. 2019 May [cited 2025 Jul 17]. Available from: https://yogaeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/mudras-mantra.pdf

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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Benefits of Ujjayi Pranayama (Ocean Breath) and How to Do it By Dr. Himani Bisht

Introduction

Nowadays the internet is all about fitness goals and workout challenges. Of these fitness goals, one of the major ones is yoga. Famous Bollywood celebrities like Sara Ali Khan, Janhvi Kapoor, and Shilpa Shetty do their yoga practice. Yoga is an art of the old times that involves physical movement. Yoga is among the six systems of Hindu philosophy: Samkhya, Vaisheshika, Yoga, Nyaya, Uttara Mimamsa, and Purva Mimamsa. Pranayama is practiced to control and restrain one’s vital energy in the body. Ujjayi pranayama is one of the techniques practiced in yoga. The most popular type of breath control utilized in yoga is ujjayi breathing. It is a method that concentrates on using your nose to breathe and compressing your throat to produce a sound like a faint snore. Let us look at some of the health benefits of ujjayi pranayama1

What is Ujjayi Pranayama?

Pranayama is a breathing technique that is embedded in yoga and practiced simultaneously. It can control the energy in one’s body and regulate the breath to the proper channel. Ujjayi pranayama is also known as ocean breathing or victorious breathing. Ujjayi is composed of two words- ‘ud’ which means a sense of superiority or power, and ‘Jaya’ means victory, conquest, or success, giving it the meaning of victorious breathing. It is known as ocean breathing due to its ocean wave-like sound during exhalation and inhalation. The sound is produced due to friction of the throat with the air. Ujjayi pranayama can be practiced alone or with other yogic exercises1,2

How to Do It?

The ujjayi pranayama steps are given below2

Did You Know?

Benefits of Ujjayi Pranayama

Ujjayi pranayama is a breathing technique that may help to manage mental, physical, and spiritual health. Some of the potential benefits of ujjayi pranayama are: 

1. Benefits of Ujjayi Pranayama to Improve Quality of Voice

Ujjayi pranayama may improve voice quality, giving a soothing and powerful melodic texture. Everyone can practice ujjayi pranayama and majorly this may help the people who use their voice regularly in their profession. Regular practicing of ujjayi pranayama may reduce the risk of voice disorders in teachers, singers, and actors. However, further studies are required to see if Ujjayi pranayama can help to improve the quality of voice1

2. Benefits of Ujjayi Pranayama for Thyroid Gland

Ujjayi pranayama may help in the case of hypothyroidism, which is caused due to limited activity of the thyroid gland. Practising Ujjayi pranayama may help to improve thyroid function. However, more research is yet to be done to check the exact function of Ujjayi pranayama on hypothyroidism. You must consult a doctor instead of self-medicating if you have thyroid disease2

3. Benefits of Ujjayi Pranayama for Asthma

Ujjayi pranayama may be helpful in the case of asthma. Ujjayi pranayama may be often recommended as a combination therapy along with conventional asthma treatment. More studies are yet to be done to check the effect of Ujjayi pranayama on asthma. If you experience severe asthma attacks, you must immediately consult your doctor3

4. Benefits of Ujjayi Pranayama for Reducing Blood Pressure

Ujjayi pranayama may be beneficial to individuals with high blood pressure. A study conducted on sixty young healthy volunteers suggests that regular practice of Ujjayi pranayama may lower blood pressure. The same study suggested that regular practice of ujjayi pranayama may reduce the pulse rate in the body.4 However, further studies are yet to confirm if Ujjayi pranayama can reduce blood pressure. You must consult your doctor if you have high blood pressure and do not self-medicate4

I would like to emphasise a gentle caution for those with low blood pressure when it comes to practising Ujjayi Pranayama. This particular breathing technique involves applying pressure to the carotid sinus, which may potentially cause a further decrease in blood pressure. If you have low blood pressure, it is important to consult a doctor before incorporating Ujjayi Pranayama into your practice.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

5. Benefits of Ujjayi Pranayama to Improve Attention

Research conducted to study the immediate effect of ujjayi pranayama on the cognitive abilities of males, it was found that ujjayi pranayama may calm the mind and improve attention and memory. However, more studies are required to check the effect of Ujjayi pranayama on enhancing attention and other cognitive functions5

6. Benefits of Ujjayi Pranayama for Anxiety

Ujjayi pranayama may help to reduce and manage anxiety6. However, further systemic studies are required to evaluate the effect of Ujjayi pranayama on anxiety. Therefore, it is important to consider consulting a therapist or psychiatrist if you feel anxious often. 

7. Benefits of Ujjayi Pranayama to Stabilise Energy

Ujjayi pranayama may be used to stabilize energy and consciousness. When individuals practice Ujjayi pranayama, they might experience pure consciousness. In a study7, this was reflected in an electroencephalograph, which is an instrument used to measure the electrical activity in the brain. However, further studies are yet to confirm if Ujjayi pranayama can stabilize energy and consciousness. 

