Everything to Know About GLP-1 Receptor Agonist and Its Role in Weight Management
Introduction
Diabetes continues to be a major public health concern in India. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that around 77 million adults are presently living with type 2 diabetes and nearly 25 million are classified as prediabetic. The situation is further alarming, with over half of these individuals remaining unaware of their condition. This may increase the risk of preventable complications such as diabetic foot ulcers, vision loss (from diabetic retinopathy), chronic kidney disease, heart attacks, and even strokes1. Fortunately, as the burden of diabetes and its related complications grows, newer therapeutic classes have emerged to help people manage this condition.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists represent one such important advancement that offers multiple benefits in the management of type 2 diabetes. Meta-analysis and observational studies have shown that Indian patients respond to GLP-1 RAs similarly to populations globally2,3. This makes them a valuable option within modern diabetes care in India.
Therefore, through this article, we aim to provide informational awareness about GLP-1 drugs and their role in managing type 2 diabetes.
What is GLP-1?
GLP-1 full form is glucagon-like peptide-1, and it refers to a natural gut hormone that helps regulate blood sugar, digestion, and even appetite.
The regulation of blood glucose levels (sugar levels) in people with type 2 diabetes is often disrupted. In such cases, GLP-1 hormone can help contribute to glucose control by stimulating glucose-dependent insulin release, reducing glucagon secretion, slowing gastric emptying, and eventually enhancing satiety.
Since GLP-1 acts on multiple pathways that are not fully addressed by other therapies, GLP-1 receptor agonists (drugs that mimic GLP-1 to improve insulin response and reduce glucose levels) have become the foundation for medications used in modern diabetes management3.
What Are GLP-1 RAs?
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists or GLP-1 RA definition includes a class of medications that act in a similar manner to the GLP-1 hormone. These medications are used to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus and, in some cases, obesity3,4.
Regulatory authorities worldwide, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) in India, have approved GLP-1 RAsbased on their safety and efficacy3,6.
Their primary indication is the management of type 2 diabetes, where they are used alongside diet and exercise to improve glycaemic control by enhancing insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon, and supporting healthier glucose regulation3,4. These agents have also demonstrated additional metabolic benefits such as delayed gastric emptying and reduced appetite, which contribute to improved overall glycaemic outcomes and cardiometabolic health7. While their main role remains in diabetes treatment, certain GLP-1 therapies are also approved for weight management in individuals with obesity or overweight with comorbidities, given their modest but clinically meaningful effects on appetite regulation and body weight2,6,7.
It is very important to keep in mind that GLP-1 drugs should not be used simultaneously with other GLP-1 containing products or combined with any other GLP-1 RA.
Note: Please note that GLP-1 RAs are prescription medications and must be used only under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional.
How Do GLP-1 RAs Work?
As mentioned above, a GLP-1 receptor agonist works by mimicking the natural incretin hormone (hormones secreted by the gut) GLP-1, which may assist in lowering blood sugar in the following ways7,8:
Increase insulin when blood glucose (sugar) is high: They enhance the body’s ability to release insulin when blood sugar levels are elevated. This could help bring glucose down in a controlled manner.
Decrease glucagon levels: They reduce the secretion of glucagon (a hormone that increases blood sugar). This may further help limit excessive glucose production by the liver.
Slow gastric emptying: They signal certain nerves to slow down the movement of food from the stomach into the intestine. This may help avoid rapid rises in blood glucose after meals.
Promote satiety: They act on appetite-regulating centres in the brain to increase the feeling of fullness after eating. This could, in turn, support reduced calorie intake.
Together, these steps support better glycaemic control and contribute to improved metabolic outcomes.
Note: These effects are observed and interpreted from clinical studies and should not be understood as direct personal guarantees for blood glucose or weight support.
Common GLP-1 RA Medications
The regulatory approval status of GLP-1 drugs varies across global and national health authorities. The table below provides an overview of key GLP-1 RAs, listing their generic names alongside their approval status by major regulatory bodies9,10.
Note: GLP-1 RAs differ in their dosing frequency (daily or weekly, depending on the agent). However, the specific type and dosage prescribed will depend on the clinical assessment made by the healthcare professional managing your treatment.
When Are GLP-1 RA Prescribed?
GLP-1 drugs may be prescribed for the following conditions as per American Diabetes Association/European Association for the Study of Diabetes (ADA/EASD) 2025 guidelines11:
Primary glycaemic indication: GLP-1 RAs are recommended for adults with type 2 diabetes who have not reached their individualised A1C targets (typically when A1C is ≥1.5% above the agreed glycaemic goal) despite lifestyle measures and foundational therapy such as metformin.
Cardiovascular benefit: In adults with type 2 diabetes who have established cardiovascular risk, a GLP-1 RA may provide cardiovascular benefit, independent of baseline A1C.
Weight management/metabolic effects: GLP-1 RAs may also support weight management in adults with type 2 diabetes who are overweight or obese, providing an added metabolic advantage alongside their primary glycaemic and cardioprotective effects.
Note: These are guideline-based indications at a population level. Only a qualified healthcare professional can determine whether a GLP-1 RA is appropriate for an individual patient, based on a full clinical assessment.
Important Lab Tests for GLP-1 Users
People who are starting GLP-1 therapy or are already taking GLP-1 medications (such as semaglutide, liraglutide, dulaglutide) need regular health monitoring. These blood tests help ensure safety, effectiveness, and early detection of side effects.
For convenience, PharmaEasy offers the following packages with comprehensive test panels for people starting or already using GLP-1 medications.
1. GLP-1 Health Checkup/GLP-1 Advanced Monitoring (Includes 72 parameters)
Pancreatic Tests: These help detect pancreatitis, a rare but important risk associated with GLP-1 medications12.
Vitamin Tests: These are essential for detecting nutrient deficiencies, as GLP-1 medications may suppress appetite and reduce overall nutrient intake13.
Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) Index Test
2. GLP-1 Monitoring with Vitals Package/GLP-1 Package with Vitals (Includes all 72 tests above + 4 vital parameters)
Vitals: These track weight trends, BMI changes, and blood pressure improvements with GLP-1 therapy21.
Blood Pressure Monitoring
Height
Weight
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Observed Effects and Awareness
Based on clinical research and reviews, GLP-1 receptor agonist:
Help reduce A1C with improved glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes22,23.
May assist in weight management in adults who are overweight or obese and have at least one weight-related condition (such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, or high cholesterol)4,22.
May provide additional metabolic benefits, including improved beta-cell function, reduced glucagon secretion, delayed gastric emptying, and increased satiety22.
May offer cardiovascular protection, with possible reductions in cases of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) such as myocardial infarction and stroke in high-risk populations23.
Note:It is important to understand that these agents (GLP-1 RAs) work best alongside healthy lifestyle measures and require regular monitoring. Further, while studies show several favourable effects, individual responses can still vary, and these outcomes are not guaranteed for every person.
GLP-1 RA Side Effects and Considerations
GLP-1 drugs are generally well-tolerated, but like all medications, they may also have specific side effects and important considerations that you should be aware of7:
Side Effects
Gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea are the most common.
Injection-site reactions (redness, itching) may occur with injectable formulations.
Mild hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar) could occur, mainly when combined with other medications like insulin or sulfonylureas.
Possible increased risk of gallbladder or biliary disorders, especially with long-term use.
Clinical Considerations
Should be used cautiously in patients who have a history of pancreatitis.
Contraindicated in individuals with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) or MEN 2.
May impact the absorption of oral medications and requires caution before procedures requiring fasting due to delayed gastric emptying effect.
Patients with renal or hepatic impairment may require closer monitoring, especially if significant gastrointestinal symptoms lead to dehydration.
Caution: If any side effects occur,always discuss with a doctor, as they can assess their severity, determine whether treatment adjustments are needed.
Lifestyle and Dietary Awareness
You can support your overall well-being by adopting healthy, supportive lifestyle measures, such as:
Aiming for a healthy weight: Use tools like BMI and waist circumference to understand health risks. If BMI is over 30, aim for a goal between 18.5 to 24.9. Remember, even a 5 to 10% weight loss could improve metabolic outcomes24.
Choosing nutrient-dense foods: Focus on vegetables, fruits, lean proteins, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and healthy fats24,25.
Limiting refined/processed foods: Reduce saturated fats, such as fast foods and refined vegetable oils24,25.
Staying hydrated: Replace sugar-sweetened beverages with water to reduce calorie load and avoid glucose spikes24.
Engaging in regular physical activity: Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise weekly plus strength training to improve metabolic function24.
Supporting good sleep habits: Aim for getting adequate sleep, as it helps reduce hunger signals and stress hormones that may interfere with metabolic health24.
Natural Ways to Support GLP-1
If you are wondering “how to increase GLP-1 naturally,” certain lifestyle habits, such as the following, may help support your body’s own GLP-1 levels26:
Choose high-fibre carbohydrates (like legumes, oats, barley, vegetables) since gut fermentation of fibre produces short-chain fatty acids that may stimulate GLP-1 release.
Include lean proteins in meals, which further enhance GLP-1 and support fullness.
Opt for healthy unsaturated fats (e.g., olive oil, avocado, fatty fish), which slow digestion and may enhance GLP-1 release.
While planning meals, use mindful portion sizes and consistent timing.
Support consistent physical activity, adequate sleep, and reduced stress, which together contribute to improved metabolic hormone responses, including GLP-1.
Note: These habits are for general metabolic support and are not a substitute for medical treatment or professional advice.
When to Consult a Doctor?
Monitoring your health while using a GLP-1 receptor agonist is important, and certain symptoms or situations, such as the ones below, should prompt a consultation with a doctor:
New or worsening gastrointestinal symptoms, such as persistent nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, or signs of dehydration7,27.
Symptoms of low blood sugar, especially if taking insulin or sulfonylureas along with a GLP-1 RA7.
Before any planned surgery or procedure, as GLP-1 RAs may affect gastric emptying and fasting requirements.
If pregnant, planning pregnancy, or breastfeeding, to review safety and treatment alternatives.
Any unexpected or bothersome side effects, or if the medication does not seem to be working as expected.
Regular follow-up is important. Additionally, you may always consult a doctor for guidance on dosing, side effects, or any concerns while using GLP-1 medications.
GLP-1 receptor agonists represent an important therapeutic option for managing type 2 diabetes and, in certain cases, obesity. Their benefits, such as improved glycaemic control, support for weight management, and potential cardiovascular protection, are well documented in clinical studies. However, they must be used under the guidance of qualified healthcare professionals, as individual responses vary and careful monitoring is essential. Most importantly, alongside medication, healthy lifestyle habits and informed dietary choices play a key role in supporting long-term metabolic health.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What is GLP-1 RA, and how does it work?
GLP-1 RAs are medications that work the same way as the natural GLP-1 hormone to help regulate blood sugar and support weight control. They work by increasing insulin when glucose is high, reducing glucagon, slowing stomach emptying, and promoting a feeling of fullness7.
Which GLP-1 RAs are currently available?
Commonly available GLP-1 RAs include exenatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, and semaglutide (injectable and oral)7. Please note that availability varies by country and regulatory approval.
What are common side effects reported in studies?
The most frequently reported side effects are nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and mild hypoglycaemia (when used with certain other medications). Some individuals may also experience injection-site reactions or gallbladder-related symptoms7.
Can GLP-1 levels be influenced naturally?
Diet and lifestyle can modestly support natural GLP-1 activity. For example, high-fibre foods, balanced protein intake, regular exercise, adequate sleep, hydration, and limiting refined sugars may help enhance metabolic balance, though they do not replace medical treatment23,24.
Who should discuss GLP-1 RA with a doctor?
Anyone with type 2 diabetes needing better glucose control, individuals with obesity or weight-related health risks, or those with cardiovascular or kidney concerns should consult a doctor before using GLP-1 RAs. Medical guidance is also essential for people experiencing side effects or managing conditions such as pregnancy, pancreatitis, or thyroid-related risks7.
Bawa T, Dhingra V, Malhotra N, Wasir JS, Mithal A. Clinical experience with exenatide in obese North Indian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Jan;17(1):91-4. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3659913/
Collins L, Costello RA. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists. Treasure Island [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; [cited 2025 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551568/
Liu QK. Mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024 Jul 24;15:1431292. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11304055/
Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation. CDSCO Approved Drugs / Vaccines / r-DNA / Blood Product [Internet]. CDSCO; [cited 2025 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www.cdscoonline.gov.in/CDSCO/cdscoDrugs
Ayoub M, Chela H, Amin N, Hunter R, Anwar J, Tahan V, Daglilar E. Pancreatitis Risk Associated with GLP-1 Receptor Agonists, Considered as a Single Class, in a Comorbidity-Free Subgroup of Type 2 Diabetes Patients in the United States: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis. J Clin Med. 2025 Feb 1;14(3):944. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11818918/
Johnson B, Milstead M, Thomas O, McGlasson T, Green L, Kreider R, Jones R. Investigating nutrient intake during use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist: a cross-sectional study. Front Nutr. 2025 Apr 25;12:1566498. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12062175/
Chae Y, Kwon SH, Nam JH, Kang E, Im J, Kim HJ, Lee EK. Lipid profile changes induced by glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2024 Aug;17(8):721-729. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38832475/
Pirahanchi Y, Toro F, Jialal I. Physiology, thyroid stimulating hormone. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island; [cited 2025 Nov 20]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499850/
Open Resources for Nursing (Open RN). Chapter 15, Fluids and electrolytes. Nursing fundamentals [Internet]. Chippewa Valley Technical College; [cited 2025 Nov 20]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK591820/
Filippatos TD, Elisaf MS. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on renal function. World J Diabetes. 2013 Oct 15;4(5):190-201. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3797884/
Seo IH, Lee YJ. Usefulness of Complete Blood Count (CBC) to Assess Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases in Clinical Settings: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Biomedicines. 2022 Oct 25;10(11):2697. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9687310/
Mullur N, Morissette A, Morrow NM, Mulvihill EE. GLP-1 receptor agonist-based therapies and cardiovascular risk: a review of mechanisms. J Endocrinol. 2024 Sep 19;263(1):e240046. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11466209/
Lee J, Kim MH, Jang JY, Oh CM. Assessment HOMA as a predictor for new onset diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications in non-diabetic adults: a KoGES prospective cohort study. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2023 Nov 16;9(1):7. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10652621/
Reiss AB, Gulkarov S, Lau R, Klek SP, Srivastava A, Renna HA, De Leon J. Weight Reduction with GLP-1 Agonists and Paths for Discontinuation While Maintaining Weight Loss. Biomolecules. 2025 Mar 13;15(3):408. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11940170/
Trujillo JM, Nuffer W, Smith BA. GLP-1 receptor agonists: an updated review of head-to-head clinical studies. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2021 Mar 9;12:2042018821997320. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7953228/
Hamed K, Alosaimi MN, Ali BA, Alghamdi A, Alkhashi T, Alkhaldi SS, et al. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists: Exploring Their Impact on Diabetes, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Health Through a Comprehensive Literature Review. Cureus. 2024 Sep 1;16(9):e68390. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11444311/
Mozaffarian D, Agarwal M, Aggarwal M, Alexander L, Apovian CM, Bindlish S, et al. Nutritional Priorities to Support GLP-1 Therapy for Obesity: A Joint Advisory From the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and the Obesity Society. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2025 May 30:15598276251344827. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12125019/
Filippatos TD, Panagiotopoulou TV, Elisaf MS. Adverse Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists. Rev Diabet Stud. 2014 Fall-Winter;11(3-4):202-30. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5397288/
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Caring for a Baby with Blocked Nose: Simple Tips for Parents
Introduction
Blocked nose is when there is difficulty in breathing through the nose. It can happen due to an obstruction in the nasal passage or more commonly due to swelling in the lining of the nose (occurring due to several reasons).
Blocked nose can be very distressing as it can interfere with breathing. In babies, it can further lead to sleep disturbance, irritation and poor feeding1. Sadly, as the little ones cannot even express what they are going through, they just tend to cry, become irritated or even miserable at times. Moreover, when it comes to babies, blocked nose can be difficult to manage as only very few medications can be prescribed by doctors to these young ones.
