Reduced haemoglobin levels are among the most common health concerns experienced during pregnancy1.
While a small decline is sometimes common, significantly low haemoglobin levels may indicate nutritional deficiencies that require attention. If left unmanaged, low haemoglobin can increase the risk of weakened immunity, preterm delivery, low birth weight, and complications during childbirth for both the mother and the baby2.
The good news is that haemoglobin levels can often be improved naturally with the right diet, lifestyle habits, and proper prenatal care1.
In this blog, we will explore what haemoglobin is, why it is important during pregnancy, the common causes and symptoms of low haemoglobin, and the best natural ways to boost haemoglobin levels safely and effectively during pregnancy.
Haemoglobin is an iron-rich protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. It also helps transport carbon dioxide back to the lungs so it can be removed from the body.
During pregnancy, haemoglobin plays an especially important role because both the mother and the growing baby need an increased supply of oxygen and nutrients. Adequate haemoglobin levels help support the baby’s growth and development while also maintaining the mother’s energy levels and overall health3.
A drop in haemoglobin levels during pregnancy is quite common and can occur for several reasons. Some common causes of low haemoglobin in pregnancy include:
If dietary iron intake is insufficient, iron stores could become depleted, resulting in iron deficiency that could lead to low haemoglobin levels.
Low levels of haemoglobin in pregnancy can affect the body’s ability to supply enough oxygen to tissues and organs, often leading to low energy levels and reduced physical stamina. The signs are often mild in the early stages, but they can gradually become more noticeable. Common symptoms include:
Certain women are more likely to develop low haemoglobin levels during pregnancy due to nutritional, lifestyle, or health-related factors. These risk factors include:
Haemoglobin levels naturally fluctuate during pregnancy due to increased blood volume and the growing needs of the baby. The table below helps to understand the haemoglobin normal range in pregnancy11,12:
| Trimester | Haemoglobin Level Considered Normal | Haemoglobin Level Considered Low | Haemoglobin Level Considered High |
| First Trimester | 11 g/dL or higher | Below 11 g/dL | Above 13 g/dL |
| Second Trimester | 10.5 g/dL or higher | Below 10.5 g/dL | Above 13 g/dL |
| Third Trimester | 11 g/dL or higher | Below 11 g/dL | Above 13 g/dL |
Note:
The severity of anaemia is determined based on haemoglobin levels as shown below11.
| Severity of Anaemia | Haemoglobin Level | Severity of Anaemia |
| Mild Anaemia | 8.1 to 10g/dl | Mild Anaemia |
| Moderate Anaemia | 6.5 to 8 g/dL | Moderate Anaemia |
| Severe Anaemia | <6.5g/dl | Severe Anaemia |
Haemoglobin test results should always be interpreted by a doctor in combination with symptoms and individual medical history.
Low levels of haemoglobin in pregnancy are usually detected during routine prenatal blood tests. Common diagnostic tests used are:
Maintaining healthy haemoglobin levels during pregnancy is important for both maternal health and the baby’s growth and development. Thus, understanding how to increase haemoglobin during pregnancy is important for supporting the health of both the mother and the growing baby. Here are some natural ways that can help:
Food items naturally rich in these nutrients help to boost haemoglobin levels. Some foods to increase haemoglobin during pregnancy include1:
Vitamin C helps the body absorb iron more effectively. Try to include vitamin C-rich foods with meals, including1,17:
Certain foods and beverages can interfere with iron absorption if consumed with iron-rich meals. Limit or avoid1,17:
Tip: If taking calcium and iron supplements, take them at different times of the day.
While taste sensitivity may be high in pregnancy and symptoms such as nausea and vomiting may occur associated with food, it’s still important to maintain a healthy and balanced diet, eat regularly and not skip any meals to avoid the risk of nutrient deficiencies.
Some infections (such as malaria) can contribute to low haemoglobin levels. Maintaining good hygiene, washing hands regularly, and seeking prompt treatment for infections could help reduce the risk1.
Routine antenatal visits and blood tests help monitor haemoglobin levels and allow early detection and management of low haemoglobin levels during pregnancy.
Note: Dietary changes can support healthy haemoglobin levels, but persistent or severe low haemoglobin levels (or moderate to severe anaemia) should always be evaluated and treated under medical supervision.
Treatment for low haemoglobin during pregnancy depends on the severity and its underlying cause. Along with dietary changes, doctors may recommend medical treatment to restore healthy haemoglobin levels and support maternal and foetal health.
Oral iron supplements are commonly prescribed to manage iron deficiency during pregnancy17. These help increase red blood cell production and improve haemoglobin levels over time.
Note: Iron supplements may sometimes cause side effects such as upset stomach, constipation, nausea, reduced appetite, and dark-coloured stools17. Therefore, they should only be taken under a doctor’s guidance and in the recommended dosage.
If low haemoglobin levels are linked to folate or vitamin B12 deficiency, appropriate supplements may be recommended to support healthy red blood cell formation1,6. Vegetarian women may especially require vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy, as plant-based diets may not provide adequate amounts of this nutrient18.
In cases of moderate to severe low haemoglobin levels (or moderate anaemia), poor absorption, or intolerance to oral iron, intravenous iron therapy may be advised for faster correction of iron deficiency17.
In areas where worm infections and anaemia are common, doctors may recommend deworming treatment after the first trimester of pregnancy to help reduce the risk of anaemia caused by parasitic infections19. This should only be taken under medical supervision.
If low haemoglobin levels are caused by chronic diseases (such as obesity) or inherited blood disorders (such as thalassemia), additional treatment and specialist care may be required1.
Very low haemoglobin levels or serious symptoms may occasionally require blood transfusion17.
Early antenatal registration and regular trimester-wise haemoglobin monitoring are important for the early detection, prevention, and management of anaemia during pregnancy20. Doctors may repeat blood tests during pregnancy to monitor haemoglobin levels and assess response to treatment.
Note: Pregnant women should avoid self-medicating with any supplements or injections and always follow medical advice regarding dosage and treatment duration.
When haemoglobin levels become significantly low, symptoms may become more serious and require immediate medical attention. These may include1:
Since many symptoms of low haemoglobin levels can resemble normal pregnancy-related tiredness, regular prenatal check-ups and blood tests are important for early detection and proper management.
Also Read: Double Marker vs. Triple Marker Test: Differences, Timing, Results & How They Work Together
Maintaining healthy haemoglobin levels during pregnancy is essential for the well-being of both the mother and the growing baby. While a mild drop in haemoglobin is common due to normal physiological changes, significantly low levels should not be ignored, as they may lead to pregnancy-related complications.
A balanced diet rich in iron, folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin C, along with regular prenatal check-ups, can help support healthy haemoglobin levels naturally. Keep in mind that early diagnosis, proper nutrition, and timely address play an important role in preventing complications and ensuring a healthier pregnancy journey.
Since every pregnancy is different, haemoglobin levels and treatment needs should always be evaluated by a doctor. With the right care and monitoring, most cases of low haemoglobin during pregnancy can be effectively managed.
Also Read: MCH Blood Test: Interpreting the Results and Understanding Its Importance
You can improve haemoglobin levels gradually and safely by eating iron-rich foods such as leafy greens, lentils, beans, lean meat, eggs, and iron-fortified cereals. Including vitamin C-rich foods could further help improve iron absorption. Doctors may also prescribe supplements if needed1.
A haemoglobin level of 9.5 g/dL is considered a low haemoglobin level during pregnancy and should be evaluated by a doctor11.
Yes, low haemoglobin levels may reduce oxygen supply to the mother and baby and increase the risk of fatigue, weakness, preterm birth, low birth weight, and other pregnancy complications if left untreated1,2.
Consuming iron-rich dried fruits such as dates and prunes in moderation can help boost haemoglobin levels. Also, combining them with vitamin C-rich fruits such as oranges, strawberries and kiwi is especially helpful because they improve iron absorption. Certain fruits like pomegranate are traditionally believed to help raise haemoglobin levels, however, they are not found to be good sources of iron, but they may help improve iron absorption and availability17,21.
es, a mild reduction in haemoglobin during pregnancy is common due to increased blood plasma volume4. However, significantly low levels may need medical attention.
High haemoglobin levels during pregnancy may be linked to complications such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and gestational diabetes13. If levels are high, you should see a doctor, he/she will interpret the results based on your overall health and pregnancy stage.
1. Anaemia. Accessed May 12, 2026. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia
2. Obeagu GU, Obeagu EI. Complications of anemia in pregnancy: An updated overview for healthcare professionals. Medicine (Baltimore). 2025;104(35):e44246. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000044246 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12401385/
3. Farid Y, Bowman NS, Lecat P. Biochemistry, Hemoglobin Synthesis. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Accessed May 12, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536912/
4. Soma-Pillay P, Catherine NP, Tolppanen H, Mebazaa A, Tolppanen H, Mebazaa A. Physiological changes in pregnancy. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2016;27(2):89-94. doi:10.5830/CVJA-2016-021 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12401385/
5. Georgieff MK. Iron Deficiency in Pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(4):516-524. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.03.006 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32184147/
6. Tefera AA, Seifu D, Menon M, Talargia F, Belete AM. Red blood cell folate level and associated factors of folate insufficiency among pregnant women attending antenatal care during their first trimester of pregnancy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med. 2022;10:20503121221118987. doi:10.1177/20503121221118987 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9424885/
7. Feyissa TR, Chojenta C, Hassen TA, et al. Short birth/pregnancy interval and its association with adverse maternal outcomes in Asia Pacific region: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Midwifery. 2025;144:104342. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2025.104342 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39986113/
8. Iron deficiency anaemia. nhs.uk. October 23, 2017. Accessed May 13, 2026. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/iron-deficiency-anaemia/
9. Anemia – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH. December 18, 2025. Accessed May 12, 2026. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/anemia/causes
10. Anemia and Pregnancy. Accessed May 12, 2026. https://www.hematology.org/education/patients/anemia/pregnancy
11. Moghaddam Tabrizi F, Barjasteh S. Maternal Hemoglobin Levels during Pregnancy and their Association with Birth Weight of Neonates. Iran J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2015;5(4):211-217. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26985354/
12. Obeagu GU, Obeagu EI. Complications of anemia in pregnancy: An updated overview for healthcare professionals. Medicine (Baltimore). 2025;104(35):e44246. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000044246 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12401385/
13. Wu L, Sun R, Liu Y, et al. High hemoglobin level is a risk factor for maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnancy in Chinese women: A retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022;22:290. doi:10.1186/s12884-022-04636-9 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35387646/
14. Maner BS, Killeen RB, Moosavi L. Mean Corpuscular Volume. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Accessed May 13, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545275/
15. Phukan J, Kawsar H, Banerjee J, Sinha A. A comparative study of anemia in peripheral blood smear and automated cell counter generated red cell parameters. Iraqi J Hematol. 2022;11(1):51. doi:10.4103/ijh.ijh_3_22 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361168554_A_comparative_study_of_anemia_in_peripheral_blood_smear_and_automated_cell_counter_generated_red_cell_parameters
16. Iron Tests: MedlinePlus Medical Test. Accessed May 13, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/iron-tests/
17. Preventing and treating anaemia during pregnancy. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5885006/
18. Rizzo G, Laganà AS, Rapisarda AMC, et al. Vitamin B12 among Vegetarians: Status, Assessment and Supplementation. Nutrients. 2016;8(12):767. doi:10.3390/nu8120767 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27916823/
19. Deworming in pregnant women. Accessed May 13, 2026. https://www.who.int/tools/elena/interventions/deworming-pregnancy
20. NHSRC Guidelines AC.indb. Accessed May 13, 2026. https://nhm.gov.in/images/pdf/programmes/maternal-health/guidelines/sba_guidelines_for_skilled_attendance_at_birth.pdf
21. Balasubramani SP, Varghese RK, Vishnuprasad CN, Venkatasubramanian P. Pomegranate Juice Enhances Iron Dialysability and Assimilation in In-Vitro Cell Free and Cell-Based Models. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2020;75(2):272-278. doi:10.1007/s11130-020-00815-1 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32333242/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Vitamins are essential substances that our body needs to stay healthy and function properly. They play a key role in a variety of functions, including, helping in energy production, immunity, growth, and tissue repair. One such important vitamin is folate (vitamin B9). Folate plays a key role in the formation of red blood cells and in the making of DNA, which is the genetic material present in all our cells1.
When the body does not receive enough folate, it develops folate deficiency. This is a more prevalent dietary condition that can affect people of any age, including children, adults, pregnant women, and older people. Because folate is essential for healthy blood and cell formation, its deficiency can lead to a variety of health problems if not handled properly2.
Understanding the causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention of folate deficiencies is critical because it aids in the early detection and effective management of this condition, resulting in improved health and well-being. In this article, we will discuss on all these topics.
As mentioned earlier, folate deficiency is a condition that develops when the body does not have enough folate to meet its daily needs. It means your body is lacking an important vitamin that is necessary for making new cells and healthy red blood cells.
