Feeling unusually tired, weak, or experiencing numbness and tingling can sometimes be linked to vitamin B12 deficiency, a condition that occurs when the body does not get enough vitamin B12 or cannot absorb enough of it from the diet.
Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin that helps with red blood cell formation and maintenance of a healthy nervous system1.
This blog will explain what is vitamin B12 deficiency, its causes and symptoms, how it is diagnosed, vitamin B12 deficiency treatment guidelines, and how long recovery may take, which could help in making informed decisions and better recovery.
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a vitamin that the body needs for several important functions. It is required for the development, myelination, insulation of the nerves, and normal neurological function of the central nervous system (which includes the brain and spinal cord). Vitamin B12 is also needed for the production of new red blood cells (erythropoiesis) and for DNA synthesis (an essential process involved in making and maintaining the body’s cells)2,3.
Vitamin B12 also acts as a cofactor for enzymes involved in important metabolic reactions in the body. When vitamin B12 deficiency occurs, it can cause ineffective erythropoiesis, megaloblastic anaemia, and neurological changes such as numbness, tingling in the hands and feet, etc. (discussed in detail in the symptom section). Hence, vitamin B12 is vital for normal nerve function, red blood cell formation, and DNA synthesis2.
Vitamin B12 deficiency causes could be various, including not getting enough vitamin B12 from the diet, conditions affecting its absorption, certain medical conditions, and some medicines. Vitamin B12 deficiency causes include:
Vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms can include a wide range of problems that develop gradually but may worsen if the condition is left untreated. These may comprise of both, general body symptoms and problems affecting the brain and nervous system, such as:
Vitamin B12 levels show complex links to cancer risk, and the relationship between vitamin B12 status and cancer is not fully understood yet. Rather than identifying it as a specific sign of cancer, Vitamin B12 deficiency in cancer patients is a multifactorial issue. Cancers involving parts of the digestive system, including the stomach and terminal ileum, may lead to B12 deficiency because these areas are involved in vitamin B12 absorption8. Conversely, pernicious anaemia, that can cause Vitamin B12 deficiency, is associated with an increased risk of stomach cancers9.
Vitamin B12 may also occur as a result of cancer treatments as they can damage the cells of digestive system causing impairment in absorption. Treatment side effects such nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite may also affect dietary intake and lead to Vitamin B12 deficinecy8.
Thus, vitamin B12 deficiency in people with cancer may happen because of poor diet, stomach or intestinal surgery, problems absorbing vitamin B12, side effects of treatment, or other stomach or intestinal conditions, rather than the cancer itself.
Some medical conditions can cause symptoms like those seen with vitamin B12 deficiency, so doctors may consider them when evaluating a person with suspected vitamin B12 deficiency:
Vitamin B12 deficiency is diagnosed using a combination of symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and blood tests rather than relying on symptoms alone. The following tests are commonly used11.
Note: Any test results should be interpreted along with symptoms and other clinical findings. A normal vitamin B12 level or a negative antibody test does not always rule out vitamin B12 deficiency or pernicious anaemia. Consult a doctor if your symptoms persist even when your test results are normal.
Vitamin B12 deficiency treatment guidelines involve the following treatments based on the individual condition15,16:
People with significant blood related or neurological effects from vitamin B12 deficiency and very low levels may need vitamin B12 replacement by intramuscular injection. Talk to your doctor about the right dose and duration of treatment before starting any treatment.
For some people with vitamin B12 deficiency, oral vitamin B12 supplements may be needed. Generally, your doctor will prescribe at least 1 mg per day for a specific duration when supplements are given in certain situations involving malabsorption. You may need to get blood count checks after 1 to 2 months, with follow-up blood tests. However, you should always consult with your doctor for the exact dosage before starting any medication for the ideal treatment.
Vitamin B12 is found naturally in animal-based foods such as milk, cheese, yoghurt, and eggs. The dietary B12 deficiency occurs in people following a strict vegan diet.
Also Read: Top Vitamin B12 Foods to Include in Your Diet Today!
The cause of the deficiency should be investigated, including possible malabsorption, dietary deficiency, medicines, or pernicious anaemia, so that treatment can be appropriately selected.
People receiving oral vitamin B12 replacement should have their response checked with vitamin B12 testing after about 2 to 3 months, followed by further monitoring as advised.
People with conditions that cause ongoing B12 absorption problems, such as pernicious anaemia, may need long term or lifelong vitamin B12 injections.
Important: The type, dose, and duration of vitamin B12 treatment depend on the cause and severity of the deficiency and whether the body can absorb vitamin B12 properly. Only your doctor can recommend the most suitable treatment for you.
Recovery from vitamin B12 deficiency varies depending on its cause, severity and individual’s response to treatment. Failure to respond should first prompt assessment of adherence, adequacy of dose, diagnosis, ongoing malabsorption, continued exposure to a causative factor, and alternative diagnoses.
Follow-up blood tests may be done to check whether vitamin B12 levels and blood counts are improving. If symptoms or test results do not improve, the doctor may review the treatment, dose, vitamin B12 absorption, or other possible causes17.
People with severe deficiency or neurological symptoms may need vitamin B12 injections initially, followed by regular maintenance treatment. In some cases, long-term or lifelong treatment may be needed if the underlying cause continues17.
Note: The type and duration of treatment and the need for follow-up tests depend on the cause and severity of the deficiency as well as treatment response.
Also Read: 10 Foods to Include in Your Diet for Lowering Your Cancer Risk
You should see a doctor if you think you may have vitamin B12 deficiency, especially if you have symptoms such as extreme tiredness, lack of energy, pins and needles, a sore or red tongue, muscle weakness, vision problems, or changes in memory, understanding, or judgement. Prompt treatment is particularly important when vitamin B12 deficiency is accompanied by significant blood abnormalities or neurological symptoms.
People at higher risk, including strict vegans, people with pernicious anaemia, those taking certain long term medications that include proton pump inhibitors, biguanides, contraceptive pills, people with gastric conditions like coeliac disease or inflammatory bowel disease, and those who have had gastric surgery, should be cautious and evaluate regularly for this condition15.
It is important to seek medical evaluation because vitamin B12 deficiency can often be diagnosed with symptoms and a blood test, and treatment should begin as soon as possible for a better outcome. Although many symptoms improve with treatment, some problems caused by vitamin B12 deficiency, particularly nervous system problems, can sometimes be irreversible18.
Also Read: What Level of Eosinophils Indicates Cancer?
Recognising vitamin B12 deficiency early is important because prompt diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications such as anaemia, nerve damage, and neuropsychiatric problems. Identifying the underlying cause is also important because different causes, such as dietary deficiency or problems with B12 absorption, may require different treatment approaches. Following the recommended treatment and continuing it when necessary, can help restore B12 levels and control symptoms. Seeking medical evaluation when symptoms are noticed can therefore help ensure timely diagnosis and appropriate management.
Vitamin B12 is naturally found in fish, meat, poultry, eggs, milk, and other dairy products. Plant foods do not naturally contain vitamin B12 unless they are fortified; fortified breakfast cereals and some nutritional yeast products provide B121.
Yes. Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause nerve related problems, including numbness or tingling in the arms and legs, weakness, and loss of balance1.
People who are treated promptly for vitamin B12 deficiency generally have a better treatment outcome, and neurological symptoms may partially improve after treatment. However, recovery can take months or even years, and the best response is seen in people without severe neurological problems11.
Vitamin B12 deficiency has been reported in association with certain cancers, particularly gastrointestinal cancers, that include cancers of the stomach, pancreas, and terminal ileum, where disease or treatment may interfere with vitamin B12 absorption8.
Yes. Vitamin B12 deficiency can occur in people undergoing cancer treatment, with the risk influenced by the type of cancer and its treatment, particularly when the digestive system or vitamin B12 absorption is affected8.
Yes, vitamin B12 deficiency is more common in older adults. Factors like higher incidence of atrophic gastric in elderly that impacts vitamin B12 absorption and poor nutrition may contribute. Treatment outcomes are also generally better in younger patients than in older individuals11,16.
Vitamin D and vitamin B12 levels may be related as some underlying conditions can lead to deficiencies of both. These include poor nutrition, malabsorption syndromes, atrophic gastritis or certain autoimmune diseases17. However, further evidence is needed to prove any direct link.