Well, following some simple measures at home can help you ease your little one’s discomfort, but it is also important to know when to take medical advice.
In this blog, we will discuss about the signs of a blocked nose in babies, share certain tips that can help avoid your baby from getting a stuffy nose, some simple measures you can take at home to ease their symptoms and when you must check with a doctor. So, let’s get started!
Why Does a Baby’s Nose Gets Blocked?
Common causes of blocked nose can include some external and internal factors. These are1,2:
External Factors
Viral infection: The most common reason for blocked nose is a common cold usually caused by a viral infection. Viral infections can occur due to viruses like Rhinovirus, Influenza virus and Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
Bacterial infection: Bacterial infections like sinusitis commonly caused by organisms like Streptococcus pneumonia or Haemophilus influenza can also lead to a blocked nose3.
Exposure to allergens: Allergy causing agents like pollen grain, dust, smoke and perfumes causes irritation in the nasal cavity leading to cold or stuffy nose.
Climatic changes: Sudden change in climate or exposure to dry air or cold weather can lead to common cold in babies.
Foreign body inhalation: Inhalation of foreign objects like nuts or any small food particles can obstruct the airway.
Internal Factors
Nasal septum deviation: Nasal septum is the thin wall of bone and cartilage that divides the inside of your nose into two separate air passages, or nostrils4.
Injury: Some babies get nasal injury during the process of birth; this can also be a cause for blocked nose4.
Gastroesophageal reflux in newborns: This condition results from the backflow of stomach acid into the food pipe making it difficult for the baby to breath5.
Nasal polyps: A small soft lump that is formed inside the nasal passages or sinuses4.
Enlarged adenoids: These are swollen tissue behind the nose that can block a babies’ nasal passage, making it difficult to breathe. This can lead to issues like loud breathing and restless sleep. 6
External factors lead to nasal congestion, commonly known as a stuffy nose, by irritating the membrane of nasal mucosa. In response to this, the nasal lining swells and increases its mucus production, leading to the sensation of a blocked or congested airway. The excessive mucus may sometimes start oozing out of the nose causing a runny nose2.
Nasal Congestion Symptoms in Babies
A blocked nose can present with a variety of symptoms, including7,8.
Noisy breathing: This is the most common symptom that happens due to narrowed airway passage.
Breathlessness: Due to increased mucus secretion, which narrows the nasal cavity, a baby may have difficulty breathing or may breathe rapidly.
Reduced appetite: When a baby’s nose is blocked, their appetite can be reduced. They may refuse to feed for long periods because the congestion makes them feel breathless.
Lack of sleep or Snoring: When a baby experiences shortness of breath, their sleep may be disturbed. Blocked nose can also lead to snoring sounds.
Irritability: When a baby’s nose is congested, it can make them irritable and fussy.
Cough: Baby might cough or gag in an attempt to clear the mucus dripping down their throat.
Sneezing: Particularly if congestion is associated with exposure to allergens, it causes nasal irritation, which often results in sneezing.
Watery and red eyes: As the eyes, nose, and tear ducts are all connected, a runny nose and sneezing can cause the baby’s eyes to become red and watery.
Fever: If a baby’s blocked nose is caused by an infection, they may also develop a fever.
Runny nose: Sometimes, you might see clear, watery, or even thick and discoloured mucus coming from their nose.
While nasal congestion symptoms in babies can vary from one to the other, it’s important for parents to keep a close eye on all the signs, no matter how minor they seem.
I feel it is important for parents to understand the distinction between true congestion and physiological noisy breathing, which occurs simply because newborns have very narrow nasal passages. If your baby is making snuffle sounds but is feeding well and sleeping comfortably, this is normal and requires no treatment, as using drops or suction on a healthy nose will only cause unnecessary irritation.
Natural and Safe Ways to Unblock Babies Blocked Nose
Dealing with a stuffy baby nose is never easy, but you can help them feel better with these simple, natural methods you can use right at home2,9,10.
1.Nasal wash
Image Source: freepik.com
A saline nasal wash is beneficial for cleansing and moisturizing nasal passages. It works by flushing out irritants like pollen, dust and other debris. This will also help to remove extra mucus in the nasal cavity. Normal saline drops or spray are available in all pharmacy stores. Some nasal washing devices like neti pots, rubber nasal bulb are also available at the stores11,18.
2. Use of suction bulb or mucus extractor
For this, firstly moisten the nasal cavity with a saline spray and squeeze the bulb of suction to expel the air. Then gently insert its tip into the nose and release the bulb to suction out the mucus. If the mucus is properly moistened it will be easily expelled using the bulb. Make sure to do this before feeding because a clearer airway will help the baby feel better, leading to more successful feeds12.
3.Cool mist vaporizer
This helps to moisten the air and clear the nasal cavity. Place the unit 2 meter away from the bed. Avoid running the vaporizer continuously and keep humidity between 40% to 50% to prevent mould and mildew (type of fungus) growth because it can cause breathing issue. Use distilled water instead of tap water, minerals in the tap water can cause harmful white dust and breathing problems. Make sure to clean and dry the vaporizer before and after each use to prevent from bacterial infection13.
4. Steam
Giving direct steam for babies is not safe as it can cause burn so, create a steamy environment by running a hot shower and sitting with your baby in the bathroom for some time before bed.
5.Proper hydration
Image Source: freepik.com
Make sure your baby stays well-hydrated. Continue breastfeeding or formula feeding and if you feel child is struggling to eat try offering smaller amounts more frequently. Giving them plenty of warm fluids helps thin out mucus and prevents dehydration.
6.Elevate bed
To reduce nasal congestion and to help your child breathe easier, you can raise the head of their bed. Try placing a pillow under the head of the mattress or putting some blocks under the bed’s legs at the head.
7.Rest
Image Source: freepik.com
To reduce their fussiness and irritation it’s important to have a good sleep and rest. Following the above steps should help the baby feel better to a certain extent and promote proper sleep and rest.
When your baby has a stuffy nose, these simple, natural tricks can make some difference. By helping them breathe easier, they will be more comfortable and will be able to get the rest they need to feel better.
Note: You must not rely only on these home remedies for the treatment of the condition.
Finding out how to treat congestion depends on what is causing it. Your baby’s doctor can help you find out what is going on and suggest the best ways to help your little one feel better.
An important point I would want parents to know is that Infants are “obligate nasal breathers” for at least the first 3–4 months. This means they primarily breathe through the nose rather than the mouth. Their nasal passages are much narrower than older children and adults, so even small amounts of mucus cause relatively large airflow obstruction.
Preventing frequent nose blocks in babies is often a matter of taking a few simple, proactive steps. By focusing on some points mentioned below, you can help your little one breathe easier and stay more comfortable14,15,16.
Safety first: To keep your little one healthy, it’s important to keep their surroundings clean. Make sure to regularly disinfect the floor, their toys, and pacifiers to protect them from germs.
Maintaining good hygiene: Babies explore everything with their hands, and then those hands often go into their mouths. So, make sure to wash your own hands frequently, and gently wipe your baby’s hands clean to prevent the spread of germs.
Routine immunization: Keeping up with your baby’s immunizations is a simple yet powerful way to protect them. These shots help their little bodies build strong defences against common illnesses like flu, that can lead to congestion and other complications.
Protect your babies: Limit their exposure to sick people, their little immune systems are still developing, so something as simple as a cold can cause significant discomfort and congestion.
Boost their health: Support a healthy lifestyle with a nutritious diet and plenty of fluids. A healthy body is better at fighting off germs.
Keep airways moist: During dry air climate, use a humidifier in rooms, to add moisture to the air. You can also use saline sprays or washes often to keep their nasal passages from drying out.
Discourage nose picking: Digging or pricking into nose can lead to nose bleeding or infections. So, make sure to moisten the nasal cavity with the use of saline drops and use suction bulb for cleaning.
Limit irritants: Protect your child from smoke and other things that can cause allergies. Avoid smoking around them or in your home.
Taking these few simple precautions, you can make a big difference in preventing frequent nose blocks in your baby. By focusing on good hygiene and creating a healthy environment, you can help them stay healthy.
It’s natural to worry when your baby is sick. Knowing when to call a doctor or seek emergency care can make a big difference. You should call your primary care provider if they have any of the following symptoms15,16,18 :
Unusual Cough: Watch out for a barking or a wheezing cough this could be a potential sign of pneumonia (infection in the lungs) or another chest infection like bronchiolitis (infection in the tiny airway that leads to the lungs).
Persistent Cold: If their nasal discharge has been thick for more than 10 days, it might be more than just a simple cold.
Feeding issues: If the baby is refusing to feed or not feeding properly, or you observe that the baby is breaking away while feeding to gasp for air, it is always better to consult a doctor for immediate relief.
Unusual Fussiness and Crying: When a baby cries for a long time and seems unusually cranky, it could be a sign they’re in pain, possibly from an earache or a headache.
Change in Colour of Mucus: If the mucus colour seems to be greenish yellow for more than 10 days, it’s another possible sign of a chest infection like pneumonia.
High or Persistent Fever: Call the doctor if their fever repeatedly spikes, or if a fever over 100.4°F lasts more than three days.
Seek emergency care if you see below symptoms:
Breathing difficulties: This includes trouble in breathing or taking short, rapid breaths.
Bluish Discoloration (Cyanosis): If their lips or fingernails look bluish, it’s a serious sign that they aren’t getting enough oxygen.
Severe Cough: If baby chokes or vomits due to cough, it means the baby needs immediate medical attention.
Knowing these important signs gives you an idea of what action to take. Like when to call a doctor for a persistent problem and when to rush to the emergency room for breathing trouble. This will ensure your little one gets exactly the right care when they need it.
A stuffy nose can be tough on the little one but remember that it’s a very common hurdle for parents. The good news is that, by staying calm and trying some simple, gentle home remedies, you can help your baby feel a lot more comfortable. Look out for signs that need medical attention, and if you have any concerns or questions, remember that your doctor is always there to provide guidance and reassurance. With a little care and patience, your baby will be breathing easy and be back to their cheerful self in no time.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
How can I unblock my baby’s nose fast?
Using a suction bulb and normal saline drops is the better way to reduce nasal congestion. If mucus is too thick and dry, moisten the nasal cavity first and then use suction bulb to remove out the mucus2.
What medicine is good for baby blocked nose?
There are many over the counter (OTC) medicine available in pharmacy for blocked nose and cold, but doctors do not recommend any medicine before the age of 2 years. If in case of any emergency, it’s always better to consult doctor before giving any medicines19.
What is the best sleeping position for a baby with a blocked nose?
Sleeping on their back (supine position) with slightly elevated head will help to drain out the mucus from nose. This can be done either by placing pillow below the mattress or by lifting head end of the cot with the help of blocks. Please note: Do not place any pillow or stuffed toys on their crib or bed; this can increase the chance of suffocation during sleep time2,19.
Can a blocked nose affect oxygen levels?
Yes, blocked nose can affect a child’s oxygen levels. Since babies mostly breathe through their noses for the first few months, a blocked nose can make it hard for them to get enough oxygen. When that happens, their body has to work much harder to breathe, a condition called respiratory distress. If you observe symptoms like bluish discoloration, decreased urine output, nasal flaring, rapid or shallow breathing and unusual chest movements, seek immediate medical attention20,21.
Where to put Vicks for a stuffy nose?
Some people believe that applying Vicks to a baby’s chest, neck, back, and the soles of their feet can help with congestion. However, since babies are sensitive, you should always check with your doctor before using any topical medicine.
What is the pressure point for a stuffy nose?
As per the Chinese medicine trial, giving circular pressure in LI-20 and LI-4 will help to breathe easier LI-20: It is located at the base of the nose, both side near the wing of nostrils. Use index finger and give slight pressure bilaterally for 4 minutes. LI-4: It is located between the thumb and index finger Compress for 2 minutes on both right and left hand22.
Does vicks on the feet help a stuffy nose?
It’s a common practice for many parents to rub Vicks on their baby’s feet. However, it is always safest and best to check with your paediatrician before using any topical product on your child.
References
Mohamed S, Emmanuel N, Foden N. Nasal obstruction: a common presentation in primary care. British Journal of General Practice [Internet]. 2019 Nov 28;69(689):628–9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6867212/
Influences of Airway Obstruction Caused by Adenoid Hypertrophy on Growth and Development of Craniomaxillofacial Structure and Respiratory Function in Children. Tang M, editor. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine [Internet]. 2022 Aug 30 [cited 2023 May 9];2022:1–7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9448534/
Israel L, Rotter G, Förster-Ruhrmann U, Hummelsberger J, Nögel R, Michalsen A, et al. Acupressure in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized controlled exploratory trial. Chinese Medicine [Internet]. 2021 Dec 18;16:137. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8684198/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the informationprovided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Vomiting in Kids: Causes, Home Remedies & Treatment Options
Introduction
Vomiting, in medical terms, is the forceful throwing out of harmful and irritating components from the gut. This happens by the contraction of the walls of stomach, leading to the back flow of contents of the stomach to the food pipe, finally coming out through the mouth. It is a very common issue, especially when it comes to children1.
In children, the causes of vomiting are many. These include gastroenteritis (stomach flu), urinary tract infections, food allergies, and feeding issues amongst others2,3. These causes may lead to vomiting often combined with other symptoms such as nausea, fever, headache, and abdominal pain1.
To help stop vomiting and ease your child’s discomfort, there are some home remedies that can be tried. However, home relief measures alone may not be able to tackle you child’s condition, and medical attention may be necessary in some situations. According to the severity of vomiting, the doctor may suggest certain lab tests to diagnose the underlying cause, assess signs of dehydratio,n and prescribe suitable medications1.
So here, we will discuss the causes, associated symptoms, diagnosis and management of vomiting in kids. We will share some home remedies that may help relieve their discomfort and suggest when you must seek medical attention.
Common Causes of Vomiting in Kids
Vomiting in kids might be due to many reasons. Depending upon the underlying cause, the associated symptoms may also vary. Here are few causes of vomiting in kids and some common symptoms associated with it:
Digestive Tract Infections: Gut infection or digestive tract infection, also called as gastroenteritis, is among the most common causes of vomiting in children. It may be a parasitic, viral or bacterial infection that usually disappears within a week. Loss of appetite, headache, sudden watery motions, fever, and arms and legs pain are the major symptoms of this infection1.
Food Poisoning: When the food is poorly prepared or stored, it becomes the ground for germs to grow. Children eating such contaminated foods develop food poisoning. Its symptoms are like that of gastroenteritis. But it may cause severe dehydration. Staying hydrated here is very important1.
Motion Sickness: Compared to elder children, motion sickness is more common in babies. It normally occurs when they travel by car, train, or airplane1. Rides in amusement parks, and video games can also stimulate motion sickness. Irritation, headache, and light-headedness are few symptoms that often occur along with vomiting in motion sickness.
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): UTI can also cause vomiting, and it is quiet common in kids. Other symptoms of UTI include fatigue, fever, pain, and irritation while passing urine, and smelly urine1.
Gastroesophageal Reflux: GERD, that is the back flow of stomach acid into oesophagus, is very common in paediatric age group and can cause vomiting2. In infants, a common symptom is spitting small amounts after feeding. Other symptoms in smaller children include regurgitation, irritability, and refusal to feed while older children can complain of heartburn.
Feeding and Coughing: Issues like overeating/overfeeding or eating too quickly can cause vomiting3. Excessive coughing or trying to expectorate hard cough can also lead to vomiting. However, vomiting due to these is usually temporary and may not show other associated symptoms.
Appendicitis:The appendix is a small organ found near the large intestine. Appendicitis is a condition of inflammation of the appendix. Along with vomiting, it usually causes severe abdominal pain, loss of appetite, a rise in body temperature, and difficulty in passing stool or diarrhoea1.
