Kodo Millets: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects, And More

Introduction

Kodo millets, botanically known as Paspalum scrobiculatum, is a traditional grain belonging to the Poaceae family. It is often referred to in English as rice grass, ditch millet, or cow grass. Regionally, it is known as araka in Telugu and kodra in Marathi. The grains of kodo millet vary in colour from light red to dark grey and are cultivated annually.

The history of kodo millet cultivation in India dates back approximately 3,000 years. In addition to India, it is also grown in countries such as Russia, China, various parts of Africa, and Japan. Within India, it is primarily cultivated in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Gujarat, and Chhattisgarh. 

Among all the millets available, Kodo millets are well known for its resilience to drought and its ability to produce a reasonable yield within a short period. As a result, it holds significant economic importance, particularly in regions where agriculture is challenged by water scarcity. India leads the world in the production of kodo millet

Kodo millets are cultivated in the kharif season (monsoon season) and are available in different varieties, namely Indira kodo, Jawahar kodo, and TNAU. Kodo millets are processed into value-added foods and drinks. While kodo millet is appreciated for its nutritional content and is a staple in many traditional diets, it is important to note that any health-related benefits should be interpreted with caution. The grain may form part of a balanced diet, but it is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any medical condition. Individuals with specific health concerns should consult a qualified healthcare professional before making dietary changes^1,2.

Nutritional Value of Kodo Millets

Kodo millet is a nutritious grain containing carbohydrates, protein, and dietary fibre. It also provides B-vitamins such as niacin and riboflavin, along with minerals like calcium, iron, and phosphorus. Additionally, it contains natural phytochemicals, including antioxidants and phenolic compounds such as vanillic acid, gallic acid, tannins, and ferulic acid.

Here are the nutritional components of kodo millet per 100 grams²:

• Energy: 346 kcal 
• Carbohydrate: 59.2 gm 
• Protein: 10.6 gm 
• Fibre: 10.2 gm 
• Fats: 4.2 gm 
• Ash: 2.95 gm 
• Minerals: 4.4 gm 
• Calcium: 27 mg 
• Phosphorus: 188 mg 
• Riboflavin: 0.09 mg 
• Niacin: 2.0 mg 
• Iron: 0.5 mg 

In my own viewpoint, this humble grain is not only delicious but also has some surprising health benefits. Kodo millet is believed to have properties that might help in asthma. Not only that it might be beneficial for people suffering from migraine.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Properties of Kodo Millets

Scientific studies have explored various characteristics of kodo millet. Some of the observed and researched properties are outlined below:

• It may have antioxidant properties¹.
• It may lower blood glucose levels¹.
• It may lower blood pressure¹.
• It may have anti-allergic properties¹.
• It may be able to halt the abnormal growth of cells³.
• It may have the ability to reduce abnormally high lipid levels⁴.
• It may have antibacterial properties⁵.

Let me tell you that these tiny grains might be heroes for your gallbladder! Kodo millets, thanks to their high fibre content, have the potential to avoid the formation of gallstones¹².

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Potential Uses of Kodo Millets for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of kodo millets are described as follows:  

1. Potential Uses of Kodo Millets on Lipid Profile

Hyperlipidemia is the elevation in lipid components like triglycerides, total cholesterol, and reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein. An animal study⁴ investigated the potential effects of kodo millet on lipid levels in rats. The findings suggested that kodo millet consumption was associated with reduced levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), while increasing HDL levels. However, we need more clinical studies to support these claims in humans.  

2. Potential Uses of Kodo Millets for Bacterial Infections

Literature shows that the consumption of kodo millets may have the potential to manage bacterial infections. A review⁵ conducted noted that kodo millets could inhibit the growth of bacteria like S.aureus, Bacillus cereus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Enterococcus faecalis which are organisms associated with infections such as urinary tract infections and diarrhoea. However, we need more studies to support these claims. 

3. Potential Uses of Kodo Millets for Type-2 Diabetes

Type-2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterised by an increase in blood glucose due to decreased production or resistance to a hormone called insulin which regulates blood glucose. A review⁶ conducted suggested that kodo millets may have the potential to decrease blood glucose levels. This effect is attributed to polyphenols, which inhibit enzymes that break down carbohydrates into simpler sugars and increase blood glucose. Additionally, kodo millets have a low glycaemic index. Certain phenolic compounds found in kodo millets have been studied for their potential to inhibit enzymes such as aldose reductase. This enzyme is involved in the conversion of glucose to sorbitol, an accumulation of which has been linked to diabetic complications, including cataract formation. However, there are not enough studies to support these claims and therefore should only be used under the supervision of a medical professional.