1. Vitamin B12. MedlinePlus. Accessed August 25, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002403.htm
2. Office of Dietary Supplements – Vitamin B12. Accessed August 25, 2026. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/
3. Vitamin B12. The Nutrition Source. June 4, 2019. Accessed August 25, 2026. https://nutritionsource.hsph.harvard.edu/vitamin-b12/
4. Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia – Causes. NHS. October 20, 2017. Accessed August 25, 2026. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/causes/
5. Taylor L, McCaddon A, Wolffenbuttel BHR. Creating a Framework for Treating Autoimmune Gastritis—The Case for Replacing Lost Acid. Nutrients. 2024;16(5):662. doi:10.3390/nu16050662 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38474790/
6. Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia – Symptoms. NHS. October 20, 2017. Accessed August 25, 2026. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/symptoms/
7. Ata F, Bint I Bilal A, Javed S, et al. Optic neuropathy as a presenting feature of vitamin B-12 deficiency: A systematic review of literature and a case report. Ann Med Surg. 2020;60:316-322. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2020.11.010 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7653199/
8. Osmola M, Tyszka M, Jirka A, et al. Vitamin B12 in Cancer Patients: Clinical Insights into Deficiency, Excess, Diagnosis, and Management. Nutrients. 2025;17(20):3272. doi:10.3390/nu17203272 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41156524/
9. Evidence Review for Monitoring for Gastric Cancer in People with Vitamin B12 Deficiency Due to Autoimmune Gastritis: Vitamin B12 Deficiency in over 16s: Diagnosis and Management: Evidence Review G. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2024. Accessed August 28, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603289/
10. Halmo L, Nappe TM. Lead Toxicity. StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Accessed August 28, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541097/
11. Ankar A, Kumar A. Vitamin B12 Deficiency. StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Accessed August 25, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441923/
12. Tudor ME, Al Aboud AM, Leslie SW, Gossman W. Syphilis. StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Accessed August 28, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534780/
13. Wuliji N, Mandell MJ, Lunt JM, Merando A. HIV-Associated Vacuolar Myelopathy and HIV-Associated Dementia as the Initial Manifestation of HIV/AIDS. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2019;2019:3842425. doi:10.1155/2019/3842425 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2019/3842425
14. Sejersen K, Larsson AO. Longitudinal Trends and Analytical Consistency of Folate and Vitamin B12 Biomarkers: Two Decades of Population-Based Data and Diagnostic Implications. Biomedicines. 2026;14(1):140. doi:10.3390/biomedicines14010140 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41595673/
15. Vitamin B12 – advice on investigation management. NHS. Accessed August 25, 2026. https://nhssomerset.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/B12_-_advice_on_investigation_management.pdf
16. Sands T, Jawed A, Stevenson E, Smith M, Jawaid I. Vitamin B12 deficiency: NICE guideline summary. BMJ. Published online June 13, 2024:q1019. doi:10.1136/bmj.q1019 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38871397/
17. Bedz D, Forsyth C. Vitamin B12 deficiency: testing and treatment. Aust Prescr. 49(2):55-60. doi:10.18773/austprescr.2026.012 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42022258/
18. Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia. NHS. October 20, 2017. Accessed August 25, 2026. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Sunscreen is widely used as an essential part of skin care to provide protection from the harmful effects of sun exposure. However, concerns about the safety of sunscreen and its ingredients have raised questions about whether regular, long-term use could have harmful effects like cancer risk. But how much truth is there to these concerns?
To address these questions, it is important to understand what research says about sunscreen safety, its ingredients, and its potential health effects. This blog will help you understand aspects such as sunscreen for skin cancer prevention, along with the benefits and correct use of sunscreen, to help you make informed choices about protecting your skin from the sun.
If you have wondered, ‘Does sunscreen cause skin cancer?’, understanding the available scientific evidence can help ease your mind.
Current scientific evidence does not show that using sunscreen causes cancer1. In fact, sunscreen helps protect the skin from ultraviolet (UV) radiation which is a known risk factor for skin cancer2.
Concerns about sunscreen often arise from questions about specific ingredients and their absorption into the body3. However, finding that an ingredient is absorbed does not mean that it causes cancer. The available evidence has not established sunscreen use as a cause of cancer1,3.
Overall, sunscreen is considered safe to use when applied as directed. Sunscreens are formulated in a way that helps ensure that they meet standards for safety and effectiveness4. However, safe does not mean that every ingredient has been studied equally extensively.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States continues to request additional safety data for some sunscreen ingredients. But the FDA has also clarified that requesting more data does not mean these ingredients have been shown to be unsafe5,6. So, based on current evidence, there is no reason to stop using sunscreen because of fears that it causes cancer.
Any side effects (if they occur) from sunscreen are generally mild7. These may include8:
Note: These reactions do not outweigh the benefits of regular sunscreen use for protecting the skin from UV damage. If you experience a reaction to a sunscreen, consult your doctor about choosing a suitable alternative rather than stopping sunscreen use altogether.
Concerns about sunscreen and cancer have led many people to question whether regular sunscreen use is safe. But the reality is different.
UV radiation can damage skin cells and increase the risk of skin cancer. Sunscreen use can help reduce the risk of skin cancer by protecting the skin from this harmful radiation7. Therefore, regular sunscreen use is an important part of a broader sun-protection strategy.
Let us understand the basics of sunscreen for skin cancer prevention7:
Sunscreens contain certain active UV filters that protect the skin from harmful UV radiation10. Commonly recommended sunscreen ingredients include:
Ingredients like aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and trolamine salicylate are generally not recommended. This is because:
It is important to understand that these are specific safety considerations for these ingredients and do not mean that sunscreens are harmful or unsafe when used as directed.
Important: The classification and number of approved UV filters can vary by regulatory authority and may change as new ingredients are evaluated. Therefore, always check the latest information from the relevant regulatory authority for the most up-to-date list of approved UV filters.
When choosing a sunscreen for cancer prevention, look for the following features:
Follow these simple steps to get the most protection from your sunscreen6:
Note: Sunscreen should be used as one part of overall sun protection, along with seeking shade, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding excessive UV exposure7.
Also Read: How To Manage Hyperpigmentation in the Summer?
You should consider consulting a doctor if you have concerns about your skin or notice any unusual changes, such as14,15:
If you notice a suspicious or persistent skin change, do not assume it is related to sunscreen. Consult a doctor, as they can examine it and determine whether further evaluation is needed.
Also Read: Can Tattoos Increase Your Risk of Cancer?
Understanding the link between sunscreen and cancer can help address common concerns about sunscreen safety.
Sunscreen is an important part of protecting your skin from harmful UV radiation. Current evidence does not show that using sunscreen as directed causes cancer, while excessive UV exposure is a well-established risk factor for skin cancer. Therefore, choosing a broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher, applying enough, and reapplying it regularly can help provide effective protection.
Daily sunscreen use is generally considered safe and is recommended to help protect the skin from harmful UV radiation4. There is no good evidence that regular sunscreen use causes cancer when you use it as mentioned on its label.
Mineral sunscreens typically contain zinc oxide or titanium dioxide5,7. Current evidence does not show that using these ingredients topically in sunscreen causes cancer.
There is no evidence that sunscreen itself is carcinogenic when used as directed. Some ingredients continue to be evaluated for safety, but this does not mean they have been shown to cause cancer5.
There is no evidence that expired sunscreen causes cancer. However, its effectiveness may decrease over time, meaning it may not provide the protection indicated on the label. So, in such cases, it is best to replace sunscreen after its expiration date4,6.
Studies have shown that some chemical sunscreen ingredients can be absorbed through the skin and detected in the bloodstream10,16. However, absorption does not mean that an ingredient is harmful or causes cancer. The FDA has requested additional safety data for some ingredients to better understand their effects5.
1. Xie F, Xie T, Song Q, Xia S, Li H. Analysis of association between sunscreens use and risk of malignant melanoma. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(2):2378-2384. Accessed September 2, 2026. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4402823/
2. Sander M, Burbidge T, Beecker J. The efficacy and safety of sunscreen use for the prevention of skin cancer. CMAJ Can Med Assoc J. 2020;192(50):E1802-E1808. doi:10.1503/cmaj.201085 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7759112/
3. Ruszkiewicz JA, Pinkas A, Ferrer B, Peres TV, Tsatsakis A, Aschner M. Neurotoxic effect of active ingredients in sunscreen products, a contemporary review. Toxicol Rep. 2017;4:245-259. doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.05.006 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28959646/
4. Sunscreen FAQs. American Academy of Dermatology. Accessed September 2, 2026. https://www.aad.org/media/stats-sunscreen
5. Questions and Answers: FDA posts deemed final order and proposed order for over-the-counter sunscreen. FDA. Published online November 19, 2025. Accessed September 2, 2026. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/understanding-over-counter-medicines/questions-and-answers-fda-posts-deemed-final-order-and-proposed-order-over-counter-sunscreen
6. Sunscreen: How to Help Protect Your Skin from the Sun. FDA. Published online June 9, 2026. Accessed September 2, 2026. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/understanding-over-counter-medicines/sunscreen-how-help-protect-your-skin-sun
7. Gabros S, Patel P, Zito PM. Sunscreens and Photoprotection. StatPearls Publishing. Accessed September 2, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537164/
8. Salih H, Psomadakis C, George SMC. Sunscreens: A narrative review. Skin Health Dis. 2024;4(6):e432. doi:10.1002/ski2.432 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39624735/
9. Green A, Williams G, Neale R, et al. Daily sunscreen application and betacarotene supplementation in prevention of basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas of the skin: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 1999;354(9180):723-729. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)12168-2 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10475183/
10. Over-the-Counter Monograph M020: Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Accessed September 2, 2026. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/omuf/monographs/OTCMonograph_M020-SunscreenDrugProductsforOTCHumanUse.pdf
11. Photocontact allergy to PABA in sunscreens: The need for continued vigilance. Accessed September 7, 2026. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24176992_Photocontact_allergy_to_PABA_in_sunscreens_The_need_for_continued_vigilance
12. Osgood PJ, Moss SH, Davies DJG. The Sensitization of Near-Ultraviolet Radiation Killing of Mammalian Cells by the Sunscreen Agent Para-aminobenzoic Acid. J Invest Dermatol. 1982;79(6):354-357. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12529409 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6982950/
13. How to select a sunscreen. American Academy of Dermatology. Accessed September 2, 2026. https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/sun-protection/shade-clothing-sunscreen/how-to-select-sunscreen
14. Skin Diseases. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. April 20, 2017. Accessed September 2, 2026. https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/skin-diseases
15. Symptoms of Skin Cancer. CDC. July 6, 2026. Accessed September 2, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/skin-cancer/symptoms/index.html
16. Matta MK, Zusterzeel R, Pilli NR, et al. Effect of Sunscreen Application Under Maximal Use Conditions on Plasma Concentration of Sunscreen Active Ingredients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019;321(21):2082-2091. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.5586 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31058986/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Many people consider age when it comes to fertility, but there is an additional key factor that might provide valuable insights anti-mullerian hormone (AMH). AMH is important in evaluating the ovarian reserve and can assist doctors in determining reproductive potential of the individual1. This article explores everything you need to know about AMH, including what it is, its normal range, and what low and high AMH levels mean.
Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) is a hormone that plays an important role in reproductive development and ovarian function. In women, it is produced by small growing follicles (tiny fluid-filled sacs) in the ovaries that contain immature eggs. The amount of AMH in the blood can indirectly help the experts estimate the size of ovarian follicular pool, which is why it is widely employed as an indicator of ovarian reserve.
In men, AMH is produced by the Sertoli cells in the testes from their foetal development stage through childhood. It contributes to the normal development of the male reproductive system before birth. However, after puberty, its levels decrease in men as the sertoli cells mature1.
Did You Know?
AMH and its assessment has many different functions in the human body, including the following:
The benefits associated with healthy AMH levels include:
Both low and high AMH levels can provide important information on reproductive health. Here’s what each may indicate:
Low AMH levels often indicate that a woman’s ovaries have fewer eggs than expected for her age. The possible causes include:
The potential implications of low AMH level:
High AMH levels often indicate a larger number of developing follicles. it can also be associated with:
The AMH test is a simple blood test that requires no special preparation. Here is how it is done:
AMH levels are commonly interpreted as follows:
Note: The AMH reference range may differ slightly across laboratories, testing methods, and age groups. The doctor will interpret the AMH results based on one’s age, medical history, symptoms, and the results of other tests.
Adopting healthy lifestyle habits may support overall reproductive health and ovarian function. Although these habits may not directly increase anti-mullerian hormone levels, they can help support overall fertility. Here are some ways to support ovarian health and fertility:
Note: There is no proven natural approach for increasing AMH levels. These lifestyle changes benefit general reproductive health and fertility, although they may not significantly affect AMH levels, which normally decrease with age.
Consult a doctor if you have:
Note: The above mentioned scenarios do not indicate a direct test for AMH level, those might indicate the need to consult a doctor.
Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is a valuable marker for assessing ovarian reserve and is commonly used as a part of fertility evaluation however, it does not provide a complete picture of fertility. Understanding AMH levels can help support informed decisions about reproductive health and family planning. In cases you have fertility concerns or abnormal AMH test results, consulting a doctor is important for comprehensive evaluation and appropriate guidance.
Also Read: What Does Oxytocin Do? Everything You Need to Know About the Love Hormone
There is no single good AMH level that guarantees pregnancy. AMH level reflects ovarian reserve. For conception in an otherwise healthy female, there are other factors which play an important role, like age, egg quality, reproductive health, sperm health of partner.
No. A low AMH level does not mean infertility. It simply suggests a reduced ovarian reserve, meaning fewer eggs remain in the ovaries. While a low AMH level may be associated with reduced fertility in some individuals, it does not determine the ability to conceive1, as factors such as egg quality, age, and overall reproductive health also play an important role in fertility.
Yes. High AMH levels may be linked to PCOS, as women with PCOS typically have a greater number of tiny ovarian follicles that produce AMH. However, a high AMH level alone cannot diagnose PCOS and it should be interpreted along with symptoms and other examination findings1.
AMH level varies across the lifespan and generally reaches its highest levels in early adulthood, around 20–25 years, afterwards it gradually declins with age11.
There is no proven, natural method for increasing AMH levels. However, living a healthy lifestyle, which includes eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, maintaining a healthy weight, quitting smoking, and managing stress can benefit overall reproductive health and fertility6.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Getting a tattoo can feel exciting, but you may wonder whether the ink could affect your health years later. Tattoos are common worldwide yet concerns about their safety and possible long-term effects continue to grow. Some people also question whether tattoo inks contain ingredients that could increase cancer risk. Understanding what research says can help you make informed choices1. In this article, we will discuss tattoos and their risk of cancer, if any.
At present, tattoos are not proven to directly cause cancer. Some studies have raised concerns about a possible connection between tattoos and certain cancers, but the available evidence isn’t strong enough to confirm that tattooing itself is the cause. However, researchers are studying whether some substances in tattoo inks could have long-term effects on the body1,2.
Although there isn’t a direct connection between tattoos and cancer, there are some other potential risks associated with tattoos. A safer tattoo experience depends on several factors, including the cleanliness of the studio, the tattoo artist’s hygiene practices, the condition of the equipment used, and proper aftercare1,3. Using clean, single-use needles can help reduce the risk of infections3.
Since tattooing involves breaking the skin, maintaining good hygiene during the procedure and following proper aftercare can help prevent infections while the tattoo heals. It is also important to remember that tattoo inks are not all the same. Their ingredients can vary, and some pigments may cause skin reactions in certain people. Therefore, choosing a reputable tattoo provider is an important part of reducing avoidable complications1.
During tattooing, needles push ink into the deeper layer of the skin called the dermis. Because the pigment is placed below the skin’s surface, it can remain there for many years. The body recognises tattoo pigment as a foreign substance and responds to it. Some pigment particles may remain within skin cells, while others can move through the body.
The following are some concerns related to tattoo ink:
However, the long-term effects of some ink ingredients are still being studied, so their overall impact on health is not fully understood1.
Researchers have found that certain tattoo inks can contain substances that may be harmful, including chemicals with potentially carcinogenic properties6. However, the presence of these substances does not mean that getting a tattoo will cause cancer.
The following are some research findings:
People often wonder, “Can tattoos cause skin cancer?” Because tattooing involves repeatedly puncturing the skin, it can lead to several complications, particularly when proper hygiene or aftercare is lacking.
Common problems include:
Although many people get tattoos without serious problems, certain factors can increase the risk of getting complications. The following people might be at a higher risk of tattoo complications:
Note: If a health condition or medicine affects your healing or immune system, talk to your doctor before getting a tattoo.
There are several practical steps to make tattooing safer:
Note: Tattooing can carry different risks depending on your health, skin condition, and medications. These tips are for general information and should not replace advice from a qualified doctor. If you have any health concerns, speak with your doctor before getting a tattoo.
Tattoo ink can sometimes make it harder to notice changes in the skin. This is especially important when a tattoo covers a mole, birthmark or another existing skin mark.
Note: Hence, it is better to avoid tattooing directly over moles or other spots that need regular monitoring.
Most tattoos cause some redness, tenderness or swelling while the skin heals6. However, symptoms that persist or become worse may indicate a complication. Consult your doctor for the following:
Early medical evaluation might help identify infections, allergic reactions and other skin conditions that may need treatment.
Also Read: Does Air Fryer Cause Cancer? What the Science Actually Says
According to current research, tattoos have not been proven to cause cancer. However, researchers are still learning about the long-term effects of tattoo ink. Choosing a trusted tattoo artist, making sure proper hygiene is followed and caring for your tattoo as it heals can help lower the risk of complications. It is important to keep an eye on your tattooed skin and get any unusual changes checked by a doctor.
According to several studies, some tattoo ink particles are said to move from the skin to nearby lymph nodes through the lymphatic system. Researchers have found these particles in lymph nodes, but their long-term effects on health are still not fully known1.
Some case reports have shown cancer development in individuals with tattoos soon after or years later after tattooing. Tattoo ink is said to contain certain salts and pigments which when acted upon by UV light might generate some products that may be toxic to body cells and genetic material, however, there is not enough evidence to confirm the relationship yet. Therefore, further research is needed to prove this claim1,2.
Tattoo ink can sometimes hide early signs of skin cancer by covering or changing the look of moles and other skin spots. This can make changes in their colour, shape or edges harder to notice, so avoid tattooing over moles and check your tattooed skin regularly13.
A family history of cancer does not mean you need to avoid tattoos. However, if skin cancer runs in your family, consider getting a skin check from a dermatologist first and avoid tattooing over moles or other spots that need regular monitoring13.
There is no clear proof that UV tattoos cause cancer. However, some inks may change when exposed to UV light and produce harmful compounds1.
People often search for can laser tattoo removal cause cancer, but the answer is no. Tattoo removal has not been linked to cancer. However, removal can cause side effects such as redness, soreness, scarring, pinpoint bleeding, and infection16.