Poisoning or Overdose: Babies often put whatever they get into their mouth. Substances found in our homes when swallowed by children might turn poisonous. Similarly taking overdoses of medicines are also dangerous. Apart from vomiting, difficulty in breathing, tiredness, and seizures are the other symptoms of poisoning1.
Brain-related: Conditions like meningitis, head injury, increased intracranial pressure, migraine and rarely even a brain tumour may lead to vomiting1,3. These may present with symptoms such as headache, avoidance of bright lights or neck stiffness, and require further investigations to diagnose the condition.
Other Causes: Conditions causing bowel obstruction like intussusception or pyloric stenosis and some infections like dengue or typhoid can also cause vomiting in children1,3.
Usually I advise parents that green or lime-colored vomit in an infant is a specific red flag for intestinal obstruction and requires immediate medical attention, distinct from yellow or food-colored vomit which is usually less urgent23.
Following are some of the major complications that may be associated with persistent or recurrent vomiting in kids.
1. Dehydration
Image Source: freepik.com
Dehydration occurs when enough quantity of liquid is not present in your child’s body. It leads to life-threatening conditions.Kidneys do not produce urine when there is poor blood supply caused by dehydration. This results in accumulation of wastes in the body.Severe dehydration results in hypovolemic shock, a condition in which body does not have enough fluid and blood. This lowers the blood pressure, and poor delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues.Dehydration when left untreated for a long-time may result acid to build in the body, irregular heartbeat, and even death4.
2. Electrolyte Imbalance
Electrolyte imbalance is the variation in the levels of important salts or minerals such as sodium, potassium, calcium etc in the blood. When the level of sodium becomes less (hyponatremia) or high (hypernatremia) in your child’s blood, it can cause long-term neurological issues such as confusion, seizures, and even coma.Also, be careful while doing treatment for dehydration since it paves the way for electrolyte imbalance if not done properly.ORS solutions which are improperly prepared causes hypernatremia.In rare cases, consuming incorrectly prepared ORS solutions might cause gastric issues such as stomach bleeding and duodenal ulcers4.
3. Malnutrition
There are various aspects of malnutrition. This is the condition occurring because of lack of nutrients in the body, resulting from poor diet or a nutrient absorption problem. Vomiting in kids lessens their hunger, which in turn makes children eat less. This when occurs repeatedly, may contribute to acute malnutrition and a range of health conditions. Stunting (height deficiency) is an indicator of long-term malnutrition, which causes developmental problems5.
4. Oesophageal Injury
Repeated regurgitation of gastric contents in the oesophagus can lead to tearing and injury. Forceful vomiting can lead to a condition called Boerhaave Syndrome where the oesophageal wall ruptures. This can occur due to an increase in intraoesophageal pressure due to vomiting, along with the chest pressure.This causes tearing on the back side of the oesophagus near the diaphragm. It is a medical emergency and needs immediate attention6.
What to Do When Your Child Is Vomiting?
Certain home care tips might help reduce the severity of vomiting in your child.
Keeping hydrated throughout is particularly important to prevent dehydration may your child be of any age.
If your child is feeling extremely sick let them take just small sips of water.
If you are breast feeding mom, give your baby breast milk exclusively.
If the babies are fed with formula or solid foods, do not forget to give small sips of water in between7.
Avoid giving fruit juices or fizzy drinks.
You can give them ORS (oral rehydration solution) which may help replace the salts and minerals they lost by vomiting1. Use ORS solution recommended by WHO8.
Do not force them to take liquids or food for at least an hour. Once you think their vomiting is subsiding start giving them water or breast milk in small amount8.
After completing 6 to 8 hours without vomiting, you may start giving them easily digestible solids like crackers, soup, mashed potatoes, or rice8.
When you give them cooked food, make sure you give it when the food gets cool, to prevent the intense smell that might provoke the vomiting9.
If your child has severe vomiting, let them take rest and avoid physical activity9.
Make your child feel relaxed. Changing their mind by making them imagine something different like what they hear, see, taste might help divert their thought and block the tendency of vomiting9.
Safe and Effective Home Remedies for Vomiting
Along with solutions like oral rehydration, there are certain other home remedies that you may try out to deal with vomiting and ease discomfort in kids.
Taking a few sips of ginger juice or ale may help soothe the stomach9.
Using some lemon or mint drops might help in preventing bad taste due to vomiting9.
Sucking popsicles or ice chips made from ORS can help keep hydrated9.
Trying pepper mint oil aromatherapy to manage nausea and vomiting symptoms due to their anti-inflammatory properties9,10.
Giving acupressure on certain parts of your child’s body may also help to control vomiting9.
Though these methods may help reduce vomiting and ease discomfort associated with it, these must be used age-appropriately, for instance, some of them may not be suitable for use in very small children. Moreover, remember that these are only adjunctive measures, and if your child’s condition does not improve, proper medical attention is necessary.
When to See the Doctor?
Vomiting is a symptom of many diseases. If you think your child’s condition is getting worse beyond 24 hours, even after giving home remedies, it is crucial to consult a physician. Here are the signs that you should take into consideration:
If you notice dry lips and mouth, less urination, no tears while crying, poor activity or excessive crying, these are the signs of severe dehydration2.
Doctors prescribe diagnostic tests for kids based on their symptoms and how long they are suffering from vomiting.They also examine the severity of dehydration in kids suffering from vomiting1. The common tests employed to find the causes of vomiting in kids are:
Blood Tests: These are the kind of tests performed to check the general health. A wide range of blood tests help to figure out whether vomiting is due to viral or bacterial infection. This helps in making further diagnosis and treatment decisions11.
Urine Analysis: This is also a basic test done to figure out the general health conditions of individuals including children. Increased urine output in children with vomiting indicates dehydration12. Urine tests can help detect the cause of vomiting when it is due to urinary tract infections or kidney infection (acute pyelonephritis)13.
Ultrasound: Ultrasound is safe, accurate and useful to help distinguish conditions like pyloric stenosis ( tube connecting stomach to intestine is narrow, hence food cannot pass to intestine) from other causes of severe vomiting in kids14. It can also help identify causes of bilious vomiting (vomiting bile) in kids, such as intestinal atresia (a part of the intestine is blocked or missing) , malrotation (improper intestinal position), or obstruction15.
Serum Electrolytes: Acute vomiting and diarrhoea in children due to gastroenteritis can cause changes in serum electrolytes. Therefore, serum tests are useful to check electrolyte balance, especially in cases of severe dehydration16.
Stool Routine, Microscopy and Culture: Using these tests, pathogen that cause gastroenteritis can be detected. Stool microbiological investigation is particularly recommended in children with vomiting accompanied by blood and/or mucus in stool, vomiting with diarrhoea lasting for more than 7 days, severe dehydration, or prolonged illness11.
Lumbar Puncture: This is a procedure where fluid is collected from around the spinal cord This is mainly used to detect any causes of vomiting related to the brain, such as meningitis.
The above-mentioned tests should be done only after the prescription of a certified medical practitioner.
Medical Treatment Options for Vomiting
1. Antiemetics
Antiemetics are the medicines that treat nausea and vomiting, administered orally or intravenously.Ondansetron is an antiemetic drug that may help lower vomiting and dehydration in kids. Domperidone and Promethazine are among the most used antiemetic medicines in children. Drugs likemetoclopramide and prochlorperazine are less often used, as they may cause side effects like sleepiness and body pain12.
These drugs are easily available in the market without prescription of a doctor. But always consult a physician before using these drugs, especially for the safety of your child.
2. Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)
ORT simply means giving oral rehydration solutions to kids who have vomiting, diarrhoea, ands tiredness. You can give your kids ORS solutions in small quantities at different intervals. This may help kids to regain fluids lost through vomiting4.
For kids who refuse fluids and cannot drink by themselves, experts might introduce a nasogastric tube (feeding tube), which helps in keeping their body hydrated4.
WHO suggests an ORT solution with less than 20 g/L of glucose, 60 to 90 mEq/L of sodium, and 15 to 25 mEq/L of potassium4.
An extra 50 to 100ml of solution may help in kids, following each stage of vomiting or diarrhoea.In older children, the quantity of extra fluids depends on their age, weight, and the amount of fluid they lost4.
Avoid giving broths with excessive salts or sugary syrups to kids, instead choose pharmacy-based ORS solutions4.
In my experience I feel that during rehydration treatment, the most common mistake is allowing a thirsty child to gulp water. Instead the ‘5-minute rule’ must be followed, that is, wait 20 minutes after vomiting, then offer only one teaspoon (~5ml) of ORS every 5 minutes. This is because small volumes can bypass the gag reflex while large volumes can trigger it.
In kids with severe dehydration, fluids need to be administered through veins. There are diverse types of IV fluids.
Normal saline (0.9%): Normal saline may help in kids with severe dehydration with less blood volume. 70 to 100 mL/kg for 3 to 6 hours is the fluid volume recommended by WHO, although administration time depends on age and weight of the child and further repetition depends on the kid’s response. If the veins are unavailable, doctors give a rapid dose of saline directly into the bone marrow as an emergency step4.
Intravenous sugar solution: Rapid drop in blood sugar in kids may be rectified by introducing 0.5 to 1 g/kg intravenous glucose. Giving 5–10 mL of 10% dextrose or 25% dextrose for each kilogram of the child’s weight is more practical. Giving 2 mL/kg of a 50% dextrose solution in adolescents with large IV tubes may help4.
Ringer’s lactate solution: This solution is also known as Hartmann’s solution for injection. It has enough amount of sodium and sufficient lactate4. This might help in reducing acidity in blood caused by dehydration. Giving the solution for a definite period may improve severe dehydration in kids.
How to Prevent Vomiting?
Certain preventive measures can help kids to avoid getting infections that cause vomiting.
Wash your kid’s hands with soap or hand wash as they return from the toilet, after changing their diaper, and before they start eating1.
Prepare food only after washing your hands properly, because a lack of hygiene can increase the risk of spreading infections1.
Maintain cleanliness in the toilet, your toddler’s room, and the surrounding to which they are often subjected18.
Take care while you clean the vomit or diarrhoea of your child; wear gloves as this might help prevent further contamination1.
Wash clothes with kids vomit or stool separately using hot water. Avoid sharing your child’s clothes, towels, and vessels with others17.
Avoid giving your kids spicy, oily foods or undercooked meals if you think they have some signs of vomiting9.
Protect your child’s food, keep it in closed containers out of reach of insects or pets as they can contaminate the food18.
Conclusion
Vomiting in kids is common, and usually results from infections, digestive issues, malnutrition, or other medical conditions. Mild cases can be managed at home by hydration and rest, but consulting your doctor is very crucial if you find severe dehydration symptoms like dry mouth, sunken eyes, less and dark urine. Early recognition of symptoms helps prevent complications in your kids.
Frequently Asked Questions(FAQs)
Is employing any kind of tests necessary?
If there are symptoms like blood in stool, abnormal colour of vomitus or symptoms of diarrhoea for more than 10 days, your doctor will mostly advise some tests to determine the underlying cause19.
What is a BRAT diet?
A BRAT diet is a simple diet that can soothe your stomach, which includes banana, rice, applesauce, or toast. It is useful for problems like food poisoning, gastroenteritis, vomiting, diarrhoea, when taken with medicines20.
My child vomits after coughing. Is this normal?
Yes, vomiting after excessive or forceful coughing is normal. But if it is long-lasting, and is accompanied by breathing issues, wheezing, high fever, or blood in cough, then it is a concern. If these occur, take your child to a doctor21.
Can teething cause vomiting?
Teething is not a definitive reason for vomiting, though stomach infections that may occur due to putting things in the mouth during this phase, may cause vomiting. If a child is vomiting, it is important to look for other causes rather than assuming it is due to teething22.
Lenters L, Wazny K, Bhutta ZA. Management of Severe and Moderate Acute Malnutrition in Children [Internet]. Black RE, Laxminarayan R, Temmerman M, Walker N, editors. PubMed. Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank; 2016. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK361900/
Kassem MM, Wallen JM. Oesophageal Perforation, Rupture, And Tears [Internet]. PubMed. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532298/
Barola S, Grossman OK, Abdelhalim A. Urinary tract infections in children [Internet]. PubMed. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK599548/
Rollins MD, Shields MD, Quinn RJ, Wooldridge MA. Value of ultrasound in differentiating causes of persistent vomiting in infants. Gut. 1991 Jun 1;32(6):612–4. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2060869/
Alehossein M, Abdi S, Pourgholami M, Naseri M, Salamati P. Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasound in Determining the Cause of Bilious Vomiting in Neonates. Iranian Journal of Radiology. 2012 Oct 30;9(4):190–4. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3569550/
Kinasha AA, Pernica JM, Banda FM, Goldfarb DM, Welch HD, Steenhoff AP, et al. Electrolyte abnormalities and clinical outcomes in children aged one month to 13 years hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in two large referral hospitals in Botswana. PLOS Global Public Health [Internet]. 2025 May 8;5(5):e0004588–8. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12061178/
Macknin ML, Piedmonte M, Jacobs J, Skibinski C. Symptoms Associated With Infant Teething: A Prospective Study. Pediatrics. 2000 Apr 1;105(4):747–52. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10742315/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the informationprovided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Baby Loose Motion: Causes, Home Remedies, and Effective Ways to Stop It Fast
Introduction
It is natural for parents to feel anxious when their baby passes frequent watery stools. However, loose motion (diarrhoea) is quite common in infants and young children and, in most cases, is not a cause for serious concern. It often occurs due to mild infections or dietary changes1. Note that with the right care, most babies recover quickly at home.
In this blog, we will discuss the common causes of loose motion in babies, symptoms to watch for, safe and effective baby loose motion home remedies, diet tips to help your baby recover faster, and when it is important to consult a doctor.
Normal Stool Patterns in Babies
The normal stool pattern (its volume, frequency, and consistency) varies depending on a child’s age, weight, and diet. For example2:
Young infants may have up to 3 to 12 stools per day, especially those who are breastfed, as breast milk promotes more frequent bowel movements.
Older infants, toddlers, and children typically have one to two bowel movements per day.
Important: Consistency and colour also matter. While it is normal for young babies (especially breastfed ones) to have soft, sometimes yellow, green, or brown stools with a “seedy” appearance, watery, runny, blood or mucus-filled stools represent a significant change that should be monitored and consulted with a doctor.
What is Loose Motion in Babies?
Loose motion, or diarrhoea, refers to the passage of loose or watery stools more frequently than usual.Remember, baby loose motion is not a disease in itself but a symptom of various underlying conditions2.
In infants: An increase in stool frequency to twice the usual number per day, or noticeably looser, watery stools.
In older children: Three or more loose or watery stools per day.
Note: Although most cases of baby loose motion resolve on their own, it can sometimes lead to dehydration causing loss of water and essential electrolytes (like sodium, potassium, and chloride). This imbalance can be serious if not managed promptly, so understanding the signs and providing timely care is crucial2.
Common Causes of Loose Motion
Most babies experience loose motions at some point, and while it is often mild, parents should know what is causing it:
Viral Infections (Most Common Cause): Viral infections are the leading cause of loose motions in infants and children and can occur year-round.
Bacterial Infections: Bacterial diarrhoea often occurs in areas with unsafe drinking water or poor sanitation.
Parasitic Infections: Parasitic infections are less common but could lead to prolonged diarrhoea lasting weeks or months.
Antibiotic-Associated Loose Motions: Some babies may develop diarrhoea as a side effect of antibiotics (either from medicines given directly to them or taken by the breastfeeding mother). This happens because antibiotics disrupt the natural balance of gut bacteria.
Dietary Changes: Changes in diet, either in the baby’s formula or the mother’s diet (if breastfeeding), can temporarily upset the baby’s digestive system. Similarly, introducing new foods during weaning or switching milk types may cause mild diarrhoea as the baby’s gut adjusts2.
Urinary tract infections: Diarrhoea can also be a symptom of urinary infections in small children. It occurs due to the systemic effect of infection causing gastroenteritis. If loose motions occur along with other vague symptoms, a urine analysis should be done to rule out UTI3.