When folate levels are inadequate, the body struggles to make adequate normal red blood cells. Instead, the bone marrow produces large, immature, and abnormal cells that don’t work properly. This can result in folate-deficiency anaemia, a condition in which the blood fails to transport enough oxygen to the body’s tissues. As a result, a person may experience weakness, fatigue, and a lack of energy. Low folate levels can also slow down the body’s ability to make DNA properly.
Folate deficiency can develop gradually over time, often due to a poor diet, specific health conditions, or increased nutritional requirements, such as during pregnancy or rapid growth. If not detected and treated early, it can have a negative impact on overall health and daily functioning2.
Folate is an essential vitamin that the body needs to function properly. It plays a key role in several important processes such as:
Folate helps the body produce healthy red blood cells in the bone marrow, which carry oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body, helping organs and tissues function properly. Inadequate folate levels lead to abnormal red blood cell formation and cause folate deficiency anaemia.
Folate is essential for formation and repairing of DNA, the genetic material found in every cell of the body. It is especially important during periods of rapid cell production and growth. It works through one-carbon metabolism, a simple process that helps the body build and repair DNA properly.
Folate plays a key role in methylation reactions that help in gene regulation and amino acid production aiding the formation of new cells. This is particularly important during pregnancy, childhood, adolescence, and recovery from illness or injury when the body is growing or healing quickly2.
Folate is crucial during early pregnancy as it helps prevent neural tube defects (such as spina bifida) in the developing baby. Adequate intake before and during early pregnancy supports proper brain and spinal cord development in baby3.
Folate plays an important role in brain function as it helps in making and managing chemicals that control mood, thinking, and memory. It also supports key body processes that keep brain cells healthy. Studies show that low folate levels can cause mood changes (depression), memory issues, and are at higher risk of age-related mental decline4.
Folate helps regulate homocysteine levels in the blood. High homocysteine is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, so adequate folate intake can support heart health5.
Folate contributes to normal growth, development of tissues and organs, and overall good health, making it essential for people of all ages2.
Note: Folate supplements should not be taken without proper medical guidance as they may mask signs of vitamin B12 deficiency with nerve damage continuing to progress.
Folate deficiency can affect multiple systems in the body, leading to a range of symptoms involving the blood, brain, digestive system, and mouth. The following are some common folate deficiency symptoms.
Folate deficiency can be caused by a variety of reasons. The following are the most common folate deficiency causes.
Some people are more likely to develop folate deficiency than others. People who are at a higher risk of developing folate deficiency includes the following:
Note: Many of these risk factors can also predispose to vitamin B12 deficiency, so B12 levels should be checked before treating with folate alone.
Folate is extremely important during pregnancy as it supports the baby’s quick growth and development. It is critical in the formation of the baby’s brain, spinal cord, and other tissues, particularly in the first few weeks of pregnancy when many vital structures are growing.
One of folate’s most significant functions is to help avoid neural tube defects, which are conditions that affect the development of the baby’s brain and spine. Consuming adequate folate before and during early pregnancy promotes healthy development and lowers the chance of these issues.
Folate also helps the mother’s body produce extra red blood cells needed during pregnancy and supports overall health and energy levels. Because of these important roles, pregnant women are usually advised to ensure adequate folate intake through a healthy diet and recommended supplements3.
All women planning for pregnancy are usually advised to take about 400 mcg of folic acid daily to maintain adequate folate levels in the body and support a healthy pregnancy3. Women at higher risk (for example, those who had a previous baby with a birth defect or take certain medicines) may need a higher dose (around 4-5 mg per day), but only if a doctor recommends it2.
Note: Anaemia in pregnancy can have multiple causes, and iron deficiency is more common; therefore, both iron and folate levels should be properly assessed and managed. Folate should not be taken on its own without checking for vitamin B12 deficiency, as it can hide blood problems while nerve damage may still continue. All supplementations should be taken under the guidance of a doctor.
Folate deficiency can cause several complications, such as:
To identify folate deficiency, your doctor might evaluate a combination of symptoms, medical history, and laboratory test results rather than relying on a single sign.
Note: Symptoms such as tingling, numbness, or nerve damage (neuropathy) are more commonly seen in vitamin B12 deficiency.
The treatment of folate deficiency mainly focuses on replacing the missing folate and treating the underlying cause. You doctor might prescribe any of the following as a folate deficiency treatment, based on your cause or condition.
Note: Always check for vitamin B12 deficiency before starting folic acid, as folate may improve anaemia but can allow nerve damage to continue or worsen. This should only be done under your doctor’s guidance.
Also Read: Food Intolerance: What is It, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & More
Folate deficiency can often be improved with simple lifestyle and diet changes. Here are some practical tips:
Note: These tips can help boost folate levels, but they are not a substitute for medical treatment. If you experience signs of folate deficiency or have been diagnosed with it, see a doctor for a complete diagnosis and treatment plan. In some circumstances, folic acid supplements or treatment may be required. Also, ruling out vitamin B12 deficiency before starting folate supplementation is important, as it may mask anaemia, retaining nerve damage.
Also Read: Anaemia: Causes, Symptoms, Types, Diagnosis & More!
Consider seeing a doctor if you have persistent tiredness or weakness even after rest, pale skin or shortness of breath, mouth ulcers or a sore tongue, memory problems or confusion, numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, unexplained weight loss, or long-lasting diarrhoea, which could indicate nutrient absorption problems.
It is especially important to seek medical guidance while pregnant or planning pregnancy, as folate is required for the baby’s development. You should also see a doctor if you eat poorly, drink excessively, have digestive difficulties or chronic conditions that affect vitamin absorption, or are taking long-term drugs that may interfere with folate levels2.
Also Read: 7 Things You Need to Avoid in Anaemia!
Folate deficiency means a condition that occurs when the body does not have enough folate to meet its needs. It is a common, yet avoidable condition that can negatively affect overall health if left untreated. Since folate is essential for blood formation, DNA synthesis, repair and cell growth, maintaining adequate levels through a balanced diet and healthy lifestyle is important. It is especially important if you are pregnant or planning pregnancy. Early detection of any deficiency and proper treatment can help avoid complications and support good health in people of all ages.
Also Read: Symptoms of B12 Deficiency in Females: Causes, Diagnosis & Prevention
Low folate can sometimes be serious if left untreated, as it can lead to anaemia, fatigue, and other health problems. In severe cases, it may cause complications like nerve issues or problems during pregnancy2.
Recovery from folate deficiency usually begins within a few days of starting folate treatment, with blood levels improving over a few weeks. Full recovery, including correction of anaemia and symptoms, might take about 4-8 weeks depending on severity and underlying cause2.
You can raise folate levels by eating folate-rich foods like leafy greens, fruits, beans, and fortified cereals. Doctors may also recommend folic acid supplements for a quicker and more effective increase2.
Leafy green vegetables like spinach, mustard greens, lettuce etc. are among the highest natural sources of folate. Other rich foods include lentils, beans, oranges, nuts and fortified cereals6.
No, folate (vitamin B9) and vitamin B12 are different vitamins. Both help in red blood cell formation and DNA synthesis, but they have different sources and roles in the body1.
1. Vitamins. 2025. doi: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002399.htm
2. Baddam S, Khan KM, Jialal I. Folic Acid Deficiency. 2025. doi: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535377/
3. About Folic Acid. 2025. doi: https://www.cdc.gov/folic-acid/about/index.html
4. Reynolds EH. Folic acid, ageing, depression, and dementia. BMJ. 2002;324(7352):1512.1-1515. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7352.1512 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1123448/
5. Li Y, Huang T, Zheng Y, Muka T, Troup J, Hu FB. Folic Acid Supplementation and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. JAHA. 2016;5(8):e003768. doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.003768 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27528407/
6. Folate Fact Sheet for Consumers. 2018. doi: https://ods.od.nih.gov/pdf/factsheets/folate-consumer.pdf
7. Folic Acid. 2023. doi: https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/folic-acid.html
8. Araújo JR, Martel F, Borges N, Araújo JM, Keating E. Folates and aging: Role in mild cognitive impairment, dementia and depression. Ageing Research Reviews. 2015;22:9-19. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2015.04.005 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25939915/
9. Hariz A, Bhattacharya PT. Megaloblastic Anemia(Archived). 2023. doi: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537254/
10. Chiravuri S, Jesus OD. Pancytopenia. 2023. doi: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563146/
11. Complications. 2023. doi: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/complications/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Seeing a positive pregnancy test can be an emotional and exciting moment, but it also brings up an important question: what should you do next?
After a home test confirms pregnancy, your doctor will guide you through the next steps, including confirming the pregnancy with a scan and starting your prenatal care. One of the first things you may be advised is to get a few blood tests during pregnancy first trimester, such as an advanced antenatal profile test. While this might feel like a lot, these tests are a normal and important part of early pregnancy care1.
Pregnancy is divided into three stages called trimesters, each lasting about 3 months. The first trimester begins at conception and continues up to around 13 weeks and 6 days2. This is a very important phase because your baby’s early development begins during this time, and your body also starts adjusting to support the pregnancy.
Blood tests are an important part of prenatal, or antepartum, care, which means the healthcare you receive during pregnancy. These tests help confirm pregnancy and check for conditions like anaemia, infections, and other health concerns that could affect you or your baby if not detected early. Based on your health needs, your doctor may also suggest additional tests for conditions like thyroid issues or diabetes. These blood tests help identify any problems early so they can be managed in time, supporting a healthy pregnancy1.
In this blog, we will explain the first trimester tests, when they are done, what the results mean, and whether they are safe.
Blood tests in the first trimester are important because they help doctors understand the health of both the mother and the baby early in pregnancy. Doctors advise starting pregnancy care early, usually between 6 to 10 weeks, because this helps identify high risk pregnancies and detect existing health conditions. Early testing also allows doctors to screen for problems at the beginning, so that they can take the right steps at the right time3.
Below are the main reasons why these blood tests are done:
Blood tests measure a hormone called beta human chorionic gonadotropin (beta hCG), which helps confirm a pregnancy, when an individual has signs like missed periods or irregular cycles. However, high levels of this hormone do not always mean the pregnancy is normal, because similar levels can also be seen in conditions like ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the uterus), miscarriage, or other abnormal conditions. Doctors may repeat this test after 48 hours, and if beta hCG levels increase as expected, it usually suggests that the pregnancy is progressing normally in the early stage. However, a scan is needed to confirm that the pregnancy is located inside the uterus, which can usually be seen around 5 to 6 weeks1.
Blood tests help identify conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity, which can affect how the pregnancy develops if not managed well3.
A haemoglobin test is done to check for anaemia, which usually indicates low red blood cell count. This can happen due to iron deficiency, long-term illness, or lack of vitamins like B12 or folate4,5. If anaemia is not treated, it can increase the risk of early delivery, poor growth of the baby inside the womb (IUGR), and other complications around birth3. Doctors may do more tests, like checking iron stores (ferritin), vitamin B12, folate, or special blood tests, to find the exact cause of anaemia4. Early treatment, such as iron supplementation, can help reduce these risks3.
Blood group testing is done to check if there is a blood group incompatibility between the mother and baby, which may lead to problems like jaundice in the newborn after birth4.
This is another important test that checks for Rh factor incompatibility between the mother and baby. If the mother is Rh-negative and the baby is Rh-positive, it can cause the mother’s body to react against the baby’s blood cells3,5. This risk can be greatly reduced with a medicine called anti-D immunoglobulin, if given at the right time3.
Blood tests are also used to check for infections like HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B. These infections can pass from the mother to the baby during pregnancy or at birth, but early detection allows timely treatment and prevention5.
Blood glucose testing is used to check for gestational diabetes (diabetes during pregnancy), which is usually done later in pregnancy (between 24 and 28 weeks) but is part of overall monitoring5. These first trimester blood tests help confirm pregnancy, detect health problems early, and guide proper care to keep both the mother and the baby safe.
During the first trimester, doctors advise several blood tests to check the health of the mother and support the baby’s early development. The key first trimester tests are listed below:
This is usually one of the first blood tests done. It measures the hormone hCG, which confirms pregnancy. Doctors may repeat this test after 48 hours because a normal pregnancy typically shows a rise in hCG levels (often by about ≥53-66% or higher)6. Abnormal beta hCG levels may suggest problems such as ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage1.
This test checks the different types of cells in blood. A red blood cell count helps detect anaemia, white blood cell count shows whether the body may be fighting an infection, while a platelet count helps check for blood clotting disorders. This gives an overall idea of the mother’s health early in pregnancy7.
This focuses specifically on detecting anaemia. In the early stage of pregnancy, anaemia is defined as haemoglobin <11 g/dL. This can be due to iron, folate or vitamin B12 deficiency4. Identifying low haemoglobin early helps doctors start iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 supplements to prevent complications in both mother and baby5.
This test determines the mother’s blood type and Rh status. If the mother is Rh-negative and the baby is Rh-positive, the mother may produce antibodies that can harm the baby’s red blood cells. Early detection allows doctors to give preventive treatment during pregnancy5,7.
