You’ve probably heard of this disclaimer on multiple occasions ‘smoking is injurious to health’. What you may not immediately realise is the extent of the damage smoking can cause to your health and, most directly, your lungs.
Smoking is known to be the leading cause of preventable diseases and deaths globally. Nearly all forms of lung cancer, the top cause of cancer death in both men and women, can be attributed to smoking. Tobacco and tobacco-related products can damage the lungs’ ability to supply oxygen to the body. Other substances commonly found in cigarette smoke can cause permanent lung damage, even in small amounts.
A single puff of cigarette smoke contains upwards of 7,000 chemicals. Tobacco smoke contains over 70 known cancer-causing chemicals2. When you breathe these in, these toxins go deep into your lungs and can cause swelling, resulting in a host of other respiratory diseases.
Both tobacco and chemical substances found in cigarettes can change the cellular structure of the lungs. They can cause the elastic walls within the airways to break down resulting in less functioning surface area in the lungs. Cigarettes can damage lung tissue, preventing them from functioning correctly. This can increase the risk of diseases caused by smoking, such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, respiratory diseases, asthma and COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)1.
Nicotine in tobacco can also damage the ability of the respiratory system to filter out dust and dirt. This can lead to toxic substances passing through, resulting in lung congestion and the ‘smoker’s cough’.
Also Read: What Is Hantavirus? Symptoms, Causes, & Effective Prevention
A person who smokes throughout life is at high risk of developing a range of potentially fatal diseases owing to impaired lung function and breathlessness due to swelling and narrowing of the lung airways and excess mucus build-up. They are also prone to weakening the lungs’ clearance system, leading to the accumulation of toxic substances and causing lung irritation and damage. Further, they are also at an increased risk of lung infection, chronic bronchitis and heightened risk of asthma, along with permanent damage to air sacs3.
In the longer term, smoking is known to induce heart disease and stroke, in certain cases, it can cause ulcers of the digestive system and put smokers at increased risk of type 2 diabetes.
Most smokers are also likely to develop emphysema. The number of cigarettes you smoke and other lifestyle factors may impact the extent of the damage. If you’re diagnosed with either of these respiratory diseases emphysema or chronic bronchitis, you run the risk of being diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Also Read: Does Smoking Really Affect Your Brain?
Smoking can affect a person’s health in other ways, too, harming almost every organ in the body. In most cases, it can result in a compromised immune system function, making you susceptible to many other illnesses. It can also lead to lower bone density (brittle bones), which increases the risk of broken bones and fractures. Smoking also leaves you at a higher risk of rheumatoid arthritis, heart disease and stroke, along with an increased risk for cataracts (clouding of the eye lenses).
Apart from respiratory diseases, other visible disorders include an increased risk of oral cancers, gum disease and tooth loss, premature ageing of the skin, bad breath and stained teeth and an increased risk for age-related macular degeneration, which can lead to blindness. Moreover, even your wounds may take longer to heal!
Also Read: 6 Simple Exercises to Improve Your Lung Health
It’s never too late to quit smoking. Within days of quitting smoking, lungs begin to repair themselves. In fact, just 12 hours after you quit, the amount of carbon monoxide in your blood drops to a much healthier level. More oxygen flows to your vital organs and you will be able to breathe better. In about 10 to 15 years, your risk of developing lung cancer reduces and may even become the same as a non-smoker4.
Also Read: How to Avoid Asthma Attacks During Winter
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US); Office on Smoking and Health (US). How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2010. 7, Pulmonary Diseases. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53021/
2. National Cancer Institute. Harms of Cigarette Smoking and Health Benefits of Quitting [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute; reviewed 19 December 2017 [cited 2025 Sep 19]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco/cessation-fact-sheet
3. Varghese J, Muntode Gharde P. A Comprehensive Review on the Impacts of Smoking on the Health of an Individual. Cureus. 2023 Oct 5;15(10):e46532. doi: 10.7759/cureus.46532. PMID: 37927763; PMCID: PMC10625450. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10625450/
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Benefits of Quitting Smoking [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): CDC; updated May 15, 2024 [cited 2025 Sep 19]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/about/benefits-of-quitting.html
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
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31st May is known as the ”World No Tobacco Day” and for a good reason too1. Did you know that more than 10 million die each year in India due to tobacco? India is home to 12% of the world’s smokers, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). You have heard numerous people tell you that smoking affects your lungs. You have seen the gross pictures on cigarette packs but smoked anyway. But did you know that smoking affects your brain too?
Nicotine works like the various neurotransmitters that are already there in our brain. It activates dopamine signals that result in a pleasant sensation in your brain. With the passing of time and more smoking, the brain reduces acetylcholine receptors to compensate for the increased signalling activity. As a result, nicotine tolerance is created in the brain2.
The brain ends up needing more nicotine. As nicotine mimics the work of dopamine that provides the feel-good factor, your brain starts associating smoking (nicotine use) with feeling good. The nicotine in cigarettes changes your brain and makes you suffer from withdrawal symptoms when you try to quit. You start feeling irritable, anxious, and your body has a strong craving for nicotine. As a result of these symptoms, most people reach for another cigarette, and then another and are unable to quit.
Brain size and volume is associated with higher intelligence and better cognitive functioning. The average brain volume in adult males is 1260 cubic cm and 1130 cubic cm in adult females. According to a 2017 study2, the longer you smoke, the more your brain loses volume with vital tissues shrivelling up.
Smoking affects the subcortical brain regions. The subcortical areas of the brain are associated with pleasure, hormone production, emotion, and memory. Smokers thus develop age-related loss of brain volume that leads to an increased risk of dementia and is one of the ways how smoking harms the brain.
Dementia is a syndrome that is characterized by deterioration in thinking, memory, behaviour, and the ability to perform everyday activities. It is said to affect older people mainly, but it is not a normal part of ageing. Since smoking affects the subcortical regions of the brain that are associated with memory, it puts smokers at a higher risk of dementia.
In 2015, a research team reviewed 37 studies that compared smokers and non-smokers and found that smokers were 30 % more likely to be affected by dementia. Quitting smoking can decrease the risk of dementia in the person4.
Cigarette smoking has been associated with dementia and dementia-related brain changes, notably gray matter (GM) volume atrophy. These associations are thought to reflect the co-morbidity of smoking and vascular, respiratory, and substance use/psychological conditions.
Dr. M.G. Kartheeka, MBBS, MD(Pediatrics)
One of the smoking effects on brain is cognitive decline, which usually happens as people get older. But in smokers, it starts much earlier. Signs and symptoms of cognitive decline include:
In 2012, the cognitive data of about 7,000 men and women were studied for 12 years. The researchers found that smokers experienced a much more rapid cognitive decline than non-smokers. Middle-aged male smokers were found to be more at risk than female smokers4.
If you smoke say, 20 cigarettes a day, you are 6 times more likely to have a stroke than a non-smoker. Tobacco contains over 7,000 harmful chemicals, including formaldehyde, cyanide, arsenic, and carbon monoxide. These toxic chemicals get transferred from the lungs to the blood. They make platelets more likely to stick together. Platelets help in clotting the blood in case of blood loss, but if the platelets stick together, it increases the chance of clot-forming5.
Smokers are at a higher risk of developing atherosclerosis where arteries become hardened and narrow. It restricts smooth blood flow making the formation of blood clots more likely. If a clot forms in an artery leading to the brain, it can block the blood supply to a part of the brain resulting in a stroke. This is known as ischaemic stroke. Smoking is said to double the risk of having an ischaemic stroke. If a person quits smoking, within 5 years, his/her risk of stroke will start decreasing to that of a non-smoker.
Smoking releases a severe amount of toxicity in our bodies. There are about 60 known cancer-causing substances in tobacco6. The chemicals that make up a cigarette are:
Smoking also causes a temporary spike in blood pressure, which can weaken the arterial walls and make them more prone to form an aneurysm and rupture. The harmful chemicals in a cigarette are also implicated in the causation of brain cancer.
Dr. Ashish Bajaj, M.B.B.S., M.D. in Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology
Smoking affects the brain and hence, mental health. Sometimes, bad mental health makes people take up smoking and worsen their conditions. Other times, it is the other way around7.