1. Dodig S, Čepelak-Dodig D, Gretić D, Čepelak I. Tattooing: Immediate and long-term adverse reactions and complications. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 75(4):219-227. doi:10.2478/aiht-2024-75-3921 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39718089/
2. Tudella GCN, Defante MLR, Pereira PS, et al. Is tattooing associated with an increased risk of cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Transl Oncol. Published online 2026. doi:10.1007/s12094-026-04388-4 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12094-026-04388-4
3. Body art and tattooing businesses. 2025. Accessed August 31, 2026. https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/environment/factsheets/Pages/tattooing.aspx
4. Capucetti A, Falivene J, Pizzichetti C, et al. Tattoo ink induces inflammation in the draining lymph node and alters the immune response to vaccination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 122(48):e2510392122. doi:10.1073/pnas.2510392122 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41289395/
5. Nielsen C, Jerkeman M, Jöud AS. Tattoos as a risk factor for malignant lymphoma: a population-based case–control study. eClinicalMedicine. 2024;72. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102649 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38827888/
6. Think before you ink: Tattoo safety. FDA. 2024. Accessed August 31, 2026. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/think-you-ink-tattoo-safety
7. Czaczkowska L, Jabłońska E, Bury J, Szurant N, Ratajczak-Wrona W. Chemical components of tattoo inks and their potential role in carcinogenesis and their side effects. Arch Toxicol. Published online June 27, 2026. doi:10.1007/s00204-026-04484-y https://www.researchgate.net/publication/408150546_Chemical_components_of_tattoo_inks_and_their_potential_role_in_carcinogenesis_and_their_side_effects
8. Tattoos & permanent makeup: Fact sheet. FDA. 2024. Accessed August 31, 2026. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-products/tattoos-permanent-makeup-fact-sheet
9. Temiz SA, Özlü E. Medical Complications of Tattoos. jtad. 2021;15(1):1-7. doi:10.4274/jtad.galenos.2021.02486 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349856450_Medical_Complications_of_Tattoos
10. Can I get a tattoo? Nation Blood Clot Alliance. Accessed August 31, 2026. https://www.stoptheclot.org/faq/can-i-get-a-tattoo/
11. Tattoos. Better Health Channel. 2015. Accessed August 31, 2026. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/tattoos
12. Kluger N. Contraindications for tattooing. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2015;48:76-87. doi:10.1159/000369189 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25833628/
13. Do tattoos cause skin cancer? 2025. Accessed August 31, 2026. https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/skin-cancer/do-tattoos-cause-skin-cancer
14. Ask the Expert: Can a tattoo increase skin cancer risk? Skin Cancer Foundation. 2024. Accessed August 31, 2026. https://www.skincancer.org/blog/ask-the-expert-can-a-tattoo-increase-skin-cancer-risk/
15. Lebhar J, Jacobs J, Rundle C, Kaplan SJ, Mosca PJ. Skin cancers arising within tattoos: A systematic review. JAAD Int. 2024;16:133-143. doi:10.1016/j.jdin.2024.03.015 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38957835/
16. Tattoo removal: Options and results. FDA. 2023. Accessed August 31, 2026. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/tattoo-removal-options-and-results
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Noticing fluid, pus, blood or any substance coming out of the ear can make anyone anxious. This type of ear discharge, which is medically known as otorrhea, can result from pathologic factors like ear wax or certain pathologic causes1. Understanding the causes of otorrhea can help in taking appropriate decisions regarding the severity of the condition and whether a medical intervention is needed. In this blog, we will cover what otorrhea is, its types, causes, symptoms, treatment and preventive measures that could be taken.
Any fluid or substance draining from the ear is termed as ear discharge or otorrhea. Mostly ear discharge is considered a sign of some underlying conditions rather than being a disease itself. It can result following certain infections, injuries, and some tissue growths1. The symptoms can vary based on the underlying condition that led to discharge, and can include pain, fever, dizziness, ringing in the ears etc. However, untreated discharge cases can lead to several complications, including hearing loss and spread of the infection to surrounding structures2.
Did You Know?
Based on the consistency, colour and appearance, ear discharges can be of five types4. Recognising the different types can help in reaching the diagnosis promptly and initiating appropriate interventions.
Ear discharge causes are mainly pointing towards any underlying infections, past injuries or procedures done in the ear.
Ear discharge symptoms can vary based on the causes of discharge and include:
| Ear discharge in adults | Ear discharge in children |
| In adults, external ear infection is more common compared to children, along with acute middle ear infection and perforation of the eardrum3. | In children, the most common cause of discharge is middle ear infection, most commonly in the age group of 6 to 24 months3. |
| In adults, symptoms of an infection can include itchiness, irritation, a sense of fullness in the ear, pain and ear discharge11. | Children might show signs of any infection by rubbing or pulling the ear, being irritable, avoiding foods and losing their balance11. |
| Ear discharge in adults resolves based on the underlying causes. In cases of middle ear infections, oral antibiotics only provide a slight reduction of symptoms. In most cases, ear drops are preferred, provided there is no history of any other underlying diseases8. | In most cases of ear discharge in children, spontaneous resolution can be seen within one week12. Oral antibiotics are most beneficial in children having middle ear infection in both ears and who are aged more than 2 years8. |
| For treatment of ear discharge in adults with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), topical antibiotics alone or along with other topical steroids are recommended. Ear cleansing can also be beneficial13. | For treatment in children with CSOM, topical antibiotics are preferred over antiseptics. Limited evidence is present regarding the benefits of ear cleansing, though it is usually recommended for children13. |
Diagnostic procedures mainly focus on a detailed history and examination to determine the underlying cause. Other tests are done if there is uncertainty in cause or more serious conditions are suspected.
Ear discharge treatment can vary based on the underlying cause, and it can be8:
Keeping the ears dry and avoiding inserting foreign objects such as cotton tips are also part of the otorrhea treatment, as they can help in preventing the further progression of the condition. A persistent, foul-smelling discharges needed to be assessed by a medical practitioner. Also, use of eardrops without proper medical attention might do danger to your health.
Home care tips that can help for ear discharge depend on the cause and symptoms of the discharge8:
Untreated ear infections along with the discharge can lead to complications, including2:
The following general preventive measures can be taken to avoid ear discharge:
Consultation with a doctor is recommended in the following instances7:
Immediate medical attention is required if external ear infections are associated with weakness of nerves of the brain (cranial nerve palsy) as this might indicate bone involvement. Additionally, in individuals having compromised immunity such as diabetics, ENT consultation is important if there is presence of small, red, easily bleeding tissues (granulation tissue) that formed in the ear canal, along with redness and swelling of the outer ear or deteriorating symptoms8.
Ear discharge or otorrhea is the drainage of fluid or any substance from the ear. Causes of otorrhea mostly involve ear infections, inserting any foreign objects into the ear, injuries or a previous history of any procedures or surgeries related to the ear. Otorrhea symptoms can vary based on the underlying causes and can include pain, sensation of fullness, hearing loss, fever, along with discharge. Though most cases can be managed effectively, understanding about otorrhea can help in avoiding unnecessary concerns and taking appropriate measures.
Also Read: Ear Infection (Otitis Media): Causes, Symptoms, Types, Treatment and Prevention
Diagnosis of ear discharge is mainly based on a detailed medical history and physical examination. Any past history of injuries, swimming, surgeries, or hearing changes is noted. An otoscope is used to check the ear canals and eardrum. Hearing tests or imaging tests such as CT and MRI are needed based on the findings1.
Yellow or green discharge might contain pus and is usually associated with underlying ear infections. In purulent middle ear infections, the discharge can be yellow with pus11. In cases of rupture of the eardrum, white, yellow or bloody discharges can be seen7. However, the colour of the discharge might not point towards a particular condition. A medical evaluation is required to find the exact cause.
Yes. Earwax can sometimes be mistaken for discharge, especially when it is darker, soft and excessive. Earwax is a normal substance that is produced by the ear to protect the ear from dust particles7. However, if the earwax accumulation causes any discomfort and foul smelling medical attention is needed.
Ear discharge is not contagious. Discharges associated with external ear infection or middle ear infection don’t spread from person to person3,10.
Remission of the ear discharges are depended on the underlying causes. In most cases of middle ear infections, spontaneous remission happens within one day. And in the absence of any underlying systemic diseases, only ear drops are needed in most cases. Children under 2 years of age and those having infections in both ears benefit more from oral antibiotics8.
Swimming put at an increased risk for ear discharge due to more chances for external ear infection. Keeping the ears dry after swimming or using any cotton plugs to avoid splashing of water into the ear can be followed as a preventive measure against ear discharge caused by this8.
Yes. Rupturing of the eardrum caused by injuries due to any foreign objects that are inserted into the ear, pushing materials into the ear, sudden pressure changes as during air travel and middle ear infections can all cause ear discharge7.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Fake or substandard medicines can seriously affect patient safety. They may not treat the illness properly, may cause unexpected side effects, and may delay recovery. They can also reduce public trust in generic medicines, even though approved generic medicines are expected to meet required quality standards. Knowing how medicines are checked and how to look for warning signs can help patients choose medicines more safely.
This article explains what generic medicines are, how medicine quality is regulated in India, why fake or substandard medicines may enter the market, and how patients can reduce the risk of buying unsafe products.
Generic medicines are medicines that contain the same active ingredient, strength, dosage form, route of administration, safety, and effectiveness as their corresponding branded medicines. They are developed to provide the same therapeutic benefits as the original branded medicine while generally costing less.
Although generic medicines must meet the same quality and performance standards, they may differ from branded medicines in inactive ingredients, such as colour, flavour, or certain preservatives. These differences generally do not affect how the medicine works, provided the generic medicine meets the required regulatory standards1.
India regulates medicines through both central and state drug control authorities. The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) sets national drug standards, approves new drugs and clinical trials, checks the quality of imported medicines, and works with state drug control authorities. State authorities handle much of the licensing, inspection, market sampling, testing, and enforcement within their states2,3.