Food Allergies and Intolerances: Some babies may have allergic reactions or intolerances to certain foods or ingredients. Common triggers include cow’s milk protein, soy, lactose (milk sugar), and occasionally gluten. These reactions may lead to loose motions, bloating, gas, or fussiness after feeding. Persistent symptoms may indicate lactose intolerance or cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA), which requires medical evaluation and dietary adjustments4.
Rare Medical Conditions: Occasionally, persistent diarrhoea may indicate an underlying medical condition such as cystic fibrosis, lactose intolerance, digestive enzyme deficiencies or malabsorption syndromes. These require medical evaluation, especially if loose motions last for weeks or recur frequently2,4.
Note: Viral, bacterial, and parasitic diarrhoeas are all highly contagious. Infections spread mainly through the stool-hand-mouth route, especially during diaper changes or poor hand hygiene2. Thus, it is important to maintain good hygiene as it helps prevent the spread within the household or daycare.
A clinically important finding to note here is that, following a viral infection,a baby’s gut may develop transient secondary lactose intolerance which is a temporary condition where the intestine loses the enzyme needed to digest milk sugars causing loose motions to persist even after the infection has cleared. This is different from ‘allergic’ lactose intolerance which is not related to infections.
In babies, it can be tricky to tell what is normal since newborn stools are naturally soft and frequent, sometimes occurring after every feeding2. However, your baby may have diarrhoea if you notice4:
Sudden increase in stool frequency
Watery, loose, or mucus-filled stools
Change in stool appearance or smell (may be foul or greasy)
Abdominal pain, distension, colic, or cramping
Loss of appetite
Nausea or vomiting
Fever or chills (common in infections)
Excessive crying and irritability.
In my experience, an important red flag to look out for is the presence of loose motions that continue even at night and frequently are of more concern. These often turn out to be of infective etiology.
Fewer wet diapers than usual (no urination for 3 hours or more)
Dry mouth or cracked lips
No tears when crying
Sunken eyes, cheeks, or fontanelle (soft spot on the head)
Dry skin that does not spring back after being pinched
Extreme tiredness, irritability, or lethargy
Prolonged baby loose motion can even interfere with nutrient absorption, leading to malabsorption. Common symptoms include4:
Bloating and excessive gas
Loose, greasy, foul-smelling stools
Loss of appetite or changes in eating habits
Failure to gain weight or weight loss
Home Remedies for Loose Motion in Babies
Loose motion usually gets better with simple care at home. The main goal of how to stop loose motion for babies is to keep your baby hydrated, nourished, and comfortable while their tummy recovers. Below are some safe and gentle baby loose motion home remedies:
1. Keep Your Baby Well Hydrated
Image Source: freepik.com
Dehydration is the biggest concern during loose motions. Thus, offer fluids frequently.
Continue breastfeeding as often as possible. For formula-fed babies, continue regular formula unless advised otherwise by your doctor.
You can also offer ORS (Oral Rehydration Solution) in small, frequent sips, after confirming the appropriate amount with your doctor based on your baby’s age.
Avoid giving fruit juices (especially sweetened), coffee, or soft drinks, as these can worsen diarrhoea or cause further dehydration5.
2. Use ORS as the Main Rehydration Solution
Use WHO/UNICEF-recommended ORS to replace lost salts and water.
Prepare it with clean, boiled, and cooled water as directed on the packet6.
The amount of ORS needed depends on your child’s body weight and severity of dehydration.
Offer the solution slowly. Give one teaspoon (5 mL) every one to two minutes using a spoon or oral syringe, or as much as your child can comfortably tolerate2.
Do not give antibiotics or anti-diarrheal medicines unless prescribed by a doctor1,2.
These can cause side effects or worsen the condition.
Most diarrhoea cases are viral and resolve naturally with hydration and feeding7.
Diet During Loose Motions
Proper feeding during loose motions is important to help your baby recover faster and prevent weakness or malnutrition. If you are wondering how to control loose motion in babies, you should continue to feed your child as recommended for their age (even if they are sick) and ensure they get enough fluids along with nutritious, easily digestible foods5.
Age Group
Feeding Advice
Recommended Foods
Up to 6 months
• Exclusively breastfeed. • Offer breast milk as often as the baby wants, day and night (at least 8-12 times in 24 hrs). • Do not give any other foods or fluids.
Only breast milk
6 months to 12 months
• Continue breastfeeding. • Introduce soft, easily digestible foods. • Offer small, frequent meals. Feed 3 times a day if breastfed or 5 timesper day if not breastfed.
• Undiluted sweetened milk with mashed roti/rice. • Thick dal with added oil and mashed roti/rice/khichdi with vegetables • Sevian, dalia, halwa, or kheer with milk • Mashed, boiled, or fried potatoes without spices • Banana, sapota, mango, or papaya as snacks
12 months to 24 months
• Continue breastfeeding. • Offer soft, energy-rich foods. • Encourage eating even during illness. Feed 5 times per day.
• Thick dal with oil and mashed roti/rice/khichdi with vegetables • Undiluted sweetened milk with mashed roti/rice. • Sevian, dalia, halwa, or kheer with milk • Mashed potatoes without spices • Fruits like banana, sapota, mango, papaya
Above 24 months
• Offer regular family meals and healthy snacks. • Ensure foods are soft, mild, and nutritious. Feed 5 times per day.
• Family foods that are non-spicy • Energy-rich, easily digestible dishes • Soft fruits and vegetables
Additional Tips
Continue breastfeeding and feeding in recommended amounts even if the child is ill.
For 6 to 11-month-olds, sit the baby on your lap and feed gently.
In my practice, if a see a baby with diarrhea continuing for more than a week despite good activity levels, I usually suggest temporarily switching to a lactose-free formula or a yogurt-based diet to reduce the digestive load and allow the gut lining to heal faster for a speedier recovery.
When your baby has loose motions, taking a few simple precautions can help prevent the condition from worsening and reduce the risk of dehydration or infection:
Maintain good hand hygiene before feeding and after diaper changes1,8.
Avoid giving raw fruits/vegetables or street food5.
Keep Utensils and bottles properly cleaned and dried5,8.
Let the child rest adequately but continue normal feeding5.
Prepare formula and foods only with safe, clean water to avoid infections2,5.
Do not dilute your baby’s formula or cow milk. Always prepare it at the regular recommended strength7.
Do not forget to change diapers often and apply a gentle barrier cream to prevent rashes1. Do not use powders.
Keep track of urine output and watch for signs of dehydration (dry mouth, sunken eyes, lethargy)6.
Prevention Tips for Future
Preventing baby loose motion largely depends on maintaining good hygiene, safe feeding practices, and ensuring your child consumes clean, age-appropriate food and water.
Ensure safe weaning practices: Introduce solid foods gradually and avoid giving undercooked or spicy items5.
Check food freshness: Always use freshly cooked meals and store leftovers properly to prevent contamination.
Encourage breastfeeding: Continue breastfeeding, as it supports immunity and protects against infections5.
Stay updated on vaccines: Make sure your baby’s rotavirus, typhoid and other recommended vaccines are up to date2.
You should contact your child’s doctor right away if you notice any of the following1,9:
Diarrhoea in an infant younger than 3months
Black, bloody, or mucus-filled stools
Frequent or forceful vomiting
Fever above 38°C (100.4°F)
Any abnormal movements
Lethargy or irritability
Signs of dehydration (such as dry mouth, no tears while crying, no wet diapers for 6 hours or more, sunken eyes or soft spot, dry skin, or unusual sleepiness)
If your baby’s loose motion lasts more than 2 to 3 days without improvement, seek help as soon as possible1.
Loose motions in babies and young children are common but should never be ignored, especially if they persist or are accompanied by signs of dehydration or weakness.
Most cases are mild and can be safely managed at home with proper hydration, gentle foods, and good hygiene. However, prompt medical attention is essential if symptoms worsen or the child is very young. Remember, with timely care, safe feeding practices, and preventive hygiene, most children recover quickly and stay healthy.
Mild loose motion usually lasts 2 to 3 days and improves with proper hydration and feeding1. If it continues for more or worsens, consult your paediatrician.
What can I feed my baby during loose motion?
Continue breastfeeding or formula as usual. For older babies, offer soft, easy-to-digest foods like mashed banana, rice gruel, boiled potatoes, moong dal, curd, or applesauce. Avoid sugary drinks, fried foods, or high-fibre foods1,5.
Can teething cause loose motion?
Teething itself does not directly cause diarrhoea, but babies tend to put objects in their mouths, increasing the risk of mild infections that may lead to loose stools10.Therefore, it’s important to maintain good hygiene and clean teething toys regularly.
Can overfeeding cause diarrhoea in babies?
Overfeeding, especially formula or solids, can upset the baby’s digestive system and lead to watery stools11. Therefore, feed small, frequent meals appropriate for your baby’s age.
What colour diarrhoea is bad for babies?
You should seek medical help if your baby’s stool is black, red, white, or contains mucus or blood2,9.These colours may indicate bleeding, infection, or liver problems and need prompt evaluation.
Vandenplas Y, Hauser B, Salvatore S. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Infancy: Impact on the Health of the Infant and Family. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr. 2019 May;22(3):207-216. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6506429/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the informationprovided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Colic in Babies: Meaning, Symptoms, Causes, and Effective Treatments
Introduction
If your little one cries for hours despite being fed, changed, and cuddled, you are not alone. Many parents experience this in the first few months of their baby’s life. It can be confusing and exhausting, especially when nothing seems to calm your baby down. The good news is that this phase is temporary and usually resolves on its own1.
In this blog, we will help you understand what colic is in babies, what signs to look out for, what might cause it, and the simple ways you can comfort your baby and care for yourself during this period.
What is Colic in Babies?
Colic is a common, yet puzzling condition seen in healthy babies during their first few months. It’s defined as repeated episodes of intense, inconsolable crying that lasts more than 3 hours a day, occurs on more than 3 days a week, and continues for at least 3 weeks2.
Colic usually begins when a baby is about 2 to 3 weeks old, peaks around 6 weeks, and gradually settles by about 3 to 4 months of age3.
It is very important to understand that this is not caused by poor parenting or any serious illness. In fact, colic affects up to 3 to 28% babies worldwide, regardless of whether they’re breastfed or formula-fed3.
Cry suddenly, intensely, and for no clear reason (often in the late afternoon or evening)
Have a high-pitched cry and look flushed or tense
Curl up their legs, clench fists, and tighten their tummy muscles during crying spells
Commonly present with abdominal distension during a colic episode
Sometimes pass gas or have a bowel movement near the end of the episode
These episodes can last anywhere from a few minutes to several hours, and during these, your baby may be hard to soothe despite your best efforts.
What Causes Colic in Babies?
The exact cause of colic is not fully understood, which is what makes it so confusing for parents. However, an important thing to understand is that it is not your fault, and in most cases, it is not a sign of any serious illness. It is usually triggered by a combination of factors involving the baby’s digestion, development, and environment.
Here are some of the possible reasons your baby may have colic4:
Tummy Troubles (Gastrointestinal Factors): Many babies with colic seem to have tummy discomfort. Some possible digestive factors include:
Gas or bloating: Some babies may swallow air while crying or feeding, leading to gas buildup and discomfort.
Sensitivity to milk proteins: In rare cases, babies may react to proteins found in cow’s milk or even to certain foods in a breastfeeding mother’s diet (like dairy, onion, or broccoli).
Lactose intolerance: Some infants may temporarily have trouble digesting lactose, the sugar in milk, leading to gas and fussiness.
Feeding-Related Issues: Feeding techniques might sometimes exacerbate colic. Overfeeding, underfeeding, feeding too quickly or an imbalance between foremilk and hindmilk ingestion, may all contribute to stomach discomfort and colic.
Hormonal Factors: Certain hormones in the baby’s gut, such as motilin and serotonin, may affect digestion and gut movement. Higher levels of these hormones could sometimes make a baby’s tummy more active and sensitive, leading to colicky behaviour.
Normal Brain and Emotional Development: Colic may simply be part of normal baby development. As newborns are still adjusting to life outside the womb, lights, sounds, hunger, and tiredness can all be overwhelming.
Family or Emotional Factors: Babies are sensitive to the world around them. Family stress, parental anxiety, or postpartum depression can sometimes contribute to longer crying spells in babies, though they don’t cause colic directly.
Remember: Colic does not mean you are doing something wrong as a parent. It is a common, temporary phase, and with support and patience, it passes.
A common yet overlooked cause behind crying in babies could be a Hair torniquet i.e. a strand of hair wrapping around a finger or toe causing pain and swelling. Thus, it is very important to look at all the fingers to prevent any tissue damage. Also, if it is a male child, then genitals must to examined to rule out torsion of testes which is very common scenario in clinical practice.
While colic can happen to any baby, certain factors may make it more likely. Babies with the following characteristics had a higher chance of developing colic1,3,5:
Younger age (under 5 months): Colic almost always appears in babies between 2 weeks and 4 months of age and typically improves by 3 to 4 months. It is very uncommon after 5 months.
Feeding with cow’s milk–based formula: Some babies may be sensitive to cow’s milk proteins, which might contribute to gas or discomfort.
Preterm birth: Babies born before full term are more likely to have colic.
Low birth weight: Smaller babies might be more prone to newborn colic symptoms.
Firstborn status: Colic may be more common in firstborn babies, possibly due to parental stress or feeding adjustments.
Maternal atopy (allergies): Babies born to mothers with allergic conditions such as asthma, eczema, or hay fever could have a higher risk.
Persistent nausea during pregnancy: Mothers who experience ongoing nausea might be more likely to have babies with colic.
Postpartum depression: High levels of maternal depressive symptoms after delivery are sometimes strongly associated with infant colic.
Others: Factors such as maternal anxiety and habits like smoking may indirectly contribute to colic. Poor feeding techniques may also increase the risk.
Diagnosing Colic
Colic is a clinical diagnosis based on a detailed history and physical exam to rule out other causes of excessive crying. The doctor reviews the infant’s feeding, stooling, sleeping patterns, and growth chart, and observes crying behaviour if possible.
Typical colic presents as sudden, high-pitched crying with abdominal discomfort, but the baby otherwise appears healthy and gains weight normally.
Abnormal findings suggesting other causes include a bulging fontanelle, thrush, otitis media, hernia, testicular torsion, blood in stools, diaper rash or signs of obstruction, infection, or injury.
Recurrent, prolonged crying or irritability without an identifiable cause
No fever, poor weight gain, or illness
If the exam is normal, no lab tests or imaging are needed. Additional evaluation is done only if symptoms suggest sepsis, reflux, cow’s milk allergy, or other medical conditions.
Although infantile colic is self-limiting, it can have several emotional and behavioural consequences for both infants and caregivers. Here are some possible effects of colic3,6,7:
Distressing: Although self-limiting, colic can be highly stressful for caregivers.
Overfeeding: Not knowing the exact reason for crying spells can lead to frequent and unnecessary feeding.
Sleep deprivation: Lack of sleep in parents can lead to stress and loss of efficiency.
Parent–infant bonding issues: Persistent crying may strain the emotional bond and lead to early breastfeeding cessation.
Behavioural associations: Children with infantile colic may later develop preschool adaptive difficulties and behavioural problems.
Long-term risk: Infants with colic may have a higher likelihood of developing migraine by adolescence.
Severe consequence: Heightened risk of shaken baby syndrome (excessive violent shaking leading to brain damage) due to caregiver frustration and attempts to stop excessive crying8.
Here, I would like to add a crucial insight about parental mental health and the bidirectional impact of stress on the condition. Research shows that infants are highly attuned to caregivers emotional states and tension in them can inadvertently heighten a baby’s distress, creating a cycle that is hard to break and mostly translates into these colic episodes becoming more frequent and increasing day by day. So the important crux of this is that parents being calm during these episodes is very important. They should be counselled regarding the benign nature of the condition and what red flags to look out for.
Infantile colic usually resolves on its own, but various comforting and feeding strategies could help soothe the baby and support caregivers during this stressful period. While no single remedy works for every infant, caregivers may try different infantile colic treatment approaches to see what helps.