4. Potential Uses of Kodo Millets in Cancer

Literature studies have supported the use of kodo millets may possess properties to reduce the risk of cancers. A review study² indicated that kodo millets may potentially reduce cancer initiation and progression. This anti-cancer effect is attributed to the presence of phenolic acids, phytic acids, and tannins in the grain. However, we need more scientific evidence to support these claims. 

5. Potential Uses of Kodo Millets in Malnutrition

Malnutrition is defined as the deficiency, excess, or imbalance in the intake of energy or nutrients. The term malnutrition addresses 3 broad groups of conditions as follows:

• Undernutrition
• Micronutrient-related malnutrition
• Overweight

Kodo millets are highly nutritious due to the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, dietary fibres, vitamins (like niacin and riboflavin) and minerals (like calcium, iron, and phosphors). Kodo millets are also rich in antioxidants and phenolic compounds like vanillic acid, gallic acid, tannins, and ferulic acid. A review study⁶ suggested that kodo millets may help manage micronutrient-related malnutrition. Thus, the consumption of Kodo millet may positively impact malnutrition. Though scientific evidence to support these claims is limited, we need more studies to ascertain these claims with better results.

6. Other Potential Uses of Kodo Millets

• In Ayurveda, kodo millets have been used to provide relief from joint pain⁷.
• Kodo millets may help in irregular menstrual cycles. High potassium content in kodo millets may help reduce abdominal cramps during the menstrual cycle. However, the exact mechanism behind these benefits has yet to be fully understood⁷.
• Being a rich source of dietary fibres, kodo millets may help in managing constipation by improving bowel movements³.
• Kodo millets also help in weight loss, by increasing satiety due to the presence of fibres and proteins, which reduces overeating³.
• Kodo millets are rich in a protein called collagen, which increases the elasticity of the skin and may help in reducing wrinkles⁷.
• Kodo millets have prebiotic fibres, which may help improve gut health⁷.
• Kodo millet is rich in lecithin which in helps with digestion and nervous system function³.
• Regular use of Kodo millet is useful for postmenopausal females as there is increased risk for cardiovascular disease³.
• Kodo millet may be beneficial in asthma, migraine, blood pressure, heart attack, and atherosclerosis^1,3.

Though there are studies that show the benefits of kodo millets in various conditions, these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of kodo millets on human health.  

In my knowledge, kodo millets with their abundance of nutrients, have been found to have great benefits. They’re not just for filling your plate; they might actually help with inflammation, haemorrhages (excessive bleeding), and general weakness¹⁰.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

How to Use Kodo Millets?

• Kodo millets are ground into flour and blended with other cereal flour to prepare bakery items like biscuits, cakes, muffins, pasta, etc. Kodo millet flour can also be used to make chapattis.  
• Kodo millet flour is used to prepare fermented foods like dosa and idli.  
• Kodo millet is also used to prepare porridge and pulao¹.  

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.  

I have read in a research paper that the dried ethanol extract of kodo millet husk, when consumed, may have interesting effects on both animals and humans. It has been observed that this extract might cause a calming effect, leading to tranquillity, in various animal species. Additionally, when a human volunteer took the extract, they also experienced possible drowsiness¹¹.

Dr. Anuja Bodhare, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Side Effects of Kodo Millets

A few side effects related to the consumption of kodo millets include:  

• Consumption of contaminated kodo millets can result in kodo poisoning, which is characterised by an increased level of liver enzymes and may indicate liver toxicity. The symptoms of this poisoning include vomiting, nausea, and unconsciousness⁸.  
• Kodo millets contain goitrogens, which interfere with thyroid hormones and can result in an enlarged thyroid gland (goitre)⁹.  

However, if you experience any adverse reactions to Kodo millet, it is advised to discontinue its intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it. They will be able to guide you appropriately for your symptoms. 