This test is particularly important for Rh-negative mothers. It detects antibodies against baby’s red blood cells in the mother’s blood. A positive test result indicates that the mother’s blood has antibodies against the baby’s blood, which can lead to destruction of the baby’s red blood cells. This might need closer monitoring and appropriate management to avoid complications in the baby8.
Blood tests are done to detect infections such as HIV, hepatitis B, and syphilis. Early diagnosis allows timely treatment, which reduces the risk of passing infections from mother to baby. Additional screening for infections like rubella (checks if the mother is protected against rubella. If she is not immune, the vaccine is given after delivery rather than during pregnancy, as it is a live vaccine), hepatitis C, tuberculosis, and sexually transmitted infections may also be done based on risk5,7,9.
This test checks for diabetes. While routine screening for gestational diabetes is usually done later (24-28 weeks), early testing (with oral glucose tolerance test-OGTT) is recommended for women with risk factors such as obesity, history of gestational diabetes, or immediate family member with diabetes. Early detection helps manage blood sugar and reduce pregnancy complications1,5.
Thyroid tests like thyroid-stimulating hormone are usually done at the first pregnancy visit to check if the thyroid gland is working properly. Additional tests are done if there are symptoms of thyroid issues or a history of thyroid disease. Thyroid problems can increase the risk of miscarriage, preeclampsia, and preterm delivery, so targeted testing helps prevent complications3.
This includes a first trimester screening test that assesses the baby’s risk of genetic conditions such as Down syndrome, Patau syndrome or Edwards syndrome. Markers such as beta hCG and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) are tested between 10 and 13 weeks and 6 days. The results of this test are interpreted along with results of the nuchal translucency (NT) scan done around the same time. This helps parents and doctors make informed decisions and plan further care if needed3.
Note: These are screening tests and cannot confirm a diagnosis on their own.
Some tests are done only if risk factors are present, such as a history of gestational diabetes, suspected liver or kidney issues, infections, or genetic conditions. Identifying these risks early allows doctors to plan further tests, monitoring, and treatment1. Some examples include:
Together, these tests help doctors understand the mother’s health, detect possible risks, and plan safe care for both the mother and the developing baby.
Blood tests during pregnancy are planned across different stages based on gestational age (weeks of pregnancy) as well as individual risk factors and clinical conditions, with most blood tests during pregnancy first trimester done early (0-13 weeks and 6 days).
The first step is to confirm pregnancy. If it has not already been confirmed by an ultrasound, a beta hCG blood test may be done. However, this test alone cannot confirm a normal pregnancy, so ultrasound (usually around 5-6 weeks) is also done for confirmation1.
Most routine blood tests are done at the first antenatal visit, ideally in the first trimester. These include:
During the first visit, the doctor also evaluates risk factors for birth defects, such as maternal age (35 years or older), family history, certain ethnic backgrounds, or pre-existing conditions like diabetes. If risk factors are present, referral for genetic counselling and further screening may be recommended3,7.
Some tests are performed only in specific situations:
Additionally, genetic screening tests may be offered:
Although most baseline tests are done early, some important tests are scheduled later:
Any abnormal results detected during these tests are followed up promptly with additional testing, monitoring, or treatment to ensure the best possible outcomes for both mother and baby1.
Also Read: Complete Pregnancy Test List Trimester-By-Trimester for Indian Mothers
Yes, blood tests are generally very safe. There is no risk to the pregnancy or baby involved in having a blood test. You might feel a small amount of pain when the needle is inserted, and there can sometimes be mild bruising where the needle was inserted. In most cases, these effects are temporary and disappear quickly on their own12.
Also Read: Folate Deficiency: Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention
You should contact your doctor if you notice any symptoms that may need medical attention during pregnancy, such as:
If anything feels unusual or uncomfortable, it is always better to check with your healthcare provider2.
Also Read: PCOD Diet Chart: Foods to Eat, Avoid, Meal Plan & Lifestyle Tips
First trimester blood tests are important in early pregnancy care. They help doctors check the mother’s health and the baby’s early development. These tests can identify conditions such as anaemia, infections, diabetes risk, and blood group or Rh factor incompatibilities at an early stage, allowing for timely care and monitoring during pregnancy. This reduces the chance of complications and supports better pregnancy outcomes. First trimester blood tests are a simple and safe step that provides important information and helps provide a healthy and well-managed pregnancy journey for both mother and baby.
No, 7 weeks of pregnancy is not too early to see a doctor. It is an appropriate time for initial check-up, pregnancy confirmation, and basic tests, since early care is usually advised before 10 weeks after the last menstrual period13.
The first trimester, especially the period before 10 weeks of gestation, carries the highest risk in pregnancy. During this time, the embryo is developing quickly and the pregnancy is still stabilising in the uterus, so early changes or complications are more likely compared with later weeks. During this time, risks like early pregnancy loss are the highest14.
Yes, first-trimester blood tests are safe for the baby and involve no risks. These tests are done using a small blood sample from the mother and do not affect the uterus or fetus. These tests help detect early health conditions and support healthy pregnancy monitoring and baby development2.
1. Karrar SA, Vadakekut ES, Hong PL. Initial Antepartum Care. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Accessed April 30, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK570635/
2. Prenatal care in your first trimester: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Accessed April 30, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000544.htm
3. Prenatal Care: An Evidence-Based Approach | AAFP. Accessed April 30, 2026. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/0800/prenatal-care.html#abstract
4. Karrar SA, Vadakekut ES, Hong PL. Table. Recommended Initial Prenatal Serum Laboratory Studies. August 12, 2024. Accessed April 30, 2026. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK570635/table/article-105819.table0/
5. Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing Department. Accessed April 30, 2026. https://www.who.int/teams/maternal-newborn-child-adolescent-health-and-ageing/handbooks/programme-manager-s-handbook-mncah/recommendations-on-interventions-along-life-course/maternal
6. Larraín D, Caradeux J. β ‐Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Dynamics in Early Gestational Events: A Practical and Updated Reappraisal. Hemida R, ed. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2024;2024(1):8351132. doi:10.1155/2024/8351132. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378812239_b-Human_Chorionic_Gonadotropin_Dynamics_in_Early_Gestational_Events_A_Practical_and_Updated_Reappraisal
7. Routine Tests During Pregnancy | ACOG. Accessed April 30, 2026. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/routine-tests-during-pregnancy
8. Izetbegovic S. Occurrence of ABO And RhD Incompatibility with Rh Negative Mothers. Mater Socio Medica. 2013;25(4):255. doi:10.5455/msm.2013.25.255-258. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24511269/
9. Serological testing for immunity to rubella is recommended before or after receiving rubella-containing vaccine in certain circumstances. 2023. Doi: https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/recommendations/serological-testing-for-immunity-to-rubella-is-recommended-before-or-after-receiving-rubella-containing-vaccine-in-certain-circumstances
10. Dajti E, Bruni A, Barbara G, Azzaroli F. Diagnostic Approach to Elevated Liver Function Tests during Pregnancy: A Pragmatic Narrative Review. J Pers Med. 2023;13(9):1388. doi:10.3390/jpm13091388. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37763154/
11. Wiles K, Bramham K, Seed PT, Nelson-Piercy C, Lightstone L, Chappell LC. Serum Creatinine in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review. Kidney Int Rep. 2019;4(3):408-419. doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2018.10.015. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30899868/
12. Pregnancy Test: MedlinePlus Medical Test. Accessed April 30, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/pregnancy-test/
13. Tailored Prenatal Care Delivery for Pregnant Individuals | ACOG. Accessed April 30, 2026. https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/clinical-consensus/articles/2025/04/tailored-prenatal-care-delivery-for-pregnant-individuals
14. Poon LC, McIntyre HD, Hyett JA, Da Fonseca EB, Hod M. The first-trimester of pregnancy – A window of opportunity for prediction and prevention of pregnancy complications and future life. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;145:20-30. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2018.05.002. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29852233/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Have you ever experienced a sudden painful cramp in your muscle that makes it hard to move? This is called a muscle spasm. It occurs when a muscle contracts unexpectedly but does not relax properly1. Muscle spasms are very common and may occur to anybody despite their age. They can occur during exercise, while resting, or even during sleep, like the familiar leg cramps many people experience at night1,2. In most of the cases, these spasms are harmless and may resolve themselves. However, they can cause discomfort or pain and may interrupt daily activities.
While most of the muscle cramps are harmless, some can indicate certain underlying health conditions1. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and ways to manage muscle spasms can help you manage them better and stay comfortable. This article may help you understand all of this.
A muscle spasm is an involuntary contraction of a muscle a muscle suddenly tightens on its own without you trying to control it. Normally, the muscles contract and relax smoothly, which gives a smooth movement. But during a spasm, the affected muscle contracts unexpectedly and does not relax properly. It can cause sudden, tight and intense pain1.
This can happen in a single muscle or a group of muscles. It can last from a few seconds to several minutes3 and may occur once in a while or repeatedly. It is often triggered by factors such as overuse, dehydration, poor circulation, or electrolyte imbalance3.
A muscle spasm can feel different from person to person, but it is usually sudden and noticeable. It often begins without warning and may last for a few seconds to several minutes. The common muscle spasm symptoms include:
Muscle spasm can occur due to several reasons. The following are some common muscle spasm causes.
Muscle spasms can happen in different parts of the body due to reasons like poor posture, exercise, dehydration, or health issues. The feeling may vary depending on the muscle affected. They include the following:
Most muscle spasms are harmless and temporary. They usually happen due to common causes like dehydration, stress, muscle fatigue or overuse and often go away on their own within a few seconds to minutes. In many cases, simple measures such as rest, gentle stretching, hydration, and applying heat or cold may help relieve the discomfort1,3,8.
However, sometimes they can also indicate some underlying conditions, such as nerve disorders, organ-related problems or electrolyte imbalance leading to severe health problems6. Monitor symptoms and frequency and try improving hydration along with other simple techniques that may help relieve muscle spasm1. If all these do not reduce the spasm issues, then it is good to consult a doctor to identify the cause.
Thus, occasional muscle spasms can be considered normal, but persistent or severe symptoms, and those which interfere with day-to-day activities, could indicate an underlying issue and should be evaluated by a doctor.
Muscle spasm has different diagnostic procedures to identify the causes. They include the following. This might help in deciding which muscle spasm treatment to take.
Note: These are just a few examples; there may be more tests prescribed based on the medical history and symptoms.
The cause of muscle spasm can range from mild to severe. Therefore, your doctor would suggest treatment based on the cause. The following are some treatment options which help to understand how to cure muscle spasm. These are for spasms which are frequent, severe, or linked to underlying conditions:
Note: The treatment methods described in this section are only to be performed under the guidance of a doctor. Avoid buying the medicines over the counter; instead seek medical attention for proper treatment.
The following are some natural ways you may try to manage muscle spasm:
Note: The above-mentioned methods are for temporary problems only. These alone may not resolve the problem completely. If you think spasm is not reducing and is still getting worse, please consult a doctor as soon as possible, as this can also indicate severe conditions.
The following are some tips that might help avoid muscle spasm:
Consult a doctor immediately if you have muscle spasms, which are:
So, now you might be clear on muscle spasm meaning. They are common and usually harmless, often caused by factors like dehydration, overuse, or electrolyte imbalance. In most cases, they resolve with simple measures such as rest, hydration, and stretching. However, persistent or severe spasms may indicate an underlying health condition and should not be ignored. Early medical evaluation and proper management might help reduce recurrence and improve quality of life.
Also Read: Food Allergies: Symptoms, Types, Diagnosis & Home Remedies
Muscle spasms are usually harmless, caused as a result of dehydration, overusing of muscles or poor posture. However, sometimes they can also indicate serious conditions such as nerve problems, organ-related conditions, infections, etc1. Therefore, it is important to analyse the symptoms and its frequency for a proper treatment.
The factors which trigger muscle spasm include dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, nerve compression, overstraining, poor blood circulation, pregnancy, certain medications and certain underlying conditions4.
A muscle spasm can last for a few seconds to 10-15 minutes. However, sometimes, it can extend up to several hours1,4.
If the muscle spasm is due to electrolyte imbalance and dehydration, drinking electrolyte-rich fluids may help replenish the body and replace lost electrolytes4. These include coconut water, orange juice, milk, sports drinks, etc4,16.
Many conditions, such as muscle twitching as in tetany, movement disorders like dystonia, or continuous muscle stiffness in myotonia or hypothyroidism etc can be mistaken for a muscle spasm9.
The deficiencies of vitamin B and D are known to cause muscle spasms4.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
2
Jaundice in newborns happens when the level of bilirubin in the baby’s blood becomes high. Bilirubin is a yellow substance formed when old red blood cells break down and are replaced. The liver usually converts bilirubin into a form that can be removed from the body through stool. When bilirubin builds up, it can cause the baby’s skin and the white part of the eyes to appear yellow1.
In newborn babies, this can happen because they have a higher number of red blood cells which break down more often. At the same time, a newborn’s liver is still developing and may not remove bilirubin efficiently during the first few days after birth. As the baby grows, the liver becomes stronger and works better. By around two weeks of age, it usually removes bilirubin more effectively, and the jaundice often improves on its own2.