The nicotine from cigarettes alters the brain. It makes the brain connect ‘feeling good’ to smoking. Quitting smoking becomes tough after some time because smokers start suffering from withdrawal symptoms. They then find solace in smoking and fall prey to the dangerous cycle and become addicted.
How many times have you heard somebody say, ‘I’m feeling stressed out, I need to smoke right now’ or ‘Smoking makes me feel relaxed’7?
Stress is very common and can cause symptoms like headaches, irritability, anxiety, and/or breathlessness at times. Smoking increases the occurrence of these symptoms. Smokers start feeling the symptoms if they do not smoke for a long time and associate smoking with being a reliever of stress.
Nicotine mimics the work of dopamine, prompting the brain to switch off its mechanism that makes and secretes dopamine. In the long term, the supply of dopamine decreases in the brain and inspires people to smoke more. There is a complex relationship between depression and smoking. Smokers with depression have more trouble quitting as withdrawal symptoms become more severe in them7.
Research has shown smoking increases tension and anxiety. The relaxed feeling that smokers talk about after a quick smoke fades away just as quickly. It is hugely short-lived and only adds more jitteriness in the smoker, making him/her reach for more7.
It has been reported that people who suffer from a serious mental disorder known as Schizophrenia tend to be heavy smokers. Some people suffering from this disorder have claimed that smoking helps them to numb the debilitating symptoms of schizophrenia and also to mitigate the side effects experienced from the medication for the same. Ironically, recent research has found that excessive smoking may very well be one of the causes for the onset of schizophrenia. However, since there is more research required to fully confirm this, it has not yet received mainstream acceptance. Nevertheless, it is best to avoid smoking to reduce the risk of developing such mental disorders8.
Yes, e-cigarettes have negative effects on the brain too. National Institute on Drug Abuse has reported that the nicotine in e-cigarettes goes about making similar harmful changes in the brain. E-cigarette vapour contains harmful chemicals too hence it is not a way out.
If all this information on how smoking affects the brain has you worried, you can always try quitting. Most addictions are hard to overcome. But since smoking has been around for a while there are well-established methods to try out. Keep in mind, since everyone is different not all approaches will work the same for you. Some may be more effective than others, do what works best for you9.
Absolutely! Within 20 minutes of quitting smoking, your heart rate will slow down. Within 12 hours, levels of carbon monoxide in your blood will start decreasing. Within 3 months, lung functions and blood circulation will start getting better. Within a year of quitting, your risk of having a heart attack will start decreasing by a whopping 50 %. Within 5 to 15 years, your risk of suffering a stroke will reduce to that of a non-smoker.
Also Read: What Happens To Your Lungs From Smoking? Things You Should Know
1. World Health Organization. World No Tobacco Day – 31 May is World No Tobacco Day [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; [cited 2025 Dec 5]. Available from: https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-no-tobacco-day
2. Valentine G, Sofuoglu M. Cognitive Effects of Nicotine: Recent Progress. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16(4):403-414. doi: 10.2174/1570159X15666171103152136. PMID: 29110618; PMCID: PMC6018192. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6018192/
3. Chang Y, Thornton V, Chaloemtoem A, Anokhin AP, Bijsterbosch J, Bogdan R, Hancock DB, Johnson EO, Bierut LJ. Investigating the Relationship Between Smoking Behavior and Global Brain Volume. Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci. 2023 Oct 6;4(1):74-82. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.09.006. PMID: 38130847; PMCID: PMC10733671. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10733671/
4. Peters R, Poulter R, Warner J, Beckett N, Burch L, Bulpitt C. Smoking, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly, a systematic review. BMC Geriatr. 2008 Dec 23;8:36. doi: 10.1186/1471-2318-8-36. PMID: 19105840; PMCID: PMC2642819. Available from:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2642819/
5. Shah RS, Cole JW. Smoking and stroke: the more you smoke the more you stroke. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2010 Jul;8(7):917-32. doi: 10.1586/erc.10.56. PMID: 20602553; PMCID: PMC2928253. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2928253/
6. Vida S, Richardson L, Cardis E, Krewski D, McBride M, Parent ME, Abrahamowicz M, Leffondré K, Siemiatycki J. Brain tumours and cigarette smoking: analysis of the INTERPHONE Canada case-control study. Environ Health. 2014 Jun 27;13:55. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-13-55. PMID: 24972852; PMCID: PMC4088305. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4088305/
7. Boksa P. Smoking, psychiatric illness and the brain. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2017 May;42(3):147-149. doi: 10.1503/jpn.170060. PMID: 28440208; PMCID: PMC5403659. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5403659/
8. Ding JB, Hu K. Cigarette Smoking and Schizophrenia: Etiology, Clinical, Pharmacological, and Treatment Implications. Schizophr Res Treatment. 2021 Dec 13;2021:7698030. doi: 10.1155/2021/7698030. PMID: 34938579; PMCID: PMC8687814. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8687814/
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tips For Quitting. Tips From Former Smokers. 2024 Sept 27 [cited 2025 Dec 05]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/quit-smoking/tips-for-quitting/index.html
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
20
2
Vaginal cancer refers to cancer that starts in the cells of the vagina1. It contributes to 1%-2% of all cancers affecting the female reproductive system and mostly affects women in their later life2.
Vaginal cancer often does not show any symptoms in its early stages. However, an awareness of its signs and symptoms and adopting certain preventive measures can help in early detection and thereby curing the disease3. In this blog, we will cover what vaginal cancer is, its types, causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment.
Vagina is a part of the female reproductive system that connects the cervix (opening of the uterus) to the outside of the body1. Vaginal cancer is a rare form of cancer that develops in the vagina and more commonly seen with advancing age. It may cause abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge, a lump in the vagina, pelvic pain, or pain during sex4.
Vaginal cancer can be primary, meaning that the cancer starts in the cells of the vagina, or secondary (metastatic), meaning that cancer that started in another part of the body has spread to the vagina5.
Vaginal cancer is included under gynaecologic cancers along with cervical, ovarian, uterine and vulvar cancers. The name of cancer is determined by the organ the cancer has developed from. Cervical cancer develops from the cervix, which is the opening of the uterus; ovarian cancer from the ovaries, which are situated on each side of the uterus; uterine cancer from the uterus; and vulvar cancer from the vulva, which is the outer part of the female sex organs6.
Vaginal cancers are divided into mainly four types based on the type of cells from which they originate and can be7:
In addition to these, there are some other types of vaginal cancers which are extremely rare. These include small cell cancer (oat cell cancer), vaginal lymphoma, and carcinoid cancer, which develop from different types of cells in and around the vagina8.
When vaginal cancer is in its early stages and only involves the cells of the vagina, signs and symptoms may not be seen.
Some signs and symptoms, if present in early stages, include9,10:
Vaginal cancer symptoms and signs may be more commonly observed once the cancer has spread. These include9:
Note: These signs and symptoms are not characteristic and might not point towards vaginal cancer in every situation. If you suspect any of these symptoms, please consult your doctor.
The causes of vaginal cancer can be certain infections or other environmental factors, which include2,4,11:
Long-term use of certain devices such as pessaries may cause chronic irritation and might be associated with a possible increased risk.
While the above-mentioned may not be the direct causes of vaginal cancer, they can act as cofactors which, when present along with other contributing factors, might induce/increase the risk of cancer development. People with these risk factors, along with an increased age might have a higher chance of getting cancer4.
Appearance of vaginal cancers can vary based on the type of cancer and the cells which are involved. Squamous cell carcinoma, being the most common, often present as small lumps or sores on the affected area. Verrucous type of vaginal cancer often presents as a wart (a small outgrowth visible on your skin). Some of the cancers, such as adenocarcinoma, might be difficult to recognise as they may be present deep inside the vaginal canal8. However, vaginal cancer cannot be diagnosed by its physical appearance alone. Instead, a correlation between the clinical symptoms along with the possible histories needs to be assessed by a doctor, and further diagnostic measures can only determine the condition.
Diagnosis of vaginal cancer initially consists of taking a personal and family history, followed by some of the procedures. These can be4,12:
Additional tests may be needed if cancer is confirmed. Please consult your doctor for the appropriate diagnostic tests for you.
Management and treatment for vaginal cancer depends on the stage and type of cancer and may involve a combination of any of the options mentioned below. Common management options include12:
Note: Choosing any option over the other depends upon the type and stage of the cancer. A team of different doctors works together to plan the most suitable treatment plan for you.
