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Chicory (Kasani): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

Chicory, kasni, or kasani is a tuberous taproot with rosette leaves grown widely in the winter season, although it originated in Europe. In India, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat account for the maximum cultivation of chicory. The three basic varieties of chicory include radicchio, Belgian endive and puntarelle. Cichorium intybus or chicory is popular owing to its culinary, medicinal, and nutritional qualities found in buds, leaves, and roots. As a herbal remedy, chicory has been used for hundreds of years and continues to be used even today. Let us learn more about chicory’s health benefits and the considerations you need to keep in mind if you’re planning to add chicory to your diet1. 

Nutritional Value of Chicory

Chicory contains a potpourri of nutrients ranging from carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Major Phytochemicals in chicory include tannins, coumarins, flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones, etc. The nutritional chart of chicory is given in the table below.  

Properties of Chicory

Chicory shows numerous scientifically proven properties; some of which are mentioned below: 

Potential Uses of Chicory for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of chicory are described below. 

1. Potential Uses of Chicory on Breast Cancer

breast cancer

The use of dietary components’ inhibitory and protective effects on breast cancer has increased. For example, Henryk et al. conducted a study3 in 1999 to assess the effects of chicory on breast cancer. The study findings show a lower number of rats bearing tumours, indicating that chicory may have anticancer properties towards breast cancer. However, more studies should be conducted on humans to claim these effects. 

2. Potential Uses of Chicory on Gout

gout

Hyperuricemia (Increased production and reduced excretion of uric acid) can result in gout, a type of arthritis which is characterized by redness, pain, and tenderness of joints. Wang et al. conducted a study4 in 2017 that states that chicory may have the potential to reduce uric acid levels. The possible mechanism behind this is the inhibition of the xanthine oxidase enzyme (which converts xanthine to uric acid) and increases the excretion of uric acid. This indicates that the consumption of chicory may potentially manage gout. However, more studies should be done to ascertain these claims with more reliability. 

3. Potential Uses of Chicory in Type-2 Diabetes

diabetes

Type-2 diabetes shows elevated blood glucose levels due to low insulin levels (a hormone that regulates blood glucose) or resistance to insulin. Literature studies5 show that chicory contains inulin (a dietary fibre)) which is known to manage blood glucose levels. Ning et al. conducted a study in rats in 2017 stating chicory inulin may exert an anti-diabetic effect; thus reducing blood glucose. This indicates that the consumption of chicory may help manage blood glucose. However, more studies need to be done to claim these effects in humans. 

4. Potential Uses of Chicory on Lipid Profile

cholesterol

The use of soluble fibers like inulin and their potential to manage lipid profile has received considerable attention. Kim et al. conducted a study in rats in 1998, stating chicory influences the lipid profile and causes an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or good cholesterol and reduces low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or bad cholesterol. This indicates that chicory may have a positive impact on lipid profile. However, we need more human clinical trials to support these claims6

5. Potential Uses of Chicory on Bone Health

bone health

Bone health can be improved by improving bone mass and mineral density. Literature studies show that dietary carbohydrates and fibers like inulin are known to improve calcium absorption, which may positively impact bone health. In addition, Marcel et al. conducted a study7 in 2002 to assess the effects of chicory inulin on bone mineral density in rats; the findings of this study suggested that chicory inulin increases bone mineral density. This indicates that the consumption of chicory may help improve bone mineral density and, therefore, has the potential to improve bone health. However, more studies should be conducted on humans to claim these results. 

6. Other Potential Uses of Chicory

gut

Though there are studies that show the benefits of chicory in various conditions, these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of chicory on human health.  

The main function of the liver is to clear toxins. However, it’s the liver that is more susceptible to toxicity induced by drugs and other chemicals. This toxicity can lead to various hepatic conditions. In such cases, antioxidant agents can reduce the toxicity of the liver. Chicory is a herb that has various medicinal properties including antioxidant properties. Therefore, chicory might help in reducing hepatic toxicity8.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

How to Use Chicory?

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.   

In Ayurveda, Chicory is widely used for its medicinal uses. Due to its anti-inflammatory properties, it is primarily used to manage doshas like pitta and kapha. To this list, we can add many other inflammatory conditions9.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Side Effects of Chicory

Cadot et al. in 2003 stated7 chicory can result in an allergic syndrome. The allergic reaction to chicory is manifested by oral, skin-related (urticaria or skin rash) and respiratory symptoms like asthma. 

Other indications of the adverse reactions of the body to chicory are described below:

However, if you experience any adverse reactions to chicory, it is advised to discontinue its intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it. They will be able to guide you appropriately for your symptoms. 

Also Read: Almonds: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Precautions to Take with Chicory

Chicory consumption by children, adults and elderly is okay if taken in moderate amounts. However, general precautions must be followed in the following conditions:

Also Read: Dronapushpi (Leucas aspera): Uses, Benefits and Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh 

Interactions with Other Drugs

Chicory is known to interact with drugs used in diabetes, if you take chicory and the prescribed drugs together, this may cause your blood glucose to drop too low. Therefore, it is advised to monitor your blood glucose closely if you are taking chicory.  

Therefore, you must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician about the possible interaction of chicory with other drugs and follow the prescription thoroughly, as they will know your health condition and other medications you are taking.

Also Read: Sanjivani Vati: Uses, Benefits and Side Effects by Dr. Smita Barode 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the local names of Chicory? 

Chicory or Cichorium intybus is also known as kasni or kasani locally1

What are the different Chicory varieties? 

The three basic varieties of chicory include radicchio, Belgian endive and puntarelle1

What is the benefit of Chicory for weight loss?  

Yes, chicory aids the regulation of ghrelin or the hunger hormone, and increases the feeling of satiety. Thus the consumption of chicory increases satiety, reduces overeating and may help in weight loss. However, scientific evidence supporting these claims is limited and we need further studies to ascertain these effects. Therefore, it is advised to consult a doctor for proper treatment in case you have any weight-related issues1

Can chicory help manage constipation? 

Yes, inulin in chicory acts as a prebiotic and may help improve digestive health. Additionally, the presence of fibre stimulates gastric acid, improves bowel movements and may help relieve constipation. However, there is a need to conduct more studies to support these claims. It is recommended to consult a doctor for proper treatment in case you suffer from constipation1

What are the side effects of Chicory consumption? 

Cadot et al. in 2003 stated7 chicory can result in an allergic syndrome. The allergic reaction to chicory is manifested by oral, cutaneous (urticaria or skin rash) and respiratory symptoms like asthma. Chicory consumption in excess can also result in abdominal pain, flatulence, bloating and other digestive problems, due to a high content of fibre. Additionally, chicory can exaggerate gallstones. However, the exact mechanism behind this is unknown.

References

  1. Pouille, Céline L et al. “Chicory: Understanding the Effects and Effectors of This Functional Food.” Nutrients vol. 14,5 957. 23 Feb. 2022, doi:10.3390/nu14050957. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8912540/ 
  2. Taper HS, Roberfroid M. Influence of inulin and oligofructose on breast cancer and tumor growth. J Nutr. 1999 Jul;129(7 Suppl):1488S-1491S. doi:10.1093/jn/129.7.1488S. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022316623023295
  3. Wang, Yu et al. “Cichorium intybus L. promotes intestinal uric acid excretion by modulating ABCG2 in experimental hyperuricemia.” Nutrition & metabolism vol. 14 38. 13 Jun. 2017, doi:10.1186/s12986-017-0190-6. Available at: https://nutritionandmetabolism.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12986-017-0190-6 
  4. Ning, Chong et al. “Chicory inulin ameliorates type 2 diabetes mellitus and suppresses JNK and MAPK pathways in vivo and in vitro.” Molecular nutrition & food research vol. 61,8 (2017): 10.1002/mnfr.201600673. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201600673. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28105758/ 
  5. Kim, M, and H K Shin. “The water-soluble extract of chicory influences serum and liver lipid concentrations, cecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations and fecal lipid excretion in rats.” The Journal of nutrition vol. 128,10 (1998): 1731-6. doi:10.1093/jn/128.10.1731. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9772143/ 
  6. Marcel B. Roberfroid, J. Cumps, J. P. Devogelaer, Dietary Chicory Inulin Increases Whole-Body Bone Mineral Density in Growing Male Rats, The Journal of Nutrition, Volume 132, Issue 12, December 2002, Pages 3599–3602, Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.12.3599
  7. Cadot, P et al. “Oral allergy syndrome to chicory associated with birch pollen allergy.” International archives of allergy and immunology vol. 131,1 (2003): 19-24. doi:10.1159/000070430. Available at: https://sci-hub.hkvisa.net/10.1159/000070430
  8. El-Sayed YS, Lebda MA, Hassinin M, Neoman SA. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) root extract regulates the oxidative status and antioxidant gene transcripts in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. PLoS One. 2015 Mar 25;10(3):e0121549. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121549. Retraction in: PLoS One. 2017 Mar 6;12(3):e0173587. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173587. PMID: 25807561; PMCID: PMC4373694. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4373694/
  9. Rizvi W, Fayazuddin M, Shariq S, Singh O, Moin S, Akhtar K, Kumar A. Anti-inflammatory activity of roots of Cichorium intybus due to its inhibitory effect on various cytokines and antioxidant activity. Anc Sci Life. 2014 Jul-Sep;34(1):44-9. doi: 10.4103/0257-7941.150780. PMID: 25737610; PMCID: PMC4342649. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4342649/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Cowpeas (Chawli): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More  By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

Cowpea, an annual legume, is locally known as lobiya, crowder pea, coupe, southern pea, and black-eyed pea (due to a black scar or mark on its seed). Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. or cowpea, belongs to the Fabaceae family. Cowpea originated in Africa, although worldwide production has increased drastically over the past few years. In India, Uttar Pradesh is the leading producer of cowpeas, followed by Punjab, Haryana and Delhi. These are warm-season legumes (plants belonging to the Fabaceae family) with different varieties depending on the seed colour and type. A few of the varieties available in the market include brown eye, black eye, purple eye, crowder cowpeas etc. These are also called “hungry-season crop” as it was the first crop to be harvested before the cereal crops. Cowpeas leaves, fresh or dried seeds and pods containing seeds all are used as a nutritional component for livestock feed and the human diet. Let us learn more about the health benefits of adding cowpeas (dried seeds) to your dietary routine1

Nutritional Value of Cowpeas

Cowpeas are rich in proteins, fibers, vitamins like Vitamins A, C, E, and minerals like copper, iron, calcium, manganese, magnesium, sodium, etc.  The nutrients present in 100g of cowpeas are mentioned below: 

Properties of Cowpeas

Scientifically proven properties of cowpeas include:

Potential Uses of Cowpeas for Overall Health

Some of the potential benefits of cowpeas are described as under:  

1. Potential Uses of Cowpeas on Type-2 Diabetes

diabetes

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by increased blood glucose, and there has been growing interest in testing the potential of plant parts for managing diabetes. Barnes et al. conducted a study2 in 2015 that provides evidence of cowpeas as potential anti-diabetic agents. The anti-diabetic effect is attributed to the presence of cowpea protein molecules similar to insulin obtained from the pancreas of cows and pigs. This indicates that the consumption of cowpeas may manage diabetes. However, more human clinical trials should be conducted to ascertain these claims.

2. Potential Uses of Cowpeas on Hypertension

blood pressure

Hypertension or high blood pressure is defined as systolic blood pressure >130mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure >80mmHg. Hypertension is majorly managed by the use of drugs called ACE   inhibitors, which work by relaxing arteries and veins and reducing blood pressure. ACE is an enzyme (angiotensin-converting enzyme), which acts as a vasoconstrictor (substance that increases blood pressure). The inhibition of this enzyme will help reduce blood pressure. Renhart et al., 2014 conducted a study3 identifying a dipeptide from cowpeas with antihypertensive (blood pressure-reducing) properties similar to ACE inhibitors. Therefore, cowpeas may have the potential to manage high blood pressure, but we need more studies to assess these claims in humans. 

3. Potential Uses of Cowpeas on Lipid Profile

cholesterol

Literature studies state cowpeas may help in improving the lipid profile. A study4 conducted by Frota et al. in 2015 showed that the consumption of cowpeas by 38 patients with high total cholesterol levels positively impacted their lipid profile. Consumption of cowpeas showed a reduction in total cholesterol, bad cholesterol and an increase in good cholesterol. This indicates that cowpeas may improve abnormal lipid profiles. However, studies including more patients should be conducted to increase the reliability of these results. 

4. Potential Uses of Cowpeas on Under Nutrition

cowpeas
Image Source: freepik.com

Broadly, undernutrition is categorized into stunting, underweight, wasting, and micronutrient-related deficiency. Indi et al. conducted a clinical trial5 in 2015 in Malawian children. Results show cowpeas, due to their high nutritional content, may help reduce stunting and improve children’s growth. This indicates that cowpeas may help improve undernutrition to an extent by reducing stunting and improving overall growth. However, we need more studies to be conducted globally to claim these results.

5. Potential Uses of Cowpeas on Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is characterized by weak and brittle bones. It shows manifestations of lower back pain, fractures, and a stooped spine (hump-like structure). Although it is common in men and women, women after menopause are at an increased risk of osteoporosis due to a deficiency of hormones like estrogen. Yongsoon et al. conducted a study6 in 2013 to assess the effects of cowpeas on rat bones. The findings of this study showed that a diet containing cowpeas significantly improved bone mineral density and bone volume. These findings suggest that cowpeas can help in osteoporosis. However, to claim these effects in humans, we need more studies.

