Breast pain, also called mastalgia, means discomfort, tenderness, aching, burning, tingling, or sharp pain in one or both breasts1,2. The pain may come and go with the menstrual cycle, occur during pregnancy or breastfeeding, or happen for reasons unrelated to hormones, such as injury, infection, medicines, breast cysts, or chest wall strain1,2. Breast pain by itself is rarely a sign of breast cancer, but a new lump, nipple discharge, skin dimpling, redness, swelling, fever, or pain that does not improve should be checked by a healthcare professional1,2.
This blog highlights the importance of understanding what breast tenderness means so that you can notice patterns, reduce unnecessary worry, and decide when simple self-care is reasonable and when medical advice is needed.
Breast pain when pressed is common and can affect women and men. It may be related to normal hormone changes, a poorly fitting bra, breast injury, breastfeeding problems, infection, cysts, abscesses, or pain coming from the chest wall rather than the breast itself1. Sometimes the breast is only sore when touched; at other times, the pain is present even without pressure.
Breast pain is usually grouped into three broad types3:
Hormone changes are a common reason for breast tenderness, but many other factors can contribute. Common causes include4:
Symptoms vary depending on the cause and pattern of the pain6.
Mild breast tenderness often improves with simple self-care. These steps may help, but they should not replace medical advice if symptoms are severe, persistent, or associated with warning signs.
Breast pain cannot always be prevented, especially when it is linked to normal hormone changes. However, the following steps may reduce discomfort or help you manage it earlier:
Contact a healthcare professional if you notice any of the following5:
Also Read: Natural Home Remedies for Breast Pain
Breast tenderness when pressed is common and is often related to the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, breastfeeding, injury, cysts, infection, medicines, or chest wall strain. In many cases, it improves on its own or with simple measures such as a supportive bra, warm or cold compresses, and suitable pain relief. However, breast pain should be discussed with a healthcare professional if it is persistent, severe, one-sided in a specific spot, associated with a lump or nipple discharge, or accompanied by redness, swelling, fever, skin dimpling, or changes in breast shape. Noticing the timing, location, and triggers of pain can help you and your doctor decide the most appropriate next steps.
Mild tenderness when pressing the breast can be normal, especially before a period, during pregnancy, or while breastfeeding3. It can also happen after injury, with cysts, poor support, or inflammation. See a healthcare professional if the pain is persistent, severe, linked to a lump, does not improve after your period, or occurs with redness, swelling, fever, or nipple discharge5.
Breast pain alone is rarely a sign of breast cancer. However, pain with a new lump, nipple discharge, skin dimpling, nipple inversion, redness, swelling, warmth, or a rash around the nipple should be checked promptly4.
Seek medical advice for breast pain that lasts longer than about two weeks, does not improve after one or two menstrual cycles, continues after menopause, affects one specific area, or interferes with daily activities. Also seek advice if pain occurs with a lump, nipple discharge, skin dimpling, breast shape changes, redness, warmth, fever, or swelling5.
Pain only when you press the breast may happen when breast tissue is tender before a period, during pregnancy, while breastfeeding, after a minor injury, or because of a cyst or chest wall strain1. If the sore area is new, persistent, worsening, or associated with a lump or skin change, it is best to have it checked.
The “three-finger” method is a way to feel the breast and armpit area for new lumps or changes. Use the pads of the three middle fingers, not the fingertips, and move over the whole breast in a consistent pattern while applying light, medium, and firm pressure. It can be done while lying down or in the shower. It is considered a breast self-awareness method and is not a replacement for recommended screening. Any new lump, nipple discharge, skin change, or persistent pain should be assessed by a healthcare professional10.