Fake or substandard medicines may appear in the market for several reasons, including poor manufacturing practices, illegal activity, weak or inconsistent enforcement, medicine shortages, and high demand4. These problems can make it harder for patients to receive medicines that are safe, effective, and genuine.
A simple visual check can help you notice possible warning signs, but it cannot prove that a medicine is genuine. Use the following steps to reduce risk and seek professional advice if anything seems unusual:
Patients should buy generic medicines from recognised government-supported outlets or licensed pharmacies whenever possible. Keeping the purchase invoice can help if you later need to check the batch number, expiry date, or source of the medicine.
The Government of India’s Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP) provides generic medicines through dedicated Jan Aushadhi Kendras. The scheme states that medicines are procured from WHO GMP-certified manufacturers, and each batch is tested at NABL-accredited laboratories before supply7.
Also Read: Jan Aushadhi Yojana: The Complete Guide to India’s Generic Medicine Scheme
Government pharmacy guidance recommends obtaining medicines from authorised suppliers and checking that the medicine name, batch number and expiry date match the invoice8.
Online medicine platforms like PharmEasy may help patients order medicines through registered third-party retail pharmacies. Patients should still check whether a valid prescription is required, review the invoice, and confirm that the medicine received matches the order details9.
The verification process at PharmEasy involves the following checks to help ensure the quality of generic medicines9:
If you suspect that a medicine may be fake or substandard, do not ignore the concern. Speak with your doctor or pharmacist, keep the packaging and invoice, and avoid using the medicine until you receive appropriate advice.
The following checks may help you collect useful information:
Also Read: How to Find Generic Medicine: A Complete Guide to Finding Generic Drugs Safely
Generic medicines are a safe and affordable treatment option when they meet required quality standards. Understanding how medicines are regulated, checking the packaging, batch and expiry details, buying from trusted pharmacies, and knowing how to verify suspicious products can help patients make safer choices. When in doubt, seek advice from your pharmacist or doctor rather than relying on a medicine whose quality or authenticity is uncertain.
Yes, generic medicines in India are required to meet the same quality regulatory standards as branded medicines. The Government of India states that medications manufactured in India, whether generic or branded, must comply with the quality standards prescribed under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and Rules, 194510.
You can verify whether a medicine is genuine by checking its barcode or QR code on the packaging and scanning it with a mobile phone. The information displayed after scanning can be used to check the medicine’s authenticity or genuineness6.
A generic medicine generally contains the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration as the corresponding branded medicine. A spurious medicine, in contrast, may be an imitation intended to deceive, be made under another drug’s name, or falsely claim to come from a particular manufacturer11,12.
Yes, online pharmacies can be used, but consumers should choose platforms that operate through licensed or registered pharmacies and follow prescription requirements where applicable. CDSCO’s e-pharmacy framework specifies that e-pharmacy outlets must be registered and that medicines requiring a prescription must be supplied against a prescription from a registered medical practitioner13.
The CDSCO regulates medicines at the national level, while state drug control authorities regulate the manufacture, sale, and distribution of medicines within their respective states. CDSCO also sets drug standards, approves new drugs and clinical trials, checks imported medicines, and coordinates with state drug control authorities2.
1. Generic Drug Facts. FDA. Published online June 2, 2026. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/generic-drugs/generic-drug-facts
2. Functions of CDSCO. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://cdsco.gov.in/opencms/opencms/en/About-us/Functions/
3. Selection of Software Services Provider (SSP) for Digital Transformation of Central Drugs Standard Control Organization, IPC & NIB. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://cdsco.gov.in/opencms/export/sites/CDSCO_WEB/Pdf-documents/EoI_DDRS_CDSCO_2ndnov23.pdf
4. Buckley GJ, Gostin LO, Committee on Understanding the Global Public Health Implications of Substandard F, Health B on G, Medicine I of. Causes of Falsified and Substandard Drugs. In: Countering the Problem of Falsified and Substandard Drugs. National Academies Press (US); 2013. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK202531/
5. Substandard and falsified medical products: Advice to patients and consumers. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/substandard-and-falsified-medical-products-advice-to-patients-and-consumers
6. Guidance-for-Identification-and-Verification-of-Spurious-Drugs-document.pdf. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://cdsco.gov.in/opencms/export/sites/CDSCO_WEB/Pdf-documents/Guidance-for-Identification-and-Verification-of-Spurious-Drugs-document.pdf
7. JANAUSHADHI. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://janaushadhi.gov.in/about-pmbjb
8. Prescription Guidelines Booklet. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://dfda.goa.gov.in/images/uploads/prescription_guidelines_booklet_for_doctors_pharmacists.pdf
9. T&C – India’s most trusted online medicine ordering platform. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://pharmeasy.in/legal/terms-and-conditions
10. Variations in Generic Medicines. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2242926®=3&lang=1
11. Generic Medicines. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1576624®=48&lang=2
12. Sale of Spurious Drugs. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2239582®=1&lang=1
13. Public Notice: Public consultation regarding regulation of sale of drugs in the country. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://cdsco.gov.in/opencms/resources/UploadCDSCOWeb/2018/UploadPublic_NoticesFiles/public_notice16march_76.pdf
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
1
Seeing a high eosinophil count on a blood test can feel worrying, especially if you are unsure what it means. A raised eosinophil count is not always dangerous, but it can be a clue that something else is happening in the body. Common causes include allergies, asthma, some infections, reactions to medicines, and, less often, certain cancers. Understanding what eosinophils do, what counts as a normal or high level, why levels can rise, how doctors investigate the cause, and when to seek medical care can help reduce unnecessary worry and support informed decisions.
Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that helps the immune system respond to allergies, asthma-related inflammation, and some infections, especially parasitic infections. White blood cells include several groups. Eosinophils belong to a group called granulocytes because they contain tiny enzyme-filled granules that help them take part in immune responses1.
Did You Know?
The absolute eosinophil count is the number of eosinophils in a specific volume of blood. It is usually calculated from a complete blood count by combining the total white blood cell count with the percentage of eosinophils.
A typical normal eosinophil range is about 0–500 cells per microlitre of blood. The exact reference range may vary slightly by laboratory, so it is important to interpret the result using the range printed on your own report4.
Eosinophilia means that eosinophil levels are higher than expected in the blood. Many sources define eosinophilia as an absolute eosinophil count above about 450–550 cells per microlitre, although the exact cut-off can vary by laboratory2.
Based on the counts of eosinophils, eosinophilia can be divided into mild, moderate, and severe:
A persistently high absolute eosinophil count above 1,500 cells/microlitre, especially when confirmed on repeat testing, requires a thorough medical evaluation. If doctors rule out common secondary triggers, such as allergies or infections, and find evidence of organ or tissue damage, this pattern may point to hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES). Doctors use clinical findings and additional tests to decide whether this diagnosis applies5. Earlier, HES was suspected only if these symptoms lasted for at least 6 months. However, HES is now considered a valid diagnosis if there is clear evidence of organ injury, regardless of how long the symptoms have lasted.
Eosinophilia may be because of primary or secondary factors.
When high eosinophil levels are because of abnormal growth of blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, doctors identify the condition as primary (or intrinsic) eosinophilia. Such primary causes include:
When any other underlying conditions or diseases cause eosinophilia, they are referred to as secondary causes:
While eosinophilia itself does not cause any symptoms, they may be because of the underlying causes8:
Eosinophilia itself can show symptoms when it invades tissues or causes any organ injuries, especially in cases of HES.
There is no single eosinophil number that automatically means cancer. Doctors consider cancer only when eosinophilia is persistent, common causes have been ruled out, the count does not improve after treating a likely cause, or other warning signs are present. Eosinophilia can occur with some blood cancers, such as leukaemia and lymphoma, but these are more likely to be suspected when there are additional findings, such as abnormal white blood cell counts, low haemoglobin, low platelets, swollen lymph nodes, or an enlarged spleen or liver. Eosinophilia has also been reported with some solid tumours, including cancers of the lung, breast, cervix, kidney, ovary, prostate, and melanoma, but this is less common9.
However, cancers can be considered in the presence of certain symptoms such as enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) and spleen (splenomegaly), abnormal blood counts10, unexplained weight loss, general symptoms, or persistent eosinophilia.
Eosinophilia linked with cancer can happen in two broad ways. In rare cases, the cancer arises from eosinophil-producing blood cells, such as eosinophilic leukaemia. In other cases, eosinophils rise as part of the body’s response to another cancer. Cancers associated with eosinophilia may be grouped as blood-related cancers or solid-organ cancers2.
The extent of diagnostic tests to find the cause of high eosinophils depends on the severity of the symptoms, any suspected causes, and whether there is any organ involvement.
If these steps do not identify a clear cause, or if the results raise concern for a blood disorder or cancer, doctors may recommend more specialised tests.
Treatment for high eosinophils depends on the cause, the level of the count, symptoms, and whether any organs are affected. The goal is usually to treat the underlying condition and prevent organ damage.
Also Read: CRP Blood Test Cancer: Understanding its Significance in Diagnosis and Treatment
Speak with a healthcare professional if your eosinophil count is repeatedly high, if you have symptoms such as fever, weight loss, night sweats, breathing problems, rash, swelling, diarrhoea, or chest symptoms, or if you recently travelled to an area where parasitic infections are common. You should also seek medical advice if the result is new and you are unsure whether it needs follow-up.