Important: The vaginal cancer treatments might have some side effects and are determined by the type of treatment that is adopted. Only your doctor can decide which treatment is suitable for you based on your individualised health concerns.
While cancers are usually a combination of genetic and epigenetic factors, it may be difficult to prevent them all together. However, certain preventive measures taken early on may help in lowering the risk of vaginal cancer in some cases13. These are11,14:
Also Read: Ovarian Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Stages, and Treatment Options
Certain factors are involved in the higher chances of occurrence of vaginal cancer. Women with these factors are advised to consult their doctor to check for any associated symptoms and the need for further tests. These factors are14:
Though early stages of vaginal cancer do not show any symptoms, advanced stages might exhibit abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharges, painful episodes while peeing or during intercourse, constipation, and presence of blood in the stool or urine. The presence of any of these symptoms needs to be assessed by a doctor. However, these symptoms need not be present in every vaginal cancer case. Understanding your body can be helpful in identifying the changes that happen and thereby timely detection of whatever caused these symptoms. It need not be caused by cancer every time, and your doctor is the best person who can evaluate this.
A regular check-up with your doctor can also be beneficial in finding the early changes associated with it and thereby taking appropriate measures14.
Also Read: Does Anal Sex Increase the Risk of Colon Cancer?
Abnormal growth of cells in the vagina is termed vaginal cancer. Though it is a rare type of cancer, it can affect the quality of life of women, especially women in their older ages. Early symptoms might not be that pronounced in vaginal cancer; however, in advanced stages, certain symptoms can be seen. Understanding what is normal for your body and getting regular screenings done can help in detecting the changes earlier and taking appropriate measures faster.
No. Cervical cancer develops from the cervix, which is the opening of the uterus15. However, vaginal cancer starts from the vagina, which connects the cervix to the outside of the body1.
A regular check-up involving a pelvic examination by your doctor might help identify a vaginal cancer. Some of the symptoms linked with vaginal cancer are abnormal vaginal discharge or bleeding, the presence of blood in urine or stool, pain while peeing or during sex and constipation. However, these symptoms might not need to be present in every situation. Your doctor can identify if these symptoms can be linked to vaginal cancer and thereby help in adopting further measures14.
When vaginal cancers are detected early, they can be cured in certain cases. The treatments can include surgery, radiation therapies and chemotherapy1. Vaginal cancer recurrence can happen in some cases14.
Abnormal vaginal discharge or vaginal bleeding are seen in advanced cases of vaginal cancer. Along with these, the presence of blood in urine or stools, pain during sex or urinating and abnormal bowel movements can also happen. These symptoms can also be caused by other conditions. Only your doctor can evaluate the underlying causes for the specific symptoms14.
No. Abnormal vaginal bleeding can be associated with hormonal imbalances, the presence of fibroids or polyps in the uterus, infections or other reproductive disorders16. Abnormal vaginal bleeding along with other symptoms such as blood in urine or stools, pain during sex, and constipation can be linked with advanced cases of vaginal cancers14. Only your doctor can decide the underlying causes of bleeding.
Hysterectomy is the surgery for removing the uterus, including the cervix12. A previous history of hysterectomy for any benign lesions can also be considered a contributing factor in vaginal cancer occurrence2,12.
A vaginal biopsy is the removal of tissues from the vagina or cervix to examine under a microscope. It is beneficial in detecting any abnormal signs of cancer12. Some discomfort and slight bleeding can be expected during the procedure, and usually a numbing injection is given before the procedure. Some pain-relieving medicines can be considered if needed after discussing with your doctor.
1. Vaginal Cancer. Accessed August 25, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/vaginalcancer.html
2. Merino MJ. Vaginal cancer: the role of infectious and environmental factors. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;165(4 Pt 2):1255-1262. doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(12)90738-3 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1659200/
3. Vaginal Cancer—Patient Version – NCI. Accessed August 25, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/types/vaginal
4. Vaginal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf. Accessed August 25, 2026. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559126/
5. Adams TS, Maluleke JC, Cuello MA. Cancer of the vagina: 2025 update. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2025;171(S1):48-59. doi:10.1002/ijgo.70325 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40631450/
6. CDC. Gynecologic Cancers Basics. Gynecologic Cancers. February 3, 2025. Accessed August 26, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/gynecologic-cancer/about/index.html
7. Loeser C. Vaginal Cancer | Foundation For Women’s Cancer. October 12, 2022. Accessed August 25, 2026. https://foundationforwomenscancer.org/gynecologic-cancers/gynecologic-cancer-types/vaginal-cancer/
8. Types of vaginal cancer. Accessed August 25, 2026. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/vaginal-cancer/types-grades
9. Signs and Symptoms of Vaginal Cancer. Accessed August 25, 2026. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vaginal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html
10. Symptoms of vaginal cancer. nhs.uk. December 9, 2021. Accessed August 27, 2026. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaginal-cancer/symptoms/
11. Causes of vaginal cancer. nhs.uk. December 9, 2021. Accessed August 31, 2026. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaginal-cancer/causes/
12. Vaginal Cancer Treatment – NCI. February 10, 2026. Accessed August 25, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/types/vaginal/patient/vaginal-treatment-pdq
13. Vaginal cancer | nidirect. December 17, 2018. Accessed August 25, 2026. https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/vaginal-cancer
14. Vaginal and vulvar cancers. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-HE20_7000-PURL-LPS125355/pdf/GOVPUB-HE20_7000-PURL-LPS125355.pdf
15. Cervical cancer: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Accessed August 26, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000893.htm
16. Jeanmonod R, Skelly CL, Jenkins SM, Agresti D. Vaginal Bleeding. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Accessed August 26, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470230/
17. Biopsy of the Vulva or Vagina. North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust. August 6, 2026. Accessed August 26, 2026. https://www.nth.nhs.uk/resources/biopsy-of-the-vulva-or-vagina/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Have you noticed a persistent sore throat, trouble swallowing, ear pain, a lump in your neck, or changes around your tonsils, and wondered if it could be tonsil cancer1,2? These symptoms may have many causes, but knowing the warning signs of cancer can help you understand when to seek medical advice. This blog explains tonsil cancer in simple terms, including its symptoms, causes, stages, and diagnosis. It also covers the available treatment options and what can be done to reduce the risk of tonsil cancer.
The tonsils are small areas of lymphoid tissue found at the back of the throat that play a role in the body’s defence against infections. Tonsil cancer develops when cells in the tonsils start multiplying abnormally and continue to grow without control, eventually forming a cancerous tumour3.
Did You Know?
Tonsil cancer can develop from different types of cells found in or around the tonsils. The type of cancer depends on the cells in which the cancer starts. The common types of tonsil cancers include:
Tonsil cancer is staged as oropharyngeal cancer because the tonsils are located in the oropharynx. Doctors assess the tumour’s size, check whether nearby lymph nodes are involved, and look for any spread to distant parts of the body. The staging system also considers whether the cancer is HPV-related or HPV-negative, as this can affect the stage3.
Note: Tonsil cancer staging can vary based on HPV status and individual test results. Only an experienced doctor can confirm the exact stage and treatment plan.
The symptoms of tonsil cancer include:
Note: Some people may have no symptoms, and the cancer may be noticed when one tonsil looks larger than the other. However, having one or two of these symptoms doesn’t mean that you have tonsil cancer. Any doubts should always be cleared by a qualified doctor.
Tonsil cancer causes can vary between individuals. Some of the main causes include:
Certain factors can make a person more likely to develop tonsil cancer. The common risk factors of tonsil cancer include:
Note: Having one or two of these risk factors doesn’t necessarily cause tonsil cancer. People without any risk factors may also develop cancer. However, people with risk factors should always be cautious and try to reduce their risk.
Also Read: Early Signs of Mouth Cancer You Should Know
It’s very important to identify the early warning signs of tonsil cancer to avoid its complications. The common complications of tonsil cancer include:
Several checks may be needed to find out whether a person has tonsil cancer, such as:
Note: Depending on the findings, the doctor might recommend further tests to assess the patient’s overall health.
Also Read: Throat Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment
Tonsil cancer treatment depends on factors such as the stage of cancer, tumour size, HPV status, overall health, and whether the cancer has spread. The most common treatment methods suggested by doctors include:
Note: Tonsil cancer can affect each person differently, so diagnosis and treatment should always be discussed with a qualified doctor. Not everyone will need all the treatments mentioned above. Depending on the individual condition, doctors may also combine different treatment approaches.