1. Comforting Techniques
Put baby in prone position.
Hold or cuddle your baby frequently to provide reassurance.
Rock your baby gently in your arms, a crib, or a stroller.
Swaddle your baby snugly in a soft blanket.
Sing or talk softly to your baby.
Use white noise (fan, vacuum, or soft music) to create a calming background.
Take your baby for a car ride or a gentle walk in a stroller.
Offer a pacifier for sucking comfort.
Place a warm towel on your baby’s abdomen for relief1,9.
2. Feeding and Positioning Tips
Keep your baby upright during and after feeds to reduce air swallowing.
Burp your baby frequently during and after feeding.
If breastfeeding, allow the baby to finish one breast before switching to ensure intake of hind milk, which is more soothing and satisfying.
For babies who overfeed or seem uncomfortable, offer one breast over a 2-to-3-hour period.
Avoid overfeeding or fast bottle feeding; feeding sessions should last around 20 minutes1,3.
3. Formula and Dietary Adjustments
Image Source: freepik.com
Some infants may be sensitive to cow’s milk protein. A trial of hypoallergenic or hydrolysed formula after consulting your doctor may help in such cases3.
If breastfeeding, mothers may try eliminating dairy, caffeine, or chocolate for a few weeks.
Lactase enzyme drops before feeding may help if lactose intolerance is suspected.
4. Caregiver Support
Take breaks, place the baby safely in a crib, and step away briefly if overwhelmed1.
Seek guidance from a health visitor, paediatrician, or lactation consultant.
Remember: Colic does not indicate illness and usually resolves by 3 to 4 months of age1,3.
Prevention Strategies
While colic cannot always be prevented, certain feeding practices and lifestyle adjustments might help reduce its occurrence or severity1,3:
Ensure proper feeding technique: Keep the baby upright during feeding and burp often to minimise air swallowing.
Avoid overfeeding: Feed on demand and at a calm, steady pace.
Use appropriate bottle nipples: Choose a slow-flow nipple to prevent fast feeding and air intake.
Maintain a calm environment: Avoid overstimulation by dimming lights, reducing noise, and maintaining a soothing routine.
Monitor maternal diet (if breastfeeding): Limit caffeine, dairy, nuts, and gas-producing foods if colic symptoms appear.
Avoid certain medications: Consult a doctor about drugs that may pass into breast milk.
Identify formula sensitivities: If formula-fed, discuss switching to hypoallergenic or lactose-free formula with your doctor.
Encourage bonding and responsiveness: Holding and responding promptly to your baby’s cues may reduce fussiness.
Educate and support caregivers: Providing reassurance and practical coping strategies can prevent frustration and reduce stress.
With time, patience, and proper support, colic typically resolves spontaneously by 4 to 5 months, leaving no lasting effects on the child’s health or development.
Infantile colic is a common, benign (not harmful), and self-limiting condition, yet it can cause significant distress for both infants and caregivers. While its exact cause remains unclear, factors such as feeding patterns, gut microbiota, and parental stress may contribute. Thus, early recognition, reassurance, and supportive care are key to management.
In most cases, newborn colic symptoms resolve by 3 to 4 months of age without long-term effects. However, persistent or severe crying should prompt medical evaluation to exclude underlying illness. Keep in mind that providing emotional support to caregivers is equally important to ensure the well-being of both the baby and the family.
There is no clear evidence that colic is genetic. However, some studies suggest that a family history of migraine may increase the likelihood of colic in infants11.
Are colic drops safe for newborns?
Colic drops, such as those containing simethicone, are generally considered safe for short-term use in newborns when used as directed. However, they may not work for all babies, and it is best to consult a paediatrician before starting any drops.
Can breastfed babies get colic?
Yes, breastfed babies can develop colic. It is not related to the type of feeding but may be influenced by factors such as an imbalance between foremilk and hindmilk, swallowed air, maternal diet, or the baby’s immature digestive system1,4.
What is the 3-3-3 rule for colic?
The “Rule of 3” (or 3-3-3 rule) describes colic as crying for more than 3 hours a day, at least 3 days a week, for 3 weeks or longer in an otherwise healthy, well-fed baby3.
Banks JB, Rouster AS, Chee J. Infantile Colic. Treasure Island; [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; [cited 2023 Oct 29]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518962/
Mai T, Fatheree NY, Gleason W, Liu Y, Rhoads JM. Infantile Colic: New Insights into an Old Problem. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2018 Dec;47(4):829-844. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6659398/
Switkowski KM, Oken E, Simonin EM, Nadeau KC, Rifas-Shiman SL, Lightdale JR. Early-life risk factors for both infant colic and excessive crying without colic. Pediatr Res. 2025 Apr;97(5):1537-1545. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39242932/
Zeevenhooven J, de Bruin FE, Schappin R, Vlieger AM, van der Lee JH, et al. Follow-up of infants with colic into childhood: Do they develop behavioural problems? J Paediatr Child Health. 2022 Nov;58(11):2076-2083. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9804625/
Sillanpää M, Saarinen M. Infantile colic associated with childhood migraine: A prospective cohort study. Cephalalgia. 2015 Dec;35(14):1246-51. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25754178/
Barr RG. Preventing abusive head trauma resulting from a failure of normal interaction between infants and their caregivers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Oct 16;109 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):17294-301. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23045677/
Emami F, Kamrani K, Khosroshahi N. Association between maternal migraine and infantile colic: a narrative review. BMC Pediatr. 2025 Aug 4;25(1):591. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12320377/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the informationprovided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Green Poop in Babies: Causes, When to Worry, and What Parents Should Know
Introduction
During the first few months of life, babies go through rapid changes in feeding and digestion, affecting their stool pattern and colour.
While yellow or light brown stool is most common, green coloured poop may also occur. A large study following over 1,000 healthy infants found that nearly half experienced green-coloured stools at some point within the first 17 weeks, regardless of whether they were breastfed or formula-fed1.
Often temporary, green poop is usually linked to normal variations in bowel frequency and digestion. For parents, however, the sudden sight of green stools in infants can be concerning. Therefore, understanding what is typical and when it may indicate an issue can help reduce unnecessary worry and guide timely consultation with a doctor.
Is Green Poop Normal?
Most of the time, your child’s poop will be a familiar shade of brown, which signals healthy digestion. But poop that looks very different in colour can sometimes be a cause for concern. For example, red streaks on toilet paper may simply come from wiping too hard, a small tear, or vaginal bleed in early life, but red-coloured stool itself could point to issues such as intussusception or internal bleeding that need medical attention.
In babies, however, stool colour can change a lot as they grow. In the first week of life, it often starts off dark green-black and sticky, then turns greener, and later shifts toward yellow, orange, or brown as breast milk or formula feeding continues2.
Green baby poop is common in babies and usually associated with feeding and digestive changes. While usually it is nothing to worry about, it’s important to note if the green poop is associated with any other symptoms. A green- coloured poop with good weight gain of infant is typically considered normal. Although, a green poop with fever or vomiting may suggest a gastro-intestinal infection (mostly parasites), while that with blood and mucus is indicative of protein allergies (Cow Milk Protein allergies)3.
However, these issues may become more prominent as the baby grows and usually in newborns, green poop may be considered normal. At this stage, what parents should watch for instead are pale, white, grey, or very light-yellow stools (especially in a baby with jaundice), which do require prompt medical advice.
Common Causes of Green Poop
Seeing green baby poop can be surprising, but in most cases, it is perfectly normal. Babies’ stools go through many colour changes in the first few months of life as their digestive system develops and as feeding patterns shift. While brown and yellow shades are most common, green stools often occur and are usually harmless3. Some common causes include:
Slow digestion: Foods that are harder to digest, such as large amounts of cereal, can slow digestion. This may result in green stools3.
Breastfeeding factors: Two types of milk come during breastfeeding, one is foremilk (milk that comes at the beginning of feeding) and the other is hindmilk (milk that comes at the end of feeding). An imbalance may lead to green, frothy stools4.
Diet changes: In older babies and children, green vegetables (like spinach or peas) or foods with artificial colouring/dyes can cause green stools5.
Formula feeding: Iron-fortified formula often gives poop a greenish tint5.
Certain medical conditions: Illnesses like diarrhoea, stomach infection, malabsorption syndromes, food allergies or some medicines (like antibiotics) may change the stool colour to green5.
As per my experience, a specific red flag I would suggest parents of newborns to watch for is “Hunger Stool”; if a baby is still passing dark green, scanty stools beyond day 5 of life without transitioning to mustard-yellow, this often signals insufficient milk transfer and dehydration rather than merely a digestion issue6.
Green poop can vary depending on age, diet, and digestive development. Therefore, understanding how green stools typically present in different age groups can help parents and caregivers know when it is harmless and when medical advice may be needed.
Newborns (0 to 1 month): Babies’ first stools, called meconium, are dark green or black and sticky. As feeding begins, stools often turn green, especially in breastfed infants who get more foremilk than hindmilk3.
Infants (1 to 12 months): Green stools are common as babies transition between breast milk, formula, and the introduction of solid foods. Certain foods, like iron-fortified cereals or green vegetables, can make poop green5. Gastrointestinal infections causing green poop may also occur in this age group6.
Toddlers and Young Children (1 to 5 years): Diet has a bigger impact. In this age group, eating large amounts of green vegetables, foods with green colouring, or certain snacks can turn stool green. Mild infections or changes in gut bacteria may also contribute5. Malabsorption syndromes may become more prominent7.
Older Children and Adults: Green poop is usually related to diet, such as eating leafy greens, artificially coloured/dyed foods, or taking iron supplements. Additionally, rapid intestinal transit due to mild diarrhoea can cause stools to appear green5.
For older infants, remember one important clinical clue that ‘Green means Speed’: since green is the natural color of bile that hasn’t had time to turn brown, a green stool in a happy, thriving baby is almost always a sign of benign rapid gut transit rather than infection9.
Signs of illness such as fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, poor feeding, or dehydration6
Note: Treatment, if needed, will depend on the underlying cause, such as an infection, digestive issue, or dietary adjustment.
How to Prevent Green Poop
Parents often wonder how to stop green poop in babies and maintain normal stool colour.
So, let us have a look at some home remedies that can help support healthy digestion and reduce green stools naturally:
1. Ensure Proper Hygiene
Wash hands properly. Ensure to use clean utensils and properly sterilised feeding bottles8.
2. Monitor Feeding Patterns
For breastfed babies, ensure a proper balance of foremilk and hindmilk during feeds. For formula-fed infants, follow recommended preparation guidelines.
3.Keep Them Hydrated
Adequate fluid intake helps digestion and keeps stools soft. This may help reduce changes in colour due to rapid transit.
4. Introduce New Foods Gradually
When starting solids, introduce new foods one at a time and continue the same food for at least 2-3 days to observe any effects on stool colour and digestive comfort.
5. Ensure a Balanced Diet
Include a mix of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains in your child’s diet as they grow. Make sure to avoid excessive amounts of foods that could turn stools green, like spinach or iron-fortified cereals.
6. Maintain Good Gut Health
Introduceregular, age-appropriate meals and snacks, along with probiotics (only if recommended by a paediatrician) to support healthy bowel movements.
7. Watch for Underlying Issues
Persistent green stools with other symptoms may signal an infection or digestive problem. Therefore, in such cases, seek medical advice promptly2.
After birth, medical staff monitor your baby’s first urination and bowel movement. The first stools, called meconium, are dark green or black and very sticky. If your baby has not passed meconium within 48 hours, further evaluation is needed to check for possible bowel issues3.
While green baby poop is usually harmless, you should consult a doctor if you notice persistent changes accompanied by diarrhoea, blood in the stool, worms in stools, pale or grey-coloured stool, or other unusual symptoms.
Green stool in infants and children is usually harmless and often linked to diet, feeding patterns, or the speed of digestion. Fortunately, in most cases, it does not require treatment. However, persistent changes, blood in the stool, pale or grey stools, or other warning signs should prompt a medical evaluation.
Remember, supporting healthy digestion through proper hydration, a balanced diet, and careful monitoring can help maintain your child’s digestive health.
Does the frequency of pooping matter if the stool is green?
Sudden changes in frequency or consistency may indicate a digestive issue. Therefore, even if the stool is green, parents should pay attention to how often their baby poops4.
Can green poop be foamy or have mucus?
Yes, occasionally green stools may appear frothy or contain mucus3. This might often be due to minor digestive upset or dietary reactions. Consult your doctor if this occurs consistently.
Will green poop occur when my baby starts solids?
Yes, when babies begin solid foods around 6 months, stools can turn darker green or change in texture. This is usually normal2.
Can gut bacteria affect stool colour?
Yes, an imbalance in gut flora, especially after antibiotics, can cause green or unusual-coloured stools5. In such cases, probiotics may help (only if recommended by a paediatrician).
Can vitamins or supplements cause green poop?
Iron drops or certain vitamin supplements can temporarily turn stools green5. This is generally harmless unless accompanied by other symptoms.
National Guideline Alliance (UK). Signs and symptoms of serious illness in babies: Postnatal care [Internet]. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); [cited 2025 Sep 17] Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK571555/
Solasaari T, Korpela K, Lommi S, Hyvönen S, Gardemeister S, Merras-Salmio L, Salonen A, de Vos WM, Kolho KL. Bowel function in a prospective cohort of 1052 healthy term infants up to 4 months of age. Eur J Pediatr. 2024 Aug;183(8):3557-3565. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11263225/
Zuvarox T, Goosenberg E, Belletieri C. Malabsorption Syndromes. Treasure Island [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; [cited 2025 Oct 24]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553106/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. How to Clean, Sanitize, and Store Infant Feeding Items: Frequently Asked Questions [Internet]. CDC; [cited 2025 Oct 24]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/hygiene/faq/index.html
Jolanda den Hertog, van Leengoed E, Kolk F, van den Broek L, Kramer E, Bakker E-J, Bakker-van Gijssel E, Bulk A, Kneepkens F, Benninga MA. The defecation pattern of healthy term infants up to the age of 3 months. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2012 Nov;97(6):F465-70. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2011-300539. PMID: 22522220. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22522220/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the informationprovided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Top Immunity Boosting Foods for Kids
Introduction
Making sure kids have strong immunity is usually at the top of every parent’s to-do list. Strong, healthy bodies are key to keeping illness at bay. The role that good eating and good nutrition play in this is critical. This article will help you choose the best immune-strengthening foods for your child. We will also explore their benefits, how to include them in meals, and working towards a healthier lifestyle. Join us on this journey of unravelling how the right diet and parental guidance can significantly improve your child’s health and immunity.
Immunity Boosting Foods
Every parent wishes to fortify their child’s immunity with the right foods. So, here is a list of excellent immunity-boosting foods for children that are easily available in your home. Remember, the secret lies in variety – the broader the range of nutrients, the better!
1. Almonds
Almonds can do wonders for your child’s health. One can’t list their benefits and not mention immune boost! This nut is a good source of vitamin E and manganese. Together, they boost your child’s defence against diseases1.
How to serve almonds to your child? It’s easy!
Give them as a quick snack
Layer almond butter on apple slices, celery sticks or whole-grain toast or simple roti
Sprinkle almond slivers on yogurt, oatmeal, or salads
2. Berries
Berries are filled with antioxidants such as vitamin C and flavonoids. These help ward off harmful free radicals, thereby strengthening your child’s immune system. Be it strawberries, blueberries, raspberries or blackberries, all are good options. Don’t worry if there are no fresh berries available, frozen ones have the same nutritional value, provided they are naturally frozen and are not sugar-laced2,4.
Want some tips on how to add berries in your kid’s meals?
Mix them in yogurt, cereal, oatmeal or any porridge that your child eats
Spread them on top of whole-grain pancakes or waffles
Whip up a vibrant fruit salad mixing other immunity-boosting fruits.
3. Yogurt
Did you know yogurt contains probiotics, the good bacteria that support a healthy gut? A robust gut microbiome means a strong immune system, so yogurt should be a choice for immune-boosting food. Choose plain, unsweetened yogurt to steer clear of added sugars, which could negatively impact immune function1,5.