About 60% of babies born after 37 weeks of pregnancy and around 80% of babies born before 37 weeks develop jaundice during the first week after birth. In most cases, newborn jaundice is not very harmful, although it is commonly seen in many babies after birth3.
In this blog, we will understand what jaundice in newborns is, along with its causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention.
The word “jaundice” comes from jaune, which is a French word meaning yellow. In newborn babies, jaundice refers to a yellow color that appears on the skin and the whites of the eyes. In some cases, this yellow colour may also be noticed inside the mouth or other mucous membranes. This change in colour happens when a substance called bilirubin builds up in the baby’s blood and tissues.
Bilirubin forms when the body breaks down heme, a part of haemoglobin in red blood cells. Old or damaged cells release heme, which first turns into biliverdin and then into bilirubin.
At this stage, the bilirubin formed is called unconjugated bilirubin. This form does not dissolve well in water, so it cannot move freely in the bloodstream. Instead, it attaches to a protein called albumin, which carries it through the blood to the liver.
In the liver, bilirubin goes through a process called conjugation, where it is changed into a water-soluble form known as conjugated bilirubin. The liver sends conjugated bilirubin into bile, it travels through the intestines, and leaves in stool. However, a small amount may be reabsorbed in the intestine and return to the bloodstream.
When bilirubin is not removed efficiently and begins to accumulate in the blood, it gets deposited in the skin and eyes, causing the yellow discoloration known as neonatal jaundice (jaundice in newborns)4.
Jaundice in newborn babies can happen due to different medical conditions that increase the amount of bilirubin in the blood or reduce its removal from the body. Some of the common causes of jaundice in newborns are listed below.
These conditions increase bilirubin levels and contribute to the development of jaundice in newborn babies.
Jaundice in newborns is mainly noticed through changes in the baby’s skin and behaviour. It happens when bilirubin builds up in the baby’s blood. Parents and doctors often look for visible signs on the skin, eyes, and feeding pattern to identify jaundice early4,5.
Common Symptoms of Jaundice in Newborns
If these symptoms appear, doctors may perform further tests to confirm jaundice and find the cause. Early recognition helps ensure proper care for the newborn.
Jaundice in Newborns can be divided into different types based on how bilirubin is present in the baby’s body. The two main types are unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia.
This is the most common type of jaundice seen in newborn babies. It occurs when bilirubin has not yet been processed by the liver into a form that can dissolve in water. This type may be physiological jaundice, which is a normal condition that appears after the first day of life and usually disappears within a few weeks. It may also be pathological jaundice, which occurs when bilirubin levels rise too quickly due to conditions such as red blood cell breakdown or enzyme defects.
Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia occurs when bilirubin has already been processed by the liver but cannot be properly removed through bile. This may happen when there are problems affecting the liver or the bile ducts. Conditions such as infections, genetic liver diseases, or blockage of bile flow like biliary atresia can lead to this type of jaundice. This form of jaundice is usually abnormal and needs medical evaluation and treatment.
These types of jaundice in newborns help identify what the possible cause of jaundice may be, and based on this, doctors can decide the most appropriate treatment4.
Not all newborn jaundice is the same. Doctors broadly divide it into two kinds based on when it appears and what causes it, and the timing of onset is one of the most important clues15.
| Feature | Physiological Jaundice | Pathological Jaundice |
| Time of onset | After 24 hours (usually 2–3 days) | Within the first 24 hours, or appearing late and persisting |
| Cause | Immature liver, normal in newborns | Underlying condition (blood incompatibility, infection, enzyme defects, bile duct problems) |
| Bilirubin pattern | Rises gradually, stays within the expected range | Rises rapidly or reaches very high levels |
| Duration | Resolves in 1–2 weeks | May persist beyond 2 weeks or worsen |
| Need for medical evaluation | Usually only monitoring | Always needs prompt medical assessment |
Note: Any jaundice noticed in the first 24 hours of a baby’s life should be treated as a medical emergency and assessed by a doctor immediately.
While only a doctor can confirm and measure jaundice, parents can do a simple visual check at home to spot early signs between medical visits.
Note: This home check is only a basic observation and cannot replace a proper medical assessment. It is not a way to measure bilirubin levels. If you notice any yellowing or have any concerns about your baby, always consult a healthcare professional promptly.
Jaundice levels in newborns are measured by checking the amount of bilirubin in the baby’s blood. One common screening method uses a device called a transcutaneous bilirubinometer. This small device is placed on the baby’s chest or forehead and uses light to estimate bilirubin levels through the skin. The test is quick and painless but provides only an approximate result. If the reading is high, doctors confirm it with a serum bilirubin blood test, which measures the exact bilirubin level using a small blood sample taken from the baby’s heel, hand, or arm5.
In most newborns, bilirubin levels are about 1–3 mg/dL at birth6. Jaundice in newborns is generally defined when bilirubin levels rise above 5 mg/dL. In some babies, levels may increase up to 12 mg/dL, which may still occur in normal newborn jaundice. Babies with several risk factors may develop a stronger form of physiologic jaundice, where bilirubin levels may rise to 17 mg/dL7.
Very high bilirubin levels can cause unconjucated bilirun to get deposited in the brain tissues leading to neurological complications, a condition known as Kernicterus. Although, it is a matter of concern when bilirubin levels exceed 25 mg/dL in healthy full-term newborns, or 20 mg/dL in babaies with haemolysis (a condition in which red blood cells break down faster than normal), doctors usually assess bilirubin levels in relation to the baby’s age in hours and clinical risk factors. Higher levels, especially if they appear early or rise quickly, may require closer monitoring or treatment7.
If the conjugated bilirubin level is above 1 mg/dL if total bilirubin below 5 mg/dL, or more than 20% of the total level if total bilirubin above 5mg/dl, doctors may investigate further because it can sometimes indicate liver disease or blockage of the bile ducts8. Additional blood or urine tests may be done if an underlying condition is suspected5.
Bilirubin levels are interpreted according to the baby’s age in hours, since levels normally rise during the first days after birth and gradually decrease as the liver matures. The American Academy of Paediatrics (AAP) provides hour-specific ranges divided into three risk zones:
Because of this, the same jaundice levels in newborns can mean different things depending on whether the baby is 24 hours old or 72 hours old. Doctors always interpret levels in the context of the baby’s exact age in hours7.
Kernicterus is a rare but serious form of brain damage that can occur when bilirubin levels become extremely high and are not treated in time. Recognising the early warning signs of severe jaundice can help parents seek urgent care before complications develop16.
Seek immediate medical attention if a jaundiced baby shows any of the following:
These symptoms may indicate dangerously high bilirubin levels and require emergency medical care without delay. Early treatment can prevent permanent damage, so never wait to see if these signs improve on their own.
Newborn jaundice is common and usually follows a predictable timeline. In the womb, unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) is cleared by the mother’s placenta, keeping foetal bilirubin low (1–3 mg/dL in cord blood).
After birth:
Pathological jaundice is suspected if it appears within 24–36 hours, rises rapidly, persists >14 days, or is associated with illness, abnormal bilirubin types, or other clinical signs. Doctors evaluate timing, bilirubin levels, and risk factors to guide treatment and prevent complications9.
Most newborns with jaundice do not need treatment, but if bilirubin levels become too high or rise quickly, medical care is required. Depending on the baby’s age, bilirubin level, and overall health, the treatment is decided.
The management of jaundice in newborns focus on lowering bilirubin levels safely and preventing complications while supporting the baby’s feeding and hydration.
Parents often ask whether there is a single bilirubin number that decides when treatment is needed. In reality, there is no one-size-fits-all value. The level at which phototherapy is started differs from baby to baby17.
Doctors decide based on a combination of factors:
To make this decision accurately, doctors use age-specific bilirubin charts, such as the Bhutani nomogram and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines. These charts plot the baby’s bilirubin level against their exact age in hours to see which risk zone they fall into and whether treatment is needed.
This is why the same bilirubin reading can be perfectly safe for one baby but require phototherapy in another. Always rely on your doctor’s interpretation rather than comparing numbers on your own.
As treatment begins, doctors look for certain changes that show the baby is improving and bilirubin levels are coming down.
These signs together show that the baby is recovering well, even if the yellow colour takes some time to fully disappear5,10.
Preventing newborn jaundice focuses on early identification of risk factors and ensuring proper care right from pregnancy and the first few days after birth.
Early screening, good feeding practices, and close monitoring are key to reducing the risk of jaundice and ensuring a healthy recovery for the newborn.
These two conditions sound similar and are often confused, but they are different. Both are linked to breastfeeding, yet they have different causes and timing and clinical features.
| Feature | Breastfeeding Jaundice | Breast-Milk Jaundice |
| Cause | Inadequate milk intake in the first week | Natural factors in breast milk in a healthy, feeding baby |
| Typical timing | First week of life | After the first week, may persist for weeks |
| Clinical features | Often with poor feeding, weight loss, fewer wet diapers,signs of dehydration | Baby feeds well, gains weight, otherwise healthy |
| Management | Improve feeding support, latch, and frequency | Usually continue breastfeeding with monitoring |
In both situations, breastfeeding should usually continue unless your doctor advises otherwise. A doctor can confirm the type and rule out other causes if jaundice is prolonged.
Newborn babies should be checked by a doctor in the first few days to look for signs of jaundice and ensure safe recovery.
Even though jaundice is usually mild in healthy babies, timely medical checks help prevent serious complications1.
Also Read: Typhoid in Kids: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention Guide
A bilirubin test helps doctors measure how high a baby’s bilirubin level is and decide whether treatment or close monitoring is needed. Parents should be aware of situations where testing becomes important. A bilirubin test may be advised if20:
Testing gives doctors a clear picture of the severity and helps them decide whether monitoring, phototherapy, or further evaluation is required. When in doubt, it is always safer to have the baby checked.
Also Read: A Complete Guide to Baby Vaccination: Schedule, Common Concerns & More
Jaundice in newborns is very common and mostly not serious. It happens when bilirubin builds up because the baby’s liver is still immature. It usually appears in the first few days and often goes away in 1–2 weeks. Doctors check bilirubin levels based on the baby’s age in hours. Most babies recover with feeding and phototherapy, but early detection helps prevent serious complications.
Also Read: Rickets in Children: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment
For newborns, breast milk is the main nutrition source. Jaundice may occur more in breastfed babies if intake is low due to poor latch or delayed milk flow. Feeding 8 to 12 times daily improves milk supply and helps lower bilirubin levels effectively12.
Breastfed babies may have jaundice for a longer duration. This is often related to normal newborn feeding patterns in the early days or harmless factors in breast milk. With proper feeding and monitoring, most babies continue breastfeeding safely without any problems7.
Sunlight may help reduce bilirubin levels in newborns. However, it is not recommended because safe exposure is difficult and may cause sunburn. Filtered sunlight is used only in special settings where proper medical care is not available11.
Newborn jaundice is usually mild and improves within one to two weeks without treatment. However, very high bilirubin levels can damage the brain (kernicterus) and may lead to hearing loss if not treated early1.
Breast milk is ideal for babies with jaundice. Feed 8–12 times daily to improve milk supply and lower bilirubin12. Mothers should eat protein, iron, calcium, iodine, and vitamin-rich foods, stay hydrated, avoid crash diets, and seek help if breastfeeding problems occur early13.
If a baby still has jaundice at 6 weeks, it is called prolonged jaundice and needs medical checkup. Doctors will test bilirubin levels. It may be breast milk jaundice, but other conditions like thyroid or liver problems must be checked14.