Although tonsil cancer cannot always be avoided, we can take certain measures to reduce its occurrence. Some of these measures include:
Note: Tonsil cancer cannot always be prevented, even when a person follows healthy habits. These measures may help reduce the risk, but they cannot guarantee that cancer will not occur. If you notice any persistent changes in your mouth or throat, speak with a qualified doctor for proper evaluation.
Consult a doctor in case of a persistent sore throat, swallowing problems, a lump in the neck, unexplained ear pain, unusual changes around the tonsil, bleeding from the mouth or throat, lasting voice changes, or unexplained weight loss1,2,3 Getting checked does not mean you have cancer. It simply helps determine whether further testing is needed and, if cancer is suspected or confirmed, can guide further diagnosis and treatment.
Also Read: How to Prevent Cancer: Effective Ways to Reduce Your Cancer Risk
A sore throat or swollen tonsils may usually be caused by some common conditions like an infection. However, symptoms that last for several weeks should not be ignored. See a doctor if you have ongoing symptoms like throat pain or swallowing problems, a lump in the neck, unexplained ear pain, and unusual changes around the tonsils. Seeing a doctor can help you with proper diagnosis, and treatment for the exact cause of your symptoms.
Tonsil cancer can be treated with surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy depending on the stage and other factors. The chances of recovery can also vary depending on the individual’s HPV status and how advanced the cancer is1.
Tonsil cancer may appear as an unusual lump, sore, swelling, or unusual changes around the tonsil1,2, 3. However, these changes may also occur with common infections, so any unusual or persistent changes should be checked with a doctor.
Tonsil cancer is relatively less common than other types of cancer. It has been reported to occur in around 24%10. However, among oropharyngeal cancers, tonsil cancer is the most common type1.
Tonsil cancer is a type of throat cancer that develops in the tonsils, which are located at the back of the throat3. However, throat cancer is a broader term that includes cancers affecting different areas of the throat.
There is no clear evidence that vaping directly causes any type of cancer, but e-cigarette vapour can contain harmful chemicals that may damage cells. The long-term effects of vaping on cancer risk are still being studied11.
Yes, smoking can increase the risk of tonsil cancer1,3. Tobacco smoke contains harmful substances that can damage cells in the throat and contribute to cancer development.
Yes, certain types of HPV, such as HPV-16, can increase the risk of tonsil cancer1.
Tonsil cancer can occur in children, but it is very rare12. Most cases are diagnosed in adults; however, persistent or unusual symptoms in a child should be checked by a doctor.
Yes, a CT scan can help detect tonsil cancer by showing abnormal growths and whether the cancer has spread to nearby tissues or lymph nodes. However, a biopsy is usually needed to confirm the diagnosis1,3.
Tonsil cancer does not usually cause tonsil stones, as both are different conditions. Tonsil stones are tiny, hard lumps which form in the tiny pockets of the tonsils. These usually occur from poor hygiene or due to frequent tonsil infections13.
1. Williamson AJ, Mullangi S, Gajra A. Tonsil Cancer. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Accessed September 2, 2026. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537238/
2. Head and neck cancers – NCI. 2021. Accessed September 2, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/head-neck-fact-sheet
3. Tonsil cancer. Cancer Research UK. 2025. Accessed September 2, 2026. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/head-neck-cancer/tonsil
4. Lymphoma. MedlinePlus. 2024. Accessed September 2, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lymphoma.html
5. Sen R, Bhutani N, Saini R, Jashanpreet. Primary small cell carcinoma of tonsil: An extreme rarity. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2019;44:29-32. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2019.06.010 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6598600/
6. Oropharyngeal cancer treatment. NCI. 2025. Accessed September 2, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/oropharyngeal-treatment-pdq
7. Assessment of the mutation profile of tonsillar squamous cell carcinomas using targeted next-generation sequencing. PMC. Accessed September 2, 2026. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10045642/
8. Throat or larynx cancer. MedlinePlus. 2025. Accessed September 2, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001042.htm
9. HPV and oropharyngeal cancer. CDC. 2024. Accessed September 2, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/hpv/oropharyngeal-cancer.html
10. Oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, & larynx cancer prevention. NCI. 2025. Accessed September 2, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/oral-prevention-pdq
11. Is vaping harmful? Cancer Research UK. 2026. Accessed September 2, 2026. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/smoking-and-cancer/is-vaping-harmful
12. Adil EA, Medina G, Cunningham MJ. Pediatric tonsil cancer: A national and institutional perspective. J Pediatr. 2018;197:255-261.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.01.022 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29571929/
13. Tonsil stones – symptoms, treatments and causes. healthdirect. 2024. Accessed September 2, 2026. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/tonsil-stones
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Any unusual patch, ulcer, or lump on the tongue may seem harmless, especially when it first appears. However, if the lesion does not heal or persists for a long time, it is important to get it checked as persistent changes in the tongue may sometimes be a sign of tongue cancer1. In this blog, we will discuss what tongue cancer is and its types. We will also discuss its common symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment options to manage the condition.
Tongue cancer is a type of oral cancer, where the cells of the tongue grow in an uncontrolled manner. This can lead to symptoms like the appearance of a spot, lump, or patch on the tongue, pain while swallowing, and sore throat1.
Did You Know?
Tongue cancer is classified as an oropharyngeal cancer. The most common type of oropharyngeal cancer and type of tongue cancer is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which arises from the thin, flat cells lining the surface of the tongue. Other types, including subtypes of SCC include1,5,6.
Localised pain is the most commonly reported symptom of tongue cancer. Other common symptoms include7:
Uncommon symptoms include7:
These symptoms may indicate the spread of the cancer beyond the oral cavity.
In some cases, tongue cancer may develop without any identifiable cause or known risk factor.
Although the exact tongue cancer causes are not known, there are several risk factors associated with tongue cancer. These include8:
If you notice a persistent ulcer, lump, red or white patch, pain, bleeding, numbness, or difficulty in moving the tongue or swallowing, consult a doctor. The doctor will ask about your symptoms, medical history, and health habits, and examine your mouth, tongue, throat, and neck for any abnormal changes. If the doctor suspects cancer, you may be referred to a specialist for further tests. The diagnostic process includes7,9,10:
The tongue cancer stages describe how large the cancer is, whether it has spread to nearby lymph nodes, and whether it has spread to other parts of the body. Doctors commonly use the TNM staging system to assess these features and then assign an overall stage.
The TNM system includes11:
The stage of tongue cancer describes the size and extent of the cancer and whether it has spread to nearby lymph nodes or other parts of the body11.
If tongue cancer is diagnosed, the treatment plan is decided based on the location, size, stage of the tumour, whether it has spread, and the person’s overall health. A team of specialists, such as an ENT doctor, radiation oncologist, medical oncologist, and reconstructive surgeon, may be involved in planning tongue cancer treatment, which includes7,10,12,13:
The tumour and, when necessary, part of the tongue and nearby lymph nodes are removed. Reconstructive surgery may be performed after extensive surgery to help restore appearance, speech, or swallowing.
Uses high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells or stop them from growing. It may be used alone or together with other treatments.
Uses anti-cancer medicines to destroy or slow the growth of cancer cells. It may be combined with radiation therapy and used after surgery.
Uses medicines like tyrosine kinase inhibitors alone or with chemotherapy agents to aid the immune system in fighting cancer cells.
This treatment focuses on blocking the protein that helps the cancer cells multiply.
People with tongue cancer may experience complications as the cancer progresses. These may include7,14,15:
Treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy or radiation may also lead to complications such as16:
The risk of tongue and oral cancer can be reduced by addressing certain known risk factors and adopting healthier lifestyle practices. Tongue cancer cannot always be prevented, but the risk may be reduced by addressing known risk factors and adopting healthier habits17:
Also Read: Throat Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment
You should consult a doctor if you notice any persistent or unusual changes in your tongue or mouth, particularly if they do not improve within a few weeks.
Look for the following tongue cancer symptoms18:
Tongue cancer can affect the tongue and nearby areas of the mouth and throat. Knowing what the possible symptoms are and getting them checked early can help in timely diagnosis and treatment. Lifestyle changes such as avoiding tobacco, limiting alcohol, maintaining good oral hygiene, and overall following a healthy lifestyle may help lower the risk of tongue cancer. If you notice any unusual changes in your tongue or mouth that do not go away, speak to your doctor or dentist.