Also Read: Burkitt Lymphoma: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes and Treatment
A high eosinophil count can have many causes, including allergies, asthma, infections, autoimmune or immune-related diseases, reactions to medicines, and, less commonly, cancer. The count alone does not usually identify the cause. Doctors interpret eosinophil levels alongside symptoms, medical history, examination findings, and other test results. Knowing what high eosinophils mean can help you understand your report, ask informed questions, and seek timely medical advice when needed.
Also Read: What Type of Cancer Causes Low Hemoglobin Levels?
Eosinophilia can happen for many reasons, including allergies, asthma, infections, some autoimmune or immune-related diseases, certain skin conditions, medicine reactions, and, less commonly, cancer. The cause can usually be identified only by comparing the blood test result with your symptoms, medical history, examination findings, and other test results5. Your healthcare professional can help determine the most likely cause in your case.
Mild cases of eosinophilia might not produce any symptoms, and only conservative management might be enough. However, more severe cases of eosinophilia or those associated with any organ damage might need to be evaluated by a healthcare professional5.
Eosinophils related to liver diseases might be a result of some protective mechanism following some conditions. They can include viral or parasitic infections, drug-induced liver injuries, or other immunity-related liver diseases17.
Eosinophilia might not be a typical feature of skin cancers. However, in some cases of skin cancers such as melanomas9, eosinophilia can be seen.
No. A high eosinophil count does not automatically mean cancer. Cancer is only one possible cause, and many non-cancer causes are more common. Doctors may investigate for cancer if eosinophilia is persistent, common causes have been excluded, the count does not improve after treatment for a likely cause, or other warning signs are present9.
Eosinophilic oesophagitis is an inflammatory condition of the oesophagus. Current evidence does not show a strong link between eosinophilic oesophagitis and cancer, although rare cases of oesophageal cancer have been reported in people with this condition18.
1. Definition of eosinophil – NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms – NCI. February 2, 2011. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/eosinophil
2. Kovalszki A, Weller PF. Eosinophilia. Prim Care. 2016;43(4):607-617. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2016.07.010 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27866580/
3. Kuang FL. Approach to the patient with eosinophilia. Med Clin North Am. 2020;104(1):1-14. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2019.08.005 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31757229/
4. Eosinophil count – absolute: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003649.htm
5. Kanuru S, Sapra A. Eosinophilia. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK560929/
6. Vidyadharan S, Joseph B, Nair SP. Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia Presenting Predominantly with Cutaneous Manifestations. Indian J Dermatol. 2016;61(4):437-439. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.185716 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305219767_Chronic_Eosinophilic_Leukemia_Presenting_Predominantly_with_Cutaneous_Manifestations
7. Naiman JL, Oski FA, Allen FH, Diamond LK. Hereditary Eosinophilia: Report of a Family and Review of the Literature. Am J Hum Genet. 1964;16(2):195-203. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14176021/
8. Falchi L, Verstovsek S. Eosinophilia in hematologic disorders. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2015;35(3):439-452. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2015.04.004 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4515577/
9. Eosinophil Levels and Cancer. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/latest-news/eosinophil-levels-and-cancer.html
10. Morales-Camacho RM, Caballero-Velázquez T, Borrero JJ, Bernal R, Prats-Martín C. Hematological Neoplasms with Eosinophilia. Cancers. 2024;16(2):337. doi:10.3390/cancers16020337 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38254826/
11. Valent P, Klion AD, Roufosse F, et al. Proposed refined diagnostic criteria and classification of eosinophil disorders and related syndromes. Allergy. 2023;78(1):47-59. doi:10.1111/all.15544 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36207764/
12. Danielson DT, Aguilera NS, Auerbach A. Head and Neck Classic Hodgkin, T and NK Lymphomas with Eosinophilia. Head Neck Pathol. 2025;19(1):10. doi:10.1007/s12105-025-01751-9 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39873807/
13. Larsen RL, Savage NM. How I investigate Eosinophilia. Int J Lab Hematol. 2019;41(2):153-161. doi:10.1111/ijlh.12955 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30499630/
14. CDC. Post-Travel Parasitic Disease Including Evaluation of Eosinophilia. CDC Yellow BookTM. July 16, 2026. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/post-travel-evaluation/post-travel-parasitic-disease.html
15. Salvador F, Sulleiro E, Sánchez-Montalvá A, et al. Usefulness of Strongyloides stercoralis Serology in the Management of Patients with Eosinophilia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;90(5):830-834. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0678 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24615124/
16. Baaten GG, Sonder GJ, van Gool T, Kint JA, van den Hoek A. Travel-related schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, filariasis, and toxocariasis: the risk of infection and the diagnostic relevance of blood eosinophilia. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:84. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-11-84 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3079652/
17. Xie L, Zhang H, Xu L. The Role of Eosinophils in Liver Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;19(2):101413. doi:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.101413 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39349246/
18. Uchida AM, Schuman SS, Pyne A, et al. Risk of Cancer Diagnosis in Patients With Eosinophilic Esophagitis Using a Nationwide Swedish Population Cohort. United Eur Gastroenterol J. 2024;12(10):1378-1387. doi:10.1002/ueg2.12713 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39565026/
A sore throat that keeps coming back, hoarseness that does not improve, trouble swallowing, or a lump in the neck can naturally make you worry about throat cancer. These symptoms often have causes other than cancer, but persistent or worsening changes should not be ignored1. Learning about the types, symptoms, causes, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of throat cancer can help you recognise warning signs early. Knowing when to seek medical advice may also support earlier detection and better treatment outcomes.
Throat cancer refers to cancer that develops in the throat (pharynx) or voice box (larynx). The throat is the passage behind the nose and mouth that leads to the food pipe and windpipe. Cancer can start in different parts of this area, including the tonsils, the base of the tongue, or the voice box1.
Did You Know?
Cancer can develop in several parts of the throat. The main types are named after the area where the cancer starts:
The stage of throat cancer helps doctors describe how large the cancer is and whether it has spread. Staging can differ depending on the part of the throat affected, so the points below are a general guide rather than a substitute for a doctor’s explanation.
Note: These are general descriptions. The exact meaning of each stage varies between cancers of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx and larynx. HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers also have a different staging approach from some other throat cancers.
Throat cancer symptoms depend on where the cancer starts and how advanced it is. Some symptoms are common and can be caused by less serious conditions, but symptoms that persist should be checked by a doctor. Possible symptoms include:
Throat cancer develops when cells in the throat or voice box change and begin to grow in an abnormal, uncontrolled way. There is usually no single cause. Instead, several factors can increase the chance of these cell changes.
A risk factor is something that increases the chance of developing a disease. Having a risk factor does not mean a person will develop throat cancer, but it can make the condition more likely. Important risk factors include:
Note: A person can have one or more risk factors and never develop throat cancer. A person can also develop throat cancer without any known risk factors. If you notice possible warning signs, speak with a doctor for proper evaluation.
Throat cancer diagnosis usually involves checking the throat and neck, looking closely at the affected area, and confirming the diagnosis with a tissue sample if needed. The tests used depend on the symptoms and the part of the throat involved.
Note: Depending on the suspected cancer type, the doctor may recommend HPV testing or other laboratory tests on the biopsy sample. These results can help classify the cancer and guide treatment choices.
Also Read: Can CBC Test Detect Cancer? Unveiling the Potential of Blood Tests
Throat cancer treatment depends on the cancer type, location, stage, tumour size, overall health, and whether the cancer has spread. A care team may recommend one treatment or a combination of treatments.
Note: Treatment may also include supportive care to help with swallowing, nutrition, speech, pain and other treatment-related effects.
Throat cancer cannot always be prevented, but reducing known risks can lower the chance of developing it. The following steps may help reduce risk:
Note: These measures may lower risk, but they cannot guarantee complete prevention. A doctor or dentist should evaluate persistent, unusual, or worsening throat symptoms.
See a doctor if you have a sore throat, hoarseness, swallowing problems, or other throat symptoms that last for several weeks or keep coming back without a clear reason. Seek medical attention promptly if you notice a neck lump, unexplained weight loss, persistent ear pain, or blood in saliva or phlegm1,7. These symptoms can have many causes and do not necessarily mean cancer but getting them checked can help identify the problem early.
Also Read: Early Signs of Mouth Cancer You Should Know
Throat cancer can appear in different ways, and its symptoms may resemble those of less serious conditions. Persistent throat changes, voice changes, swallowing problems, or a neck lump should be assessed by a doctor. Knowing the warning signs and reducing avoidable risks may help with earlier detection and timely treatment.
Survival rates vary by cancer type, stage, overall health, and response to treatment. For example, US data report a 5-year relative survival rate of 62.5% for laryngeal cancer13. Some Indian studies have reported lower 5-year survival rates for laryngeal cancer, but these figures may reflect differences in stage at diagnosis, access to care, and study methods14.
Yes. Throat cancer can often be treated, and treatment is usually more effective when cancer is found early. The treatment plan may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or a combination of treatments, depending on the cancer type and stage4,5.
Throat cancer may cause a sore throat that does not improve, pain or difficulty when swallowing, hoarseness, a feeling that something is stuck in the throat, or a lump in the neck. These symptoms can also occur with non-cancer conditions, so a doctor’s assessment is important if they persist.1,2,7
No. Throat cancer is not contagious and cannot spread from one person to another through coughing, kissing, sharing food, or close contact. It develops from changes in a person’s own cells. HPV infection can spread between people, and some HPV infections can increase the risk of oropharyngeal cancer, but the cancer itself does not spread from person to person4,15.