6. Other Potential Uses of Cowpeas

constipation

Though there are studies that show the benefits of cowpeas in various conditions, but these are insufficient and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of cowpeas on human health.  

I read an article that suggests you may maintain a healthy weight by eating cowpeas. Cowpeas are a good source of both soluble and insoluble fibre, which aids the body in controlling weight. Cowpeas’ high-quality, slow-digesting carbohydrates along with the protein also contribute to a feeling of satiety1.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

How to Use Cowpeas?

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.  

Let me tell you the surprising facts about cowpeas. For men, a half-cup portion of cowpeas provides 40% of the daily required intake while for women, 52%. Cowpeas’ protein may contribute to an increase in energy levels.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Side Effects of Cowpeas

A few side effects related to the consumption of cowpeas include: 

However, if you experience any adverse reactions to cowpeas, it is advised to discontinue its intake and immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it. They will be able to guide you appropriately for your symptoms. 

In my experience, a serving of cowpeas contains 13% of the daily recommended amount of vitamin A. By potentially defending your corneas, assisting your body in producing eye lubricant and supporting retina function, vitamin A enhances the health of your eyes.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

Precautions to Take with Cowpeas

Eating cowpeas is okay if taken in moderate amounts. However, general precautions must be followed in the following conditions: 

Also Read: Shatavari (Asparagus): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects & More!

Interactions with Other Drugs

You must always seek the advice of your Ayurvedic physician about the possible interaction of cowpeas with other drugs and follow the prescription thoroughly, as they will know your health condition and other medications you are taking.

Also Read: Mushroom (Khumbi): Uses, Benefits, Side effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the scientific name of cowpeas?

The scientific name of cowpeas is Vigna unguiculata L. Walp

What are the varieties of cowpeas available in the market? 

Depending on the seed colour and type, varieties available in the market include brown eye, black eye, purple eye, crowder cowpeas, etc.

Can cowpeas help manage insomnia?  

Yes, cowpeas contain the amino acid tryptophan which helps in the formation of melatonin in the body. Melatonin may help improve sleep patterns and help in insomnia. However, more studies are needed to support these claims. Therefore, it is advised to consult a doctor for proper treatment in case you suffer from insomnia.

Can cowpeas help manage constipation? 

Yes, cowpeas are rich in fibre which helps in improving digestion and helps manage constipation. However, scientific evidence supporting this is limited and we need more studies to support these claims. It is recommended to consult a doctor for proper treatment in case you have constipation.

What are the side effects of cowpeas? 

Ndubuaku VO et al. in 1989 stated that consumption of cowpeas can result in abdominal discomfort, vomiting, diarrhoea, indigestion, sleepiness, etc7

References

  1. Jayathilake C, Visvanathan R, Deen A, Bangamuwage R, Jayawardana BC, Nammi S, Liyanage R. Cowpea: an overview on its nutritional facts and health benefits. J Sci Food Agric. 2018 Oct;98(13):4793-4806. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.9074. Epub 2018 Jun 30. PMID: 29656381. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29656381/
  2. Barnes MJ, Uruakpa FO, Udenigwe C. Influence of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) peptides on insulin resistance. J Nutr Health Food Sci. 2015;3:1–3. doi:10.15226/jnhfs.2015.00144. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280312479_Influence_of_cowpea_Vigna_unguiculata_peptides_on_insulin_resistance
  3. Olagunju AI, Omoba OS, Enujiugha VN, Alashi AM, Aluko RE. Antioxidant properties, ACE/renin inhibitory activities of pigeon pea hydrolysates and effects on systolic blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Sci Nutr. 2018 Aug 22;6(7):1879-1889. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.740. PMID: 30349677; PMCID: PMC6189607. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6189607/
  4. Liyanage R, Perera O, Lakmini GWAS, Weththasinghe P, Visvanathan R, Jayathilake C, Jayawardana BC, Vidanarachchi J, Sivakanesan R. Boiled, sprouted, and raw cowpea-incorporated diets modulate high-fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Food Sci Nutr. 2018 Aug 13;6(6):1762-1769. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.727. PMID: 30258621; PMCID: PMC6145219. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6145219/
  5. Stephenson KB, Agapova SE, Divala O, Kaimila Y, Maleta KM, Thakwalakwa C, Ordiz MI, Trehan I, Manary MJ. Complementary feeding with cowpea reduces growth faltering in rural Malawian infants: a blind, randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017 Dec;106(6):1500-1507. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.117.160986. Epub 2017 Nov 1. PMID: 29092882; PMCID: PMC6482976. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6482976/
  6. Lee SH, Jin N, Paik DJ, Kim DY, Chung IM, Park Y. Consumption of legumes improves certain bone markers in ovariectomized rats. Nutr Res. 2011 May;31(5):397–403. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2011.04.006. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0271531711000881
  7. Ndubuaku VO, Uwaegbute AC, Nnanyelugo DO. Flatulence and other discomforts associated with consumption of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Appetite. 1989 Dec;13(3):171-81. doi: 10.1016/0195-6663(89)90010-x. PMID: 2596840. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2596840/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.  

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Kumkumadi Tailam: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

Although, it is rightly said that ‘don’t judge a book by its cover’, it’s difficult not to be moved by the glowing face of a person. Beauty is just a higher form of health and healthy-looking skin is always considered beautiful. The basic aim of “Swasthavritta” is to keep a healthy person well by preventing sickness. Kumkumadi tailam, an ancient recipe, includes rare ayurvedic ingredients. High-quality saffron oil is called kumkumadi tailam. This special combination of oils and kumkumadi tailam promotes youthful and healthy-looking skin. Kumkumadi tailam might help to heal uneven skin, brighten skin and add radiance1.

Friendly Reminder: The information shared here is for educational purposes only and the reader should consult a registered medical practitioner before implementing any changes to their health routine.

Ingredients of Kumkumadi Tailam

The kumkumadi tailam is made of ingredients mixed in equal amounts (48gms each) given below2:

Other ingredients used are goat milk, sesame oil, Kesar and rose water Q.S.(quantity sufficient). These ingredients are mixed to finally obtain the ayurvedic preparation called kumkumadi tailam. 

Properties of Kumkumadi Tailam

The potential properties of kumkumadi tailam are: 

Potential Uses of Kumkumadi Tailam for Overall Health

Some of the potential uses of kumkumadi tailam are discussed as follows. 

1. Potential Uses of Kumkumadi Tailam for Reducing Discolouration of Lips 

When kumkumadi tailam is applied locally to the lips, it helps to dilate the blood vessels at the affected lip region. As a result, the active ingredient in the herb may easily penetrate the skin and enter the bloodstream through the capillaries at the affected lip areas1.

Nitin Jathar et al. (2020) conducted a study3 on 30 patients suffering from discoloured lips due to smoking. They were treated with kumkumadi tailam by applying it locally. This demonstrated improvement in the lip colour significantly. Since the primary dosha that may cause lip discolouration might be pitta, kumkumadi tailam might improve lip colour by relieving pitta1. This may indicate the potential of kumkumadi tailam in helping in improving lip discolouration. However, there is a need for more studies in this area. You must consult an Ayurvedic physician to understand the exact benefits of the herb for humans. 

Let me tell you about the wonders of kumkumadi tailam. This magical oil can work wonders for your skin! It may act on the inflammation in the top layer of your skin, known as the epidermis. It has chemicals that may change how your skin cells called melanocytes and immune cells behave. By doing so, it might help lighten dark spots and hyperpigmentation2.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

2. Potential Uses of Kumkumadi Tailam for Healing Wounds 

wound healing
Image Source: freepik.com

Many herbs present in the herbal preparation of kumkumadi tailam might have wound-healing properties and anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antibacterial characteristics. Combining these herbs might help stop bleeding in wounds and injuries, heal skin ulcers and expedite the regeneration of the tissue in wounds2. These benefits of this herb in the formulation need to be further evaluated by studies. You must consult a doctor before using any herb for its medicinal benefits. 

3.Potential Uses of Kumkumadi Tailam for Reducing Hyperpigmentation 

Image source: freepik.com

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperpigmentation properties might be present in kumkumadi tailam. The formulation might also exhibit anti-ageing, skin hydration, anti-wrinkle, moisturising benefits and potential improvement in skin texture. Thus, using kumkumadi oil for the face can brighten skin, increase skin softness and decreases pigmentation making the skin radiant. It might also decrease the amount of melanin pigment released. Moreover, it may improve skin lustre while reducing the appearance of scars, dark circles under the eyes and hyperpigmentation1,2.

In my opinion, in addition to its potential benefits of kumkumadi tailam for dark spots and hyperpigmentation. It may also help help those struggling with patchy skin. This Ayurvedic formulation may help manage dryness and improve overall skin texture3.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

4. Potential Uses of Kumkumadi Tailam as a Sunscreen 

Image Source: freepik.com

One of the major kumkumadi oil ingredients is saffron. Golmohammadzadeh et al. (2010) studied4 that saffron present in kumkumadi tailam might have properties that can be used as a natural UV-absorbing agent. Thus, it might be used as sunscreen.  

On regular applications, kumkumadi tailam may also remove the damage caused by prolonged sun exposure like sun tan, blemishes, dark spots, etc. However, the studies conducted on the exact benefits of this formulation are insufficient to prove its benefits. It is better to get professional advice from qualified doctors2.

5. Other Potential Uses of Kumkumadi Tailam 

A stressed person - Different types of stress
Image Source: freepik.com

Several other potential uses of kumkumadi tailam need to be studied further to prove its exact efficacy. Some of these are: 

Though there are studies showing the kumkumadi tailam benefits in various conditions, these are insufficient and there is a need of further studies to establish the true extent of kumkumadi tailam on human health.  

I would suggest giving kumkumadi tailam a try if you’re looking for a natural solution for acne. This ayurvedic product might be beneficial for certain skin disorders, specifically acne5.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

How to Use Kumkumadi Tailam?

To obtain kumkumadi tailam benefits for the skin, you may take some amount of the oil on your palms, and then gently rub it all over the skin regularly for clear and radiant skin. You may gently apply it on affected areas like lips using your fingers for targeted benefits. It is best to apply it before bedtime1,2

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking any kumkumadi tailam supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing modern medical treatment with an ayurvedic/kumkumadi tailam preparation without consulting a qualified doctor.   

Side Effects of Kumkumadi Tailam

Kumkumadi tailam is generally considered safe if used in the recommended dosages. Further, the local application of kumkumadi tailam on lips might not cause side effects such as allergic reactions, itching, etc. However, ayurvedic kumkumadi oil side effects cannot be completely denied as herbs may react differently in each person’s skin depending on their condition and body responses. Therefore, you must consult a qualified Ayurvedic doctor before using any herb for medicinal purposes2.  

Also Read: Cardamom (Elaichi): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!

Precautions to Take with Kumkumadi Tailam

Just like any remedy or treatment, general precautions need to be followed while using kumkumadi tailam. People should take extra precautions before giving them to children, the elderly and pregnant and lactating women. Please do not try to self-medicate with herbs. Ayurvedic herbs may have potential benefits, but it is advisable to consult a qualified Ayurvedic physician before their usage.  

Also Read: Kalmegh: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects, Precautions & More!

Interactions with Other Drugs

The possibility of certain drugs reacting with herbs like kumkumadi tailam cannot be denied. Therefore, you must consult an Ayurvedic physician before using any herbal item in more than the prescribed quantities. Your Ayurvedic physician can appropriately modify the dosage and prescribe as per your current medications, conditions and requirements. 

Also Read: Kodo Millets: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects, And More

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the major ayurvedic ingredients of kumkumadi tailam? 

Several Ayurvedic ingredients are mixed together to make the formulation called kumkumadi tailam. A few major ingredients of the kumkumadi oil are: Kumkuma, Usheera, Kaaleeya, Laksha, Yashtimadhu, Chandana, Nyagrodha, Padmaka, Neelotpala, Manjishta, etc1.

What is the method of preparation of kumkumadi tailam?

To prepare kumkumadi tailam, we first need to prepare a coarse powder of all herbs and soak them in water for a few hours. Further, a kwatha can be prepared by boiling this water with herbs until it is reduced to 1/4th of its volume. Then, this decoction can be filtered. Then you can prepare a herbal paste using herbs like Manjistha, Yashtimadhu, Mahua, Lac and Pattanga. Finally, this herbal paste, sesame oil and goat milk are mixed in a vessel, the mixture is boiled and simmered until the oil remains. Once this oil is taken out, we can mix a paste of saffron with rose water into this oil and preserve it in a glass bottle. This final preparation is called kumkumadi tailam2

Is kumkumadi tailam safe to use? 

If consumed in the proper dosages, kumkumadi tailam is usually regarded as safe. Furthermore, patients may not have any negative side effects from the local application of kumkumadi tailam to their lips, such as allergic reactions, irritation, etc. It is better to consult your ayurvedic physician before using any herb for medicinal purposes. 

Does kumkumadi tailam work as a good sunscreen? 

Kumkumadi tailam might have properties that can be used as a natural UV-absorbing agent. It may also reverse sun damage to some extent. However, these properties have yet to be studied extensively. It would be best if you took advice from a qualified doctor before using it. 