Easy ways to serve yogurt to your little ones:
Serve it as a snack, plain or with a drizzle of honey and some fruits
Blend it into a smoothie with berries, spinach, and a banana
Use it as a base for veggie dips like tzatziki or ranch or simple hung curd dips with herbs
4. Salmon
Salmon is rich in omega-3 fatty acids that not only help brain development but also slow down inflammation and bolster immune function. Studies indicate that omega-3s can improve the action of immune cells. This makes salmon a prime choice for boosting your child’s immunity3.
How to make salmon child-friendly? Here are a few suggestions:
Bake it with a sweet glaze, like maple or teriyaki sauce
Make salmon patties or fish tacos sided with colourful veggies or simply bake or grill salmon fillets
Mix cooked and crumbled salmon into pasta with a light, creamy sauce
5. Eggs
Eggs may not be known for immune-boosting properties, but they should be. They’re packed with essential nutrients like vitamin D. Deficiency of vitamin D can weaken the immune system. Eggs also offer other immune-strengthening nutrients like B vitamins and selenium. Thus, eggs are a must in your child’s plate1,6.
Fun ways to put eggs on your kids’ plate:
Whip up a veggie-packed omelet or frittata
Bake egg muffins filled with cheese, spinach, and tomatoes
Make hard boil eggs for an easy, take-along snack, or scrambled eggs or bhurji
When talking about nutrition kings, we have broccoli, which is filled with immune-enhancing vitamins and minerals. Think of vitamin C, A, E, and so many antioxidants. Adding broccoli to your child’s meals helps their bodies fight disease effectively1,7.
Here are some fun ways to serve broccoli to your kids:
Steam and lightly spice it as a side dish
Roast it with a bit of Parmesan cheese for a tasty treat
Add it to pasta dishes like Alfredo or baked ziti
Look at the below table as a brief on the benefits of each food mentioned above:
Immunity-Boosting Food
Benefits
Almonds
Enhances natural killer cell activity, provides a range of nutrients1
Berries
Full of antioxidants, including vitamin C and flavonoids4
Provides vitamins C, A, and E, as well as antioxidants7
Additional Foods for Immune Support
Apart from immunity-boosting foods, some other foods also boost your child’s immune system. Let’s delve into these bonus foods and see how you could make them a part of your child’s diet.
1. Citrus Fruits
Citrus fruits like oranges, grapefruits and lemons are popular for their high vitamin C content. Vitamin C helps with white blood cell production and helps guard against infections.8 Indian Gooseberry or Amla is a notable citrus fruit high in vitamin C9.
How to add citrus fruits into your child’s meals?
Press fresh orange juice for a refreshing morning drink
Drop cut orange slices into a fruit salad or yogurt parfait
Grind lemon zest into whole-grain muffins or chicken dishes
2. Dark Leafy Greens
Spinach, kale, Swiss chard and such greens are nutritional powerhouses that include nutrients like vitamins A, C, and folate. These greens can boost your child’s immune system when included in their meals10.
Here are a few ways to get your kids to eat leafy greens:
Slip them into smoothies for a sneaky boost of essential nutrients
Use them in pasta dishes, stir-fries, or soups and stews
Bake them into frittatas, quiches, or breakfast muffins
3. Garlic
Garlic has antibacterial traits and has been a home remedy for a myriad of ailments over centuries. Modern research says, garlic may support immune function. That’s why it’s a good idea to make it part of your kid’s food11.
How to add garlic to your little one’s meals?
Add minced garlic in tomato sauces for pasta
Use garlic and herb seasoning on roasted chicken or vegetables
Drizzle garlic infused olive oil over just steamed veggies or soups
A recap on the benefits of these additional foods lies in the following table:
Immune-Supporting Food
Benefits
Citrus Fruits
High in vitamin C, supports infection-fighting white blood cells9
Boosting your child’s immunity is not just about feeding them specific foods. Creating a healthy immune system involves a balanced and varied approach to eating and overall health. Use the following tips to help build your child’s immune system from within.
A Balanced Diet
Focus on variety in your child’s meals.
Foster a blend of fruits, veggies, whole grains, and lean proteins.
Rotate foods regularly to ensure your child gets a wide range of nutrients12.
Encouraging a Healthy Lifestyle
Encourage physical activity by being an active role model and getting involved in your child’s activities.
Teach your children the importance of good self-care and hygiene habits12.
Avoiding Processed Foods
Learn about the pitfalls of processed food and teach your child the same.
Opt for healthier snack and meal options such as fresh fruits, veggies, and whole grains12.
Nutrition plays a vital role in creating and maintaining robust immunity in children. Offering your kids a variety of immune-boosting foods every day lays the groundwork for ongoing health and overall well-being. These nutritious options enable strong immune responses and foster healthy eating patterns over time.
Parental guidance – from cooking immune-supporting meals to encouraging a balanced life, your active role engaging with your child’s health truly makes a difference. This lays the foundation for lifelong health, helping children develop healthy habits, a strong immune system, and a positive relationship with food from an early age.
At what age can I start introducing immunity-boosting foods to my child?
Usually, solid food is introduced to babies around the 6-month mark. As more foods become part of their diet, you can gradually include immunity-boosting foods
Can allergies affect my child’s immune system?
Allergies can indeed affect the immune system and may indicate that it is over-reacting to otherwise harmless substances. Please consult a healthcare expert for guidance and proper testing if you think your child has food allergies.
How can I encourage my picky eater to try new healthy foods?
Do it slowly. Serve small portions of new foods alongside their favorites. Keep patient and stay persistent since children sometimes need several exposures to get comfortable with a new taste.
How often should my child eat immunity-boosting foods?
Ensure that immune-supporting foods are a regular part of your child’s meals. Including variety and balance in your child’s meals helps ensure a steady supply of essential nutrients that support their immune system.
What other factors besides nutrition play a role in my child’s immune system?
Sleep, hygiene, and physical activity all play important roles in your child’s overall health and immune function. Ensuring regular, good-quality sleep, practising good personal hygiene, and encouraging an active lifestyle are key to strengthening your child’s immune system.
References
Deo Narayan Singh, Bohra JS, Tej Pratap Dubey, Pushp Raj Shivahre, Ram Kumar Singh, Singh T, et al. Common foods for boosting human immunity: A review. Food Science and Nutrition. 2023 Aug 18;11(11):6761–74. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10630845/
Golovinskaia O, Wang CK. Review of Functional and Pharmacological Activities of Berries. Molecules [Internet]. 2021 Jan 1;26(13):3904. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8271923/
Lisko D, Johnston G, Johnston C. Effects of Dietary Yogurt on the Healthy Human Gastrointestinal (GI) Microbiome. Microorganisms. 2017 Feb 15;5(1):6. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5374383/
Myers M, Ruxton S. Eggs: Healthy or Risky? A Review of Evidence from High Quality Studies on Hen’s Eggs. Nutrients [Internet]. 2023 Jun 7;15(12):2657–7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10304460/
Syed RU, Moni SS, Khaled M, Khojali WMA, Jafar M, Alshammari MD, et al. Broccoli: A multi-faceted vegetable for health: An in-depth review of its nutritional attributes, antimicrobial abilities, and anti-inflammatory properties. Antibiotics [Internet]. 2023;12(7):1157–7. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10376324/
Miles EA, Calder PC. Effects of Citrus Fruit Juices and Their Bioactive Components on Inflammation and Immunity: A Narrative Review. Frontiers in Immunology [Internet]. 2021 Jun 24;12. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8264544/
Gul M, Liu ZW, Iahtisham-Ul-Haq, Rabail R, Faheem F, Walayat N, et al. Functional and Nutraceutical Significance of Amla (Phyllanthus emblica L.): A Review. Antioxidants [Internet]. 2022 May 1;11(5):816. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9137578/
Khalid W, Arshad MS, Ranjha MMAN, Różańska MB, Irfan S, Shafique B, et al. Functional constituents of plant-based foods boost immunity against acute and chronic disorders. Open Life Sciences [Internet]. 2022 Sep 8;17(1):1075–93. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9462539/
Arreola R, Quintero EO, Reyes-Grajeda JP, Carrera-Quintanar L, et al. Immunomodulation and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Garlic Compounds. Journal of Immunology Research [Internet]. 2015;2015(401630):1–13. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4417560/
Normal Body Temperature for Babies: A Complete Guide for Parents
Introduction
The normal temperature for babies is usually around 36 to 37°C (96.8 to 98.6°F) and may rise higher, causing a fever which can be due to infections or illnesses.Fever is one of the most common reasons parents seek medical advice for their children, whether during routine visits or emergency consultations1.
It is natural for parents to feel alarmed when their baby develops a fever. But it’s important to note that mild fluctuations in temperature are common and usually not a cause for concern. However, persistent high or unusually low readings should not be ignored, as they may indicate an underlying condition.Therefore, monitoring your baby’s temperature is important, as it helps distinguish between a mild, self-limiting illness and a potentially serious infection requiring medical attention2.
Through this guide, we aim to help you understand when to monitor, when to wait, and when to seek medical care if you notice a change in your baby’s body temperature.
What Is the Normal Body Temperature for Babies?
As mentioned earlier, a baby’s normal body temperature usually ranges between 36°C and 37°C (96.8 to 98.6°F).
A fever is defined as a temperature of 38°C (100.4°F) or higher in babies under three months, and 38.5°C (101.3°F) or higher in older children1.
As a parent/caregiver, it is important to remember that body temperature can naturally vary depending on several factors, such as:
Note: Temperature readings may vary slightly depending on the method used (oral, forehead, ear, or rectal)4. Therefore, for the most accurate results, a thermometer placed in the rectum is recommended for infants1.
Parents must recognize that a rectal temperature of 100.4°F (38.0°C) or higher in any infant under 28 days old is an absolute medical emergency requiring immediate presentation to the hospital, regardless of how well the baby is feeding or appearing, as this warrants an urgent workup for neonatal sepsis4.
As discussed above, infant fever is defined as a body temperature of ≥38°C (100.4°F). Based on its intensity, it can be classified as1,2:
Low-grade fever: 38 to 38.5°C (100.4 to 101.3°F)
High fever: ≥39°C (102.2°F)
It is crucial to remember that fever is usually a symptom, not a disease, and often indicates that the body’s immune system is responding to certain triggers, such as germs1,2.Common triggers include1:
Infections (viruses or bacteria) such as colds, ear infections, urinary tract infections, gastroenteritis, or childhood illnesses like measles, mumps, chickenpox, etc.
Dehydration, especially with vomiting or diarrhoea.
Heat-related issues like sunburn or sunstroke.
Recent travel to areas with disease outbreaks (should be reported to a doctor).
Other triggers like skin conditions (hives), rare serious illnesses (pneumonia, meningitis, appendicitis), or allergic reactions.
Note: While fever itself is not always dangerous and the body can often fight it off without medical intervention, it is important for parents to monitor the underlying cause and seek medical care if the baby shows other concerning symptoms.
Signs and Symptoms of Fever in Babies
Parents can often recognise a fever in a baby just by observing them. Common signs and symptoms include1,3:
1.Physical signs and symptoms
A hot/warm forehead or neck
Red or flushed face
Sweating or shivering
Tired-looking eyes
Pale skin
2. Behavioural signs and symptoms
Loss of appetite
Increased irritability
Frequent crying
Note: If you’re wondering how to know if infant has fever, the most reliable way is by using a thermometer rather than relying on touch.
When Should Parents Worry About Fever in Babies?
Knowing about fever in babies and whento worry helps parents seek medical care without delay:
Under 6 months: Always contact a doctor if the baby’s temperature is 38°C (≥100.4°F), even if there are no other symptoms1,5,6.
6 months and older: Seek medical advice if the fever rises above 39°C (≥102.2°F)1.
It is important to seek immediate medical attention if your baby1,3:
Experiences a fever that comes and goes (or lasts more than three days)
Shows worsening condition since the last medical visit
Refuses to drink fluids for a prolonged period
Develops a bulging spot on their head
Shows signs of being unresponsive, restless, confused, or having a stiff neck
Vomits, has diarrhoea, or complains of abdominal pain
Has difficulty breathing/swallowing
Develops a skin rash
Has a febrile seizure
Important: Never delay seeking medical help if your baby’s fever temperature meets the age-specific thresholds or if any concerning symptoms appear.
How to Measure Your Baby’s Temperature Safely
A common question is how to know an infant has a fever; the key is to monitor regularly using the right thermometer for their age.
Parents can choose from different types of thermometers to measure a baby’s temperature:
Traditional Glass Thermometer: Can be used orally (for older children), rectally, or under the arm. They require careful handling and longer measurement time1,7.
Digital Thermometer: Can be used rectally, underarm, or orally. They are fast and reliable1,7.
Ear (tympanic) Thermometer: Measures infrared radiation from the eardrum; suitable for babies over 6 months. Accuracy may be affected by earwax1,4.
There are several methods to measure a baby’s temperature, and the choice depends on the baby’s age, comfort, and the level of accuracy needed7:
Below is the range of normal body temperature for babies by method7:
Method
Normal Range
Rectum
36.6°C to 38°C (97.9°F to 100.4°F)
Mouth
35.5°C to 37.5°C (95.9°F to 99.5°F)
Armpit
34.7°C to 37.3°C (94.5°F to 99.1°F)
Ear
35.8°C to 38°C (96.4°F to 100.4°F)
Stepwise Guide for Taking Your Baby’s Temperature
Follow these step-by-step instructions to measure your baby’s temperature safely and accurately7:
1. Rectal
Use a digital or traditional rectal thermometer (bulb is larger than oral).
Clean with soapy water and rinse.
Lubricate the tip with petroleum jelly.
Lay your baby on their back with knees bent.
Gently insert about 2.5 cm (1 inch) and hold for at least 2 minutes.
Remove, read, and clean the thermometer.
2. Armpit
Clean with soapy water and rinse (shake below 36°C (96.8°F) if it is a mercury thermometer).
Place in the centre of the armpit (parallel to the body) and hold the arm comfortably.
Leave in place for ≥4 minutes.
Remove, read, and clean the thermometer.
3. Ear
Use a clean tympanic thermometer.
Gently pull the ear up and back.
Insert the thermometer to seal the ear canal.
Press the button for 1 second, remove it, and read.
4. Mouth (children ≥5 years)
Clean with soapy water and rinse (shake below 36°C (96.8°F) if it is a mercury thermometer).
Place under the tongue with the mouth closed for 3 to 4 minutes.
Remove, read, and clean.
Tips
Clean the thermometer before and after each use.
Do not use a mercury thermometer for children younger than 5 years, as it may break if the child bites down on it.
Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for your specific device7.
Note: For infants and young children, accuracy is more important than convenience. Always use the most reliable method (typically rectal) to ensure correct temperature measurement.
Before measuring fever at home it is important for parents that child should not be excessively covered by clothes, as it may lead to false high reading of temperature. Hence before measuring remove the clothes, winter jackets if there and then measure after some time.
Caring for a Baby with Fever (Non-Medication Tips)
Most babies with a fever can be cared for safely at home, as long as there are no signs of a serious illness. The goal is to keep your baby comfortable and well-hydrated. Here are some tips to follow:
1.Comfort and Clothing
Dress your baby in light, breathable clothing appropriate for the room temperature.
Avoid overdressing, as this can prevent the body from cooling naturally.
Keep the room at a comfortable temperature and use a lightweight sheet if needed6,8.
2. Hydration and Rest
Encourage your baby to drink plenty of fluids, including breast milk or formula for babies (as advised by the doctor). Keep offering small amounts frequently, even if they are not very thirsty1,6.
Allow your baby to rest, but normal play is fine if they feel up to it1.
Use a cool, damp washcloth or sponge soaked in tap water (around 28 to 30°C) to provide comfort. However, avoid bathing to lower the fever, as this mainly cools the skin surface and does not significantly reduce body temperature3,8.