1. Newborn jaundice: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Accessed March 17, 2026. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001559.htm
2. Newborn jaundice. nhs.uk. October 19, 2017. Accessed March 17, 2026. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice-newborn/
3. Neonatal Jaundice. University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust; 2024. Available from: https://www.uhs.nhs.uk/Media/UHS-website-2019/Patientinformation/Neonatal/Neonatal-jaundice-3680-PIL.pdf
4. Neonatal Jaundice – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf. Accessed March 17, 2026. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532930/#!po=1.00000
5. Jaundice in newborns | Children’s Health Queensland. Accessed March 17, 2026. Available from: https://www.childrens.health.qld.gov.au/health-a-to-z/jaundice
6. Bandi C, Vanaki R, Badakali AV, Pol RR, Yelamali B. Predictive Value of Total Serum Bilirubin within 6 Hour of Birth for the Development of Hyperbilirubinemia After 72 hours of Birth. J Clin Diagn Res JCDR. 2016;10(9):SC01-SC04. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/16314.8460. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27790538/
7. Hyperbilirubinemia in the Term Newborn | AAFP. Accessed March 17, 2026. Available from: https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0215/p599.html
8. Fawaz R, Baumann U, Ekong U, et al. Guideline for the Evaluation of Cholestatic Jaundice in Infants: Joint Recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017;64(1):154-168. doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000001334. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27429428/
9. Gupta PK. Bilirubin metabolism & pathophysiology of neonatal jaundice. IP Int J Med Paediatr Oncol. 2025;9(3):83-86. doi:10.18231/j.ijmpo.2023.017. Available from: https://ijmpo.com/archive/volume/9/issue/3/article/8348
10. Management of Hyperbilirubinemia in the Newborn Infant 35 or More Weeks of Gestation | Pediatrics | American Academy of Pediatrics. Accessed March 17, 2026. Available from: https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/114/1/297/64771/Management-of-Hyperbilirubinemia-in-the-Newborn
11. Clinical Practice Guideline Revision: Management of Hyperbilirubinemia in the Newborn Infant 35 or More Weeks of Gestation | Pediatrics | American Academy of Pediatrics. Accessed March 17, 2026. Available from: https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/150/3/e2022058859/188726/Clinical-Practice-Guideline-Revision-Management-of
12. Jaundice in Newborns – HealthyChildren.org. Accessed March 17, 2026. Available from: https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/Pages/Jaundice.aspx?_gl=1*1d9m5lc*_ga*MjgxNDM5MTE1LjE3NzAzMDg4MzM.*_ga_FD9D3XZVQQ*czE3NzM3MDU2ODIkbzMkZzAkdDE3NzM3MDU2ODIkajYwJGwwJGgw
13. Services D of H& H. Breastfeeding and your diet. Accessed March 17, 2026. Avaolable from: http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/breastfeeding-and-your-diet
14. Hyperbilirubinemia in Newborns: Updated Guidelines From the AAP | AAFP. Accessed March 17, 2026. Available from: https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/0600/practice-guidelines-hyperbilirubinemia-newborns.html
15. Ansong-Assoku B, Adnan M, Daley SF, et al. Neonatal Jaundice. [Updated 2024 Feb 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532930/
16. Reddy DK, Pandey S. Kernicterus. [Updated 2023 Jun 25]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559120/
17. Rathod DG, Muneer H, Masood S. Phototherapy. [Updated 2023 Feb 16]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563140/
18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Jaundice and breastfeeding [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): CDC; [cited 2026 Jun 22]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/hcp/illnesses-conditions/jaundice.html
19. Bratton S, Cantu RM, Stern M. Breast Milk Jaundice. [Updated 2023 Jan 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537334/
20. National Library of Medicine (US). Bilirubin blood test [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): MedlinePlus; [cited 2026 Jun 22]. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/bilirubin-blood-test/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Obesity has become a global concern, affecting many people around the world1. Healthy habits such as eating a balanced diet and staying physically active are widely advised, but they need regular practice and patience2. Medical and surgical approaches are also part of weight management, though they may not suit everyone1.
Since managing weight often takes time and steady effort, many individuals look for easy or less laborious ways to support weight loss. As a result, several products that promise simpler support for weight control are gaining attention. Weight loss patches are among these products and are frequently promoted in advertisements as a convenient way to help with fat loss by delivering substances through the skin. Their growing presence in advertisements has increased public interest1,2.
At present, there is limited scientific evidence on these and most of these patches are sold as dietary supplements or cosmetic products rather than approved medical treatments for weight loss3. Hence, it is important to understand what weight loss patches actually are, what ingredients they contain, whether they truly deliver the results they claim, their potential benefits and possible side effects.
Weight loss patches are medicated patches that are applied directly on the skin. They are placed on clean, healthy, and unbroken skin so that the active substances can slowly pass through the skin layers. After crossing the skin, the medicine enters the bloodstream and works throughout the body. These patches are designed to release their contents at a fixed and controlled rate, which helps maintain steady levels of ingredients. They are available in different sizes and may contain one or more active substances4.
Weight loss patches may include ingredients such as green tea extract, ginger, flaxseed oil, acai berry, bitter orange, and different types of mint, including Japanese mint5,6. These ingredients are commonly promoted as helping with weight loss by controlling appetite, increasing metabolism, or supporting the body’s use of fat. However, it is not clearly known how much of these ingredients can pass through the skin to reach the bloodstream in amounts that may produce noticeable effects. Next section we will see how do weight loss patches work.
Weight loss patches work using a system called transdermal drug delivery (medicine delivery through the skin). This means the patch sends substances from the patch, through the skin, and into the bloodstream.
The skin acts as a natural protective cover for the body and has three main layers. The outer layer controls what can enter the body and usually blocks most substances. To help substances cross this barrier, weight loss patches may use permeation enhancers, which support movement through the skin. Natural substances such as essential oils, including clove oil, eucalyptus oil, and menthol, may be used for this purpose5.
Once the substances cross the outer skin layer, they reach deeper layers and then enter the bloodstream, where they can act throughout the body. The substances may move through skin cells, between skin cells, or through natural openings such as hair follicles and sweat glands, but these pathways usually allow only small amounts to pass through. So, even if the substances cross the outer skin layer, the amount that enters the bloodstream to produce meaningful action may be low and may not reach levels needed to produce noticeable metabolic or weight-loss effects7,8,9.
Although this method is non-invasive and painless and avoids breakdown in the stomach and liver that can occur with oral products, the effectiveness of this method can vary among individuals and many over-the-counter patches may not have clear study evidence showing how well they work.
Weight loss patches are made of several parts, including an active substance, a supporting base, penetration helpers, an adhesive layer, and a protective backing.
The active substance, which is said to be responsible for its weight loss effects, may differ based on the brand and formulation. Most patches include one or more herbal extracts or nutrients that are commonly used in oral weight-management supplements. The commonly used active ingredients include:
It is an ingredient often seen in slimming patches5. It contains a natural antioxidant called EGCG, which belongs to a group of phenolic compounds known as catechins. The calorie-burning effects linked to green tea are generally associated with catechins (especially EGCG) and caffeine present in green tea10. Green tea is sometimes claimed to help the body burn more calories, break down fat, and reduce fat absorption due to its antioxidant properties11,12.
This ingredient is commonly included in some weight loss patches and is often combined with vitamins, green tea extract, or apple cider vinegar. The fruit contains hydroxycitric acid (HCA), which is claimed to support appetite control, reduce the formation of new fat cells, and limit excess weight gain. However, these statements are based on general research on the ingredient11. Studies in laboratory and animal models have shown effects of HCA on fat-related processes, but clear evidence of fat reduction in humans is still limited13.
L-carnitine is sometimes included in weight loss patches, often with ingredients such as caffeine or retinol. It may be associated with fat breakdown within cells11. However, L-carnitine is a larger molecule and does not pass easily through the skin, and there is limited scientific information showing how well it is absorbed from patches14.
Ginger is sometimes included in slimming patches5. It is commonly used for its digestive and metabolic properties and may have positive effects on body measurements. However, the effects of ginger when used in patch form have not been well studied and are generally considered supportive rather than primary for weight management15.
Caffeine is sometimes included in weight loss patches, along with L-carnitine. It is commonly used in weight-management products because it may help the body use more energy and break down fat11. Some research studies in animals have tested caffeine delivery using special patches that contain very small, painless needles to help the substance enter the skin. These types of patches are still being studied and are different from regular weight-loss patches sold in stores. Although found beneficial, results from these animal studies cannot be directly applied to people16.
Some GLP-1 support patches sold in the market contain berberine along with pomegranate, cinnamon, and L-glutamine. This plant-based substance may help in regulating blood sugar and metabolism. Some research suggests it may influence how the body stores fat and how it responds to insulin. However, its effects when used through patches are not well studied17.
These ingredients are usually used alone or in combination and are sold as different types of weight loss patches in the market.
Weight loss patches are marketed under different types, each claiming to help with weight management using specific ingredients and mechanisms. The most commonly found types are
These patches contain plant-based compounds claimed to support weight management. The active herbal ingredients are slowly absorbed through the skin into the bloodstream. Common herbs found in these patches include ginger, for its anti-inflammatory effects, and green tea extract, for energy and metabolism. However, it is not always clear how much of these herbal ingredients actually enter the bloodstream when used in regular skin patches5,6.
They contain ingredients like pinene, which are said to generate heat and act as metabolism boosters. Pinene or pine needle extract is found to be helpful in weight management by reducing fat mass and improving glucose metabolism in animal studies. Although, more large-scale human studies are needed to confirm these results18.
Some patches are marketed as appetite suppressants and contain ingredients such as Bitter Orange Extract, 5-HTP, Yerba Mate Extract, Capsaicin, Forskolin, Green Tea Extract, Garcinia Cambogia, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, and Fucoxanthin. They claim to support metabolism, energy, appetite control, and overall wellness. Many of these ingredients are usually studied when taken by mouth, and their effects when delivered through the skin are not clearly known. Some like bitter orange extract are found to have some adverse effects as well19.
Certain patches are promoted as GLP-1 patches and include blends of ingredients like Berberine, Pomegranate, Cinnamon, and L-Glutamine, although they do not contain the actual GLP-1 medications (like semaglutide or tirzepatide). However, they claim that some ingredients in these patches may help influence the body’s natural GLP-1 hormone. They also claim these weight loss patches work by supporting cravings control, boosting metabolism, and reducing bloating. Some ingredients like Berberine may be helpful with weight management although scientific evidence for their effectiveness in the form of transdermal patches is lacking17.
Microneedle patches for weight loss have tiny needles that deliver ingredients directly into fat under the skin. Some research studies in animals have tested ingredients such as CL316243 (beta-3 adrenergic receptor agonist), T3 (thyroid hormone), and rosiglitazone (anti-diabetic drug) to study their effects on fat tissue and energy use. These studies are experimental, done mainly in animals, and their results may not apply in the same way to humans. These ingredients are not approved for weight-loss treatment in people20.
While these patches are marketed for weight management, these weight loss patches still fall into the category of dietary supplements or cosmetic products, and not approved as medical treatments. The next section will discuss whether these patches are truly effective in real-world use.
Scientific evidence supporting weight loss patches is very limited. Sellers often claim these patches can block fat, reduce appetite, or boost metabolism, but there is little proof that they actually work. Most patches contain herbs, minerals, or plant-based ingredients in varying amounts and combinations. They are rarely tested in large human studies, and small short-term studies do not provide strong evidence11.
It is important to note that no transdermal patch has been shown to block fat absorption because fat is absorbed in the stomach and intestines, not through the skin. Patches cannot stop the enzymes that break down fat in the body20,21. Medicines that do block fat, like orlistat, work inside the gut, which patches cannot reach22.
Patches marketed as dietary supplements are not approved as drugs and are not required to undergo rigorous clinical testing. Some ingredients in patches, like green tea extract or Garcinia cambogia, have sometimes caused liver problems, although mostly when taken as pills23. Others like bitter orange have been found to effect heart rate and blood pressure19. So, safety can also be a concern, especially with herbal ingredients that may interact with medications or cause health issues. Moreover, any effect on weight is usually much smaller than marketing promises, and results vary between individuals13,24.
Currently, the only proven ways to lose weight are healthy eating, calorie management, and regular exercise3. GLP-1 medications are available now (on doctor’s prescription) but these are also to be used along with dietary resistrictions and regular exercise. So, patches that claim you can lose fat without diet or exercise are making unrealistic promises and should be viewed with caution25.
Researchers are experimenting with medicinal patches for weight management that deliver active ingredients (medical agents) through the skin. Although some have shown fat-reducing effects in animal studies, large-scale human trials are still needed to confirm these benefits20.
Weight loss patches may have some advantages because transdermal delivery (active ingredients absorbed through the skin) shows the following benefits:
Transdermal delivery allows gradual absorption of ingredients, but it is important to note that most commercial weight-loss patches have not been proven to deliver effective doses or cause meaningful weight loss. While transdermal delivery is a promising method in theory, the effectiveness and safety of current weight-loss patches remain unproven4.
Weight loss patches may cause side effects in some people, especially on the skin where they are applied. These can include:
These effects usually appear at the site of application. If you experience these symptoms, remove the patch and consult a healthcare professional. Always follow instructions carefully and avoid applying patches to broken or sensitive skin.
Also, as mentioned earlier, certain ingredients used in these patches may have some adverse effects on your health or interact with the medicines you take.
Hence, it is important to be sure of what you will be using and discuss with your healthcare provider before starting especially if you have any medical conditions or are on medications.
When picking a weight loss patch, you can use the same careful approach as with any other dietary supplements:
Following these steps helps you choose a best weight loss patch that is safer, more transparent, and reliable.
Myth 1: Wearing a weight loss patch will make you lose weight on its own.
Fact: No patch, cream, or wearable product can cause weight loss by itself. Safe and lasting weight loss requires healthy eating and regular exercise25.
Myth 2: Weight loss patches are completely safe to use with any medications.
Fact: Some patches may contain active ingredients, such as green tea extract, which can enter your body through the skin and potentially interact with medications like blood thinners or antidepressants. Always check with your healthcare provider before using a weight loss patch alongside any medications26.
Myth 3: If I see a video or social media post claiming I will lose weight using a patch, it must be true.
Fact: Many online videos or posts exaggerate or fake results. Weight loss patches cannot cause miraculous or permanent weight loss on their own. Safe, lasting weight loss requires a sensible diet, regular exercise, and lifestyle changes. Always verify claims and be cautious of dramatic before-and-after images or “guaranteed” results25.