Can we use kumkumadi tailam for wound healing? 

The herbs that combine to form kumkumadi tailam may be effective against bacteria, viruses and generalized inflammation in addition to healing of wounds. Combining these herbs may speed up the process of regeneration of wound tissue, stop untimely bleeding in wounds and heal skin ulcers. However, more studies should be conducted to better assess the advantages of using this herb in the formulation. Before utilising any herb for its therapeutic properties, you must visit a doctor. 

References

  1. Jathar DN, Salunkhe DM, Nalawade RJ. The Efficacy Of Kumkumadi Tailam In Discolouration Of Lips Due To Smoking. IJRAR-International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR). 2020 Nov;7 (4):569-74. Available at: https://ijrar.org/papers/IJRAR19D2706.pdf 
  1. Kapse SK, Dharkar N, Patel M. Critical Review Of Kumkumadi Oil And It’s Role On Vyanga. 2020 Dec;11(2):2159-2164 Available at: https://wjpr.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/article_issue/09c239e085ae065ee48162ac44de2399.pdf 
  2. athar N, Salunkhe MS, Nalawade RJ. The efficacy of Kumkumadi Tailam in discolouration of lips due to smoking. Int J Res Anal Rev (IJRAR). 2020 Nov;7(4):569-574. Available from: https://www.ijrar.org/papers/IJRAR19D2706.pdf
  3. Golmohammadzadeh S, Jaafari MR, Hosseinzadeh H. Does saffron have antisolar and moisturizing effects? Iran J Pharm Res. 2010 Spring;9(2):133-140. PMCID: PMC3862060. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259450201_Does_Saffron_Have_Antisolar_and_Moisturizing_Effects
  4. Prajapati PK, Sharma R, Amrutia A, Patgiri BJ. Physicochemical screening and shelf life evaluation of Kuṅkumādi Ghṛta prepared using Kesara and Nāgakesara. Anc Sci Life. 2017 Jan–Mar;36(3):129–135. doi: 10.4103/asl.ASL_49_15. PMCID: PMC5566823. PMID: 28867856. Available from : https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5566823/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Thyme (Banajwain): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More By Dr. Rajeev Singh 

Introduction

Thyme adds flavor to pasta sauces and enhances them with a delicate taste and smells like summer. It has greenish-grey leaves with a distinct aroma. The scientific name of Thyme is Thymus vulgaris L, and it belongs to the family Lamiaceae. It originates from Southern Europe and countries bordering the Mediterranean. Further, they are also found in many areas with temperate climates. The Greek term for Thyme is derived from the word “to fumigate,” which might refer to the fragrance produced by burning Thyme as incense in ancient Greek temples. Thyme oil consists of high concentrations of phenolic compounds1. Let us read more about thyme and its medicinal properties.  

Nutritional Value of Thyme

Thyme oil consists of high concentrations of phenolic compounds. Among other herbs, fresh thyme has the highest antioxidant activities. It is loaded with multiple phytonutrients, minerals, and vitamins essential for optimum health. The nutritional components of thyme are below1,2

In my opinion, thyme might be a powerhouse of vitamins and nutrients. This rich nutrient profile may play a vital role in boosting the immune system and promoting overall health and well-being6.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Properties of Thyme

Thyme has been studied for its numerous properties that are responsible for health benefits of thyme; some of these properties are mentioned below: 

I encountered an interesting study indicating that thyme may offer potential benefits in reducing pain and muscular spasms associated with primary dysmenorrhea. The results suggest that thyme might be effective in alleviating the severity of pain during menstrual cramps7.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

Potential Uses of Thyme for Overall Health

The phenolic compound thymol is present in thyme and responsible for its antioxidative activity. Some of the potential thyme benefits are as follows2:

1. Potential Uses of Thyme for Respiratory Diseases

cough

Thyme is used in traditional medicine to treat bronchitis, whooping cough, and mucosal inflammation of the respiratory system. It is also said to have antispasmodic, bronchiolitis, and secretomotor qualities. Thyme bath oil is mentioned as a treatment for respiratory problems in the German Commission E study on herbal medicines. These medications may irritate the lungs, causing them to secrete mucus and move their cilia more quickly in the bronchial epithelia, which triggers a decongestive response1. However, Thyme medicinal uses might need further studies to establish its exact efficacy. If you have any respiratory issues, consult your doctor, and do not self-medicate. 

2. Potential Uses of Thyme for its Antibacterial Activity

infection

Prasanth4 et al. 2014 and Saleh5 et al. 2015 analyzed the essential oils derived from thyme for their biological activity and chemical components. The volatile oils of thyme were also examined for their ability to suppress the growth of gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial strains. Further, according to Boruga3 et al. 2014, phenolic chemicals in thyme essential oil may have antibacterial activity2. However, more studies are needed to support these claims. If you have any infections, consult your doctor, and do not self-medicate. 

3. Potential Uses of Thyme to Prevent Brain Deterioration

brain

Both in vitro and in vivo studies explained that thyme possesses phytochemicals influencing the ability to acquire knowledge and understanding through experience, senses, thought, and mood1. However, more studies are needed to support these findings and prove the use of thyme for brain benefits. If you have any brain-related issues, consult your doctor, and do not self-medicate. 

4. Potential Uses of Thyme for Digestive Tract Ailments

digestive system

Traditional remedies have been prepared using thyme combinations to treat digestive tract issues. Very few studies have examined the exact effects of thyme on gastrointestinal tissues, and the results obtained from these studies are also inconsistent. The preclinical findings offer only preliminary proof of thyme advantages for the gastrointestinal tract and frequently vary in experimental design. Further, they employed various samples of thyme and thyme oil and selected thymol and carvacrol may be helpful for digestive tract ailments1. However, much more extensive research is required to state the above-mentioned potential uses. If you have any digestive-related issues, consult your doctor, and do not self-medicate.  

6. Other Potential Uses of Thyme

headache

Through my observations, I have noticed that thyme has been traditionally utilised for its healing properties, particularly in managing cuts, bruises, and scrapes. Products containing thyme might be applied topically to expedite the healing process, while consuming thyme may help reduce inflammation within the body6.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Though studies show the benefits of Thyme in various conditions, these are inadequate, and require more research is required to establish the benefits of Thyme on human health.  

How to Use Thyme?

Thyme may be used in the following ways: 

You must meet a doctor before taking Thyme in large quantities or any other herbal supplements. Likewise, consult a qualified doctor before discontinuing or replacing an ongoing modern medical treatment with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation.  

Side Effects of Thyme

There are no proper side effects related to thyme and its herbal combinations. The Council of Europe added it to its list of food items. Animal studies have also shown its safe usage for culinary purposes.  

It is thus advisable to consult an Ayurvedic physician before using thyme for any medical benefits. Further, if you experience any adverse reactions to thyme, immediately contact a doctor or your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it. They will guide you appropriately for your symptoms. 

Precautions to Take with Thyme

A general precaution to be followed is to avoid health issues. Do not self-medicate, substitute, or discontinue any treatment, as it might have unknown effects. 

Interactions with Other Drugs

GABAergic active constituents (reactions of these constituents might be stimulating or blocking neurotransmission) in thyme might enhance the effects of general anaesthetics. Further, if taken in higher amounts, the constituents of thyme can interact with drug-related enzymes and some medications. Although this is improbable at dietary amounts of intake, it is advisable to meet a doctor before taking any herb for its benefits1.  

Also Read: Lemon (Nimbu): Uses, Benefits, Side effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are vitamins present in thyme, and what are their benefits?  

Thyme comprises certain vitamins that are beneficial for us. The antioxidant benefits of vitamin A are responsible for thyme benefits for the skin, keeping mucous membranes healthy, and improving vision. Vitamin C destroys free radicals that cause inflammation and resists infectious diseases. Vitamin B6, present in the herb, acts as a stress buster. It also includes Vitamin K, Vitamin E, and folic acid2

What is thymol, and what are its major benefits? 

Thymol is one of the most significant essential oils present in thyme. It is well-known for its antifungal and antibacterial qualities2.

Can thyme help in reducing inflammation? 

Regular consumption of thyme might help to reduce inflammation in several conditions. However, this effect needs to be further evaluated for conditions like arthritis. 

What are the potential side effects of thyme? 

It is generally considered safe to use Thyme for culinary and other purposes in small doses. Still, it might show some toxic effects at higher doses, as shown in animal studies. In addition, some studies also show that thyme products might have mild allergic reactions in humans on topical applications. Therefore, an Ayurvedic physician should be consulted for the use of thyme for health effects to understand its exact benefits and possible side effects. 

How can we use Thyme?

Thyme can be used in multiple ways. Most popularly, Thyme is used as seasoning and spice in food preparations. Thyme essential oil might be used for its medicinal benefits, while thyme tea may help reduce inflammation. Thyme combinations can be used in many home remedies. You can also use the herb thyme for cough2. You must follow general precautions. It is advisable not to self-medicate, substitute, or discontinue any treatment, as it might have unknown effects. 

References

  1. Singletary K. Thyme: history, applications, and overview of potential health benefits. Nutrition Today. 2016 Jan 1;51(1):40-9. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/nutritiontodayonline/Fulltext/2016/01000/Thyme_History,_Applications,_and_Overview_of.10.aspx 
  2. Dauqan EM, Abdullah A. Medicinal and functional values of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) herb. Journal of applied biology and biotechnology. 2017 Mar 20;5(2):0-2. Available from: https://jabonline.in/admin/php/uploads/188_pdf.pdf  
  3. Borugă O, Jianu C, Mişcă C, Goleţ I, Gruia AT, Horhat FG. Thymus vulgaris essential oil: chemical composition and antimicrobial activity. J Med Life. 2014;7(Spec Iss 3):56–60. PMID:25870697. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25870697/
  4. Reddy VP, Kandisa RV, Varsha PV, Satyam S. Review on Thymus vulgaris traditional uses and pharmacological properties. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants. 2014;3(4):1000167. doi:10.4172/2167-0412.1000164. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306885675_Review_on_Thymus_vulgaris_Traditional_Uses_and_Pharmacological_Properties
  5. Hosseinzadeh S, Jafarikukhdan A, Hosseini A, Armand R. The application of medicinal plants in traditional and modern medicine: a review of Thymus vulgaris. Int J Clin Med. 2015;6(9):635–642. doi:10.4236/ijcm.2015.69084. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281791419_The_Application_of_Medicinal_Plants_in_Traditional_and_Modern_Medicine_A_Review_of_Thymus_vulgaris
  6. Association of Accredited Naturopathic Medical Colleges (AANMC). Naturopathic Kitchen: The health benefits of thyme. Published August 1, 2021. Available from: https://aanmc.org/naturopathic-kitchen/the-health-benefits-of-thyme/
  7. Salmalian H, Saghebi R, Moghadamnia AA, Bijani A, Faramarzi M, Nasiri Amiri F, Bakouei F, Behmanesh F, Bekhradi R. Comparative effect of Thymus vulgaris and ibuprofen on primary dysmenorrhea: a triple-blind clinical study. Caspian J Intern Med. 2014 Spring;5(2):82–88. PMID:24778782; PMCID:PMC3992233. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3992233/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Lotus Seed: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

Lotus seed is a quick snack to munch on while watching a movie. Lotus seed is also known as lotus nut or kamal seed. The scientific name of lotus seeds is Nelumbinis semen, derived from the lotus plant, Nelumba nucifera. It has been a functional food, medicine and vegetable for about 7000 years. There are two types of dried lotus seeds, one with white peel and the other with brown peel. Lotus seeds have been extensively produced and cultivated in India, Japan and China. Lotus food has been approved as food and medicine by ‘Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China’. Lotus seeds have fewer calories and are a host of nutrients; therefore, they play an essential part in the functions of the body1. Let us look at some of the health benefits of lotus seeds. 

Did you know?

Nutritional Value of Lotus Seed

Lotus seeds may contain several bioactive compounds like alkaloids, glycosides, triterpenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols, polysaccharides, essential oils and many more. Below are the nutritional components of Lotus seeds:

Properties of Lotus Seed

Several studies have shown that lotus seed may have the following properties: 

Beta-galactosidase, a compound found in lotus seeds, can break the lactose molecule of milk and make it lactose-free. From my experience, the combination of lotus seeds and milk may aid lactose-intolerant people7.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Potential Uses of Lotus Seed for Overall Health

Some of the potential uses of lotus seed are: 

1. Potential use of lotus seed for weight management

weight management

Excess weight in the body is due to adipocytes (fat cells). A study1 by Achike et al. in 2011 showed that lotus seeds may inhibit the formation of fat cells and reduce the weight of the fat tissues. In addition, polyphenols found in lotus seeds may improve the lipid profile in the body. However, further studies are required to check if lotus seeds can help to manage weight. Therefore, you must consult your dietician before making any diet changes. 

From my perspective, lotus seeds might be your ally in your weight loss journey. Studies9 suggest that the resistant starch from lotus seed has the potential to decrease the blood sugar level and hence may aid in managing weight.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

2. Potential use of lotus seed for Alzheimer’s disease

alzheimer

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder which results in memory loss and other mental impairments. Lotus seeds may have neuro-protective effects i.e, it may protect the nerve cells from damage as in the case of Alzheimer’s disease. A study1 by Kim et al. in 2014 showed that proanthocyanidins in lotus seeds may reduce brain ageing and cognitive impairment. In addition, lotus seeds may reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease by decreasing the harmful free radicals and accumulation of unnecessary calcium. However, further studies are required to check if lotus seeds can be beneficial in improving the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. You must consult your doctor if you suspect any symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. 