Yes. A persistent ulcer on the tongue or in the mouth that does not heal, particularly if it lasts for more than 3 weeks, can be a sign of oral cancer18. However, ulcers may have non-cancerous causes as well, so it is essential to have it checked by a doctor.
Tongue cancer may cause persistent pain or tenderness, although some cancers may not cause pain, particularly in the early stages18.
Tongue cancer may be manageable with appropriate treatment, especially when diagnosed early, but the chances of successful treatment depend on factors such as the cancer’s location, stage, tumour characteristics, and whether it has spread. Early detection and timely treatment can improve the chances of successful management10.
Early signs of tongue cancer may include a non-healing sore or ulcer, a lump or thickened area, a red or white patch, persistent pain, or difficulty in swallowing18. Persistent changes should be assessed by a doctor.
Yes. Smoking is an important risk factor for oral cancers, including cancers of the tongue. Avoiding smoking can help reduce the risk17.
Red or white patches on the tongue may have several causes and do not automatically mean cancer. However, if the patch persists, it should be examined by a doctor18.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Bloating, abdominal discomfort, or changes in the appetite in women may seem like digestive issues; however, if they are unusual for you and persist for longer than 2 weeks, they should be taken seriously. While these symptoms can have many causes, persistent or unusual changes may sometimes indicate ovarian cancer1. This blog explores the common signs of ovarian cancer, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer, and can help you understand what to look out for and when to seek medical advice.
Ovarian cancer is a cancer that starts in the ovaries, two small organs in the female reproductive system that produce eggs and hormones2. It develops when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the ovary and form a tumour3. Some ovarian cancers may start in the fallopian tubes (small tubes that connect the ovaries to the womb) or nearby peritoneal tissues4.
Although ovarian cancer cannot always be prevented, knowing the signs of ovarian cancer and recognising changes in your body can help you seek medical advice when needed. The common and possible ovarian cancer symptoms include1,5:
It is important to pay attention to symptoms that are new, persistent, occur more frequently than usual, or represent a noticeable change from your normal pattern.
Note: These symptoms may also be caused by conditions other than ovarian cancer and are not just ovarian cancer symptoms5.
The exact cause of ovarian cancer is not exactly known. Several factors may increase the chance of developing ovarian cancer. Let’s have a look at ovarian cancer risk factors:
Note: Having one or more risk factors does not mean that a woman will develop ovarian cancer. Some women may develop the disease without having any known risk factors6.
Ovarian cancer is grouped into different types depending on the cells where the cancer starts. The three main types are9:
This is the most common type of ovarian cancer. It begins in the cells that form the outer covering of the ovary. The different types of epithelial ovarian cancer include9,10:
This is a less common type that starts in the cells that normally develop into eggs. It is more often found in teenagers and younger women9.
This rare type develops in the cells that support the ovary and help it produce hormones. It develops in the tissues that support the ovaries and may be diagnosed at an early stage9.
Together, these three groups make up most ovarian cancers. Some cancers found in the ovary may also have started in another part of the body and then spread to the ovary.
Ovarian cancer is usually divided into four stages, based on how far it has spread5.
Knowing the ovarian cancer stages helps doctors determine the right treatment options.
If a doctor suspects ovarian cancer, they may recommend a few tests for ovarian cancer diagnosis. These include:
Ovarian cancer treatment varies from person to person. It depends on the type and stage of the cancer, its location, whether it has spread, and the person’s overall health. A specialist team will discuss the most suitable treatment and what to expect5. The common options include:
Surgery is a common treatment for ovarian cancer and aims to remove as much of the cancer as possible. Depending on the type and stage of the cancer, this may involve removing one or both ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, or nearby tissues.
Chemotherapy uses medicines to stop cancer cell growth by stopping them from multiplying or killing them. It may be given before or after surgery and can also be used if the cancer returns.
These medicines target specific cancer cells or other type of cells that help cancer cells grow. They may be offered to some people with advanced or recurrent ovarian cancer.
Radiotherapy uses high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells. It is not usually the main treatment for ovarian cancer, but it may sometimes be used to control symptoms or treat cancer that has spread to another part of the body.
This treatment uses substances to boost or direct the body’s immune system to help fight cancer cells5.
Some of the ovarian cancers develop or grow using hormones such as estrogen. Hormone therapy may be used to block these hormones so that the cancer does not grow.
If ovarian cancer comes back, the treatment will depend on where it has returned, previous treatments and the person’s overall health. Options may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, hormone therapy or further surgery14.
Not everyone will need all these treatments. The Gynaecologic oncology team will explore options available for each individual and, based on the possible benefits and side effects of each, will help the individual decide on the most suitable approach to remove as much of the cancer as possible (cytoreduction).
There is no certain way to prevent ovarian cancer, but some steps may help lower its chance or help early diagnosis15. These include:
No method can completely prevent ovarian cancer, so knowing the symptoms and getting unusual changes checked is important.
Also Read: Common Cancer Symptoms and Warning Signs in Women
Speak to your doctor if you notice symptoms such as the following that are unusual for you, last for 2 weeks or longer, become more frequent, or do not improve1:
These symptoms can have many causes and do not necessarily mean ovarian cancer. However, if they are unusual for you or persist, it is important to speak to your doctor.
Ovarian cancer may be hard to spot because its early signs can resemble common stomach or urinary problems. Being aware of changes such as persistent bloating, pelvic or tummy discomfort, reduced appetite or feeling full sooner than usual can help you recognise when you may need medical attention. Talking to a doctor about symptoms that don’t settle can help identify the underlying cause and ensure you get the right care early. Knowing your family history and personal risk can also help you discuss any concerns with your doctor.
Survival rates depend largely on the stage and type of ovarian cancer. Earlier-stage ovarian cancer generally has better survival outcomes than cancer diagnosed at a later stage18.
Ovarian cancer can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy and, for some people, targeted therapy. Early detection is generally linked with a better prognosis19.
Ovarian cancer can sometimes be genetic. Changes in genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 can increase the risk of developing ovarian cancer2.
Pelvic organs prolapse is not usually a sign of ovarian cancer20. It occurs when the womb, bladder or bowel bulges into the vagina because the supporting tissues have weakened. Symptoms of prolapse can include a feeling of heaviness or pressure in the lower abdomen or vagina, a bulge or lump in or around the vagina, constipation, or problems passing urine21.
HPV is mainly linked to cervical and some other cancers22 and is not usually known to cause ovarian cancer.
Yes. Advanced ovarian cancer can spread to the lungs and other parts of the body23 .
Some studies have suggested a possible link between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and ovarian cancer risk, particularly in younger (premenopausal) women. However, the evidence is limited and more research is needed to clarify whether PCOS is associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer24.
1. CDC. Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer. Ovarian Cancer. February 26, 2025. Accessed September 3, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/ovarian-cancer/symptoms/index.html
2. Ovarian Cancer. Accessed September 3, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/ovariancancer.html
3. What Is Cancer? – NCI. September 17, 2007. Accessed September 3, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer
4. Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, & Primary Peritoneal Cancers Prevention – NCI. Accessed September 8, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/types/ovarian/patient/ovarian-prevention-pdq?
5. Treatment of Ovarian Epithelial, Fallopian, & Peritoneal Cancers – NCI. February 10, 2026. Accessed September 3, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/types/ovarian/patient/ovarian-epithelial-treatment-pdq
6. CDC. Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors. Ovarian Cancer. September 22, 2025. Accessed September 3, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/ovarian-cancer/risk-factors/index.html
7. Ovarian cancer – Causes. nhs.uk. October 20, 2017. Accessed September 3, 2026. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ovarian-cancer/causes/
8. Salehi F, Dunfield L, Phillips KP, Krewski D, Vanderhyden BC. Risk factors for ovarian cancer: an overview with emphasis on hormonal factors. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2008;11(3-4):301-321. doi:10.1080/10937400701876095 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18368558/
9. 3 types of ovarian cancer, explained. NIH MedlinePlus Magazine. Accessed September 3, 2026. https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/article/3-types-of-ovarian-cancer-explained
10. Tumor Morphology | SEER Training. Accessed September 3, 2026. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/ovarian/abstract-code-stage/ovarian-morphology.html?