Keep babies with a fever away from daycare or playgroups to prevent spreading infections, even if they seem well otherwise1.
Important: If you are considering giving your baby fever-reducing medication, always consult your paediatrician first. Only use doctor-prescribed medications and follow the recommended dosage instructions carefully.
The normal body temperature in babies generally ranges from 36 to 37°C (96.8 to 98.6°F) and small fluctuations in this range are usually normal. Fever is typically defined as a body temperature of 38°C (100.4°F) or higher and is fairly common in babies and young children. Therefore, careful monitoring is essential to identify when a baby may need medical attention.
If the fever persists, becomes very high, or is accompanied by concerning symptoms, parents should seek prompt medical advice. Remember, attentive care, reassurance, and gentle observation are the best ways to support your baby.
A warning temperature is generally 38°C (100.4°F) or higher in infants under 3 months, and 38.5°C (101.3°F) or higher in older babies1.
What temperature range is ok for babies?
Normal body temperature in babies is usually 36 to 37°C (96.8 to 98.6°F). It is important to understand that small fluctuations within this range are common and usually not a cause for concern1.
Is a temperature of 37.5°Cin a baby high?
37.5°C is slightly above average but not considered a fever1. It is within a low-grade range and often normal.
Is a temperature of 99°F a fever for a baby?
No, 99°F (37.2°C) is slightly elevated but not considered a fever. Fever typically starts at 100.4°F (38°C) or higher in young infants1.
InformedHealth.org. Overview: Fever in children [Internet]. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); [updated 2022 Dec 9; cited 2025 Sep 9]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279455/
World Health Organization. Pocket book of hospital care for children: guidelines for the management of common childhood illnesses [Internet]. World Health Organization; [cited 2025 Sep 9]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK154436/
Indian Academy of Pediatrics. IAP Parent Guidelines Committee. Guidelines for Fever: General Management [Internet]. Indian Academy of Pediatrics; [cited 2025 Sep 9]. Available from: https://iapindia.org/pdf/IAP-Guidelines-for-Fever.pdf
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the informationprovided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Achyranthes Aspera (Chaff Flower): Uses, Benefits & Side Effects
Introduction
Achyranthes aspera is a perennial herb widely found in tropical regions and has been traditionally valued for its various uses in different cultural practices. Common names for the plant include chaff flower, prickly chaff flower, and devil’s horsewhip. All parts of the plant, roots, seeds, leaves, flowers, and fruits, have traditionally been used for various purposes, such as for eye conditions and heavy menstrual bleeding2. During Ganesh Chaturthi, the leaves are used in Ganesh Patra pooja3.
Morphology of Achyranthes Aspera
A. aspera (chaff flower) is an upright, spreading herb with many branches and a quadrangular stem. It is a perennial plant that can live for several years and usually grows up to 6–7 feet in height. The stem has noticeable longitudinal ridges or grooves with hairy nodes.
The leaves of Achyranthes aspera are simple, short-stalked, and covered with fine hairs. They grow opposite each other on the stem, which is sharp-pointed and woody. The upper surface of the leaves is green, while the underside is yellowish. Each leaf is about 8–10 cm long and 7–8 cm wide, with an egg-shaped broad base and a pointed tip.
The plant produces small green or yellowish-white flowers arranged in long, axillary spikes that can grow up to 60 cm in length.Flowering occurs throughout the year.By the time flowers bend towards the stem in the fruiting stage, the bracts (small leaf-like structures around the flowers) become sharp, pointed tips, making the heads spiny to the touch.
Fruits are orange to reddish-purple or straw-brown capsules, contain a single seed, and are produced throughout the year.The fruit easily attaches to clothes and animal skin1,2,4.
Where Is Achyranthes Aspera Found?
A. aspera is mainly found in tropical Asian, African, and warmer regions. It is also found in Australia and America, Ceylon, and Baluchistan. In India, it predominantly grows like a weed on roadsides4.
The plant A. aspera and its seeds contain carbohydrates, proteins, and several bioactive components, including flavonoids, saponins, and tannins, which may support overall health4.
Achyranthes Aspera or Chaff flower is highly nutritious and has caloric value. Based on some studies, it may have anti-diabetic activity and may be useful in managing diabetes11.
The pulp prepared from fresh leaves and flowering spikes of A. aspera has traditionally been applied externally as a home remedy for scorpion stings.
The seeds of the plant have been mentioned for use in certain eye conditions, including corneal problems, and are also described in relation to snake or reptile bites.
The elongated flowering spikes, when mixed with a small amount of sugar, have been used in traditional practice for hydrophobia associated with dog bites.
The ash obtained from A. aspera, which is rich in potash, has been used as a cleansing agent for washing clothes.
The flowers and fruits of the plant are described in traditional texts as being helpful in managing heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia)5.
Based on some research, A. aspera or Chaff flower might possess anti-fertility properties and might play a positive role in an unwanted pregnancy. However, its use should be in moderation and only after taking a professional opinion10.
Different parts of A. aspera, including its seeds, roots, and leaves, have been used in traditional practices for various purposes. The plant is noted for its strong, unpleasant odour when used either externally or internally.
In traditional medicine, A. aspera has been attributed with several properties, such as expectorant (helps clear mucus), stomach tonic, laxative, anthelmintic (acts against intestinal worms), diuretic (promotes urine flow), lithotriptic (used for breaking down stones), sudorific (induces sweating), demulcent (soothes irritation), as well as anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, anti-allergic, hepatoprotective (supports liver health), and other effects. Some studies also mention potential hypoglycaemic (blood sugar-lowering), antihyperlipidaemic (cholesterol-lowering), anti-asthmatic, anticataract, and anti-periodic fever (used against recurring fevers) activities3.
Research on A. aspera supplements has explored their role in weight management, although the evidence remains preliminary6.
The juice of A. aspera is described in Ayurveda as having astringent and anti-inflammatory properties, and it has traditionally been applied to ulcers and wounds to support healing.
The root paste or juice of A. aspera has been used externally in folk medicine to ease pain, reduce itching, manage rashes caused by insect bites, and provide relief in urticaria (hives). It has also been used for earache.
In some traditional practices, the daily use of powdered A. aspera mixed with honey has been suggested forimproving digestion3.
The plant has also been described in Ayurvedic texts as having digestive and appetite-enhancing qualities, which are believed to help maintain overall health.
In Ayurveda, Apamarga kshara (alkaline ash prepared from A. aspera) is applied externally in the management of fistula and fissure.
The oil derived from A. aspera has been used traditionally to reduce excessive cough and provide relief from respiratory discomfort3.
The plant is also noted for its purgative (stool-softening) effect and is mentioned in relation to constipation, piles, and fistula/fissures.
Animal studies on Wistar rats suggest that A. aspera extracts may help in the management of kidney stones by promoting urine output, though human evidence is lacking.
Traditional texts also mention the plant’s role in supporting urinary health7,8.
A mixture of A. aspera with tankana bhasma (a borax preparation) and lemon juice has been used to remove warts; however, since this can cause skin burns, it should only be attempted under medical supervision3.
A. aspera, being naturally rich in potassium, is considered to be beneficial for heart health in traditional medicine3.
Side Effects of Achyranthes Aspera
A. aspera is generally considered safe when used in moderation, but may occasionally cause side effects like skin rashes and irritation5. If you notice symptoms after consuming A. aspera, you must consult your primary healthcare professional immediately9. As a precaution, it is important to consult a doctor before consuming this medicine to confirm whether it is safe for you.
Precautions While Using Achyranthes Aspera
The paste made from A. aspera should be used carefully, as it may sometimes cause skin irritation or rashes. To reduce this risk, it is traditionally applied along with cooling substances such as ice.
Consuming A. aspera in excessive amounts may lead to nausea and vomiting.
During pregnancy and breastfeeding, the use of A. aspera is best done only under the guidance of a qualified medical practitioner.
The use of A. aspera supplements is not recommended for children under 12 years of age5.
Achyranthes Aspera is a traditional medicinal herb or weed all over India. Almost all the parts (seeds, roots, and shoots) of A. aspera are used to prepare traditional medicines.
A. aspera may support the management of boils, asthma, in facilitating delivery, bleeding, bronchitis, debility, dropsy, cold, colic, cough, dog bite, snake bite, scorpion bite, dysentery, earache, headache, leukoderma, renal complications, pneumonia, and skin diseases.
Can Achyranthes Aspera help in menstrual disorders?
Yes, traditionally, A. aspera is used for menstrual disorders like dysmenorrhoea. However, there is limited scientific evidence to prove this effect.
Is Achyranthes Aspera supplement helpful in wound healing?
A. aspera supplements may support wound healing due to their tannin content, which is known to have astringent and anti-inflammatory properties. A. aspera supplements may also help improve blood flow to the wound. This synergistic effect maysupport faster wound healing.
Is Achyranthes Aspera (Apamarg) used in the treatment of ulcers?
A. Aspera supplement may support ulcer management as it contains a mixture of anti-ulcer and gastroprotective bioactive compounds. A. aspera supplements may be helpful in lowering the volume of gastric juice and total acidity, thereby increasing the pH of gastric juice. This may help in managing ulcer-related problems.
Salam MA, Ahmad A, Sadiq F, Tariq TF, Rasheed N, Shah MA, Aarab M, Anwar M, Khurram M. Assessment of phytochemical and pharmacognostic properties of flowers of Achyranthes Aspera. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 2023;30(17):743–55. doi:10.53555/jptcp.v30i17.3727. Available from: https://jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/3727
Rani N, Sharma SK, Vasudeva N. Assessment of Antiobesity Potential of Achyranthes aspera Linn. Seed. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:715912. doi: 10.1155/2012/715912. Epub 2012 Jun 27. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22919417/
Rajeshwari T, Suresh R, Sudhakar M. Anti-urolithiatic activity of saponin rich fraction from the methanolic extract of Achyranthes aspera against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in Wistar rats. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2023;13(09):197–203. doi:10.7324/JAPS.2023.144912. Available from: https://japsonline.com/admin/php/uploads/4032_pdf.pdf
Warke PD, Upadhayay A, Kale MK. Evaluation of diuretic activity of Achyranthes aspera leaves extracts. Res J Pharm Technol. 2018;11(12):5394–6. doi:10.5958/0974-360X.2018.00984.8. Available from: https://rjptonline.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2018-11-12-33
Shibeshi W, Makonnen E, Zerihun L, Debella A. Effect of Achyranthes aspera L. on fetal abortion, uterine and pituitary weights, serum lipids and hormones. Afr Health Sci. 2006 Jun;6(2):108–112. PMCID: PMC1831979. PMID: 16916302. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1831979/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the informationprovided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove
Zepbound vs Wegovy: Side Effects, Effectiveness and More!
Introduction
Obesity is a rising global health concern. Global reports show that hundreds of millions of adults have been affected in recent decades. These numbers indicate the magnitude of obesity, which is medically defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of more than or equal to 30 kg/m² in adults. It is a significant lifestyle-related risk factor as obesity increases the odds of osteoarthritis, cardiovascular disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease ([MASLD], a liver condition associated with overweight and diabetes), among many other life-threatening diseases.
With obesity becoming a major health issue, there is a growing interest in new treatment options. Zepbound (tirzepatide) and Wegovy (semaglutide) are two medicines that have come under the spotlight recently. Wegovy is FDA- and EMA-approved at 2.4 mg weekly for chronic weight management. Zepbound is FDA-approved for obesity (in 2023), but availability and approval may differ across countries (not yet EMA-approved as of 2025). They are both GLP-1 receptor agonists (a substance that acts like the natural human GLP-1 hormone and turns on a receptor in the body). Zepbound is a dual GLP-1/GIP agonist, while Wegovy is a GLP-1 agonist1.
Overview of Wegovy and Zepbound
Wegovy and Zepbound are the brand names of medicines approved for chronic weight management. Wegovy contains semaglutide and Zepbound contains tirzepatide. Both are injectables used along with a calorie-deficient diet and regular exercise. The FDA had earlier approved semaglutide and tirzepatide for T2D under the brand names Ozempic and Mounjaro, respectively2,3.
Brand name
Generic name
Pronunciation
Manufacturer
Approved uses
Wegovy
Semaglutide
Wee-GOH-vee
Novo Nordisk
For weight management in obese/overweight people (lower risk of cardiovascular problems)
Zepbound
tirzepatide
ZEPH-bownd
Eli Lily and company
For weight management in obese/overweight people Obstructive sleep apnoea
Table 1: Overview on Wegovy and Zepbound
How Wegovy and Zepbound work
Wegovy’s active ingredient, semaglutide, works as a GLP-1 receptor agonist. It lowers blood sugar and promotes weight management by activating GLP-1 receptors in the gut, pancreas, and brain, as follows.
Gut: It is believed to slow down stomach emptying through signals sent via the vagus nerve and brain, which help reduce appetite and prolong feelings of fullness.
Pancreas: Helps enhance insulin release only when blood glucose is elevated and also helps reduce glucagon levels. This mechanism helps maintain stable blood sugar.
Brain: Acts on the hypothalamus (sends signals to control appetite) to curb hunger and food cravings.
The active ingredient in Zepbound, tirzepatide, is a dual agonist that activates both GLP-1 and GIP receptors.
GLP-1 Receptors: Promote weight management by curbing the appetite, slowing digestion, and lowering blood sugar levels by boosting insulin and lowering glucagon levels.
GIP receptors: Promote meal-time insulin production and keep beta cells (cells that make insulin) healthy in the long term.
How the medicines affect appetite, satiety (feeling full), and metabolism:
GLP-1 agonists like semaglutide and dual agonists like tirzepatide reduce hunger, help to maintain the feeling of being full last longer, and steady blood sugar. They curb appetite through their effect on the brain, slow digestion to boost satiety, and improve insulin balance in the pancreas, thus improving weight control, blood sugar regulation, and metabolic parameters (e.g., lipids, insulin sensitivity, and liver fat reduction). Clinical trials (e.g., SURMOUNT-1 vs STEP) show that tirzepatide generally achieves greater weight loss than semaglutide (~20% vs ~15% body weight) at highest doses3,4.
Dosage and Administration of Wegovy and Zepbound
Wegovy
Dosage and administration: Once weekly, on the same day, with or without meals. It can be injected subcutaneously (under the skin) on the abdomen, thigh, or upper arm. Patients with diabetes should monitor their sugar levels before starting it and during treatment5.
Dosage escalation schedule: The medicine can be started at 0.25 mg per week for 4 weeks with the dosage increased every 4 weeks based on the titration schedule until the maintenance dose is reached5.
Wegovy 2.4 mg Flextouch (or continue 1.7 mg if advised by your doctor)
Table 2: Dose escalation schedule
Maintenance dose: For metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease, it is 2.4 mg once weekly. For conditions like weight management, 2.4 mg once weekly (recommended) or 1.7 mg weekly.
Dosage forms and strengths: Prefilled, single-use injection pens available in 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 1.7 mg, and 2.4 mg doses.
Missed dose flexibility:
If the next scheduled dose is more than 2 days away, the missed dose may be administered as soon as possible.
If the next scheduled dose is less than 2 days away, the missed dose can be skipped and administration resumed from the following week.
If two or more doses in a row are missed, the schedule should be restarted with a step-up (dosage escalation) schedule to minimise side effects of the digestive system.
Zepbound
Recommended dosage escalation schedule: This should be started at 2.5 mg per week for 4 weeks and the dose increased every 4 weeks in 2.5 mg increments until maintenance dose is reached. The maintenance dose can be 5 mg, 10 mg, or 15 mg once weekly, depending on a person’s response and tolerance6.
Weeks
Dosage
1-4
2.5 mg per week
5-8
5 mg per week
9-12
7.5 mg per week
13-16
10 mg per week
17-20
12.5 mg per week
21 onward
15 mg per week (maintenance dose)
Table 3: Dose escalation schedule
Recommended maintenance and maximum dosage: For weight reduction and long-term maintenance, 5 mg, 10 mg, or 15 mg; for obstructive sleep apnoea, 10 mg or 15 mg injected subcutaneously once weekly. The maximum recommended dosage is 15 mg.