Vaping exposes the throat to potentially harmful substances that may cause cellular damage. However, it is still unclear whether vaping directly causes throat cancer, and more long-term research is needed16.
Yes, certain high-risk types of HPV, especially HPV-16, can increase the risk of developing throat cancer, particularly cancer of the oropharynx4.
Acid reflux does not mean that a person will develop throat cancer. Some research has linked long-term gastro-oesophageal reflux disease with a higher risk of laryngeal cancer, but more research is needed to understand this relationship17.
1. Throat cancer. Healthdirect. 2024. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/throat-cancer
2. Throat cancer symptoms. MedlinePlus. 2025. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/throatcancer.html
3. Throat cancer. NCI. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/throat-cancer
4. Oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, & larynx cancer prevention – NCI. 2024. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/oral-prevention-pdq
5. Laryngeal cancer treatment. NCI. 2025. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/laryngeal-treatment-pdq
6. Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer stages. American Cancer Society. 2026. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/staging.html
7. Throat Cancer. MedlinePlus. 2025. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/throatcancer.html
8. Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer causes, risk factors, and prevention. American Cancer Society. 2026. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention.html
9. Head and neck cancers basics CDC. 2025. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/head-neck-cancer/about/index.html
10. Sun G, Cheng H, Yin M. Oral hygiene and cancer risk: emerging evidence and public health perspectives. PMC. doi:10.1007/s12672-026-04527-x https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12923711/
11. Tests for oral cavity (mouth) and oropharyngeal (throat) cancers. American Cancer Society. 2021. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html
12. Tests for laryngeal cancer. Cancer Research UK. 2024. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/laryngeal-cancer/getting-diagnosed/tests-laryngeal-cancer#blood-tests
13. Laryngeal cancer: Cancer stat facts. NCI. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/laryn.html?statfacts_page=laryn.html&x=12&y=20&utm
14. Bobdey S, Jain A, Balasubramanium G. Epidemiological review of laryngeal cancer: An Indian perspective. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol. 2015;36(3):154-160. doi:10.4103/0971-5851.166721 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26855523/
15. Common cancer myths and misconceptions. NCI. 2024. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/myths
16. Szukalska M, Szyfter K, Florek E, et al. Electronic cigarettes and head and neck cancer risk: Current state of art. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(11):3274. doi:10.3390/cancers12113274 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33167393/
17. Acid reflux disease and cancer Risk – NCI. 2021. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://dceg.cancer.gov/news-events/news/2021/gerd-cancer-risk
18. Martín-Hernán F, Sánchez-Hernández JG, Cano J, Campo J, del Romero J. Oral cancer, HPV infection and evidence of sexual transmission. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2013;18(3):e439-e444. doi:10.4317/medoral.18419 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3668870/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Cancer is considered one of the major health concerns worldwide. Cancer can affect any organ or tissue, and based on these, the causes, symptoms, and treatments can vary from case to case. Though not all cancers are preventable, adopting some healthy lifestyle habits and limiting the known risk factors can help in reducing the risk of developing certain types of cancers. This blog helps you understand what cancer is, its risk factors, how to prevent cancer, its diagnosis, treatment and when to seek medical advice to avoid unnecessary concerns and make informed decisions about one’s health.
Cancer is a disease in which certain cells in the body grow and multiply uncontrollably. In the human body, a natural process takes place as new cells are formed along with the removal of old, damaged cells. Normally, this process is controlled by many factors and in cancer, this normal mechanism is disturbed, which leads to the increased growth and multiplication of damaged cells.
Cancer cells behave differently from normal cells with regard to the processes involved in cell growth, division, repair, death and response to body’s immune system1.
Did You Know?
Cancers are caused by changes (mutations) in genetic materials which control the normal cell division process1. Several factors can control this, and avoiding these can help in the prevention of cancer occurrence. However, not every cancer is preventable, as some factors are non-modifiable, such as age and family history. However, 30%-50% of deaths due to cancer can be prevented by avoiding the risk factors and adopting evidence-based measures3.
Factors which might put a person at an increased chance for being affected by cancer are termed risk factors. These include:
Increasing age is considered one of the common risk factors of cancer. However, the age at which cancer may develop can vary based on the type of cancer. Cancers affecting the breast, colon, lung, and prostate usually occur around 63-72 years of age, while cancers like leukaemia are more common in children4.
Certain cancers can run in families through the passing down of genetic changes, which might increase the risk of cancer from their parents. This does not mean that cancer itself is passed down from the parents; rather, the changes in genes that put the person at an increased risk can be passed5.
Alcohol intake is linked with mouth, throat, liver and breast cancers. While, there is no completely risk-free level of alcohol consumption with to respect to cancer, the risk can be higher for those people who drink alcohol along with the use of tobacco6.
Certain infectious agents can increase the risk for developing cancer. Some viruses act by disturbing normal cell proliferation, and some infections might lead to weaker immunity and thereby to cancer. Viruses such as Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV), Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), human T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV-1) and a bacterium named Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) might increase the risk of certain cancers. Certain parasitic flatworms can also be involved in cancer development7.
High-energy radiation such as X-rays and gamma rays is most involved in the incidence of certain cancers. Some of the diagnostic procedures, including X-rays, computed tomography (CT), or positron emission tomography (PET) scans, might produce small changes in cells, though the risk for developing cancers is limited. Low-energy radiation such as that from cell phones and visible light has not proved to induce cancers in humans8. Radiotherapy on the other hand, intentionally uses high doses of ionizing radiation and can cause DNA damage to normal tissues; however, its benefits usually outweigh the long-term secondary-cancer risk when appropriately indicated.
Inflammation that lasts for a prolonged period might be caused by some infections, certain conditions such as obesity and abnormal immune reactions. The changes induced by these can also be reflected in DNA abnormalities and thereby lead to cancer. Chronic inflammatory diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease can increase the risk of developing colon cancer9.
Hormones such as oestrogen are found to be associated with an increased risk for developing cancers, though they possess some normal functions in the human body. Evidence highlights the risk of breast cancer in women is more linked with the production of hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone from their ovaries. Long exposure to these hormones from early menstruation (menarche) and late permanent stoppage of monthly periods (menopause), delayed pregnancies and no history of any childbirth can be considered risk factors10.
In healthy individuals, under normal physiologic conditions, certain types of cancer cells can be detected by the body’s immune system, which tries to eliminate these abnormal cells. But, in people who have undergone organ transplants, certain immunosuppressive medicines are given to avoid rejection by the body. When these immunosuppressive drugs are taken, or under in case of certain infections like HIV, which weakens the immune system, these cells fail to detect the cancer cells. In HIV affected people, most cancers caused by certain viral infections are seen, although some non-infectious related cancers such as lung cancers can also be seen11.
Obese people are more prone to get affected with cancers of the breast, colon, rectum, kidney cancer, pancreas and gallbladder, although some other factors can also contribute to the development12.
Ultraviolet radiation (UVA and UVB) in sunlight is considered an inducing factor of cancer development. These radiations can accelerate skin ageing and cancers. People of any skin tone can develop skin cancer; however, people with a light skin tone are more prone to develop it13.
Use of tobacco is considered one of the common causes of death due to cancers. People who use tobacco or who are constantly exposed to environmental tobacco smoke might develop cancer due to the presence of certain chemicals in it. They are more prone to develop lung, mouth, throat, kidney, liver, stomach, colon and rectum cancers. Smokeless tobacco is involved in inducing mouth cancers, and it increases the risk of oesophageal or pancreatic cancers14.
Certain chemicals in the environment, including the ones in the air, water, food or in the materials we use, might cause some DNA damage. Some of these can be avoided, such as tobacco smoke, radiation, and UV rays. Other substances that might also cause cancer are arsenic, cadmium, radon, untreated mineral oils, etc. However, chances of developing cancers depend on many other factors, including the exposure duration and amount15.
These risk factors can be modifiable, that is those which can be altered by adopting some healthy lifestyle measures, or nonmodifiable, those which cannot be controlled. While nothing can be done about the nonmodifiable factors, reducing exposure or avoiding the modifiable risk factors might be helpful in cancer prevention.
Limiting or avoiding the modifiable risk factors along with adopting the evidence-based preventive measures are beneficial in preventing the deaths associated with certain cancers. The complications associated with these cancers can also be reduced by timely detection and early initiation of management strategies:
Avoiding all forms of tobacco, including smoking and smokeless tobacco is advised16.
Achieving a healthy weight can help in preventing obesity associated cancers16.
A diet including a lot of fruits and vegetables is recommended16.
Intake of alcohol can be seen linked with many cancers, such as mouth, throat, liver and breast and avoiding it can help in preventing the associated cancers6.
Regular exercise can help in prevention16. For adults, aiming for at least 150 minutes of moderate activity or at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity activity weekly is recommended17.
Also Read: Can Exercise Reduce The Risk Of Cancer?
Vaccinations against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) can be beneficial in preventing the cancers caused by them3.
Limiting sun exposure, particularly between mid-morning and late afternoon, can be beneficial in preventing UV-induced cancers. Wearing a hat that covers the face, neck and ears, wearing sunglasses when under sunlight, and wearing dresses with long sleeves and pants are preferred. Application of sunscreen with sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30 and 30 minutes before going outside is recommended. Reapplication every two hours or after swimming or sweating can provide an added advantage13.