11. Ovarian Cancer Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Staging. Accessed September 3, 2026. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/ovarian-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging.html
12. Ovarian cancer – Tests and next steps. nhs.uk. February 15, 2022. Accessed September 3, 2026. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ovarian-cancer/tests-and-next-steps/
13. Expert Panel on GYN and OB Imaging, Stein EB, Venkatesan AM, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Staging and Follow-Up of Ovarian Cancer: 2025 Update. J Am Coll Radiol JACR. 2025;22(11S):S689-S698. doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2025.08.033 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41193052/
14. Treatment if your ovarian cancer comes back. Accessed September 3, 2026. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/ovarian-cancer/treatment/if-your-cancer-comes-back
15. Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Ovarian Cancer. Accessed September 3, 2026. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/ovarian-cancer/causes-risks-prevention.html
16. Ovarian cancer – Causes. nhs.uk. October 20, 2017. Accessed August 27, 2026. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ovarian-cancer/causes/
17. CDC. Reducing Risk for Ovarian Cancer. Ovarian Cancer. September 23, 2025. Accessed August 27, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/ovarian-cancer/prevention/index.html
18. Yeole BB, Kumar AVR, Kurkure A, Sunny L. Population-based survival from cancers of breast, cervix and ovary in women in Mumbai, India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev APJCP. 2004;5(3):308-315. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15373712/
19. CDC. Treatment of Ovarian Cancer. Ovarian Cancer. April 23, 2026. Accessed September 4, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/ovarian-cancer/treatment/index.html
20. DeMarco C. Can pelvic organ prolapse be a sign of cancer? UT MD Anderson. Accessed September 3, 2026. https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/can-pelvic-organ-prolapse-be-a-sign-of-cancer.h00-159618645.html
21. Pelvic organ prolapse – NHS. Accessed September 3, 2026. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pelvic-organ-prolapse/
22. CDC. Cancers Caused by HPV. Human Papillomavirus (HPV). March 3, 2025. Accessed September 4, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/hpv/about/cancers-caused-by-hpv.html
23. Gardner AB, Charo LM, Mann AK, Kapp DS, Eskander RN, Chan JK. Ovarian, uterine, and cervical cancer patients with distant metastases at diagnosis: most common locations and outcomes. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2020;37(1):107-113. doi:10.1007/s10585-019-10007-0 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31758289/
24. Li Z, Wang YH, Wang LL, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome and the risk of endometrial, ovarian and breast cancer: An updated meta-analysis. Scott Med J. 2022;67(3):109-120. doi:10.1177/00369330221107099 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35686317/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Many people consider age when it comes to fertility, but there is an additional key factor that might provide valuable insights anti-mullerian hormone (AMH). AMH is important in evaluating the ovarian reserve and can assist doctors in determining reproductive potential of the individual1. This article explores everything you need to know about AMH, including what it is, its normal range, and what low and high AMH levels mean.
Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) is a hormone that plays an important role in reproductive development and ovarian function. In women, it is produced by small growing follicles (tiny fluid-filled sacs) in the ovaries that contain immature eggs. The amount of AMH in the blood can indirectly help the experts estimate the size of ovarian follicular pool, which is why it is widely employed as an indicator of ovarian reserve.
In men, AMH is produced by the Sertoli cells in the testes from their foetal development stage through childhood. It contributes to the normal development of the male reproductive system before birth. However, after puberty, its levels decrease in men as the sertoli cells mature1.
Did You Know?
AMH and its assessment has many different functions in the human body, including the following:
The benefits associated with healthy AMH levels include:
Both low and high AMH levels can provide important information on reproductive health. Here’s what each may indicate:
Low AMH levels often indicate that a woman’s ovaries have fewer eggs than expected for her age. The possible causes include:
The potential implications of low AMH level:
High AMH levels often indicate a larger number of developing follicles. it can also be associated with:
The AMH test is a simple blood test that requires no special preparation. Here is how it is done:
AMH levels are commonly interpreted as follows:
Note: The AMH reference range may differ slightly across laboratories, testing methods, and age groups. The doctor will interpret the AMH results based on one’s age, medical history, symptoms, and the results of other tests.
Adopting healthy lifestyle habits may support overall reproductive health and ovarian function. Although these habits may not directly increase anti-mullerian hormone levels, they can help support overall fertility. Here are some ways to support ovarian health and fertility:
Note: There is no proven natural approach for increasing AMH levels. These lifestyle changes benefit general reproductive health and fertility, although they may not significantly affect AMH levels, which normally decrease with age.
Consult a doctor if you have:
Note: The above mentioned scenarios do not indicate a direct test for AMH level, those might indicate the need to consult a doctor.
Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is a valuable marker for assessing ovarian reserve and is commonly used as a part of fertility evaluation however, it does not provide a complete picture of fertility. Understanding AMH levels can help support informed decisions about reproductive health and family planning. In cases you have fertility concerns or abnormal AMH test results, consulting a doctor is important for comprehensive evaluation and appropriate guidance.
Also Read: What Does Oxytocin Do? Everything You Need to Know About the Love Hormone
There is no single good AMH level that guarantees pregnancy. AMH level reflects ovarian reserve. For conception in an otherwise healthy female, there are other factors which play an important role, like age, egg quality, reproductive health, sperm health of partner.
No. A low AMH level does not mean infertility. It simply suggests a reduced ovarian reserve, meaning fewer eggs remain in the ovaries. While a low AMH level may be associated with reduced fertility in some individuals, it does not determine the ability to conceive1, as factors such as egg quality, age, and overall reproductive health also play an important role in fertility.
Yes. High AMH levels may be linked to PCOS, as women with PCOS typically have a greater number of tiny ovarian follicles that produce AMH. However, a high AMH level alone cannot diagnose PCOS and it should be interpreted along with symptoms and other examination findings1.
AMH level varies across the lifespan and generally reaches its highest levels in early adulthood, around 20–25 years, afterwards it gradually declins with age11.
There is no proven, natural method for increasing AMH levels. However, living a healthy lifestyle, which includes eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, maintaining a healthy weight, quitting smoking, and managing stress can benefit overall reproductive health and fertility6.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Many people wonder if anal sex can lead to colon cancer. Currently, anal sex itself is not considered a direct cause of colon cancer1. However, certain infections from anal intercourse may affect the anal area and increase the risk of anal cancer2. In this article, we will discuss colon cancer, whether it is associated with anal sex, risk factors for colon cancer, symptoms that shouldn’t be ignored, and when to seek medical attention.
Colon cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the colon, which is the longest part of the large intestine. It usually begins when colon cells grow and divide unusually, forming a small growth called a polyp. Some polyps are harmless, while others may gradually develop into cancer over time. Colon cancer specifically affects the colon, while rectal cancer starts in the rectum, the final part of the large intestine. When cancer affects either the colon or rectum, it can be called colorectal cancer3.
Anal sex is not an established direct cause of colon cancer. Current evidence does not show that having anal sex causes cancer to develop in the colon1. Colon cancer usually develops because of changes in the cells of the colon and is influenced by factors such as age, family history, lifestyle, and certain medical conditions4. Therefore, anal sex should not be considered a direct cause of colon cancer.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a very common virus that can spread through intimate skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact (vaginal, anal or oral sex)5. Some types of HPV can cause changes in cells that may eventually lead to cancer. HPV is strongly linked to anal cancer, which begins in the tissues around or inside the anus2.
However, anal cancer and colon cancer are different diseases because they develop in different parts of the digestive tract. A link between HPV and anal cancer does not mean that HPV or anal sex directly causes colon cancer1. Although some studies have found a possible link between HPV infection and colorectal cancer, more research is needed to confirm whether HPV directly contributes to its development6.
Several factors can increase the risk of colon cancer. These include:
Note: Having one or two risk factors doesn’t mean that you’ll get colon cancer, and one can get colon cancer even if one does not have a risk factor. It is important to consult a doctor if you are experiencing persistent symptoms of colon (or colorectal) cancer.
Also Read: Does Masturbating Increase Risk of Prostate Cancer or Vice Versa?
The risk of colon cancer may be reduced by following these tips:
Note: Although these tips may help reduce the risk of colon cancer, they cannot guarantee that you will not develop the disease. While some risk factors can be addressed, others, such as family history, cannot be changed.