Precautions to Take with Kodo Millets

Eating kodo millet is okay if taken in moderate amounts. However, general precautions must be followed in the following conditions: 

• In addition to the nutritional components, kodo millets also contain anti-nutrients like phytic acid, and polyphenols which reduces the availability of nutritional components. Processing methods like soaking will help reduce the level of anti-nutrients. Therefore, it is advised to soak kodo millets before use².

Interactions with Other Drugs

• As kodo millets can reduce blood glucose, you should avoid taking your anti-diabetic medications along with them, as this may cause your blood glucose to drop too low⁶.  
• As kodo millets cause a reduction in cholesterol, it is advised not to take it along with cholesterol-reducing medicines like statins. This interaction may result in unwanted effects⁵.

Therefore, you must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician before incorporating kodo millet into your routine, especially if you are on medication. They can provide personalised advice based on your medical history and current treatment plan, helping to avoid any potential interactions.

Conclusion 

Kodo millet stands out as a grain with a rich history, impressive nutritional profile, and potential health benefits. Its drought resistance and economic value make it a vital crop, particularly in water-scarce regions. While research continues to explore its medicinal properties, incorporating kodo millet into a balanced diet may support overall health, when used under proper guidance.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

References

1. Bunkar et al. Nutritional, Functional Role of Kodo Millet and its Processing: A Review, International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 10 Number 01 (2021). Available at:  https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1001.229 
2. NUTRI CEREALS- IYoM 2023. Available at: https://nutricereals.dac.gov.in/
3. Naturally Yours , Kodo Millet – nutrition, benefits and recipes, Naturally Yours. Available at: https://naturallyyours.in/blogs/blog/kodo-millet-nutrion-benefits-and-recipes
4. Satish Narra, Bandenawaz Ramadurg, Saraswathi CD. Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Grains Extract in Albino Rats. Research J. Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics. 2013; 5(6): 362-370. Available at: https://rjppd.org/HTMLPaper.aspx?Journal=Research%20Journal%20of%20Pharmacology%20and%20Pharmacodynamics;PID=2013-5-6-20 
5. Sharma S, Sharma N, Handa S, Pathania S. Evaluation of health potential of nutritionally enriched Kodo millet (Eleusine coracana) grown in Himachal Pradesh, India. Food Chem. 2017 Jan 1;214:162-168. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.086. Epub 2016 Jul 12. PMID: 27507461. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27507461/ 
6. Wang, Han et al. “Effect of Different Processing Methods on the Millet Polyphenols and Their Anti-diabetic Potential.” Frontiers in nutrition vol. 9 780499. 11 Feb. 2022, doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.780499. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358534642_Effect_of_Different_Processing_Methods_on_the_Millet_Polyphenols_and_Their_Anti-diabetic_Potential 
7. Vinoth, A, and R Ravindhran. “Biofortification in Millets: A Sustainable Approach for Nutritional Security.” Frontiers in plant science vol. 8 29. 23 Jan. 2017, doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00029. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5253353/ 
8. Antony, Mary et al. “Potential risk of acute hepatotoxicity of kodo poisoning due to exposure to cyclopiazonic acid.” Journal of ethnopharmacology vol. 87,2-3 (2003): 211-4. doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00146-6. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12860310/ 
9. Sonali et al. “Millets – Miracle grain”. Rashtriya Krishi | Vol. 15 (1)| Jun., 2020. Available at: http://researchjournal.co.in/online/RKE/RKE-15(1)/15_57-60.pdf 
10. Bhatia G, Joshi S, Barve A, Nema RK, Joshi A, Gehlot S. Phytochemical Studies of the Grains of Paspalum scrobiculatum. Int J Pharm Clin Res. 2010;2(2):66-67.Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312041797_Phytochemical_Studies_of_the_Grains_of_Paspalum_scrobiculatum
11. Bhide NK. Pharmacological study and fractionation of Paspalum scrobiculatum extract. British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. 1962 Feb;18(1):7-18.Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1482178/pdf/bripharmchem00062-0013.pdf
12. Deshpande S S, Mohapatra D, Tripathi M K, Sadvatha R H. Kodo millet-nutritional value and utilization in Indian foods [Internet]. Journal of Grain Processing and Storage. 2015 [cited 2025 Oct 9];2(2):16-23. Available from:https://www.academia.edu/72641412/Kodo_millet_nutritional_value_and_utilization_in_Indian_foods

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof. 

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