Also Read: Can Sunscreen Cause Cancer? What the Research Says
Reducing unnecessary exposure to radiation from occupational sites or following safe medical use of radiation in diagnosis and management can help in the prevention of certain cancers8.
No single test is available to detect cancer. Your doctor can diagnose cancer by sequential diagnostic methods. However, these tests can vary from person to person based on the type of cancer and their symptoms18:
Note: Specific screening tests for selected cancers also need to be considered such as mammography for breast cancer, HPV testing for cervical cancer screening, sputum cytology for lung cancer, colonoscopy for colorectal screening etc.
Screening and early detection can reduce cancer mortality for selected cancers.
Many types of cancer treatments are available, and the type of treatment for one person may vary from another based on the type of cancer and how advanced it is. Most people will have a combination of treatments, though some have only one. These can include19:
Certain common myths about cancer might lead to unnecessary concerns and related anxieties, which can lead to other complications. These myths can sometimes delay evidence-based preventive measures, timely identification and management strategies20:
Also Read: Early Warning Signs of Cancer You Should Know
If you notice any unusual symptoms such as new lumps, persistent fatigue or fever, unexplained weight loss or any changes that are not normal or if you are worried that these could be signs of cancer, you need to consult a doctor.
Cancer is considered one of the major health burdens worldwide. Cancer is considered the abnormal growth and multiplication of certain cells following certain mutations in associated genes. Cancer can affect any organ, and there can be several cancers which vary in their causes, symptoms, preventive measures, and treatment modalities. Having proper awareness about cancer can avoid unnecessary concerns and can help in timely medical evaluation and taking appropriate management measures.
Also Read: 10 Foods to Include in Your Diet for Lowering Your Cancer Risk
Though all cancers are not completely preventable or treatable, certain types of cancers can be prevented by adopting some healthy lifestyle measures such as limiting alcohol and tobacco, being physically active, avoiding UV radiation from sunlight and maintaining a healthy weight21. If persistent anxiety about cancer is affecting daily life, consulting a doctor is recommended.
Antioxidants are beneficial in preventing the damage caused by free radicals associated with cancer. However, limited evidence is available regarding the role of antioxidants in preventing the development of cancer. Some studies have shown an increased risk for cancer development linked with antioxidant usage22.
Regular exercise can help alter some risk factors associated with cancer occurrence. Being physically active can help maintaining a healthy body weight and lower inflammation, which have been linked to cancer development3.
Certain vaccines against hepatitis B and human papillomavirus (HPV) might help prevent the cancers that are caused by these viruses3. However, these vaccines might not prevent all cancers.
Autophagy is a natural process that occur in cells which involve transportation of cell components to lysosomes for their digestion. Autophagy is involved in several processes associated with cancer. It can limit cell death and inflammation and the spreading of tumour cells to other sites in the body. In contrast, it can also promote the invasion of tumour cells to new sites in its later stages. So, the role of autophagy as a lethal or protective factors are needed to be explored further23.
1. What Is Cancer? – NCI. September 17, 2007. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer
2. Cancer. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer
3. Cancer. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.who.int/health-topics/cancer
4. Risk Factors: Age – NCI. April 29, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/age
5. The Genetics of Cancer – NCI. April 22, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics
6. Risk Factors: Alcohol – NCI. April 29, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/alcohol
7. Risk Factors: Infectious Agents – NCI. April 29, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents
8. Risk Factors: Radiation – NCI. April 29, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/radiation
9. Risk Factors: Chronic Inflammation – NCI. April 29, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/chronic-inflammation
10. Risk Factors: Hormones – NCI. April 29, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/hormones
11. Risk Factors: Immunosuppression – NCI. April 29, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/immunosuppression
12. Risk Factors: Obesity – NCI. April 29, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/obesity
13. Cancer Risk Factors: Sunlight – NCI. April 29, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/sunlight
14. Risk Factors: Tobacco – NCI. April 29, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco
15. Cancer-Causing Substances in the Environment – NCI. March 18, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/substances
16. Dart H, Wolin KY, Colditz GA. Commentary: Eight Ways to Prevent Cancer: a framework for effective prevention messages for the public. Cancer Causes Control CCC. 2012;23(4):601-608. doi:10.1007/s10552-012-9924-y https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3631124/
17. Physical activity. Accessed August 26, 2026. https://www.who.int/initiatives/behealthy/physical-activity
18. Tests and Procedures Used to Diagnose Cancer – NCI. March 9, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/diagnosis
19. Types of Cancer Treatment – NCI. July 31, 2017. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types
20. Common Cancer Myths and Misconceptions – NCI. January 18, 2023. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/myths
21. Risk Factors for Cancer – NCI. April 29, 2015. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk
22. Risk Factors: Diet – NCI. January 31, 2024. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet
23. Bhutia SK, Mukhopadhyay S, Sinha N, et al. Autophagy: Cancer’s Friend or Foe? Adv Cancer Res. 2013;118:61-95. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-407173-5.00003-0 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4349374/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Noticing a new mole, a changing spot on your skin, or a sore that does not heal can make you wonder whether it could be skin cancer.
Skin cancer is a broad group of conditions in which cells and tissues in the skin grow abnormally1.
Understanding what is skin cancer, skin cancer types, their symptoms, causes, and risk factors, as well as how they are diagnosed and treated, can help you recognise warning signs and aid in early stage skin cancer. Knowing how to protect your skin and when to seek medical advice can also support early detection and better outcomes.
Skin cancer is a broad group of conditions in which cells and tissues in the skin grow abnormally. A majority of the skin cancer subtypes, such as melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma are primarily caused by UV exposure1. Among these, squamous cell cancer and basal cell cancer are the two most prevalent forms. They typically appear on the hands, arms, neck, head, and face. Melanoma is a less prevalent but more serious kind of skin cancer2.
The type of skin cancer depends on which type of skin cells become cancerous4.
A change in the skin is the most common sign of skin cancer. Skin cancer symptoms include5.
Skin cancer develops when abnormal changes in skin cells cause them to grow and multiply uncontrollably, with UV radiation being a major cause of many types of skin cancer1,4. Various skin cancer causes include:
Several factors, such as the following, can increase the risk of developing skin cancer:
Possible complications of skin cancer include1:
Skin cancer is diagnosed by examining suspicious skin changes and, when needed, examining a skin sample under a microscope1.
Treatment depends on the type and stage of skin cancer, the size and location of the tumour, and the person’s overall health8. Skin cancer treatment involves8:
Some of the tips to prevent skin cancer include10:
You should seek medical advice if you notice a new or changing skin lesion, particularly one that looks different from your other moles or if its history is concerning. Early evaluation is important to help detect skin cancer early and prevent complications. If a lesion is suspicious, further evaluation such as dermoscopy or a skin biopsy may be needed1,9.
Also Read: Black Spots on Skin: Causes, Types, Treatment & Prevention
Skin cancer can often be treated successfully when it is diagnosed and treated early. Being familiar with changes in your skin, protecting yourself from UV exposure, and having suspicious or changing spots checked by a dermatologist can support early detection. If you notice a new, changing, or unusual skin lesion, do not ignore it; seek medical advice for appropriate evaluation and treatment.
Most skin cancers, especially basal cell and squamous cell cancers, can usually be cured with appropriate treatment and exhibit good treatment outcomes1.
Early skin cancer may appear as a new or changing skin lesion that looks different from your other moles or spots. It can look like a pink, pearly bump, a pink rough patch, or a brown to black spot with an uneven colour or irregular border1.
Skin cancer can be detected early by having suspicious skin lesions examined by a doctor. A skin examination, dermoscopy, and, when needed, a biopsy can help determine whether a suspicious lesion is skin cancer1.
Yes, many people with skin cancer can have a good treatment outcome when the cancer is detected early, especially with cancers such as basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma1.
Yes, skin cancer can occur at any age, including in children. However, skin cancer is more common in older adults1.
One sunburn does not mean that you will develop skin cancer, but it causes sun related skin damage and increases your risk of skin cancer. Having more sunburns increases this risk further11.
Yes, skin cancer can cause itching in the affected area. It may also cause pain, bleeding, or other discomfort1.
No, skin cancer is not contagious and cannot normally spread from one person to another through everyday contact12.
1. Sathe NC, Zito PM. Skin Cancer. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Accessed August 14, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441949/
2. Skin Cancer. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/skincancer.html
3. Skin Cancer: Facts and Stats. Office of Student Life. January 4, 2023. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://geiselmed.dartmouth.edu/students/student-wellness-resources/sun-safety-and-skin-cancer-prevention/skin-cancer-facts-and-stats/
4. CDC. Skin Cancer Basics. Skin Cancer. July 6, 2026. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/skin-cancer/about/index.html
5. CDC. Symptoms of Skin Cancer. Skin Cancer. July 6, 2026. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/skin-cancer/symptoms/index.html
6. Skin Cancer. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://medschool.cuanschutz.edu/colorado-cancer-center/for-patients-families/cancers-we-treat/skin-cancer
7. CDC. Skin Cancer Risk Factors. Skin Cancer. July 6, 2026. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/skin-cancer/risk-factors/index.html
8. Skin Cancer Treatment – NCI. February 10, 2026. Accessed August 14, 2026. https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/patient/skin-treatment-pdq
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