Colon or related cancers can bring about many symptoms, which include common symptoms like:
See a doctor if you experience symptoms like blood in your stool, lasting changes in bowel habits, ongoing stomach discomfort, unexplained weight loss, or unusual tiredness9. Do not ignore repeated bleeding by assuming it is only due to haemorrhoids. Seek urgent care if you have heavy bleeding, severe abdominal pain, repeated vomiting, or difficulty passing stool or gas9,10. If you have a family history of colorectal cancer, previous high-risk polyps, IBD, or an inherited condition linked to colorectal cancer, speak with your doctor about the right screening schedule for you4,7.
Also Read: Is Bowel Leakage a Sign of Cancer?
Anal sex itself is not known to cause colon cancer. Although HPV can be linked to anal cancer, this does not mean that anal sex or HPV causes cancer in the colon. Factors such as age, family history, lifestyle, and certain health conditions can affect the risk of colon cancer. Knowing the warning signs and following recommended screening can help with early detection and timely treatment.
Anal sex does not necessarily cause bowel problems, but factors like the frequency of anal intercourse may affect the muscles that control bowel movements and increase the risk of stool incontinence or pain with intercourse. However, more research is needed to fully understand this association11.
No, colon cancer begins in the colon, which is the longest part of the large intestine, while anal cancer develops in the tissues of the anus, the opening through which stool leaves the body. Although both affect the lower digestive system, they are separate types of cancer3,12.
No, there is no way to guarantee the prevention of colon cancer. However, healthy lifestyle choices may help lower the risk and appropriate screening may help with early diagnosis and treatment of the cancer8.
Doctors may use different tests to check for colon cancer, depending on your symptoms and risk factors. These may include stool tests, blood tests, and a colonoscopy to look inside the colon. If an abnormal area is found, the doctor may take a small tissue sample, called a biopsy, to confirm whether cancer cells are present3.
Treatment can be effective, particularly if cancer is found at an early stage. Treatment options depend on factors such as the age, cancer stage and location, and overall health of the individual. Common treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy.
1. Diaz JA, Goldman R, Arellano N, Borkan J, Eaton CB. Brief report: Exploration of colorectal cancer risk perceptions among Latinos. J Immigr Minor Health. 2011;13(1):188-192. doi:10.1007/s10903-009-9312-1 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20063065/
2. Anal cancer causes and risk factors. NCI. 2025. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/anal/causes-risk-factors
3. Colorectal cancer. MedlinePlus. 2024. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/colorectalcancer.html
4. Colorectal cancer risk factors. CDC. 2026. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/colorectal-cancer/risk-factors/index.html
5. HPV and cancer. NCI. 2025. Accessed August 28, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer
6. Hsu CH, Lin YJ, Chen YC, et al. Human Papillomavirus and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: An Analysis of Nationwide Claims Data. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022;58(10):1461. doi:10.3390/medicina58101461 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36295621/
7. Colorectal cancer risk factors. American Cancer Society. 2025. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
8. Can colorectal cancer be prevented? American Cancer Society. 2025. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html
9. Symptoms of colorectal cancer. CDC. 2026. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/colorectal-cancer/symptoms/index.html
10. Songtanin B, Chu VM, Deb A, Islam S, Islam E, Nugent K. Vomiting and profound weight loss as a clue to the diagnosis of malignant coloduodenal fistula. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2022;35(2):237-238. doi:10.1080/08998280.2021.2008220. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35261464/
11. Chen AB, Kalichman L. Pelvic floor disorders due to anal sexual activity in men and women: A narrative review. Arch Sex Behav. 2024;53(10):4089-4098. doi:10.1007/s10508-024-02995-2 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39287780/
12. Anal cancer. MedlinePlus. 2025. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/analcancer.html
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Noticing fluid, pus, blood or any substance coming out of the ear can make anyone anxious. This type of ear discharge, which is medically known as otorrhea, can result from pathologic factors like ear wax or certain pathologic causes1. Understanding the causes of otorrhea can help in taking appropriate decisions regarding the severity of the condition and whether a medical intervention is needed. In this blog, we will cover what otorrhea is, its types, causes, symptoms, treatment and preventive measures that could be taken.
Any fluid or substance draining from the ear is termed as ear discharge or otorrhea. Mostly ear discharge is considered a sign of some underlying conditions rather than being a disease itself. It can result following certain infections, injuries, and some tissue growths1. The symptoms can vary based on the underlying condition that led to discharge, and can include pain, fever, dizziness, ringing in the ears etc. However, untreated discharge cases can lead to several complications, including hearing loss and spread of the infection to surrounding structures2.
Did You Know?
Based on the consistency, colour and appearance, ear discharges can be of five types4. Recognising the different types can help in reaching the diagnosis promptly and initiating appropriate interventions.
Ear discharge causes are mainly pointing towards any underlying infections, past injuries or procedures done in the ear.
Ear discharge symptoms can vary based on the causes of discharge and include:
| Ear discharge in adults | Ear discharge in children |
| In adults, external ear infection is more common compared to children, along with acute middle ear infection and perforation of the eardrum3. | In children, the most common cause of discharge is middle ear infection, most commonly in the age group of 6 to 24 months3. |
| In adults, symptoms of an infection can include itchiness, irritation, a sense of fullness in the ear, pain and ear discharge11. | Children might show signs of any infection by rubbing or pulling the ear, being irritable, avoiding foods and losing their balance11. |
| Ear discharge in adults resolves based on the underlying causes. In cases of middle ear infections, oral antibiotics only provide a slight reduction of symptoms. In most cases, ear drops are preferred, provided there is no history of any other underlying diseases8. | In most cases of ear discharge in children, spontaneous resolution can be seen within one week12. Oral antibiotics are most beneficial in children having middle ear infection in both ears and who are aged more than 2 years8. |
| For treatment of ear discharge in adults with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), topical antibiotics alone or along with other topical steroids are recommended. Ear cleansing can also be beneficial13. | For treatment in children with CSOM, topical antibiotics are preferred over antiseptics. Limited evidence is present regarding the benefits of ear cleansing, though it is usually recommended for children13. |
Diagnostic procedures mainly focus on a detailed history and examination to determine the underlying cause. Other tests are done if there is uncertainty in cause or more serious conditions are suspected.
Ear discharge treatment can vary based on the underlying cause, and it can be8:
Keeping the ears dry and avoiding inserting foreign objects such as cotton tips are also part of the otorrhea treatment, as they can help in preventing the further progression of the condition. A persistent, foul-smelling discharges needed to be assessed by a medical practitioner. Also, use of eardrops without proper medical attention might do danger to your health.
Home care tips that can help for ear discharge depend on the cause and symptoms of the discharge8:
Untreated ear infections along with the discharge can lead to complications, including2:
The following general preventive measures can be taken to avoid ear discharge:
Consultation with a doctor is recommended in the following instances7:
Immediate medical attention is required if external ear infections are associated with weakness of nerves of the brain (cranial nerve palsy) as this might indicate bone involvement. Additionally, in individuals having compromised immunity such as diabetics, ENT consultation is important if there is presence of small, red, easily bleeding tissues (granulation tissue) that formed in the ear canal, along with redness and swelling of the outer ear or deteriorating symptoms8.
Ear discharge or otorrhea is the drainage of fluid or any substance from the ear. Causes of otorrhea mostly involve ear infections, inserting any foreign objects into the ear, injuries or a previous history of any procedures or surgeries related to the ear. Otorrhea symptoms can vary based on the underlying causes and can include pain, sensation of fullness, hearing loss, fever, along with discharge. Though most cases can be managed effectively, understanding about otorrhea can help in avoiding unnecessary concerns and taking appropriate measures.
Also Read: Ear Infection (Otitis Media): Causes, Symptoms, Types, Treatment and Prevention
Diagnosis of ear discharge is mainly based on a detailed medical history and physical examination. Any past history of injuries, swimming, surgeries, or hearing changes is noted. An otoscope is used to check the ear canals and eardrum. Hearing tests or imaging tests such as CT and MRI are needed based on the findings1.
Yellow or green discharge might contain pus and is usually associated with underlying ear infections. In purulent middle ear infections, the discharge can be yellow with pus11. In cases of rupture of the eardrum, white, yellow or bloody discharges can be seen7. However, the colour of the discharge might not point towards a particular condition. A medical evaluation is required to find the exact cause.