Myth 4: If a patch label says “safe,” it is completely safe to use.
Fact: Labels can claim safety, but this does not guarantee the product is safe. True safety depends on how the patch is made, whether it follows Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs), and if its ingredients are tested for quality and contamination27.
Myth 5: Weight loss patches can treat, prevent, or cure obesity or other health problems.
Fact: Weight loss patches are not medicines and cannot treat, diagnose, or cure any disease. They may only provide certain ingredients, but healthy weight loss still requires diet, exercise, and lifestyle changes26.
See a doctor if you experience skin irritation, rashes, or swelling at the patch site4,5. Check with a doctor before using the patch with medications, supplements, or before surgery. Always consult a healthcare provider for safety and guidance26.
Weight loss patches may seem easy and convenient, but there is very little proof that they cause real weight loss. Most results promised in advertisements are not supported by strong research. Healthy and long-lasting weight loss still depends on eating balanced food, staying physically active, and following good daily habits. Readers should be careful with quick-fix products and not rely on patches alone for weight control.
There is little scientific evidence that weight loss patches are effective because most are not tested in large, long-term human studies. Patches often contain multiple ingredients, making it hard to know if any actually work11.
No, weight loss patches will not make you lose weight by themselves. Real, lasting weight loss comes from eating well, staying active, and making long-term lifestyle changes25.
Safety is uncertain because most patches are not well-studied in humans. They may also cause side effects like skin irritation, itching, or allergic reactions6,24.
Weight loss patches have not been studied during breastfeeding. Many ingredients, such as green tea, guarana, bitter orange and Garcinia, may harm the baby or reduce milk supply, and their benefits are not proven28.
Manufacturers say they may be worn at night, but some weight loss patches contain caffeine or stimulants that can disrupt sleep. Timing depends on the brand and type, and varies with ingredients and instructions.
1. Calef Sánchez-Trasviña, Coronel-Meneses D, Aleyda Margarita Escobar-Fernández, Mayolo-Deloisa K. Transdermal microneedle patches as a promising drug delivery system for anti-obesogenic molecules. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology [Internet]. 2024 Jun 11;12. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/bioengineering-and-biotechnology/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2024.1380537/full
2. Lubowiecki-Vikuk A, Bartkowiak A, Biernat E, Kantanista A. Interest in Weight Loss Methods Among Adults and Its Predictors: Sociodemographic Factors, Anthropometric Parameters, and Physical Activity. International Journal of Health Policy and Management. 2025 May 14; Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12337211/
3. National Institutes of Health. Dietary Supplements for Weight Loss [Internet]. Nih.gov. 2017. Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/WeightLoss-HealthProfessional/
4. Kalamkar VM, Musmade SR, Ghodke SD, Jori DK. A review on herbal transdermal patches. International Journal of Novel Research and Development. 2024 Nov;9(11):[page range]. Available from: https://www.ijnrd.org/papers/IJNRD2411260.pdf
5. Gawali AS, Sanap SH, Dhumal PK. Review article on herbal transdermal patch. Journal of Advance and Future Research. 2025;3(12):548–56. Available from: https://rjwave.org/jaafr/papers/JAAFR2512177.pdf
6. Pulipati S, Puttagunta S, Varshini S, Deepthi K, Sai P, Chanikya M, et al. Exploring The Insights And Innovations Of Herbal Transdermal Patches: A Comprehensive Review. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences [Internet]. 2025;24:64–75. Available from: https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jdms/papers/Vol24-issue3/Ser-3/J2403036475.pdf
7. Singh D. Transdermal patches: a comprehensive review. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Research. 2025;4(2):1177–1191. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15515827. Available from: https://wjpsronline.com/images/a816d48cd83bf0e759e24e191c0409d4.pdf
8. Alkilani AZ, Nasereddin J, Hamed R, Nimrawi S, Hussein G, Abo-Zour H, et al. Beneath the Skin: A Review of Current Trends and Future Prospects of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics [Internet]. 2022 May 28 [cited 2023 Apr 3];14(6):1152. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9231212/
9. SebastiaSaez D, Lian G, Chen T. In silico study on the contribution of the follicular route to dermal permeability of small molecules. arXiv [preprint]. 2020 Dec 4:2012.02728 [Internet]. Available from: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.02728
10. Dulloo AG, Seydoux J, Girardier L, Chantre P, Vandermander J. Green tea and thermogenesis: interactions between catechin-polyphenols, caffeine and sympathetic activity. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity [Internet]. 2000 Feb 1;24(2):252–8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10702779
11. Office of Dietary Supplements – Dietary Supplements for Weight Loss [Internet]. Nih.gov. 2017. Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/WeightLoss-Consumer/
12. Ramadon D, Wirarti GA, Anwar E. Novel transdermal ethosomal gel containing green tea (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) leaves extract: formulation and in vitro penetration study. Journal of Young Pharmacists. 2017;9(3):336–340. Available from: https://archives.jyoungpharm.org/article/1014
13. Tomar M, Rao RP, Dorairaj P, Koshta A, Suresh S, Rafiq M, Kumawat R, Paramesh R, Babu UV, Venkatesh KV. A clinical and computational study on anti‑obesity effects of hydroxycitric acid. RSC Adv. 2019 Jun 12;9(32):18578–18588. Available from: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2019/ra/c9ra01345h
14. Fox LT, Gerber M, Preez JL du, Grobler A, Plessis J du. Topical and Transdermal Delivery of L-Carnitine. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2021 Jul 27];24(6):330–6. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/330385
15. Shrin Rjabi, Seyed Sina Seyedhatami, Maede Makhtoomi, Ahmadi MR, Saeede Alimohamadi, Aliabadi E, et al. Impact of ginger supplementation on obesity indices and Adipokine profiles in adults: A GRADE-based systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2025 Oct 15;94:103260–0. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229925001360#bib10
16. Dangol M, Kim S, Li CG, Fakhraei Lahiji S, Jang M, Ma Y, et al. Anti-obesity effect of a novel caffeine-loaded dissolving microneedle patch in high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice. Journal of Controlled Release: Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society [Internet]. 2017 Nov 10 [cited 2020 Sep 17];265:41–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28389409/
17. Iyas Z, Perna S, Al‑Thawadi S, Alalwan TA, Riva A, Petrangolini G, et al. The effect of berberine on weight loss in order to prevent obesity: a systematic review. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2020;127:110137. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110137. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332220303292
18. Kim EA, Yang JH, Byeon EH, et al. Anti-Obesity Effect of Pine Needle Extract on High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Plants (Basel). 2021;10(5):837. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8143554/
19. Koncz D, Tóth B, Bahar MA, Roza O, Csupor D. The safety and efficacy of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extracts and p‑synephrine: a systematic review and meta‑analysis. Nutrients. 2022 Sep 28;14(19):4019. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9572433/
20. Li Z, Fang X, Yu D. Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems and Their Use in Obesity Treatment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021 Nov 25;22(23):12754. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8657870/#sec4-ijms-22-12754
21. Omer E, Chiodi C. Fat digestion and absorption: Normal physiology and pathophysiology of malabsorption, including diagnostic testing. Nutrition in Clinical Practice. 2024;39(S1). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38429963/
22. Effects of equal weight loss with orlistat and placebo on body fat and serum fatty acid composition and insulin resistance in obese women123 – The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14684393/
23. Stickel F, Kessebohm K, Weimann R, Seitz HK. Review of liver injury associated with dietary supplements. Liver International. 2011 Jan 11;31(5):595–605. Available from: https://ajcn.nutrition.org/article/S0002-9165(22)03786-8/fulltext
24. Dwyer J, Coates P, Smith M. Dietary Supplements: Regulatory Challenges and Research Resources. Nutrients [Internet]. 2018 Jan 4 [cited 2019 May 20];10(1):41. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5793269/
25. Federal Trade Commission Consumer Advice. The Truth Behind Weight Loss Ads [Internet]. Consumer Information. 2021. Available from: https://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/truth-behind-weight loss-ads
26. Office of Dietary Supplements – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) [Internet]. Nih.gov. 2025 [cited 2026 Feb 23]. Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/HealthInformation/ODS_Frequently_Asked_Questions.aspx#h9
27. Office of Dietary Supplements – Background Information: Dietary Supplements [Internet]. Nih.gov. 2025. Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/DietarySupplements-Consumer/#h5
28. Anderson PO. Drug Therapy for Weight Loss: Effects on Lactation and Breastfeeding. Breastfeeding Medicine. 2020 Feb 24; Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1089/bfm.2020.0023
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Have you ever noticed your skin looking patchy or darker in some areas, despite following your daily skincare routine faithfully? You cleanse, moisturise (maybe even apply sunscreen), and yet your complexion still doesn’t look as smooth and balanced as you’d like? If this sounds familiar, you’re not alone.
Uneven skin tone is a common concern that affects people of all ages and skin types, often showing up as dark spots, pigmentation, redness, dull patches, or discolouration. It can be caused by several factors (such as sun exposure and acne marks) that can disrupt your skin’s natural balance1. The good news? It can be managed with the right combination of lifestyle changes, home remedies, and professional treatments (when needed).
In this article, we’ll explore the common causes of uneven skin tone, simple remedies you can try at home, and advanced treatment options under professional guidance to help improve your complexion.
Uneven skin tone simply means your skin colour is not uniform. Instead of looking smooth and consistent, certain areas may appear darker, lighter, redder, or duller than the surrounding skin. These changes often show up as dark spots, patches, acne marks, sunspots, or areas of hyperpigmentation.
At the core of this concern is melanin, which is produced by specialised cells called melanocytes. It is the natural pigment that is responsible for the colour of your skin. When melanin production is evenly distributed, the skin appears balanced and even. However, when these cells become overactive or underactive in certain areas, they produce either excess or reduced pigment. This leads to uneven skin tone and makes you wonder, ‘how to get rid of uneven skin tone’2.
Uneven skin tone on face and body can occur due to various internal and external triggers that stimulate or disrupt melanocyte activity, factors which we will explore in detail in the next section.
Below are some common medical and environmental factors responsible for uneven skin tone on body and face:
Below are some home remedies that may help improve uneven dark skin tone when used consistently3:
Aloe vera contains aloin, a natural compound that may help lighten hyperpigmented areas. It may also help soothe inflammation and support skin healing.
Liquorice contains glabridin and glycyrrhizin, which are known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and tyrosinase-inhibiting properties (tyrosinase is a key enzyme involved in melanin production). This may help you manage dark spots and calm irritated skin.
Curcumin (the active compound in turmeric) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It also inhibits tyrosinase activity and, therefore, may help reduce hyperpigmentation over time.
Green tea contains catechins and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which reduce oxidative stress and may inhibit melanin production. It also helps soothe inflammation and protect against UV damage.
These oils are rich in antioxidants and essential fatty acids that reduce inflammation, support skin repair, and improve overall brightness.
Important Note: Natural remedies may support the management of skin pigmentation, but the results are gradual and require a consistent skincare routine for uneven skin tone. However, if uneven skin tone persists or worsens, consult a dermatologist for professional evaluation and treatment options.
If home remedies do not provide sufficient improvement, the following topical medicines (active ingredients) may help support an even skin tone when used appropriately3:
Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that inhibits tyrosinase. It may help reduce dark spots, brighten dull skin, and protect against oxidative stress caused by UV exposure.
Niacinamide reduces the transfer of melanin from melanocytes to the skin cells. It may also help strengthen the skin barrier, reduce redness, and improve overall skin texture.
Kojic acid works by directly inhibiting tyrosinase, thereby reducing melanin production. It is effective for melasma, age spots, and post-inflammatory pigmentation.
Retinol helps to increase skin cell turnover, helping to fade pigmentation faster and improve overall skin texture.
Note: Prescription retinoids like tretinoin should be used only under medical supervision.
Chemical peels (e.g., glycolic, salicylic, or lactic acid peels) exfoliate the top layer of the skin, removing pigmented cells and promoting fresh, even-toned skin regeneration.
Note: If you’re exploring how to manage uneven skin tone, remember that long-term improvement requires consistency and sun protection. Always start with the lowest effective concentration, especially if you are new to active ingredients. Introduce one product at a time and increase frequency or strength gradually, only if your skin tolerates it well. Overuse or combining multiple strong medicines can lead to skin irritation, skin barrier damage, and worsening pigmentation. Additionally, it is essential to use a good moisturiser to maintain the skin barrier and apply broad-spectrum sunscreen daily, as most of these medicines increase sun sensitivity. If you experience redness, burning, or peeling while using any of the above-mentioned medicines, discontinue use and consult a dermatologist.
Learning how to remove uneven skin tone involves combining skincare consistency with the following healthy lifestyle habits:
Sun exposure is one of the biggest triggers for pigmentation. Using a broad-spectrum sunscreen (SPF30 or higher) every day helps avoid dark spots from worsening and protects your skin from further damage. Reapply when outdoors and consider protective clothing for added coverage7.