3. Potential use of lotus seed for depression

depression

A study1 by Sugimoto et al. in 2008 showed that bioactive compounds like saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins may help to reduce anxiety and depression. The alkaloids in lotus seeds may increase the time of sleep. Getting good sleep may help manage depression. However, these studies were conducted on mice. Further studies on humans are required to check if lotus seeds may be beneficial for anxiety and depression. 

4. Potential use of lotus seed for microbial infections

infection

A study1 by Tang et al. in 2017 showed that lotus seeds may have anti-microbial properties. Lotus seeds may disrupt the structure and function of the plasma membrane. Additionally, lotus seeds may inhibit the growth of Salmonella sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli., Klebsiella sp., Shigella, and Pseudomonas sp. However, more studies are required to confirm if lotus seeds can be used for microbial infections. You must consult your doctor if you experience any microbial infection. 

5. Potential use of lotus seed for type I and II diabetes

diabetes

A study3 by Mani et al. in 2010 showed that lotus seed might be used in the case of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Various minerals present in lotus seeds may be beneficial for diabetes. For example, zinc in lotus seeds reduces oxidative stress in type 1 diabetes patients and transports glucose to the cells in type 2 diabetes patients. Chromium may increase the number of insulin receptors and glucose metabolism, thereby decreasing blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes patients. However, further studies are required to check if lotus seeds can help to reduce blood glucose levels. You must check your blood sugar levels regularly and consult your doctor in case of abnormal blood sugar levels. 

6. Potential use of lotus seed for cancer

cancer

A study4 by Poornima et al. in 2013 showed that lotus seeds might act against lung cancer. A bioactive compound, nepherine in lotus seed, may kill the cancer-causing cell (apoptosis) and inhibit their growth. However, further studies are required to check if lotus seeds may act against cancer. Therefore, you must consult your doctor if you suspect cancer instead of self-medicating. 

7. Potential use of lotus seed to relieve pain

body pain and aches

A study5 by Chakravarthi et al. in 2009 showed that the flavonoids in the lotus seeds might help to relieve pain. Lotus seeds may inhibit the cyclooxygenase enzyme, which is responsible for releasing pain mediators. However, further studies are required to check if lotus seeds can help relieve pain. Therefore, you must consult your doctor if you experience prolonged pain. 

8. Potential use of lotus seed as an antioxidant

liver health

A study6 by Rai et al. in 2006 showed that flavonoids in lotus seeds might be responsible for their antioxidant potential. The flavonoids may destabilize the harmful free radicals (molecules in the body) and reduce oxidative stress by removing the free radicals from the body. This would reduce the risk of several diseases like diabetes, heart disease, liver disease, etc1. However, more studies are required to check the antioxidant potential of lotus seeds. 

Though studies show the benefits of lotus seed in various conditions, these are insufficient, and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of lotus seed on human health. 

How to Use Lotus Seed?

You can consume lotus seeds in the following ways: 

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking lotus seeds in large quantities or any herbal supplements. Likewise, do not discontinue or replace an ongoing modern medical treatment with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor. 

Lotus seeds are known as a rich source of a compound, phytosterol. I recently read an article suggesting regular consumption of lotus seeds as phytosterol helps to lower cholesterol levels. From my perspective, lotus seeds might be a saviour to help cope with heart diseases8.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Side Effects of Lotus Seed

Excessive consumption of lotus seed may cause the following side effects: 

If you notice any allergic reaction to consuming lotus seed, seek immediate medical attention. First, consult your ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it to you; they will be able to identify the cause and treat it effectively. 

Also Read: Fennel (Saunf) Seeds: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects, and more!

Precautions to Take with Lotus Seed

You must take the following precautions before consuming lotus seeds: 

Consult your doctor before consuming lotus seeds if you have any pre-existing diseases. 

Also Read: Flax seeds (Alsi): Research-Backed Health Benefits

Interactions with Other Drugs

Lotus seeds may interact with diabetic medicines like insulin. You must consult your doctor before you consume lotus seeds if you are on diabetic medicines.

Also Read: Lotus Stem: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the uses of lotus seeds? 

Lotus seeds may be used to relieve pain, manage weight and reduce blood sugar levels. It may be used to reduce depression and anxiety. Lotus seeds can be used for microbial infections, cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. Additionally, lotus seeds can be used to protect the liver1,6. You must consult your doctor if you suspect any of the mentioned conditions instead of self-medicating.  

Can lotus seeds be used to manage weight? 

Yes, lotus seeds are used to manage weight. Lotus seeds may inhibit the formation of fat cells (adipocytes) and reduce the weight of the fat tissues1. However, you must consult your dietician before making any diet changes. 

Which drugs interact with lotus seeds? 

Lotus seeds may interact with diabetic medicines like insulin. You must consult your doctor before you consume lotus seeds if you are on diabetic medicines. 

How can you consume lotus seeds? 

Lotus seeds can be consumed as cooked, uncooked, ripened or raw. Lotus seeds can be used as roasted or ground and boiled into syrups1. You must consult a qualified doctor before taking lotus seeds in large quantities. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor. 

What are the side effects of lotus seeds? 

Excessive consumption of lotus seeds may cause side effects. If you are allergic to nuts and seeds, you may also be allergic to lotus seeds. Lotus seeds may cause constipation, flatulence and bloating. If you notice any allergic reaction to consuming lotus seed, seek immediate medical attention. First, consult your Ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it to you; they will be able to identify the cause and treat it effectively. 

References

  1. Arooj M, Imran S, Inam‐ur‐Raheem M, Rajoka MS, Sameen A, Siddique R, Sahar A, Tariq S, Riaz A, Hussain A, Siddeeg A. Lotus seeds (Nelumbinis semen) as an emerging therapeutic seed: A comprehensive review. Food Science & Nutrition. 2021 Jul;9 (7):3971-87. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/fsn3.2313 
  2. Soumya H, Rachana S, Jasnoor K. A Review on Health Benefits of Lotus Seeds (Nelumbo nucifera). 2019 Dec; 5. 92-96. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337856597_A_Review_on_Health_Benefits_of_Lotus_Seeds_Nelumbo_nucifera 
  3. Mani SS, Subramanian IP, Pillai SS, Muthusamy K. Evaluation of hypoglycemic activity of inorganic constituents in Nelumbo nucifera seeds on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Biological trace element research. 2010 Dec;138 (1):226-37. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12011-010-8614-4 
  4. Poornima P, Weng CF, Padma VV. Neferine, an alkaloid from lotus seed embryo, inhibits human lung cancer cell growth by MAPK activation and cell cycle arrest. Biofactors. 2014 Jan;40 (1):121-31. Available from: https://iubmb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/biof.1115 
  5. Chakravarthi PV, Gopakumar N, Nair AM, Joy AD. Assessment of analgesic activity of red and white lotus seeds (Nelumbo nucifera) in albino rats. Journal of Natural Remedies. 2009 Jun 1:224-7. Available from: https://indianjournalsonline.com/index.php/jnr/article/download/244/244 
  6. Zhu M, Liu T, Zhang C, Guo M. Flavonoids of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) Seed Embryos and Their Antioxidant Potential. J Food Sci. 2017 Aug;82(8):1834-1841. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.13784. Epub 2017 Jun 20. PMID: 28631810. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28631810/
  7. Zhong A, Katrolia P, Zhu C, Kopparapu NK. Preparation of low lactose prebiotic milk using β‑galactosidase from lotus seeds (Nelumbo nucifera). International Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2023;58(5):2609–2617. doi:10.1111/ijfs.16413 [cited 2026 Jan 6]. Available from: https://ifst.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ijfs.16413
  8. Liu D, Pi J, Zhang B, Zeng H, Li C, Xiao Z, Fang F, Liu M, Deng N, Wang J. Phytosterol of lotus seed core powder alleviates hypercholesterolemia by regulating gut microbiota in high‑cholesterol diet‑induced C57BL/6J mice. Food Bioscience. 2023;51:102279. doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102279 [cited 2026 Jan 6]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212429222007386
  9. Punia Bangar S, Dunno K, Kumar M, Mostafa H, Maqsood S. A comprehensive review on lotus seeds (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.): Nutritional composition, health‑related bioactive properties, and industrial applications. Journal of Functional Foods. 2022;89:104937. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2022.104937 [cited 2026 Jan 6]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S175646462200007X

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Ashoka Tree: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!

Introduction

You would come across an Ashoka tree while walking in your building compound or on the streets. The Ashoka tree is considered sacred and legendary in India. In Sanskrit, Asoka or Ashoka means ‘without sorrow’. Ashoka is associated with several traditional beliefs and is sacred to the Hindu God of love, Kamadeva. It is believed that Gautama Siddhartha, the founder of Buddhism, was born under the Ashoka tree. The scientific name of the Ashoka tree is Saraca asoca, which belongs to the Caesalpinaceae family. Ashoka tree is native to India and is found all over India, especially in the Himalayas, Kerala, Bengal and the southern regions. The Ashoka tree has been used extensively in Ayurveda1. Let us look at some of the health benefits of the Ashoka tree. 

Nutritional Value of Ashoka Tree

Ashoka plants may contain several bioactive compounds like saponins, steroids, proteins, carbohydrates, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, and many more1. Ashoka tree leaves and flowers may contain the following components: 

Did you know that in Sri Lanka, the traditional medicine called Asokaristha is used to tackle menstrual disorders like menorrhagia? The key component of this medicinal preparation is the bark of the Ashoka tree. However, additional studies have been conducted to understand the scientific basis behind its effectiveness10.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Properties of Ashoka Tree

Several studies have shown that the Ashoka tree may have the following properties: 

Did you know that the bark of the Ashoka tree might aid various conditions like indigestion, dysentery, piles, irregular menstruation, and sores? And guess what? The dried flowers of the tree may be used in syphilis and haemorrhage11!

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Potential Uses of Ashoka Tree for Overall Health

Some of the potential Ashoka tree uses are: 

1. Potential Use of Ashoka Tree for Cancer

A study3 by Cibin et al. in 2012 showed that flavonoids from Ashoka tree flowers might reduce the number of tumours in skin cancer. This is because it may destabilise the free radicals (harmful molecules in the body) and reduce oxidative degradation of lipids (fats). Additionally, flavonoids from the Ashoka tree may reduce the enzymes like glutathione peroxide, catalase and ornithine decarboxylase, which may be responsible for causing skin cancer. However, these studies were conducted on animals; therefore, further studies on humans are required to check if the Ashoka tree can act against cancer. You must immediately consult your doctor if you suspect any symptoms of cancer. 

2. Potential Use of Ashoka Tree for Bacterial Infections

A study2 by Shirolkar et al. in 2012 showed that catechins in Ashoka tree bark and leaves might show antimicrobial activity. The catechins may inhibit the growth of bacteria. It may act against infections caused by bacteria like E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureas, and many more. However, further studies are required to check if the Ashoka tree may be beneficial for bacterial infections. Therefore, you must consult your doctor if you suspect any bacterial infection. 

3. Potential Use of Ashoka Tree for Heart Diseases

A study5 by Swamy et al. in 2013 showed that bioactive compounds like β-sitosterol and epicatechin in the Ashoka tree might reduce the risk of heart disease. Ashoka tree may reduce bad cholesterol levels by destabilizing the body’s free radicals (harmful molecules) and reduce oxidative degradation of lipids (fats). High cholesterol levels in the body may increase the risk of heart diseases; therefore, antioxidant activity may contribute to protecting the heart. However, further large-scale studies on humans are required to investigate if the Ashoka tree may be beneficial in reducing the risk of heart diseases. Therefore, you must immediately consult your doctor if you suspect any symptoms of heart disease. 

4. Potential Use of Ashoka Tree for Arthritis

A study4 by Gupta et al. in 2014 showed that the flavonoids like quercetin and gallic acid in the Ashoka tree may reduce inflammation caused in arthritis. The inflammation may be reduced by inhibiting the release of inflammatory cytokines (molecules in the body responsible for causing inflammation).  However, further studies are required to check if the Ashoka tree may be beneficial for arthritis. Therefore, you must consult your doctor if you suspect arthritis instead of self-medicating. 

5. Potential Use of Ashoka Tree for Stomach Ulcers

A study6 by Maruthappan et al. in 2009 showed that flowers of the Ashoka tree might help to reduce stomach ulcers. The results suggested that the Ashoka tree may reduce lesions, inflammation and acid secretion to reduce stomach ulcers. However, these studies were conducted on animals; therefore, further large-scale studies on humans are required to check if the Ashoka tree may be beneficial for stomach ulcers. You must consult your doctor if you suspect ulcers. 

6. Potential Use of Ashoka Tree for Diabetes

A study7 by Mishra et al. in 2014 showed that bioactive compounds like phytosterol, flavonoids and saponins in the Ashoka tree might be beneficial for type II diabetes. These bioactive compounds may increase the secretion of insulin (a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels). Additionally, it may reduce blood sugar levels. However, further large-scale studies on humans are required to check if the Ashoka tree may be beneficial for diabetes. You must consult your doctor if you have abnormal sugar levels. 