Yes. Earwax can sometimes be mistaken for discharge, especially when it is darker, soft and excessive. Earwax is a normal substance that is produced by the ear to protect the ear from dust particles7. However, if the earwax accumulation causes any discomfort and foul smelling medical attention is needed.
Ear discharge is not contagious. Discharges associated with external ear infection or middle ear infection don’t spread from person to person3,10.
Remission of the ear discharges are depended on the underlying causes. In most cases of middle ear infections, spontaneous remission happens within one day. And in the absence of any underlying systemic diseases, only ear drops are needed in most cases. Children under 2 years of age and those having infections in both ears benefit more from oral antibiotics8.
Swimming put at an increased risk for ear discharge due to more chances for external ear infection. Keeping the ears dry after swimming or using any cotton plugs to avoid splashing of water into the ear can be followed as a preventive measure against ear discharge caused by this8.
Yes. Rupturing of the eardrum caused by injuries due to any foreign objects that are inserted into the ear, pushing materials into the ear, sudden pressure changes as during air travel and middle ear infections can all cause ear discharge7.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
A sore throat that keeps coming back, hoarseness that does not improve, trouble swallowing, or a lump in the neck can naturally make you worry about throat cancer. These symptoms often have causes other than cancer, but persistent or worsening changes should not be ignored1. Learning about the types, symptoms, causes, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of throat cancer can help you recognise warning signs early. Knowing when to seek medical advice may also support earlier detection and better treatment outcomes.
Throat cancer refers to cancer that develops in the throat (pharynx) or voice box (larynx). The throat is the passage behind the nose and mouth that leads to the food pipe and windpipe. Cancer can start in different parts of this area, including the tonsils, the base of the tongue, or the voice box1.
Did You Know?
Cancer can develop in several parts of the throat. The main types are named after the area where the cancer starts:
The stage of throat cancer helps doctors describe how large the cancer is and whether it has spread. Staging can differ depending on the part of the throat affected, so the points below are a general guide rather than a substitute for a doctor’s explanation.
Note: These are general descriptions. The exact meaning of each stage varies between cancers of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx and larynx. HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers also have a different staging approach from some other throat cancers.
Throat cancer symptoms depend on where the cancer starts and how advanced it is. Some symptoms are common and can be caused by less serious conditions, but symptoms that persist should be checked by a doctor. Possible symptoms include:
Throat cancer develops when cells in the throat or voice box change and begin to grow in an abnormal, uncontrolled way. There is usually no single cause. Instead, several factors can increase the chance of these cell changes.
A risk factor is something that increases the chance of developing a disease. Having a risk factor does not mean a person will develop throat cancer, but it can make the condition more likely. Important risk factors include:
Note: A person can have one or more risk factors and never develop throat cancer. A person can also develop throat cancer without any known risk factors. If you notice possible warning signs, speak with a doctor for proper evaluation.
Throat cancer diagnosis usually involves checking the throat and neck, looking closely at the affected area, and confirming the diagnosis with a tissue sample if needed. The tests used depend on the symptoms and the part of the throat involved.
Note: Depending on the suspected cancer type, the doctor may recommend HPV testing or other laboratory tests on the biopsy sample. These results can help classify the cancer and guide treatment choices.
Also Read: Can CBC Test Detect Cancer? Unveiling the Potential of Blood Tests
Throat cancer treatment depends on the cancer type, location, stage, tumour size, overall health, and whether the cancer has spread. A care team may recommend one treatment or a combination of treatments.
Note: Treatment may also include supportive care to help with swallowing, nutrition, speech, pain and other treatment-related effects.
Throat cancer cannot always be prevented, but reducing known risks can lower the chance of developing it. The following steps may help reduce risk:
Note: These measures may lower risk, but they cannot guarantee complete prevention. A doctor or dentist should evaluate persistent, unusual, or worsening throat symptoms.
See a doctor if you have a sore throat, hoarseness, swallowing problems, or other throat symptoms that last for several weeks or keep coming back without a clear reason. Seek medical attention promptly if you notice a neck lump, unexplained weight loss, persistent ear pain, or blood in saliva or phlegm1,7. These symptoms can have many causes and do not necessarily mean cancer but getting them checked can help identify the problem early.
Also Read: Early Signs of Mouth Cancer You Should Know
Throat cancer can appear in different ways, and its symptoms may resemble those of less serious conditions. Persistent throat changes, voice changes, swallowing problems, or a neck lump should be assessed by a doctor. Knowing the warning signs and reducing avoidable risks may help with earlier detection and timely treatment.
Survival rates vary by cancer type, stage, overall health, and response to treatment. For example, US data report a 5-year relative survival rate of 62.5% for laryngeal cancer13. Some Indian studies have reported lower 5-year survival rates for laryngeal cancer, but these figures may reflect differences in stage at diagnosis, access to care, and study methods14.
Yes. Throat cancer can often be treated, and treatment is usually more effective when cancer is found early. The treatment plan may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or a combination of treatments, depending on the cancer type and stage4,5.
Throat cancer may cause a sore throat that does not improve, pain or difficulty when swallowing, hoarseness, a feeling that something is stuck in the throat, or a lump in the neck. These symptoms can also occur with non-cancer conditions, so a doctor’s assessment is important if they persist.1,2,7
No. Throat cancer is not contagious and cannot spread from one person to another through coughing, kissing, sharing food, or close contact. It develops from changes in a person’s own cells. HPV infection can spread between people, and some HPV infections can increase the risk of oropharyngeal cancer, but the cancer itself does not spread from person to person4,15.
Vaping exposes the throat to potentially harmful substances that may cause cellular damage. However, it is still unclear whether vaping directly causes throat cancer, and more long-term research is needed16.
Yes, certain high-risk types of HPV, especially HPV-16, can increase the risk of developing throat cancer, particularly cancer of the oropharynx4.
Acid reflux does not mean that a person will develop throat cancer. Some research has linked long-term gastro-oesophageal reflux disease with a higher risk of laryngeal cancer, but more research is needed to understand this relationship17.
1. Throat cancer. Healthdirect. 2024. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/throat-cancer
2. Throat cancer symptoms. MedlinePlus. 2025. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/throatcancer.html
3. Throat cancer. NCI. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/throat-cancer
4. Oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, & larynx cancer prevention – NCI. 2024. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/oral-prevention-pdq
5. Laryngeal cancer treatment. NCI. 2025. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/laryngeal-treatment-pdq
6. Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer stages. American Cancer Society. 2026. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/staging.html
7. Throat Cancer. MedlinePlus. 2025. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/throatcancer.html
8. Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer causes, risk factors, and prevention. American Cancer Society. 2026. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention.html
9. Head and neck cancers basics CDC. 2025. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/head-neck-cancer/about/index.html
10. Sun G, Cheng H, Yin M. Oral hygiene and cancer risk: emerging evidence and public health perspectives. PMC. doi:10.1007/s12672-026-04527-x https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12923711/
11. Tests for oral cavity (mouth) and oropharyngeal (throat) cancers. American Cancer Society. 2021. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html
12. Tests for laryngeal cancer. Cancer Research UK. 2024. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/laryngeal-cancer/getting-diagnosed/tests-laryngeal-cancer#blood-tests
13. Laryngeal cancer: Cancer stat facts. NCI. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/laryn.html?statfacts_page=laryn.html&x=12&y=20&utm
14. Bobdey S, Jain A, Balasubramanium G. Epidemiological review of laryngeal cancer: An Indian perspective. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol. 2015;36(3):154-160. doi:10.4103/0971-5851.166721 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26855523/
15. Common cancer myths and misconceptions. NCI. 2024. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/myths
16. Szukalska M, Szyfter K, Florek E, et al. Electronic cigarettes and head and neck cancer risk: Current state of art. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(11):3274. doi:10.3390/cancers12113274 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33167393/
17. Acid reflux disease and cancer Risk – NCI. 2021. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://dceg.cancer.gov/news-events/news/2021/gerd-cancer-risk
18. Martín-Hernán F, Sánchez-Hernández JG, Cano J, Campo J, del Romero J. Oral cancer, HPV infection and evidence of sexual transmission. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2013;18(3):e439-e444. doi:10.4317/medoral.18419 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3668870/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