Picking at acne can cause inflammation, which may lead to post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation8. Therefore, be gentle with your skin to maintain a healthy skin barrier.
A nutrient-rich diet supports overall skin health. Foods high in antioxidants (such as fruits and vegetables) help combat oxidative stress that could contribute to uneven tone9.
Hormonal fluctuations can influence melanin production and trigger pigmentation3. If you notice persistent or sudden changes in skin tone, seeking medical advice may be helpful.
Chronic stress and poor sleep can affect hormonal balance and increase inflammation, indirectly impacting skin tone10. Thus, prioritising
7-8 hours of quality sleep and engaging in stress-relieving activities may support healthier-looking skin.
While mild uneven skin tone can often be managed with home care and over-the-counter topical medicines, you should consult a dermatologist if you observe11:
Additionally, if uneven skin tone is accompanied by symptoms such as itching, pain, scaling, or bleeding, or if you suspect a hormonal imbalance or underlying medical condition, it is advisable to consult a doctor for uneven skin tone treatment.
Also Read: Black Spots on Skin: Causes, Types, Treatment & Prevention
Uneven skin tone is a common concern that can affect people of all ages and skin types. It often results from imbalanced melanin production triggered by factors such as sun exposure, inflammation, hormonal changes, ageing, or lifestyle habits.
While there is no single way to completely cure uneven skin tone, it can be significantly improved with proper care and patience. This typically involves a combination of consistent sun protection, gentle skincare, natural home remedies, or targeted active ingredients (when needed), along with healthy lifestyle habits. Most importantly, patience and consistency are key, as uneven skin tone takes time to improve and requires ongoing care to maintain results.
Uneven skin tone appears as patches of skin that are darker, lighter, redder, or duller than the surrounding areas. It may show up as dark spots, sunspots, acne marks, melasma patches, redness, or general discolouration that makes the complexion look patchy rather than uniform3,11.
Hyperpigmentation refers specifically to darker areas caused by excess melanin production. Uneven skin tone is a broader term that includes hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation (lighter patches), redness, and overall patchiness3.
In many cases, uneven skin tone can be significantly improved, but whether the change is permanent depends on the underlying cause. This is because conditions triggered by sun exposure or inflammation can return if triggers persist. Thus, consistent sun protection and maintenance of skincare are essential to avoid recurrence.
Deficiencies in certain vitamins, particularly vitamin B12, may contribute to uneven skin tone5. However, not all uneven skin tone is related to a vitamin deficiency. Only a doctor can confirm this through proper evaluation.
Vitamin C may help even skin tone. It works by inhibiting tyrosinase (an enzyme involved in melanin production) and acts as an antioxidant, helping to reduce dark spots and brighten the complexion over time when used consistently3.
Diet can influence overall skin health. A diet rich in antioxidants (such as fruits and vegetables), healthy fats, and adequate hydration supports skin repair and may help reduce oxidative stress that contributes to uneven tone9. However, diet alone may not fully correct pigmentation concerns.
1. Moolla S, Miller-Monthrope Y. Dermatology: how to manage facial hyperpigmentation in skin of colour. Drugs Context. 2022;11:2021-11-12. doi:10.7573/dic.2021-11-2. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9165630/
2. Schlessinger DI, Rahimi N, Schlessinger J. Biochemistry, Melanin. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2025. Accessed February 18, 2026. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459156/
3. Thawabteh AM, Jibreen A, Karaman D, Thawabteh A, Karaman R. Skin Pigmentation Types, Causes and Treatment—A Review. Molecules. 2023;28(12):4839. doi:10.3390/molecules28124839. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10304091/
4. Paik K, Na JI, Huh CH, Shin JW. Particulate Matter and Its Molecular Effects on Skin: Implications for Various Skin Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(18):9888. doi:10.3390/ijms25189888. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39337376/
5. Kannan R, Ng MJM. Cutaneous lesions and vitamin B12 deficiency. Can Fam Physician. 2008;54(4):529-532. Accessed February 18, 2026. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2294086/
6. Sibaud V. Anticancer treatments and photosensitivity. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022;36(Suppl 6):51-58. doi:10.1111/jdv.18200. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35738806/
7. Gabros S, Patel P, Zito PM. Sunscreens and Photoprotection. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2025. Accessed February 18, 2026. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537164/
8. Lawrence E, Syed HA, Al Aboud KM. Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2025. Accessed February 18, 2026. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559150/
9. Cao C, Xiao Z, Wu Y, Ge C. Diet and Skin Aging—From the Perspective of Food Nutrition. Nutrients. 2020;12(3):870. doi:10.3390/nu12030870. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7146365/
10. Xu J, Cai X, Qiao J, Fang H. The Impact of Sleep Quality on Skin Color. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2025;16(6):887-893. doi:10.4103/idoj.idoj_1011_24. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41143336/
11. Patchy skin color: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Accessed February 18, 2026. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003224.htm
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) has advanced rapidly over the past few decades, transforming the landscape of infertility treatment worldwide. India, in particular, has witnessed one of the fastest-growing ART sectors, with a significant rise in the number of fertility centres and ART cycles performed each year1.
ART includes a range of medical techniques designed to help couples conceive by manipulating reproductive cells outside the human body2. Among these techniques, in vitro fertilization (IVF) stands out as the most widely used and well-established method2. And over the years, IVF has evolved with improvements in laboratory technology, culture systems, and embryology practices, leading to higher success rates and safer procedures3.
Through this article, we aim to explore what is IVF, how the procedure works, the detailed steps involved, its indications and benefits. We will also cover IVF side effects, potential risks, and what individuals or couples can expect throughout the process.
IVF is a specialised fertility treatment in which a woman’s egg and a man’s sperm are combined/fertilized outside the body. This is typically achieved in a controlled laboratory environment4.
Under normal circumstances, an egg and sperm meet inside the woman’s fallopian tube after intercourse. And if fertilization (fusion of egg and sperm) occurs, the resulting embryo travels to the uterus and implants in the uterine lining. This leads to a natural conception/pregnancy.
However, when this process does not occur on its own, IVF provides an alternative path to conception4. The term in vitro literally means “in glass,” referring to fertilization that occurs outside the natural reproductive system5.
IVF is one of the most widely practised forms of ART. The IVF process involves retrieving mature eggs from the ovaries, fertilizing them with sperm in a laboratory to create embryos, and then either2:
IVF offers several important benefits that help individuals and couples overcome infertility and improve their chances of having a healthy pregnancy. Benefits of IVF include2:
IVF involves a series of carefully planned steps that help eggs and sperm come together outside the body. This is followed by placing a healthy embryo into the uterus. The following outlines the IVF procedure step by step4:
Several medications are used during an IVF cycle to help the ovaries produce eggs, control hormone levels, and prepare the uterus for embryo transfer. The main types include:
Before starting an IVF cycle, individuals undergo several important evaluations to ensure the treatment is safe, appropriate, and has the best chance of success. These assessments help identify any factors that may affect egg quality, sperm health, or embryo implantation.
Tests are done to understand how many good-quality eggs the woman may be able to produce. Common tests include2:
If the results show poor ovarian reserve, IVF is still possible, but the woman may need to consider options such as donor eggs.
The male partner provides a semen sample to assess2:
These results help determine if standard IVF is suitable or if ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection) is needed.
Imaging tests help identify structural issues that may interfere with embryo implantation, such as2:
Addressing these problems beforehand improves the chances of a successful pregnancy.
Both partners are screened for infections such as2:
This ensures patient safety and prevents transmission during treatment.
IVF requires a multidisciplinary team, including doctors, nurses, embryologists, counsellors, and lab staff2.
Important: Alcohol and smoking may negatively influence ART/IVF outcomes8. Therefore, individuals undergoing ART should follow a balanced diet and avoid alcohol and smoking to support better treatment outcomes.
Different approaches may be used during an IVF cycle depending on the couple’s fertility issues, age, and medical history. The most commonly used treatment options include:
IVF can bring both emotional and physical challenges, but support is available throughout the process. Your team of doctors, counsellors, and fertility support groups can help you navigate this journey.
Joining support groups and connecting with others going through similar experiences can be reassuring during this phase12.
Women taking fertility medicines may experience4:
These symptoms are usually temporary and related to the hormonal changes during treatment.
IVF is generally safe, but like all medical treatments, it carries certain physical, emotional, and financial risks. These may vary from mild to more serious.
Mild cases may improve with rest, but severe cases may require draining fluid or hospitalisation.
IVF success varies widely and depends on several factors, such as maternal age, egg quality, embryo type (fresh or frozen), and the underlying cause of infertility. Although effective, the chance of pregnancy from a single fresh embryo transfer remains modest.
For women (under 35), general success rates are:
Note: Success rates may decline with advancing maternal age, especially after 40 years16.
Also Read: What Is Ovulation? Understanding The Ovulation Process and Symptoms
After IVF, it is important to watch for symptoms that may indicate complications. Contact your doctor immediately if you experience4,12:
Urgent medical help may be required in the following cases12:
These symptoms may indicate severe OHSS or an ectopic pregnancy and require urgent medical attention.
Also Read: 6 Essential Vitamins For Women That You Need To Know About
IVF is a widely used and effective fertility treatment, but its success depends on many factors, including age, egg and embryo quality, and underlying medical conditions. The process involves several steps, requires careful preparation, and may come with emotional, physical, and financial challenges. Thus, understanding the procedure, potential risks, and expected outcomes can help individuals make informed decisions.
As you consider or undergo IVF, it is important to maintain realistic expectations, seek strong emotional support, and work closely with an experienced medical team. Many individuals and couples can achieve a successful and rewarding outcome with the right guidance and care.
Also Read: Best Guide to Breast Pumping For New Mothers
The five basic steps of IVF are: ovarian stimulation (fertility medicines to produce multiple eggs), egg retrieval, fertilization (standard IVF or ICSI), embryo culture, and finally embryo transfer4.
An IVF pregnancy lasts the same duration as a natural pregnancy, which is about 9 months after fertilization4.
Gender selection may be done through preimplantation genetic testing17. However, under the Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act of 1994, gender testing is strictly prohibited in India18.
The most significant risks include ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and multiple pregnancy (twins or more)11. Other risks include ectopic pregnancy and emotional/financial stress12.
Women who are postmenopausal no longer produce eggs. However, the uterus can still carry a pregnancy with hormonal support and donor embryos19.
Women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) often respond well to IVF and may have good success rates. However, they have a higher risk of OHSS, so careful monitoring is required20.
IVF bypasses the fallopian tubes entirely21. So, it is a common option for women who have had their tubes tied.
Current research shows no clear evidence that IVF or fertility medications increase the risk of cancer22. So, we can say that studies so far have been reassuring.
IVF children are just as healthy as those conceived naturally. There is no increased risk of major congenital anomalies, and the slightly higher chance of prematurity is mostly linked to parental age and underlying infertility factors, not IVF techniques themselves23.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and
In today’s world, where moisturising has become a non-negotiable part of a healthy skincare routine, squalane stands out as a true hero.
Whether used on its own or added to other skincare formulations as a powerful supporting ingredient, squalane has earned its reputation for delivering intense as well as lightweight hydration. Its skin-friendly nature, stability, and ability to strengthen the moisture barrier make it a top choice for both formulators and skincare lovers.
But what is squalane, how does it work, how should it be used, what are its key benefits, and are there any side effects to be aware of? We will explore all of this in detail throughout this article.
Squalane (pronounced SKWAY lane) is a lightweight and stable oil used in skin-care products for its hydrating properties. This oil comes from squalene, which is a natural lipid (fatty water insoluble organic molecule) that makes up about 13% of our skin’s own sebum (secretion of glands in skin known as sebaceous glands). It is also found in high amounts in sources like shark liver and certain plants, but because it is unstable and easily oxidises, it is converted into a more stable form, which is known as squalane. So, squalane is squalene’s cosmetically usable form1.
Since our skin naturally contains squalene to protect itself from dryness and oxidative stress, and squalane works similarly when applied topically, it hydrates, strengthens the skin barrier, and helps defend against environmental damage1.
Squalene works by strengthening and protecting the skin’s natural lipid barrier, which helps it withstand environmental stressors (like UV-induced oxidative damage). At the same time, squalane aids in reducing transepidermal water loss (TEWL), which means it reduces the loss of water from the skin’s surface that happens due to evaporation. This property helps to maintain a hydrated skin. Thus, squalene forms a light protective layer on the skin that improves hydration and strengthens the skin barrier, keeping the skin healthy, smooth, and more resilient1,3.
Since squalene makes up a large part of our skin’s surface oils and is easily oxidised, the squalane skin benefits come from its stability, acting as a reliable lipid antioxidant that helps reduce free-radical damage.