7. Potential Use of Ashoka Tree for Reducing Pain

A study by Verma et al. in 2010 showed that intake of leaf extracts of the Ashoka tree may help to relieve pain. The bioactive compounds like tannins, triterpenoids, saponin, flavonoids and glycosides in the Ashoka tree might help to reduce pain. However, further studies are required to check if the Ashoka tree may be beneficial in reducing pain. Therefore, you must consult your doctor if you experience pain for a prolonged period. 

8. Potential Use of Ashoka Tree for Depression

A study9 by Gill et al. in 2017 showed that flavonoids and phenols in the Ashoka tree might help to reduce depression. These bioactive compounds may increase the antioxidants in the brain and reduce oxidative stress by destabilizing harmful free radicals. This may reduce the symptoms of depression. However, further large-scale studies on humans are required to check if the Ashoka tree may be beneficial for depression. Therefore, you must consult a doctor if you suspect symptoms of depression. 

Though studies show the benefits of the Ashoka tree in various conditions, these are insufficient, and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of the Ashoka tree on human health. 

It’s interesting to note that the Ashoka tree might be beneficial in detoxifying the body and naturally purifying the blood. This may help to keep skin allergies away. It’s amazing how this natural remedy offers multiple benefits for overall well-being11!

Dr. Smita barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

How to Use Ashoka Tree?

Various parts of the Ashoka tree can be consumed in the following ways1

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking Ashoka tree in large quantities or any herbal supplements. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor. 

Did you know that the Ashoka tree is like a superhero for your skin? Its root, bark, and seed extracts may have incredible powers to tackle a wide range of skin issues! From fighting off acne and eczema to reducing freckles and even enhancing skin complexion, this tree with its various parts might be a true skin saviour12.

Dr. Anuja Bodhare, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Side Effects of Ashoka Tree

Various natural preparations made from parts of the Ashoka tree has no specific side effects. However, if any reaction is noticed on using it, seek immediate medical attention. Consult your ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it to you; they will be able to identify the cause and treat it effectively. 

Also Read: Shilajit: Uses, Benefits & Side Effects By Dr. Anuja Bodhare

Precautions to Take with Ashoka Tree

The following precautions must be taken before consuming the Ashoka tree: 

It is advised to consult your doctor before consuming a preparation made from parts of the Ashoka tree if you have any pre-existing diseases. 

The Ashoka herb has special benefits for the endometrium (lining of the uterus) and uterine muscles. This might make it a helpful uterine tonic for addressing irregular menstrual cycles and avoiding miscarriages.

Dr. Ashok Pal, BAMS

Also Read: Rhubarb: Uses, Benefits, Side effects and More By Dr. Smita Barode  

Interactions with Other Drugs

There is not enough evidence on the interaction of the Ashoka tree with other drugs. Further studies on the interaction of the Ashoka tree are required. Therefore, you must consult your doctor if you are on any other medication before consuming Ashoka tree. 

Also Read: Atibala: Benefits, Side Effects, Precautions & More

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the Ashoka tree medicinal uses? 

There are several medicinal uses of Ashoka tree. Ashoka tree may act against cancer. It may be used for bacterial infections, arthritis, ulcers and depression. Ashoka tree may protect the heart and help to reduce blood sugar levels. Additionally, the Ashoka tree may help to relieve pain. However, you must consult your doctor if you experience symptoms of the mentioned conditions instead of self-medicating. 

How do you consume different parts of the Ashoka tree? 

Various parts of the Ashoka tree can be consumed. The bark of the Ashoka tree can be powdered and consumed with honey. The decoction of the bark of the Ashoka tree can be consumed with milk. Ashoka tree can be consumed as ayurvedic medicines in the form of Asokarishta and Asokaghrita. However, you must consult a qualified doctor before using such preparations. 

What precautions should be taken before consuming any part of the Ashoka tree? 

Pregnant and breastfeeding women should be careful before consuming any parts of the Ashoka tree. People with heart disease should also be careful before consuming any parts of the Ashoka tree. You should consult a doctor before consuming the leaf or flower of the Ashoka tree if you have any pre-existing diseases. 

What are the side effects of consuming a part of the Ashoka tree? 

Various natural preparations made from parts of the Ashoka tree have no specific side effects. However, if any reaction is noticed on using it, seek immediate medical attention. Consult your ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it to you; they will be able to identify the cause and treat it effectively. 

What is the nutritional value of the Ashoka tree?


Ashoka leaves and flowers may contain bioactive compounds like tannins, steroids, proteins, carbohydrates, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids and many more. 

References

  1. Athiralakshmy TR, Divyamol AS, Nisha P. Phytochemical screening of Saraca asoca and antimicrobial activity against bacterial species. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research. 2016;6(2):30-6. Available from: https://www.imedpub.com/articles-pdfs/phytochemical-screening-of-saraca-asoca-and-antimicrobial-activity-against-bacterial-species.pdf 
  2. Shirolkar A, Gahlaut A, Chhillar AK, Dabur R. Quantitative analysis of catechins in Saraca asoca and correlation with antimicrobial activity. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2013 Dec 1;3(6):421-8. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095177913000117 
  3. Sharma M, Sharma A, Soni A, et al. Chemoprevention of skin cancer by the flavonoid fraction of Saraca asoka. J Dermatol Sci. 2009;55(3):226-34. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26677759_Chemoprevention_of_Skin_Cancer_by_the_Flavonoid_Fraction_of_Saraca_asoka#:~:text=and%20fatty%20acids.-,…,6).%20…
  4. Ghatak A, Nair S, Vajpayee A. Evaluation of antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, total flavonoids, and LC-MS characterization of Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De.Wilde. Int J Adv Res. 2015;3(5):318-27. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277477244_Evaluation_of_antioxidant_activity_total_phenolic_content_total_flavonoids_and_LC-MS_characterization_of_Saraca_asoca_Roxb_DeWilde
  5. Prasad S, Younis K, Yousuf O. Investigating potent cardioprotective compounds as ACE inhibitors in Saraca asoca. Toxicol Rep. 2024 Sep 10;13:101731. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101731. PMID: 39309635; PMCID: PMC11416659. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11416659/
  6. Mohan C, Kistamma S, Vani P, Reddy AN. Biological activities of different parts of Saraca asoca, an endangered valuable medicinal plant. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2016;5(3):269-276. Available from: https://www.ijcmas.com/5-3-2016/Ch.%20Mohan,%20et%20al.pdf
  7. Tran N, Pham B, Le L. Bioactive Compounds in Anti-Diabetic Plants: From Herbal Medicine to Modern Drug Discovery. Biology (Basel). 2020 Aug 28;9(9):252. doi: 10.3390/biology9090252. PMID: 32872226; PMCID: PMC7563488. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7563488/
  8. Ghosh A, Saha A, Ghosh D, et al. Analgesic activity of various leaf extracts of Saraca indica Linn. Pharmacognosy Res. 2014;6(2):107-10. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256547569_Analgesic_Activity_of_Various_Leaf_Extracts_of_Saraca_indica_Linn#:~:text=Citations%20(14)-,References%20(15),%2C%202014).%20…
  9. Ahmad SR, Ghosh P. A systematic investigation on flavonoids, catechin, β‑sitosterol and lignin glycosides from Saraca asoca (ashoka) having anti‑cancer & antioxidant properties with no side effect. J Indian Chem Soc. 2021;99:100293. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019452221002934#:~:text=Numerous%20antioxidant%20compounds%20like%20flavonoids%2C%20catechin%2C%20beta%2Dsitosterol%2C,associated%20with%20the%20development%20of%20cancer%20conditions.
  10. Middelkoop TB, Labadie RP. The action of Saraca asoca Roxb. de Wilde bark on the PGH2 synthetase enzyme complex of the sheep vesicular gland. Z Naturforsch C Biosci. 1985 Jul-Aug;40(7-8):523-6. doi: 10.1515/znc-1985-7-812. PMID: 3931371. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3931371/
  11. Smitha GR, Thondaiman V. Reproductive biology and breeding system of Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De Wilde: a vulnerable medicinal plant. Springerplus. 2016 Nov 28;5(1):2025. doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-3709-9. PMID: 27995002; PMCID: PMC5125291. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5125291/
  12. Nyeem MA, Haque MS, Haq MO, Nuruzzaman M, Uddin H, Islam R. Ashoka (Saraca indica) as women friendly plant: A review. Natl J Adv Res. 2017;3(2):03‑07. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355955294_Ashoka_Saraca_indica_as_women_friendly_plant_A_review

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Mustard Seeds (Rai): Benefits, Uses, Side Effects and More By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Introduction

There have been recipes of mustard seeds from 5000 years ago that recommend mustard seeds as an appetizer. The scientific name of brown mustard is Brassica juncea, which belongs to the family Brassicaceae or Cruciferae. Its common name includes Indian mustard, oriental mustard, and sarson. During the old times, mustard was used for snake or scorpion bites in Grece. Whereas leaves, seeds, and seed oil has been used for medicinal purpose in India and China. Let us look at some of the medicinal value of mustard seeds.  

Nutritional Value of Mustard Seeds

Mustard seeds may contain bioactive compounds like sterols, glucosinolates, and isothiocyanates1. Mustard seeds may also contain the following nutritional components: 

Did you know?

  • Mustard seeds contain compounds that have antimicrobial properties, helping to fight against harmful bacteria. source: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  • Mustard seeds are a good source of minerals like calcium, magnesium, and potassium. source: nutritionvalue.org
  • Mustard seeds have been used in traditional medicine to help relieve respiratory conditions like asthma and bronchitis. source: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Properties of Mustard Seeds

Several studies have shown that mustard seeds are beneficial to humans, and a few properties of mustard seeds are:  

Based on certain Ayurvedic literature I read, mustard seeds are mentioned as an ingredient in certain formulations used for specific purposes. These may be inducing vomiting, cleansing the cranial cavity, and administering decoction enemas. These formulations are typically recommended for conditions such as vomiting, mental disturbances, excessive gas, paleness, jaundice, and nasal congestion. It is believed that mustard seeds possess properties that might make them beneficial for addressing these issues12.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Potential Uses of Mustard Seeds (Rai) for Overall Health

Some of the potential mustard seed uses are: 

1. Potential Use of Mustard Seeds as an Antioxidant 

Image Source: freepik.com

A study3 by Das et al. in 2022 showed that mustard seeds might have antioxidant activity. The antioxidant potential of mustard seeds may be due to glucosinolates and omega-3 fatty acids. These compounds may deactivate the free radicals (harmful molecules present in the body) and protect the body from various damages3

2. Potential Use of Mustard Seeds for Diabetes 

diabetes

A study4 by Bi et al. in 2015 showed that carotene and phenolic compounds in mustard seeds might be beneficial for diabetes mellitus. These compounds may release insulin from the pancreas and maintain normal glucose levels. Insulin is a hormone that helps to maintain normal blood sugar levels in the body4. Further studies are yet to be done to check if mustard seeds may be beneficial in the case of diabetes. Check your blood sugar levels regularly and consult your doctor in case of abnormal blood sugar levels. 

3. Potential Use of Mustard Seeds for Cancer 

cancer

A study5 by Ahmed et al. in 2020 showed that mustard seeds might be used for lung cancer. Glucosinolates in mustard seeds may inhibit the growth of cancerous cells and cause their death. It may also protect the DNA from damage5. However, more studies are yet to be done to see if mustard seeds may help against cancer. Cancer is a serious disease; therefore, you must consult your doctor immediately if you suspect any cancer symptoms. Do not self-medicate. 

4. Potential Use of Mustard Seeds for Bacterial and Fungal Infections 

infection

A study6 by Khan et al. in 2016 showed that mustard seeds might possess antibacterial and antifungal activity. Mustard seeds may inhibit the development of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria like E. coli, B. subtilis, and Rhodococcus spp. In addition, mustard seeds may inhibit the activity of fungi like Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Trichoderma harzianum6. However, further large-scale studies are required to check if mustard seeds may act against bacterial and fungal infections. You must immediately consult your doctor if you suspect a bacterial or fungal infection.  

5. Potential Use of Mustard Seeds for Psoriasis

psoriasis

Psoriasis is an inflammatory autoimmune disease. A study7 by Yang et al. in 2013 showed that mustard seeds might fight against psoriasis. Mustard seeds may reduce inflammation caused by psoriasis7. However, more studies are required to check whether mustard seeds may benefit psoriasis. Therefore, you must consult your doctor if you suspect any symptoms of psoriasis. 

6. Potential Use of Mustard Seeds for Neurodegenerative Disorders 

A study11 by Avallone et al. in 2019 showed that mustard seeds might be beneficial to disorders related to the nervous system. Polyunsaturated fatty acids may be beneficial for diseases like Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease3. However, further studies are required to check if mustard seeds may be beneficial for Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Therefore, you must immediately consult your doctor for neurodegenerative disorders. 

7. Potential Use of Mustard Seeds for Reducing Inflammation 

reduces inflammation

A study8 by Bhat et al. in 2013 showed that mustard seeds might help to reduce inflammation. Mustard seeds may inhibit the release of inflammatory mediators (molecules responsible for inflammation8. However, more studies are yet to be done to check the anti-inflammatory activity of mustard seeds. Therefore, you must consult your doctor if you suspect any inflammation. 