Other Benefits of Ujjayi Pranayama

Yoga practice may develop the mind and body. However, it is still not an alternative to modern medicine. You must not rely on yoga alone to treat any condition. Please consult a qualified doctor who will be able to assess your condition correctly and advise accordingly. Moreover, it is necessary to practice and learn yoga under the supervision of a trained yoga teacher to avoid any injuries. 

I may recommend trying Ujjayi Pranayama for those seeking natural ways to manage sleep-related issues. By practising Ujjayi Pranayama, individuals may experience a calming and soothing effect on the mind, promoting more restful and peaceful sleep8.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Risks of Exercise

The risks associated with Ujjayi pranayama are as follows: 

You must practice yoga under the guidance of a trained yoga professional to avoid any injury. 

Conclusion

Ujjayi pranayama is a breathing technique known as ocean breathing or victorious breathing. Ujjayi is composed of two words- ‘ud’ which means a sense of superiority or power, and ‘Jaya’ means victory, conquest, or success. Ujjayi pranayama may help to improve the quality of voice. It may act against hypothyroidism, asthma, high pulse rate, and high blood pressure. It may also be used to improve attention, manage anxiety, and stabilize energy in the body. It is advised to perform Ujjayi pranayama under the training of a yoga professional.

Also Read: Benefits of Jalneti and How to Do It By Dr. Ankit Sankhe

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

How to do the ujjayi pranayama technique? 

First, sit in a yoga pose Padmasana (Lotus pose), and close your eyes with your back straight. Then, take a long, deep breath slowly from both nostrils. While inhaling, try to contract the throat and feel the touch of air in your throat. Be cautious that it does not touch inside the nose. A distinct sound is produced when the air touches the throat. Keep breathing and relax. Slightly contract your throat and make a gentle hissing sound as you inhale. The sound is not forced, but it can be loud enough. Now breathe out by closing your right nostril and exhale from the left nostril. Try to produce the sound ‘HHHHHAAA’ while exhaling2

What are the benefits of ujjayi for the thyroid? 

Ujjayi pranayama may help in the case of hypothyroidism and may reduce thyroid problems2.

Is there any benefit of ujjayi pranayama for high blood pressure? 

Yes, ujjayi pranayama may help to reduce blood pressure4.

What are the health benefits of ujjayi pranayama? 

Ujjayi pranayama may help to improve the quality of voice. It may act against hypothyroidism, asthma, high pulse rate, and high blood pressure. It may also be used to improve attention, manage anxiety, and stabilize energy in the body. 

What are the risks associated with ujjayi pranayama? 

Introverted people shall avoid performing Ujjayi pranayama. Individuals suffering from heart disease may be at risk. Therefore, they shall not combine mudras and breath retention with Ujjayi pranayama. Those suffering from a slipped disc of vertebral spondylitis shall be careful of the position. You must not contract the throat strongly while performing Ujjayi pranayama. 

Is ujjayi pranayama a heating pranayama?

Yes, ujjayi pranayama is often considered a heating pranayama because it generates warmth in the body through the regulation of breath and activation of the throat muscles. This can help stimulate circulation and create a sense of internal warmth during practice.

References

  1. Dinesh R, Sandeep K, Rachana J, RajeevS. METHOD OF UJJAYI PRANAYAMA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF HYPOTHYROIDISM. WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICAL RESEARCH. 2020 July 6(8), pp.213–216. Available from: https://www.wjpmr.com/download/article/70072020/1596185932.pdf 
  1. Lathadevi GV, Uma T. Evaluation of pulmonary functions in asthmatics after six weeks of ujjayi pranayama and shavasana training. Biomedicine. 2012;32(1):52-6. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289388427
  1. Mahour J, Verma P. Effect of ujjayi pranayama on cardiovascular autonomic function tests. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2017;7(4):391. Available from: https://www.njppp.com/fulltext/28-1476538333.pdf 
  2. Dwivedi N, Dwivedi SK. Impact of Ujjayi Pranayama on anxiety. IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review. 2020 Sep 1;8(7-9):333-5. Available: https://www.proquest.com/openview
  1. Patil ST, Bormane DS. Electroencephalograph Signal Analysis During Ujjayi pranayama. In13th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering 2009 (pp. 1-4). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-92841-6_1 
  1. Niranjan P, Balaram P. Immediate effect of Ujjayi Pranayama on attention and anxiety among university students: A randomised self-control study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2022 [cited 2025 Jul 21]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2022/51480.15934 
  2. Patil ST, Bormane DS. Electroencephalograph signal analysis during Ujjayi pranayama. IFMBE Proceedings. 2009 [cited 2025 Jul 21]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251097437_Electroencephalograph_Signal_Analysis_During_Ujjayi_pranayam 

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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