Although their names sound almost identical, squalene and squalane behave differently in skincare because of their stability, function, and suitability for topical use. Here’s a comparative representation of squalene vs. squalane1.
| Feature | Squalene | Squalane |
| Origin | Naturally produced in skin, also found in shark liver and plants | Hydrogenated (stabilised) form of squalene |
| Stability | Unstable and oxidises quickly | Highly stable and does not oxidise |
| Function | Natural lubricant and antioxidant in sebum | Hydration, barrier protection, antioxidant support |
| Use in Skincare | Rarely used due to instability | Widely used for almost all skin types |
| Shelf Life | Short | Long |
Squalane offers multiple benefits for the skin owing to its protective, moisturising, and antioxidant properties, demonstrated by its natural precursor, squalene. Common squalane benefits include:
Squalane absorbs quickly and improves skin hydration to restore softness, suppleness, and flexibility without leaving an oily residue1,3. And like squalene, it supports a healthy skin texture.
Squalane helps strengthen the skin barrier (outer layer of skin) and makes it more resilient against irritants4. Adding squalene to damaged skin may reverse water loss and reduce penetration of irritants1. This suggests its protective and restorative effects.
Squalane helps defend the skin against the harmful effects of sunlight by reducing oxidative stress2. Its precursor, squalene, is known to deactivate reactive oxygen species and protect against lipid damage on the skin’s surface, and squalane is believed to offer similar protective support1,2.
It is observed that squalene decreases inflammatory markers produced by irritated skin1,5. And due to this property, squalane may also help soothe and calm skin, reducing redness and irritation.
Squalane’s stability and high compatibility with skin make it an effective anti-ageing ingredient. It has the ability to support collagen synthesis and reduce oxidative stress that helps it to maintain healthy skin and potentially lower ageing signs such as fine lines and wrinkles2.
Squalane may promote wound healing by supporting collagen production and improving cell repair. Squalene when used in specific concentrations holds potential to be used in skin-care formulations aimed at UV protection and cellular regeneration2.
Squalene forms a thin protective barrier around the hair strands that help retain moisture and enhance softness and shine of hair. It supports hair regrowth by enhancing the function of hair-growth–related cells, helping counter age-related hair changes6.
Squalene may have the potential to reduce tumour incidence when applied before or during exposure to carcinogens7. While this does not directly translate to cosmetic use, it highlights the strong protective, antioxidant nature of this lipid class.
While most of these scalene benefits are backed by science, some still need further large-scale human trials to corroborate the initial findings. Nonetheless, squalane is commonly being used in skin-care products, typically as an emollient, and is generally suitable for most skin types. However, if you have any known skin conditions like allergies, psoriasis, etc., it’s best to consult a dermatologist before trying any new product, including those containing squalane.
Squalane for skincare can be incorporated as a gentle emollient and protective ingredient, reflecting the way squalene is used in topical formulations to enhance skin softness, support barrier recovery, reduce irritation, and provide antioxidant defence. Here is how you can use squalane for skin:
To get the most benefits, try to use squalane oil (preferably 100%) alone or as part of serums, moisturisers, or creams.
Remember to patch test before by applying a small amount to the inner forearm or behind the ear and leave for 24 hours. Then use regularly only if no redness, itching, or irritation occurs.
Note: There are no standard guidelines on percentage, frequency or mode of use of squalane. It may vary depending on skin type, existing skin conditions, and product formulation.
Also Read: Is Glycerine Good for Skin?
Topical squalane for skin is generally well tolerated, but like any skincare ingredient, it may cause a few mild/uncommon side effects like the following:
Note: While squalane is generally well tolerated, anyone with persistent irritation, acne flare-ups, or underlying skin concerns should consult a dermatologist for personalised guidance.
Also Read: How to Decrease Melanin in Skin
Squalane is a well-tolerated, effective, and stable lipid-based emollient/moisturiser. The squalane oil benefits include hydration, barrier support, and antioxidant-like protection. This makes it a strong candidate for inclusion in daily skincare, especially for dry skin. Its risk of side effects is low, but choosing high-quality, pure squalane products is key. Those with existing skin conditions, active rashes, or persistent irritation should consult a dermatologist before using squalane or introducing any new skincare product.
Also Read: Home Remedies for Pink Lips
Yes, squalane oil is good for hair. It may help reduce dryness, make hair softer and smoother protect the scalp from oxidative stress, and may aid hair regrowth6.
Squalane could be suitable for oily or acne-prone skin. Acne-prone skin contains high amounts of squalene, and a key problem is that this natural squalene becomes oxidised (peroxide squalene), which contributes to inflammation. But, because squalane is the stable, non-oxidising form, it does not turn into these irritating peroxides. Instead, it might help balance the skin, add lightweight moisture, and potentially reduce the impact of oxidised squalene by supporting a healthier skin barrier9. However, if you have persistent or severe acne, consult a dermatologist for personalised guidance.
Squalane and hyaluronic acid are not better than one another, they simply do different tasks. Hyaluronic acid is a powerful molecule found naturally in the body that helps maintain deep hydration, supports cell growth and repair, and plays important roles in anti-ageing and inflammation control10.
Squalane, on the other hand, is a lightweight oil that helps soften the skin, reduce water loss, and strengthen the skin barrier. It protects the skin’s surface and prevents moisture from escaping, also protecting the skin from free radical damage1.
No, squalane and retinol are not “better” than one another. This is because they serve very different purposes in skincare. Retinol is a highly effective ingredient that helps to improve fine lines, wrinkles, and uneven pigmentation by accelerating cell turnover, stimulating collagen production, and regulating melanocyte (cells responsible for melanin production) activity11.
Squalane, on the other hand, does not perform functions like retinol. It is a moisturising and barrier-supporting ingredient that helps soften the skin and reduce water loss, but it does not stimulate cell turnover or improve photoaging the way retinol does1,11.
Squalene is a naturally occurring lipid in the human body and even makes up a small portion of breast milk, where it supports immunity and helps protect both mother and baby. It plays roles in immune development and may even bind and help remove certain toxins from the body12. However, pregnancy requires extra caution. Even though topical squalane is mild and well tolerated, external use during pregnancy should only be considered after consulting a doctor, especially if you have sensitive skin, underlying conditions, or are using multiple skincare products.
Squalane does not need to be refrigerated. It is seen that squalane remains stable across a wide temperature range. This means that squalane is a thermally stable oil, meaning it does not break down or lose effectiveness with normal temperature fluctuations13. And, because of this stability, cosmetic squalane may be safely stored at room temperature.
Squalane may work well with vitamin C. It has been observed that when vitamin C is chemically linked to squalene, the resulting (vitamin C + squalene) derivative penetrates the skin better and delivers stronger biological effects than regular vitamin C. This combined form significantly increases epidermal thickness and boosts collagen14. However, if you have sensitive skin or are new to vitamin C, introduce products slowly and consult a dermatologist if irritation or discomfort occurs.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Sugar is a major commodity all over the world, and its production continues to rise. It is estimated that during the years 2025 and 2026, the world sugar production will rise by 8.6 million tons, reaching 189.3 million tons. Particularly in India, the sugar output is estimated to surge over 25% to 35.3 million tons1.
As production increases, global consumption also increases, which is fuelled especially by the expanding food service sectors1. More importantly, since a variety of sugar types are available in the market, consumers are increasingly exposed to different forms and uses of sugar in everyday foods.
Brown sugar is one such commonly used variety. It is recognised for its characteristic brown colour, moist texture, and deeper caramel-like flavour compared to regular white sugar2,3.
Through this article, we aim to explore brown sugar uses, benefits, side effects, and key considerations while using brown sugar to support informed and balanced dietary choices.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) defines brown sugar as a soft and moist sugar made from sugar cane (or sugar beets) that contains natural or added molasses4. Molasses is the thick and dark syrup left after sugar crystals are extracted from sugarcane (or sugar beet) juice. This molasses contributes to the moisture, colour, and distinctive taste of brown sugar4,5.
Brown sugar is generally available in two main varieties4:
The variety typically depends on the molasses content.
Note: While brown sugar contributes significantly to taste, texture, and product stability in a wide range of foods, it still falls under added sugars2. This makes it crucial for consumers to understand both its culinary value and its potential health impacts.
Brown sugar is primarily a source of carbohydrates and provides calories with no significant protein or fat. The table below describes the specific values of brown sugar nutrition6.
| Serving Size | Calories (kcal) | Water (%) | Protein (g) | Fat (g) | Carbohydrates (g)* |
| 1 tbsp (9 g) | 34 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 8 to 9 |
| 1 cup, packed (220 g) | 827 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 212 to 220 |
| 1 cup, unpacked (145 g) | 545 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 140 to 145 |
Carbohydrates are calculated as the total weight minus water content, and in brown sugar, this is made up primarily of sucrose.
Refined white sugar is highly purified and consists of nearly 99% sucrose (table sugar). On the contrary, brown sugar typically contains around 88% to 93% sucrose along with trace quantities of other beneficial compounds that contribute to its benefits7.
Now, let us see some brown sugar benefits:
Like all sugars, brown sugar is a fast source of energy for the body7. It can offer an immediate boost, which is why it is commonly used in foods needing quick fuel.
Brown sugar contains molasses, which is traditionally known to help ease mild indigestion and support smoother digestion for some people5. While this effect is gentle and not a medical treatment, it can be an added digestive comfort for some individuals.
Since brown sugar processing is less intensive, some minerals such as calcium, potassium, manganese and even selenium are retained in it8,9. While the levels are small, this makes it slightly more nutritious than fully refined white sugar.
One of the clearest advantages of brown sugar is its taste. This is because it contains more molasses and natural cane components that have a deeper, caramel-like flavour and a stronger aroma10. This is why it works well in baked goods and desserts that needs a rich flavour.
Some less-refined sugars digest more slowly, meaning brown sugar may cause a slightly milder rise in blood sugar than white sugar11,12. Due to this property, it may offer slightly better support for individuals looking to manage their blood sugar levels. However, as the difference is modest, it should still be used in moderation.
Brown sugar retains small amounts of natural plant compounds (phenolics and flavonoids) that are mostly lost when sugar is fully refined11,13. This gives it mild antioxidant properties that may help reduce inflammation. While the benefit is small and research is underway, this is still a positive difference.
A large study in Japan found that people who regularly consumed brown sugar had a slightly lower rate of cancer14. While not conclusive, it suggests that its natural compounds may offer minor protective benefits.
Note: While brown sugar may offer modest additional advantages compared to refined sugar, it is still an added sugar and should be consumed with caution.
Although brown sugar contains trace minerals and phytochemicals, it still behaves like regular sugar in the body and may lead to several health concerns when consumed in excess. Some brown sugar side effects include:
Brown sugar is a versatile ingredient that adds moisture, depth, and a warm caramel-like flavour to both sweet and savoury dishes. It blends easily with spices, fruits, and marinades, which makes it suitable for a wide range of home-cooked recipes.
Here are some practical ways/recipes to use brown sugar in cooking:
Brown sugar can be paired with root vegetables like yams and sweet potatoes, helping them caramelise and develop a glossy, sweet coating.
Preparation Steps:
In marinades, brown sugar helps balance the heat from spices and contributes to browning during cooking.
Preparation Steps:
Brown sugar adds depth and moisture to baked fruit desserts, which helps in creating a rich, golden topping.
Preparation Steps:
Brown sugar could enhance the filling with a warm, molasses-like sweetness that complements spices and sweet potatoes.
Preparation Steps:
Brown sugar may enrich traditional Indian desserts like payasam by adding warmth, colour, and a deep caramel sweetness that complements milk, spices, and herbal ingredients.
Preparation Steps:
Brown sugar can enhance the flavour of many dishes, but like all added sugars, it must be used wisely to avoid potential health risks. Here is what one should be aware of:
Although brown sugar itself does not directly interact with most medications, its sucrose content may influence the effectiveness of certain drugs. Thus, understanding the below mentioned interactions can help avoid unwanted effects:
Also Read: Raw Banana: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!
Brown sugar counts as an added sugar, so intake should follow the American Heart Association (AHA) limits for total added sugars consumed per day23:
It is recommended to stay within these guidelines to help reduce the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and metabolic syndrome.
Also Read: Manuka Honey: Health Benefits, How To Choose, Side Effects & More
Brown sugar is a widely used sweetener valued for its flavour, rich aroma, and versatility in both traditional and modern cooking. Although it contains trace amounts of minerals, phenolic compounds, and antioxidants (especially in minimally refined forms), these brown sugar benefits are modest and do not change the fact that brown sugar is still an added sugar. Nevertheless, brown sugar can still be part of a balanced diet when consumed in moderation, chosen carefully (with attention to labelling and processing), and paired with healthy eating habits.
Also Read: Gond Katira: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects & More
Both are added sugars and have almost similar calorie content6. Brown sugar may contain small amounts of minerals and antioxidants due to its molasses content. However, the differences are nutritionally minimal4,7.
No, brown sugar is usually refined white sugar with molasses added back, or partially refined cane sugar that retains some of the natural molasses2,4. Jaggery, on the other hand, is an unrefined sweetener made by boiling sugarcane juice without separating molasses24.
Brown sugar affects blood glucose almost the same way as white sugar16. Therefore, diabetic patients should limit it strictly and follow their recommended carbohydrate and sugar allowance. Remember, brown sugar is not a safer alternative for diabetic people.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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