8. Potential Use of Mustard Seeds for Reducing Pain 

osteoarthritis

A study8 by Bhat et al. in 2013 showed that mustard seeds might help to reduce pain. It may reduce pain by inhibiting the release of molecules responsible for inflammation and the COX enzyme (that causes pain). This property of mustard seeds was measured on Eddy’s hot plate model8. However, further studies are required to check if mustard seeds can reduce pain. Therefore, you must consult your doctor if you experience pain for a prolonged period. 

Though studies show the benefits of mustard seeds in different conditions, these are insufficient, and need more studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of mustard seeds on human health. 

One intriguing traditional use of mustard seeds that I have come across is their application in certain conditions such as tumours of the thyroid gland and lymphadenitis. In these cases, a paste made from mustard seeds along with other herbs is recommended for external application. This practice suggests that mustard seeds may have some unique properties that are believed to be beneficial in addressing these specific health concerns12.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

How to Use Mustard Seeds?

According to Ayurveda, mustard seeds can be consumed in the following ways: 

You must consult your doctor before taking mustard seeds in large quantities or any herbal supplements. Likewise, consult a qualified doctor before discontinuing or replacing an ongoing modern medical treatment with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation. 

Also Read: Lemon (Nimbu): Uses, Benefits, Side effects By Dr. Smita Barode

From my knowledge and observations, I have noticed that mustard seeds may have a positive effect on relieving symptoms of rheumatic arthritis. Mustard seeds contain certain compounds that possess anti-inflammatory properties, that might help reduce inflammation in the joints and alleviate the associated pain. While this is an interesting finding, it is important to note that further research is needed to fully understand and validate the potential benefits of mustard seeds for rheumatic arthritis12.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

Side Effects of Mustard Seeds

Side effects of mustard seeds, according to Monsalve et al. in 2001, are reported as follows: 

If you notice any reaction from mustard seeds, seek immediate medical attention. First, consult your ayurvedic doctor who has prescribed it; doctors can find the cause and treat it effectively. 

Precautions to Take with Mustard Seeds

The following precautions shall be taken before consuming mustard seeds: 

It is advised to consult your doctor before consuming mustard seeds if you have any pre-existing diseases. 

Interactions with Other Drugs

Mustard seeds may interact with the following drugs: 

You must consult your doctor before consuming mustard seeds if you are undergoing medical treatment. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the health benefits of mustard seeds (Rai)? 

There are several medicinal uses for mustard seeds. It may be used against diabetes, cancer, psoriasis, fungi, and bacteria and act as an antioxidant. It may be used for neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Additionally, it may reduce pain and inflammation1,3,4,5,6,7,8. However, you must consult your doctor; if you experience any above symptoms, consult your doctor and do not self-medicate.  

What are the nutrients in mustard seeds? 

Mustard seeds may contain carbohydrates, proteins, sugars, and fats. It may contain minerals like iron, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, selenium, copper, zinc, and manganese. Mustard seeds may contain vitamins like Vitamin A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, C, E and K1,2.

What are mustard seeds side effects? 

Mustard seeds may cause urticaria (swollen, reddened, and itchy skin), eczema on the hands (skin becomes dry and itchy), asthma, rhinitis (runny nose), angioedema (swelling of the lower layer of skin), oral pruritis (itchy mouth), and wheezing with shortness of breath9. First, meet your ayurvedic doctor who has prescribed it to you; they will be able to identify the cause and treat it effectively. 

Which drugs interact with mustard seeds? 

Mustard seeds may interfere with antacids (used for acidity). It may also interact with warfarin (a drug used to avoid blood clots)10. You must consult your doctor before consuming mustard seeds if you are undergoing medical treatment. 

Are mustard seeds used for diabetes? 

Carotene and phenolic compounds in mustard seeds might be beneficial for diabetes mellitus4. However, consult your doctor in case of abnormal blood sugar levels. 

References

  1. Szollosi R. Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) seeds in health. nuts and seeds in health and disease prevention 2011 Jan 1 (pp. 671-676). Academic Press. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123756886100787 
  1. Spices, mustard seed, ground [Internet]. foodData Central. [cited 2022Dec2]. Available from: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170929/nutrients 
  1. Das G, Tantengco OA, Tundis R, Robles JA, Loizzo MR, Shin HS, Patra JK. Glucosinolates and Omega-3 Fatty Acids from Mustard Seeds: Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. Plants. 2022 Sep 1;11(17):2290. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36079672/
  1. Bi X, Lim J, Henry CJ. Spices in the management of diabetes mellitus. Food chemistry. 2017 Feb 15;217:281-93. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814616313516 
  1. Ahmed AG, Hussein UK, Ahmed AE, Kim KM, Mahmoud HM, Hammouda O, Jang KY, Bishayee A. Mustard seed (Brassica nigra) extract exhibits antiproliferative effect against human lung cancer cells through differential regulation of apoptosis, cell cycle, migration, and invasion. Molecules. 2020 Apr 29;25(9):2069. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/703620 
  2. Khan SA, Shahid S, Jameel M, Ahmad A. In vitro antibacterial, antifungal, and GC-MS analysis of seeds of Mustard Brown. Int j pharm Chem. 2016;6(4):107-5. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303332754_In_vitro_Antibacterial_Antifungal_and_GC-MS_Analysis_of_seeds_of_Mustard_Brown
  3. Yang R, Zhou Q, Wen C, Hu J, Li H, Zhao M, Zhao H. Mustard seed (S inapis A lba L inn) attenuates imiquimod‐induced psoriasiform inflammation of BALB/c mice. The Journal of dermatology. 2013 Jul;40(7):543-52. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23682616/
  4. Bhat SP, Rizvi W, Kumar A. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG FORMULATION AND RESEARCH ANALGESIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF BRASSICA NIGRA L. SEED EXTRACTS. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Waseem-Rizvi/publication/349492482_INTERNATIONAL_JOURNAL_OF_DRUG_FORMULATION_AND_RESEARCH_ANALGESIC_AND_ANTI-INFLAMMATORY_ACTIVITY_OF_BRASSICA_NIGRA_L_SEED_EXTRACTS/links/60332e69299bf1cc26e080b4/INTERNATIONAL-JOURNAL-OF-DRUG-FORMULATION-AND-RESEARCH-ANALGESIC-AND-ANTI-INFLAMMATORY-ACTIVITY-OF-BRASSICA-NIGRA-L-SEED-EXTRACTS.pdf
  5. Monsalve RI, Villalba M, Rodríguez R. Allergy to mustard seeds: the importance of 2S albumins as food allergens. In Internet Symposium on Food Allergens 2001 (Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 57-69). Available from: http://www.food-allergens.de/password/PDF-downloads/complete-articles/3-2-monsalve-et-al.pdf
  6. Commonly used Ethiopian herbs and potential drug interactions – ETHNOMED [Internet]. [cited 2022Dec2]. Available from: https://ethnomed.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Commonly-Used-Ethiopian-Herbs-and-Potential-Drug-Interactions_a11y.pdf 
  7. Avallone R, Vitale G, Bertolotti M. Omega-3 fatty acids and neurodegenerative diseases: new evidence in clinical trials. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Aug 30;20(17):4256. doi:10.3390/ijms20174256. PMID:31480294; PMCID: PMC6747747. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31480294/
  8. Ram Manohar P, Reshmi P, Rohini S. Mustard and its uses in Ayurveda. Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2009;8(3):400–404. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215533380_Mustard_and_its_uses_in_Ayurveda

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Rambutan: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects, and More By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

Rambutan is a fascinating looking red spiky fruit with soft thorns in red, yellow, and green shades. It is also known as a hairy fruit. It is a tropical, ovoid shaped fruit with a red or yellow fruit wall. The Rambutan tree is originally from Malaysia, and its name is derived from the Malay word ‘rambut’ which means hair. Rambutan is popularly grown in India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and some humid parts of the United States. The scientific name of rambutan is Nephelium lappaceum, and it belongs to the family Sapindaceae. Rambutan pulp, seeds and peel have several bioactive compounds that may benefit food, pharmaceuticals, medicine, and cosmetics advances1. Let us glance through some of the benefits of eating rambutan and experience the unique rambutan taste, characterized by its sweet and juicy profile with hints of floral notes.

Nutritional Value of Rambutan

Rambutan seeds, peel and pulp may contain several bioactive compounds like polyphenols, including ellagitannins, geraniin, corilagin, and ellagic acid. It may contain fatty acids like arachidonic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid and many more1. Furthermore, Rambutan fruit may contain the following nutrients: 

Did you know?

Properties of Rambutan

Several studies have shown that rambutan may have the following properties: 

Rambutan seeds are roasted and eaten as snacks in the Philippines. Munching on these seeds as a morning or evening snack not only satisfies your taste buds but also offers rambutan benefits for health and well-being14.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Potential Benefits of Rambutan For Overall Health

Some of the potential rambutan benefits are: 

1. Potential Benefits of Rambutan as an Antioxidant

Rambutan

A study3 by Hernàndez et al. in 2017 showed that rambutan might be an antioxidant. The antioxidant potential of rambutan may be due to phytochemical compounds like phenols, flavonoids, corilagin, geraniin, and ellagic acid. These compounds may deactivate the free radicals (harmful molecules present in the body) and protect the body from various damages. 

2. Potential Benefits of Rambutan for Cancer

cancer

A study by Perumal et al. in 2020 showed that rambutan might act against breast, bone, cervical and liver cancer. The anticancer activity of rambutan may be due to bioactive compounds like flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids and other phenolic compounds like geraniin. Rambutan benefits may show apoptosis (kill the cancer cells) and inhibit their growth. However more studies are required to check if rambutan can be used against cancer. Cancer is a serious disease therefore, you must consult your doctor if you suspect cancer instead of self-medicating. 

3. Potential Benefits of Rambutan for Reducing Sugar Levels

regulates blood sugar

Rambutan is a delicious tropical fruit that might offer potential benefits for diabetes management. A study by Muhtadi et al. in 2016, conducted on rats, suggested that bioactive compounds found in rambutan, such as catechin, quercetin, polyphenols, geraniin, and tannins, could contribute to reducing blood sugar levels. These compounds may help inhibit glucose absorption by the cells and stimulate insulin secretion, potentially assisting in the maintenance of normal blood sugar levels. It’s important to note that this study was conducted on animals, and further research on humans is needed to confirm the potential rambutan benefits for diabetes. If you have diabetes it’s essential to monitor your blood sugar levels regularly and consult with your healthcare provider for appropriate guidance.

4. Potential Benefits of Rambutan for Dengue

mosquito

A study6 by Ahmad et al. in 2015 showed that geraniin in rambutan might have anti-viral activity and act against DENV-2 (dengue virus type-2). Geraniin may inhibit the attachment of the dengue virus to the body cells and may also interfere with a viral protein (E protein) to disrupt the infection process. However, further studies are required to check if rambutan may act against the dengue virus. Therefore you must immediately consult your doctor if you suspect any symptoms of dengue. 

5. Potential Benefits of Rambutan to Reduce Inflammation

reduces inflammation

A study7 by Chingsuwanrote et al. in 2015 showed that the polyphenols in rambutan might reduce inflammation. The polyphenols may inhibit the secretion of TNFα, an inflammatory cytokine (molecules in the body responsible for inflammation). However, more studies are required to check if rambutan has anti-inflammatory properties. 

6. Potential Benefits of Rambutan for Bacterial Infections

infection

A study8 by Phuong et al. in 2020 showed that bioactive compounds in rambutan, like tannins, corilagin, geraniins, and ellagic acid, may possess antibacterial activity. Various bioactive compounds have different ways of showing their antibacterial activity. Tannins may change the structure of the cell wall and cell membrane. Ellagic acid may attach to the cell wall and destabilize it. Corilagin may inhibit the growth of bacteria by disrupting cell permeability. However, more large scale studies are required to check the antibacterial effect of rambutan. Therefore you must consult your doctor if you suspect a microbial infection. 

7. Potential Benefits of Rambutan for Controlling Blood Pressure

A study9 by Fang et al in 2018 suggested that rambutan fruit benefits might extend to lowering blood pressure. Specifically, geraniin found in rambutan may play a role in reducing blood pressure by decreasing the release of noradrenaline (a hormone that increases blood pressure) and relaxing tension in the blood vessels. Further research involving human subjects is needed to confirm these effects. It’s essential to consult your doctor if you have abnormal blood pressure instead of attempting self-medication.

Though studies show the benefits of rambutan in various conditions, these are insufficient, and there is a need for further studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of rambutan on human health. 

Researchers are evaluating the anti-HIV, anti-dengue and anti-allergic properties of Rambutan. These activities have been observed during lab trials more research is needed to support these claims14.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

How to Use Rambutan?

Rambutan can be consumed in the following way: 

You must consult a qualified doctor before taking large quantities of Rambutan or other herbal supplements. Likewise, do not discontinue or replace an ongoing treatment of modern medicine with an ayurvedic/herbal preparation without consulting a qualified doctor. 

Side Effects of Rambutan

Rambutan side effects are reported as follows: 

If you notice any reaction by consuming rambutan, seek immediate medical attention. First, consult your ayurvedic physician who has prescribed it to you; they will be able to identify the cause and treat it. 

Precautions to Take with Rambutan

The following precautions can be taken before consuming rambutan: 

It is advised to consult your doctor before consuming if you have any pre-existing diseases. 