Administration: Subcutaneously once per week.
Dosage forms and strengths: Available as a single-use pen or vial in different dose sizes- 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 12.5 mg, and 15 mg per 0.5 mL (i.e., drug suspension in 0.5 mL of liquid).
Missed dose flexibility:
The medicine should be administered within 4 days, i.e., 96 hours.
If more than 4 days have passed, skip the missed dose and administer the next dose as per regularly planned schedule.
As per my experience in the clinic, hand holding and counselling plays a vital role for either of the drugs. A lot of my patients did complain of acidity or acid reflux issues and thus the diet had to be monitored for a few weeks to manage the same. People do see the results, but constant sense of assurance is needed for many due to the cost factor involved.
Evidence from clinical trials: In large clinical trials (STEP trials for semaglutide and SURMOUNT for tirzepatide), adults with overweight or obesity were treated with either Wegovy (semaglutide, up to 2.4 mg weekly) or Zepbound (tirzepatide, up to 10–15 mg weekly). Both medicines supported significant weight management, but participants taking the highest doses of Zepbound tended to lose more weight than those on Wegovy. This benefit was seen in people with and without diabetes. Zepbound had slightly higher rates of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea than Wegovy, particularly during dose escalation.
Apart from clinical trials, some real-world retrospective cohort studies (like one study published in JAMA 2023) also compared the two drugs. These showed similar patterns, but because they relied on clinic records, the data wasn’t perfect. Parameters like the exact timing of weigh-ins, side effect tracking, and patient motivation weren’t always clear, and the participants did not fully represent the whole U.S.
In the trials, participants with type 2 diabetes had separate, dedicated trials (STEP 2 for Wegovy, SURMOUNT-2 for Zepbound). People with depression could still participate, unless their condition was severe or unstable7.
Average percentage weight loss comparison
Patient group
Semaglutide (0.5 mg, T2D dose)
Tirzepatide (5 mg, T2D dose)
Semaglutide (2.4 mg, obesity dose)
Tirzepatide (10 mg, obesity dose)
With T2D
Around 58% lost at least 5% of weight
Around 69% lost at least 5% of weight
Around 73% lost at least 5% of weight
Around 82% lost at least 5% of weight
Without T2D
Too few patients on these lower doses to measure reliably
Too few patients on these lower doses to measure reliably
Around 92% lost at least 5% of weight
Around 96% lost at least 5% of weight
Table 4: Average percentage weight loss comparison
T2D = Type 2 diabetes
Factors that may affect the outcomes
Dose differences: The amount of medicine taken matters.
Presence/absence of T2D: People without diabetes show better weight management than those with diabetes.
Treatment duration and continuation: Staying on the medication is important; stopping early can lower the medicines efficiency.
Underreported side effects: Not all side effects get recorded in regular clinic visits.
Insurance/ coverage issues: If insurance doesn’t cover the medicine, some patients cannot afford the higher, more effective doses, or may stop the treatment altogether.
Zepbound has demonstrated greater average weight reduction compared to semaglutide in clinical trials due to its dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor activity,. However, the purpose of prescribing these therapies extends far beyond aesthetic outcomes. Their true benefit lies in metabolic improvement; reducing adverse cardiac outcomes, slowing disease progression,and potentially lowering long-term healthcare burden and costs.
Common side effects: Nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, injection-site reactions, fatigue, hypersensitivity reactions, eructation, hair loss, gastroesophageal reflux disease, flatulence, dizziness, and hypotension6.
Other side effects of Zepbound are discussed in Table 6.
Side effect
Description
Gastrointestinal
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, mostly mild/moderate; sometimes causes dehydration or low blood pressure
Acute kidney disease
Rare, sometimes linked to gastrointestinal issues or dehydration
Gallbladder disease
Cholecystitis and gallbladder events were slightly higher
Pancreatitis
Low incidence, mild increases in amylase/lipase
Hypoglycaemia
Lower blood sugar levels when used with insulin or other medicines that increase insulin levels
Eye problems
May worsen diabetic retinopathy in some patients
Psychiatric disorders
Mood changes or suicidal behaviour possible
Increase in heart rate
Small rise in resting heart rate reported
Immunogenicity
64.5% patients developed antibodies, and some had hypersensitivity or injection site reactions
Table 6: Zepbound side effects (less common but serious risks)
Both Zepbound and Wegovy have similar side effects but with slight variation. Below is a table comparing side effects of both weight management drugs5,6.
Most side effects get better with time. Follow the doctor’s plan and check in regularly for optimum results.
Other Potential Health Benefits
Zepbound
Obstructive sleep apnoea:Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is defined as repeated episodes of complete (apnoea) or partial (hypopnoea) obstruction of the upper airway during sleep, leading to intermittent low oxygen levels, fragmented sleep, and increased cardiovascular and metabolic risk9. People with obesity and moderate-to-severe OSA who took tirzepatide in the SURMOUNT-OSA randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (published NEJM 2024) had significant improvements in their breathing during sleep. The number of apnoea–hypopnoea events dropped more in the Zepbound group than in the placebo group, and about half improved to mild or no OSA. Tirzepatide also helped lower blood pressure, reduce inflammation, and enhance sleep quality. These improvements are thought to be largely mediated by weight loss, rather than a direct effect of tirzepatide on the airway.
Metabolic effects: The metabolic effects of tirzepatide primarily include weight loss and appetite regulation, which have been discussed elsewhere. Other metabolic effects, like anti-inflammatory effects, body composition, weight loss maintenance, glycaemic control, and effects on lipid profile, are secondary to weight loss and improved insulin sensitivity. The following section briefly explains these metabolic impacts of tirzepatide10.
Anti-inflammatory effects: Tirzepatide reduces inflammation in heart tissues, lowers oxidative stress, and improves lipid metabolism, which in turn reduces inflammatory markers. It is still unclear whether these benefits come directly from the drug or as a result of weight loss.
Body composition: Mostly causes fat reduction, but in the process, lean mass loss also occurs (around ~10.9%).
Weight maintenance/weight regain: In one study10, patients lost about 21% of their body weight after 36 weeks on tirzepatide. Those who stayed on the drug for another 52 weeks lost an additional 5.5%, while those switched to placebo regained about 14%. Overall, 89.5% of people on tirzepatide kept at least 80% of their weight loss, compared to only 16.6% on placebo. This shows tirzepatide may need to be taken long-term to prevent weight regain. (This finding comes from the SURMOUNT-4 withdrawal trial, which lasted 88 weeks.)
Effect on lipid profile parameters: Liver fat decreased by about 8.1%. Tirzepatide improves lipid and liver fat profiles, which may help protect cardiovascular health.
Wegovy
Reduction in cardiovascular risk: The SELECT trial (2023, NEJM) showed that semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly reduced major adverse cardiovascular events in adults with overweight or obesity and established cardiovascular disease, without diabetes. It lowered appetite and improved weight, lipid metabolism, and inflammation.In SELECT, participants did not have diabetes, so the glucose-lowering effect was not the main reason of benefit. The cardiovascular protection is mostly due to weight loss and improved heart and metabolic health. Evidence from the trial showed fewer cardiovascular events and better outcomes compared to placebo. Common side effects included nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea, with less common risks such as gallbladder problems and pancreatitis. Diabetic retinopathy worsening was observed in T2D trials (e.g., SUSTAIN-6), not in the non-diabetic SELECT population. However, the benefits were only seen while on treatment and cost remained a barrier since it was not PBS-listed (listed by Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme – an Australian government program that helps people afford medicines)11.
Why additional benefits may influence the choice
Many people living with obesity also deal with other health conditions, so choosing a medication that addresses more than one issue can improve overall health and reduce the need for multiple treatments. Wegovy has been shown to lower the risk of heart attack and stroke and may also support certain liver conditions. It may also be the preferred medicine in individuals at high risk of T2D.1,2 Zepbound, on the other hand, can help improve obstructive sleep apnoea, a condition where breathing repeatedly stops during sleep6. For this reason, it is important to consider not only how much weight can be lost but also the added health benefits each treatment may provide.
Eligibility for Wegovy and Zepbound
The following table lists the eligibility criteria for both Wegovy and Zepbound5,6:
Categories
Wegovy
Zepbound
Age group
Adults (18 years or older) and adolescents ≥12 years
Adults
The drug can be prescribed to
Adults with overweight and ≥1 comorbidity and adolescents ≥12 yrs with obesity
Adults with overweight and ≥1 comorbidity
Other purposes
Reduce risk of cardiovascular events
Treat moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnoea
Safety warnings
Do not use with other semaglutide-containing products or any GLP-1 receptor agonist
Do not use with other tirzepatide-containing products or any GLP-1 receptor agonist
Contraindications
Personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma People with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2 Allergic reaction to semaglutide.
Personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma People with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2 Allergic reaction to tirzepatide.
Wegovy is available in pharmacies across India (imported)from the end of June 2025, but Zepbound has not yet been introduced in India. Below is the price list of Wegovy across different doses.
Dose
Monthly price (Rs)
Price per dose (Rs)
0.25 mg
Rs 17,345
Rs 4,366
0.50 mg
Rs 17,345
Rs 4,366
1.00 mg
Rs 17,345
Rs 4,366
1.75 mg
Rs 24,280
Rs 6,070
2.40 mg
Rs 26,015
Rs 6,503
Table 9: cost per dose for Wegovy (imported)
Factors that affect the cost
Dosage: As seen in the table above, higher dosages cost more.
Brand availability: Since these are not manufactured locally, imported pens are pricy.
Imports: Shipping fees, import duties, and limited suppliers drives up the cost.
Accessibility challenges in India (Only Wegovy)
Insurance does not cover obesity drugs in India; therefore, patients must pay out of pocket.
Even patients who can afford it may struggle with irregular supplies (as imports are inconsistent).
Why affordability matters in long term use
Both drugs are long-term treatments, so stopping suddenly leads to weight regain.
These medications are expensive, so many patients stop early.
Affordability is important so that people can stay on the treatment and also improve related conditions like diabetes and heart disease.
Switching from Wegovy to Zepbound or Vice Versa
When switching might be considered:
Current medicine is not lowering blood sugar enough12,13.
Not enough weight loss is seen.
Side effects are hard to manage.
Cost and convenience.
Why it must be supervised by a doctor
Switching involves timing the last dose of one medicine and the first dose of the new one to avoid overlaps or gaps.
Based on a person’s situation, doctors decide whether to start at the lower dose or move directly to maintenance dose.
Only a doctor can manage possible risks like low blood sugar (GLP-1/GIP agonists alone do not usually cause hypoglycaemia. The risk occurs only if combined with insulin or sulfonylurea) or stomach side effects.
Key precautions to keep in mind:
Do not overlap medications. Since both semaglutide and tirzepatide are weekly injections with long half-lives (~1 week), the new drug is usually started when the next dose would have been due. Gaps longer than 1–2 weeks may cause return of appetite and weight gain.
If the medicine is switched because of stomach problems, wait until the problems settle before starting the new drug.
If switching for other reasons (like cost or convenience), the new drug is started out at a low dose and increased slowly, even if the patient was already on a higher dose of the previous drug. Direct switching to a maintenance dose raises the risk of intolerance.
Side effects (like nausea or stomach upset) are usually mild; however, must be reported right away if they become severe.
Follow-up is typically every 4–8 weeks during dose titration. Weekly or biweekly monitoring is not standard unless the patient has type 2 diabetes and is also on insulin or sulfonylurea.
Wegovy and Zepbound are both promising medicines used to manage overweight and obesity. The key difference is that while both act on GLP-1 receptors, Zepbound also targets GIP receptors. The choice between them depends entirely on a patient’s health needs. It is advisable to research both medicines and consult a doctor before making a decision. Regular check-ups and monitoring of symptoms are vital. It is important to remember that there is no solution that may fit everyone. What works best often depends on health history, side effect tolerance, availability, and cost.
The safest step is to consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any decision. A doctor can assess medical history, existing health conditions, and long-term goals to recommend the most suitable treatment.
In the comparison of Wegovy vs Zepbound weight loss, both semaglutide and tirzepatide led to significant reductions, with tirzepatide showing greater results at 3, 6, and 9 months. The study included real patients, but results may not be exact because side effects weren’t fully tracked, weight was only measured at doctor visits, and the patients may not represent everyone7.
Which medicine has fewer side effects?
Both medicines can cause stomach problems, gallbladder issues, and rare serious risks, but Wegovy is linked to fewer immune reactions and injection site problems than Zepbound. The decision must be made after thorough counselling with a doctor5,6.
Can both drugs be taken long-term?
Yes, both drugs can be taken long-term. Studies have shown sustained weight management and metabolic benefits over years with an acceptable safety profile. However, ongoing monitoring by a doctor is important to manage side effects and ensure continued safety14,15.
Are Wegovy and Zepbound the same ingredients?
No, Wegovy and Zepbound do not have same ingredients. Wegovy’s active ingredient is semaglutide, while Zepbound’s active ingredient is tirzepatide. The mechanisms of action of both medicines overlap but they are not identical3,4.
References
Qi QYD, Cox A, McNeil S, Sumithran P. Obesity medications: A narrative review of current and emerging agents. OsteoarthrCartil Open. 2024;6(2):100472. Published 2024 Apr 25. doi:10.1016/j.ocarto.2024.100472. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11088184/
Singh G, Krauthamer M, Bjalme-Evans M. Wegovy (semaglutide): a new weight loss drug for chronic weight management. J Investig Med. 2022;70(1):5-13. doi:10.1136/jim-2021-001952. Available from:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8717485/
Farzam K, Patel P. Tirzepatide. [Updated 2024 Feb 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585056/
Kommu S, Whitfield P. Semaglutide. [Updated 2024 Feb 11]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603723/
Novo Nordisk. Wegovy (semaglutide) injection, for subcutaneous use: U.S. prescribing information. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; Revised June 2021. Application No. 215256. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2025/215256s024lbl.pdf
Rodriguez PJ, Goodwin Cartwright BM, Gratzl S, et al. Semaglutide vs Tirzepatide for Weight Loss in Adults With Overweight or Obesity. JAMA Intern Med. 2024;184(9):1056-1064. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.2525. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11231910/
Gorgojo-Martínez JJ, Mezquita-Raya P, Carretero-Gómez J, et al. Clinical Recommendations to Manage Gastrointestinal Adverse Events in Patients Treated with Glp-1 Receptor Agonists: A Multidisciplinary Expert Consensus. J Clin Med. 2022;12(1):145. Published 2022 Dec 24. doi:10.3390/jcm12010145. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9821052/
Malhotra A, Grunstein RR, Fietze I, et al. Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(13):1193-1205. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2404881. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11168245/
Semaglutide for cardiovascular risk reduction in people who are overweight or have obesity without diabetes (new indication). AustPrescr. 2025;48(3):107-108. doi:10.18773/austprescr.2025.024. Available from:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12187477/
Jabbour S, Paik JS, Aleppo G, Sharma P, Gomez Valderas E, Benneyworth BD. Switching to Tirzepatide 5 mg From Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: Clinical Expectations in the First 12 Weeks of Treatment. EndocrPract. 2024;30(8):701-709. doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2024.05.005. Available from:https://www.endocrinepractice.org/article/S1530-891X(24)00515-9/fulltext
Almandoz JP, Lingvay I, Morales J, Campos C. Switching Between Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: Rationale and Practical Guidance. Clin Diabetes. 2020;38(4):390-402. doi:10.2337/cd19-0100. Available from:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7566932/
Ryan, D.H., Lingvay, I., Deanfield, J. et al. Long-term weight loss effects of semaglutide in obesity without diabetes in the SELECT trial. Nat Med 30, 2049–2057 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-02996-7.
Qin W, Yang J, Ni Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly tirzepatide for weight management compared to placebo: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis including the latest SURMOUNT-2 trial. Endocrine. 2024;86(1):70-84. doi:10.1007/s12020-024-03896-zAvailable from:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11445313/
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