Conclusion

There is not enough evidence on the interaction of rambutan with other drugs. Further studies on the interaction of rambutan are required. Therefore you must consult your doctor if you are on any other medication before consuming rambutan. 

Also Read: Nirgundi: Benefits, Uses, Side Effects & More!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are Rambutan fruit side effects? 

Rambutan may cause nausea and vomiting, angioedema (swelling of the lower layer of skin), urticaria (swollen, reddened, and itchy skin), flushing of the skin (sudden redness of the skin), chest tightness, and wheezing11

Is Rambutan good for diabetes? 

Bioactive compounds in rambutan, like catechin, quercetin, polyphenols, geraniin, and tannins, may help to reduce blood sugar5. However, you must check your blood sugar levels regularly and consult your doctor in case of abnormal blood sugar levels

What precautions must be taken with Rambutan?

Rambutan is considered safe, but pregnant and breastfeeding mothers shall take precautions before consuming rambutan12. Saponins and tannins are phytochemicals, and they are biologically active compounds. But in a few cases, saponins and tannins may be toxic to a few people. In addition, rambutan seeds may be narcotic (causes sleepiness and affects mood)13. It is advised to consult your doctor if you have any pre-existing diseases before consuming. 

Can Rambutan seeds be eaten?

Rambutan seeds are generally not recommended for consumption as they can be bitter and potentially toxic. It’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized guidance regarding your dietary choices and potential risks associated with consuming rambutan seeds.

Can Rambutan cause sore throat?

While rambutan consumption is not commonly associated with sore throat, individual reactions may vary. If you experience a sore throat after consuming rambutan or suspect any adverse reactions, it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for a personalized assessment and guidance.

Can Rambutan make you sick?

Consuming rambutan is generally safe for most individuals. However, if you experience digestive discomfort, allergies, or any adverse reactions after consuming rambutan, it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for a proper assessment and personalized guidance to determine the cause of the illness.

Can Rambutan increase uric acid?

Rambutan is not a known food source that significantly increases uric acid levels. However, individual reactions can vary, and those with gout or uric acid concerns should consume it in moderation and monitor their own body’s response. If you have specific health concerns, consulting a healthcare professional is advisable for personalized guidance.

Are Rambutans good for dogs?

Rambutan should be avoided for dogs as it can pose a choking hazard due to its large seed and may not provide significant nutritional benefits for them. It’s best to consult with a veterinarian for guidance on safe and appropriate treats for your pet.

Can Rambutan cause stomach pain?

Rambutan is typically safe to eat, but for some individuals, overconsumption or sensitivity to certain compounds in the fruit might lead to stomach discomfort or pain. If you experience stomach pain after consuming rambutan, consult a healthcare professional to rule out any allergies or sensitivities and to ensure it aligns with your dietary choices.

Can Rambutan cause constipation?

While rambutan is generally not associated with causing constipation, excessive consumption or dietary factors could potentially lead to this issue in some individuals. If you encounter constipation after eating rambutan, consult a healthcare professional to assess your dietary choices and address any underlying causes.

Can Rambutan cause acne?

Rambutan is not commonly linked to causing acne. However, an individual’s skin reactions can vary, and it’s possible that consuming rambutan, especially in excessive amounts, might lead to skin issues for some people. Consulting a healthcare professional or dermatologist can help identify any specific triggers and address potential skin concerns.

Can Rambutan cause cough?

Rambutan is not a known cause of cough. Coughing can result from various factors such as infections, allergies, or irritants. If you experience persistent coughing after consuming rambutan, consult a healthcare professional to rule out any allergies or underlying respiratory issues.

Can Rambutan cause miscarriage?

There is no scientific evidence to suggest that rambutan can cause a miscarriage. However, during pregnancy, it’s crucial to be cautious about your dietary choices and consult a healthcare professional for guidance on safe and healthy eating practices to support a healthy pregnancy.

Can Rambutan cause diarrhea?

Rambutan consumption is generally safe, but excessive intake may lead to diarrhea in some individuals due to its natural sugars and dietary fiber. If you experience persistent or severe diarrhea after eating rambutan, consult a healthcare professional to assess any underlying issues and ensure proper hydration and dietary choices.

How to eat Rambutan?

To eat rambutan, start by making a shallow cut around the circumference of the fruit’s skin, being careful not to cut too deep. Then, gently twist the fruit open, revealing the juicy flesh inside. Remove the seed and enjoy the sweet and slightly tangy fruit.

Is Rambutan a tree nut?

No, rambutan is not a tree nut. It is a tropical fruit belonging to the Sapindaceae family and is botanically related to lychee and longan. While it may trigger allergies in some individuals, it is not classified as a tree nut allergen.

References

  1. Hernández-Hernández C, Aguilar CN, Rodríguez-Herrera R, Flores-Gallegos AC, Morlett-Chávez J, Govea-Salas M, Ascacio-Valdés JA. Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.): Nutritional and functional properties. Trends in food science & technology. 2019 Mar 1;85:201-10. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/391314241_Antiviral_Activity_of_Rambutan_Peel_Polyphenols_Obtained_Using_Green_Extraction_Technology_and_Solvents
  2. Rambutan, canned, syrup pack [Internet]. FoodData Central. [cited 2022Dec1]. Available from: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/168167/nutrients 
  3. Hernández C, Ascacio-Valdés J, De la Garza H, Wong-Paz J, Aguilar CN, Martínez-Ávila GC, Castro-López C, Aguilera-Carbó A. Polyphenolic content, in vitro antioxidant activity and chemical composition of extract from Nephelium lappaceum L.(Mexican rambutan) husk. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2017 Dec 1;10(12):1201-5. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1995764517311641 
  4. Perumal A, AlSalhi MS, Kanakarajan S, Devanesan S, Selvaraj R, Tamizhazhagan V. Phytochemical evaluation and anticancer activity of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) fruit endocarp extracts against human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2) cells. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021 Mar 1;28(3):1816-25. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319562X2030680X 
  5. Muhtadi M, Haryoto H, Sujono TA, Suhendi A. Antidiabetic and antihypercholesterolemia activities of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) and durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) fruit peel extracts. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2016 Apr 30;6(4):190-4. Available from: https://japsonline.com/admin/php/uploads/1848_pdf.pdf 
  6. Ahmad SA, Palanisamy U, Tejo BA, Hassan SS. Geraniin extracted from the Nephelium lappaceum (rambutan) rind inhibits dengue virus type-2. International conference and expo on drug discovery and designing, Frankfurt 2015. Available from: https://www.longdom.org/conference-abstracts-files/2169-0138.S1.008-024.pdf 
  7. Chingsuwanrote P, Muangnoi C, Parengam K, Tuntipopipat S. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of durian and rambutan pulp extract. International Food Research Journal. 2016 Aug 1;23(3). Available from: http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my/23%20(03)%202016/(5).pdf 
  8. Phuong NN, Le TT, Van Camp J, Raes K. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) peel extracts. International journal of food microbiology. 2020 May 16;321:108539. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168160520300337 
  9. Phang SC, Palanisamy UD, Kadir KA. Effects of geraniin (rambutan rind extract) on blood pressure and metabolic parameters in rats fed high-fat diet. Journal of integrative medicine. 2019 Mar 1;17(2):100-6. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095496419300081 
  10. Thulaja NR. Rambutan [Internet]. Infopedia. [cited 2022Dec1]. Available from: https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=f5af61c8-6be6-4ec3-bc4e-d6a4c08c55b8
  11. Jirapongsananuruk O, Jirarattanasopa N, Pongpruksa S, Vichyanond P, Piboonpocanun S. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as a major allergen in rambutan-induced anaphylaxis. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 2011 Jun 1;106(6):545-7. Available from: https://www.annallergy.org/article/S1081-1206(11)00188-8/abstract 
  12. Diana R, Rachmayanti RD, Anwar F, Khomsan A, Christianti DF, Kusuma R. Food taboos and suggestions among Madurese pregnant women: a qualitative study. Journal of Ethnic Foods. 2018 Dec 1;5(4):246-53. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352618118301446 
  13. Rambutan Nephelium lappaceum L. Euphoria nephelium DC. Dimocarpus crinita Lour. [Internet]. Rambutan. [cited 2022Dec2]. Available from: https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/rambutan.html
  14. Afzaal M, Saeed F, Bibi M, Ejaz A, Shah YA, Faisal Z, Ateeq H, Akram N, Asghar A, Shah MA. Nutritional, pharmaceutical, and functional aspects of rambutan in industrial perspective: An updated review. Food Sci Nutr. 2023 Apr 19;11(7):3675-3685. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.3379. PMID: 37457167; PMCID: PMC10345721. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10345721/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Red Sandalwood: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More By Dr. Smita Barode

Introduction

Red Sandalwood, commonly called Raktachandan or Red Sanders. It is scientifically known as Pterocarpus santalinus and belongs to the family Fabaceae. Red Sandalwood is a highly-valued wood having a commercial value ranging from eight lakh to twelve lakhs per ton as per Government rates. It is a small-sized tree with a hard, dark purple wood part at the centre called the heartwood, which has a bitter flavour. The Raktachandan tree is native to India and is well distributed in dry and hilly regions of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, West Bengal and Maharashtra. Red Sandalwood is considered sacred in Hindu culture and is extensively used for many rituals. Hence, red Sandalwood has different common names, such as Lal Chandan, Yerra Chandanamu, Tambada Chandana, Agaru Gandhami, Rakt Chandan, Patrangam, etc1,2.​​ Read along to learn more about the health benefits of red Sandalwood, its bioactive components, properties, uses and more. 

Bioactive Compounds of Red Sandalwood

Red Chandan may include the following minerals: 

The major bioactive compound of Red Sandalwood may be santalin which imparts a distinct red colour. Red Chandan may also contain biologically active compounds like phenols, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, triterpenoids, sterols, tannins, isoflavones, glucosides, savinin and calocedrin1,2

Properties of Red Sandalwood

Red Sandalwood may have the following properties: 

Potential Uses of Red Sandalwood

Red Sandalwood may benefit human health2. The following may be the potential uses of Red Sandalwood: 

1. Potential Uses of Red Sandalwood for Skin

skin

A study2 by Sandra et al. in 1996 found that red Sandalwood for the face may reduce skin diseases. Red sandalwood powder may have antibacterial effects against certain bacteria causing acne and pimples reducing the chances of getting acne or pimple. A freshly made Lal Chandan paste may contain the bioactive compound santalin A and santalin B. When applied on the face, it may help relieve the itchy red rash and mild swelling of the skin. Red Sandalwood may also reduce prickly heat due to its anti-microbial activity. However, further clinical studies are required to develop a true scope of red Sandalwood for skin diseases. If you have skin abnormalities, consult a dermatologist. Do not self-medicate. 

I highly recommend the use of red sandalwood in your daily skincare routine. Red sandalwood might be your ally in your journey to flawless skin. Because of its cooling qualities, red sandalwood may aid in the eradication of tan and dryness. Apply red sandalwood paste on the skin and witness astonishing transformations gradually6.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

2. Potential Uses of Red Sandalwood for Diarrhoea and Dysentery

digestion problems

Red Sandalwood may relieve your issues related to your stomach. According to Kondeti et al., 20101, the decoction infusion made from Lal Chandan may be used as a tonic to relieve chronic dysentery. In addition, the red sandalwood bark powder may have cooling properties. It may be used to prepare soft porridge and to stop diarrhoea. Furthermore, studies are needed in humans to suggest the true effects of red Sandalwood for managing diarrhoea in humans. Therefore, consult your doctor in case of stomach-related problems. Do not self-medicate. 

3. Potential Uses of Red Sandalwood for Inflammation

reduces inflammation

An animal study3 by Ratnamraju et al. (2018 found that red Sandalwood may have anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. It may help reduce inflammation as well as the pain associated with it. When the animals were given the decoction of Lal Chandan powder, it showed positive results against acute inflammation compared with the standard drug ibuprofen. Hence, red Sandalwood may be effective against inflammation. However, this study is insufficient as it is an animal study. Therefore, more human studies are needed to claim the uses of red Sandalwood. Consult a qualified physician and do not self-medicate. 

4. Potential Uses of Red Sandalwood for Diabetes

diabetes

Red Sandalwood may have a blood sugar-lowering ability. Lal Chandan may be used as a traditional, Folklore medicine to manage diabetes. As per Nagaraju et al. in 1991, drinking water in cups made from Red Sandalwood may be beneficial against diabetes. Another study by Apparao et al. in 2005 found that Red Sandalwood might benefit blood glucose levels by reducing the high levels of fats or lipids due to diabetes1,2. Thus, Lal Chandan may be used for managing diabetes in humans. However, the latest interventions on humans are needed to suggest the benefits of red Sandalwood for diabetes. If you have a diabetes problem consult a doctor and do not self-medicate.  

Other Potential Uses of Red Sandalwood

Snake bite

Though studies show the potential uses of red Sandalwood in various conditions, these are insufficient and there is a necessity for further studies to develop the scope of the benefits of red Sandalwood on human health.  

I recently read an article that suggests using sunscreen containing extracts of red sandalwood may give better sun protection. The red sandalwood has natural colouring properties along with better UV absorption nature5.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S M.D (Ayu)

How to Use Red Sandalwood?

Red Sandalwood may be classified as a spice extract due to its santalin compound, which gives it a red colour. You may use Red Chandan: 

You should consult a qualified doctor before using red Sandalwood in large quantities. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing modern medical treatment with an ayurvedic/herbal red sandalwood preparation without consulting an Ayurvedic doctor. They will guide you with its form and dosage per your health condition. 

Side Effects of Red Sandalwood

Red Sandalwood in minimum amounts might be safe. However, a case report4 by Sandra et al., 1996 found that red Sandalwood may develop allergic contact dermatitis (inflammation). In addition, the side effects of red sandalwood powder on face may cause itchy erythema (skin redness) and mild oedema(swelling).​ If any side effects are seen after using red Sandalwood, immediately consult your doctors and get proper treatment. 

Also Read: Akarkara (Pellitory): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects & More!

Precautions to Take with Red Sandalwood

Using Lal Chandan in larger amounts is not recommended. The following precautions are necessary:  

Also Read: Chironji (Charoli): Uses, Benefits, Precautions, Side Effects & More!

Interactions with Other Drugs

More studies are required to establish the interactions between red Sandalwood and drugs. Therefore, one must take medical consultations with an Ayurvedic doctor. They will guide you to use red Sandalwood as a herb.  

Also Read: Kutajarishta: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects, and More!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the common names of Red Sandalwood? 

The common names of Red Sandalwood are Raktachandan, Red Sanders, Lalchandan, Patrangam, Ratha sandanam, Tambada Chandana, Agaru gandhami and Yerra chandanamu1.  

What are the side effects of Red Sandalwood? 

The side effects of red Sandalwood may be itchy erythema (redness) or oedema (swelling) in affected areas4. If any side effects appear, consult a doctor and get appropriate treatment. 

What are the properties of Raktachandan powder? 

The properties of Raktachandan powder may include anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties3

What are Red Sandalwood’s medicinal uses for diabetes? 

Red Sandalwood benefits may help reduce high blood sugar levels. It may reduce the high lipid levels in the body, which might affect glucose levels. If you drink water in cups made from Red Sandalwood, it might be effective against diabetes1.2. However, diabetes is a very serious condition it requires proper diagnosis and treatment. Do not self-medicate. 

What is the main component of Red Sandalwood? 

The main component of Red Sandalwood is called santalin, which imparts a distinct dark red colour1

References

​​1. Azamthulla M, Rajkapoor B. A Review on Pterocarpus Santalinus Linn. World J Pharm Res. 2015;4(2):282–92. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammad-Azamthulla-2/publication/319930091_A_REVIEW_ON_PTEROCARPUS_SANTALINUS_LINN/links/59c1f8e3a6fdcc69b92bd26f/A-REVIEW-ON-PTEROCARPUS-SANTALINUS-LINN.pdf 

​2. Soundararajan V. A Review on Red Sanders (Pterocarpus Santalinus Linn.) -Phyto-Chemistry and Pharmacological Importance. World J of Pharm And Pharma Sci. 2016. p. 667–89. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344360474_A_REVIEW_ON_RED_SANDERS_PTEROCARPUS_SANTALINUS_LINN_-PHYTO-CHEMISTRY_AND_PHARMACOLOGICAL_IMPORTANCE 

​3. Ratnamraju V, Dhande P, Gupta A, Vaz N. Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activity of Oral Decoction of Pterocarpus Santalinus Bark Wood Powder in Acute Inflammation Model. Interna J of Pharma Sci and Res. 2018;9(10):4368–72. Available from: https://ijpsr.com/bft-article/anti-inflammatory-and-analgesic-activity-of-oral-decoction-of-pterocarpus-santalinus-bark-wood-powder-in-acute-inflammation-model/ 

​4. Sandra A, Shenoi S, Srinivas C. Allergic contact dermatitis from red sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus). Contact Dermatitis [Internet]. 1996 [cited 2022 Dec 6];34(1). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8789238/ 

5. Nanda S, Madan K. Augmentation of aesthetic and antisolar attributes of a sunscreen cream by methanolic extract of Raktchandan (Pterocarpus santalinus). Indian Drugs. 2022 Jun;59(6):67-70. Available from: https://tinyurl.com/4jsk4d9k

6. Banerjee, D., Kumar, M., & Mukopadayay, S. (2022). Formulation and evaluation of herbalbody lotion: A review. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S2), 13342²13349. Available from: https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/431153-formulation-and-evaluation-of-herbal-bod-8073cacb.pdf

​ Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Almond Oil: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Introduction

Almond oil is an edible, essential oil densely packed with a variety of nutrients that are beneficial for our health. If you are looking for a versatile oil, you must try almond oil. Almond oil is plentiful as the almond trees are cultivated as wild trees in the tropical forest and the cold and temperate regions of India, the Saharan plains, Iran, Turkey and Nepal. The oil is scientifically called Oleum amygdalae. It is prepared from two varieties of Prunus dulcis almonds, sweet and bitter. It is an oil composed of glycerine and oleic acid with a mild odour and a slightly nutty taste. Production of almond oil is an important business globally. Almond oil is produced through the separation processes of extraction and expression1,2.​​ Let’s get to know more about this bountiful oil and how we can bring it to our home!

Did you know?

  • Almond oil is rich in vitamin E, which helps protect the skin from damage. source: USDA
  • It has been found that almond oil can help reduce the appearance of stretch marks. source: USDA
  • Almond oil is a good source of monounsaturated fats, which can help lower bad cholesterol levels. source: USDA
  • Studies have shown that almond oil can help improve hair health and promote hair growth. source: USDA

Nutritional Value of Almond Oil

Almond oil has an abundant source of micronutrients and macronutrients. It contains bioactive compounds such as monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids, phytosterols, tocopherol and oleic acid. It is also enriched with alpha-tocopherol, beta-zoosterol and squalene4​.​ 

Nutritional value of Almond Oil per 100 grams3.​​

Properties of Almond Oil

Almond oil has been used in complementary medicine systems for its immense health benefits. The following are a few properties of almond oil: 

I recently read an article that says, with a high concentration of mono-unsaturated fatty acids, almond oil may assist with constipation and irritable bowel syndrome while also reducing the pace at which carbohydrates are absorbed in the stomach and improving insulin sensitivity5.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Potential Uses of Almond Oil

The following may be the potential benefits of eating almond oil: 

1. Potential Uses of Almond Oil for Heart Health

heart

Almond oil may help reduce the chances of developing heart disease. Almond oil may have antioxidant properties, eliminating free radicals and stopping bad cholesterol formation. Recent clinical trials by Jenkins et al. done in 2022 suggest that almond oil may show that when added to a daily diet, it may significantly reduce bad cholesterol and triglycerides and increase the blood levels of good cholesterol in healthy volunteers. It might enhance dyslipidaemia and endothelial function and reduce heart disease risk2,4. However, more studies are needed to conclude the benefits of almond oil for heart health. If you have heart problems, it is advisable to consult a doctor.

2. Potential Uses of Almond Oil in Diabetes

diabeties
Image Source: freepik.com

An animal model study4 (Al-Attar et al., 2020) found that the consumption of almond oil may normalize blood glucose. It may have a blood glucose-lowering effect related to reducing glucose absorption through the gut rather than altering insulin levels. This may be because of the lipid portion of the almond oil that may help decrease glucose levels. However, there is a requirement for research on humans to ensure that almond oil benefits diabetes. If you have diabetes, consult a doctor and get proper treatment.

3. Potential Uses of Almond Oil for Skin

good for skin

Ayurveda describes many uses of almond oil for skin. Almond oil is used topically by aromatherapists, beauticians and masseuses due to its high vitamin E level. It contains oleic and linoleic acids, vitamin B and zinc that might support the nourishment of skin. A study2 done by Cantor et al. in 2006 found that almond oil may help enhance dry skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis. Additionally, it may help soothe and revitalise the skin, boosting its tone and complexion. However, it’s best to consult a doctor before using it instead of self-medicating. 

4. Potential Uses of Almond Oil in Cancer

cancer
Image Source: freepik.com

An animal study2,4 by Iwahashi 2001 et al. suggests that the inclusion of almond oil in a diet may help reduce the chances of colon cancer. It may have anti-proliferative effects that might control the spread of cancerous cells in the body. It might also help fight with breast cancer and colorectal cancer. The American practitioner, Cayce suggested the implementation of almond oil in the staple diet as it benefits people with colon cancer. Almond oil may also have free-radical scavenging activity that might help in cancer. More clinical studies may ascertain the benefits of almond oil for alleviating cancer in humans. 

5. Potential Uses of Almond Oil for Brain Health

brain

Almond oil may be used as a massage oil during aromatherapy. It may show a positive outcome on the quality of life of patients. According to Moradi et al., 2020,  almond oil may help reduce stress, depression, anxiety and fatigue, as well as it may improve the sleep quality of an individual. Almond oil may be enriched with omega-3 fatty acids to help enhance memory functions1,4. However, more studies are needed to develop the benefits of almond oil for brain health. If you have any brain-related symptoms, take a medical consultation for an adequate line of treatment. 

6. Other Potential Uses of Almond Oil

Image Source: freepik.com

Though studies show the potential uses of almond oil in various conditions, these are insufficient, and there is a necessity for further studies to develop the scope of the benefits of almond oil on human health. Additionally, each person may respond differently to these herbs. It is essential to have a doctor’s advice before using almond oil for any medical condition. 

I recently read an article suggesting that owing to the presence of several phytochemicals, including phytosterol, flavonoids, and polyphenols of phenolic acids, almond oil has shown to have antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties. This property may help with cancer6.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

How to Use Almond Oil?

You may use almond oil as listed below: 

You should consult a qualified doctor before having almond oil in large quantities. Do not discontinue or replace an ongoing modern medical treatment with an Ayurvedic/herbal preparation of almond oil without consulting an Ayurvedic physician. They will guide you with its best form and dosage per your health condition. 

If you have a blocked ear canal due to earwax that doesn’t fall out on its own, I might suggest you try almond oil. Put 2 to 3 drops of almond oil in your ear 3 to 4 times a day for 3 to 5 days. However, it’s important to consult a doctor before trying this on your own7.

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

Side Effects of Almond Oil

Despite the advantages of almond oil, it may cause certain side effects. Given below are a few side effects of almond oil: 

Also Read: Badam Pisin (Almond Gum): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects & More

Precautions to Take with Almond Oil

Having almond oil in controlled quantities might be safe. However, its consumption in larger amounts may cause harm. Therefore, it’s mandatory to keep the following precautions in mind:  

Also Read: 7 Incredible Benefits Of Chia Seed Oil

Interactions with Other Drugs

More clinical research is required to know the interactions of almond oil with other drugs. Therefore, people should take medical advice from an Ayurvedic doctor. They will guide you toward the best way to have almond oil.

Also Read: Walnut Oil: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects By Dr. Smita Barode

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the vitamins present in almond oil? 

Vitamins present in almond oil include vitamin E and vitamin K4.

What is almond oil? 

Almond oil is scientifically referred to as Oleum amygdalae. It is prepared from sweet and bitter varieties of Prunus dulcis almonds. Almond oil is prepared as a glyceryl oleate (glycerine) with a mild odour and a slightly nutty taste2.

Does almond oil reduce bad cholesterol? 

Yes. The health benefits of almond oil may be related to reducing high cholesterol levels. It may benefit heart health by decreasing bad cholesterol levels and increasing the levels of good cholesterol2.

Why should wild forms of almonds be handled with care? 

According to the Ancient Chinese, Ayurvedic and Greco-Persian Medicine systems, almond oil may be used for managing dry skin conditions such as psoriasis. Almond oil may have moisturising and emollient properties that might help enhance skin condition, thereby providing soft and healthy skin2.

References

  1. ​​Chimezie Akubude-, Egwuonwu C, Ajala O, Akubude, Olaniyan A, Ajala E, et al. Almond oil: powerhouse of nutrients Soil use patterns in Nigeria View project Biodiesel Project View project Almond oil: powerhouse of nutrients. CIGR. 2020;22(3):190–201. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vivian-Akubude-Usha/publication/345311256_Almond_oil_powerhouse_of_nutrients/links/5fa2c3aaa6fdcc06241253a8/Almond-oil-powerhouse-of-nutrients.pdf 
  2. Ahmad Z. The uses and properties of almond oil. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2010;16(1):10–2. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20129403/ 
  3. FoodData Central | Oil, almond [Internet]. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2018 [cited 2022 Nov 30]. Available from: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/171031/nutrients 
  4. Ouzir M, Bernoussi S el, Tabyaoui M, Taghzouti K. Almond oil: A comprehensive review of chemical composition, extraction methods, preservation conditions, potential health benefits, and safety. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2021;20(4):3344–87. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34056853/ 
  5. Ahmad Z. The uses and properties of almond oil. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2010 Feb;16(1):10-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.06.015. Epub 2009 Jul 15. PMID: 20129403. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20129403/
  6. Mysore V, Arghya A. Hair Oils: Indigenous Knowledge Revisited. Int J Trichology. 2022 May-Jun;14(3):84-90. doi: 10.4103/ijt.ijt_189_20. Epub 2022 May 24. PMID: 35755964; PMCID: PMC9231528. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9231528/
  7. NHS. Earwax build-up [Internet]. NHS; 2024 Jan 05 [cited 2026 Feb 17]. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/earwax-build-up/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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