1. Breast pain. Breast Cancer Now. Accessed August 10, 2026. https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/breast-lumps-and-benign-not-cancer-breast-conditions/breast-pain
2. Wood M, Shirin S, Goshtasebi A, Prior JC. Breast tenderness and swelling experiences related to menstrual cycles and ovulation in healthy premenopausal women: Secondary analysis of the 1-year “Prospective Ovulation Cohort.” PLOS One. 2025;20(5):e0321205. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0321205 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0321205
3. Tahir MT, Vadakekut ES, Shamsudeen S. Mastalgia. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Accessed August 10, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562195/
4. Breast Pain: 10 Reasons Your Breasts May Hurt. March 31, 2026. Accessed August 10, 2026. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/breast-pain-10-reasons-your-breasts-may-hurt
5. Breast pain: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Accessed August 10, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003152.htm
6. Hubbard TJ, Sharma A, Ferguson DJ. Breast pain: assessment, management, and referral criteria. Br J Gen Pract. 2020;70(697):419-420. doi:10.3399/bjgp20X712133 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7384817/
7. Alshakhs FH, Katooa NE, Badr HA, Thabet HA. The Effect of Alternating Application of Cold and Hot Compresses on Reduction of Breast Engorgement Among Lactating Mothers. Cureus. 16(1):e53134. doi:10.7759/cureus.53134 https://www.cureus.com/articles/211972-the-effect-of-alternating-application-of-cold-and-hot-compresses-on-reduction-of-breast-engorgement-among-lactating-mothers#!/
8. Breast pain. Accessed August 10, 2026. https://www.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/409330/breast-pain-information-breastscreen-queensland.pdf
9. Common breastfeeding challenges. Accessed August 10, 2026. https://womenshealth.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-challenges/common-breastfeeding-challenges
10. Breast Self-Exam. National Breast Cancer Foundation. Accessed August 10, 2026. https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-self-exam/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Have you ever had ear pain that made it difficult to sleep, or noticed that sounds suddenly seem muffled? For parents, it can be especially worrying when a child wakes up at night crying and holding their ear, complaining of discomfort. Otitis media is an infection or inflammation of the middle ear. Fluid or mucus can build up behind the eardrum, which may cause ear pain, pressure, or muffled hearing1.
This blog explains what otitis media means, the main types of middle ear infection, common causes, symptoms, prevention tips, when to seek medical care, and how ear infections are usually treated.
An ear infection, also called otitis media when it affects the middle ear, often develops after a cold, sore throat, or other respiratory infection2. Fluid can collect behind the eardrum and make it harder for sound to pass through clearly1. Ear infections are more common in children, although adults can also develop them. A child with an ear infection may pull at the ear, cry more than usual, sleep poorly, have balance problems, or seem less responsive to sounds1.
There are three main types of middle ear infection. They differ mainly in how quickly symptoms start and how long fluid or infection remains behind the eardrum2.
A middle ear infection can be caused by bacteria or viruses. It often follows a cold or another upper respiratory infection, which can make the Eustachian tube swollen or blocked. This tube normally helps drain fluid from the middle ear and balance pressure3.
Middle ear infection symptoms often appear quickly and may improve over a few days. Symptoms can look different in adults, older children, babies, and younger children4.
Treatment depends on the person’s age, symptoms, general health, and risk of complications. Many middle ear infections improve on their own within a few days, so treatment may focus first on relieving pain and fever. Antibiotics are used when symptoms are severe, when the infection does not improve, or when the person is at higher risk of complications2,5.
The following home-care steps may help ease earache or pressure while you wait for the infection to improve or while following medical advice6:
Most ear infections get better within a few days, and complications of otitis media are uncommon. However, when complications occur, the infection can spread to nearby parts of the ear or head4,7.
These steps may help lower the risk of middle ear infections:
Seek medical advice if you or your child has symptoms of an ear infection:
Also Read: Ear Bleeding (Otorrhagia): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention
Middle ear infections, or otitis media, are common, particularly in children, and often improve on their own. Recognising symptoms such as ear pain, fever, hearing difficulties, or ear discharge can help you know when medical advice may be needed. Simple preventive measures and appropriate home care can help reduce discomfort and the risk of infection, while timely medical attention can help prevent complications.
Also Read: Natural Home Remedies for Ear Pain
Middle ear infections are not contagious. However, the cold or respiratory virus that may lead to an ear infection can spread from person to person8.
Yes. Otitis media can cause temporary hearing difficulty, especially when fluid remains in the middle ear. Permanent hearing loss is uncommon but can occur if infections are severe, repeated, or not treated when treatment is needed.
Most cases of otitis media improve within 3 to 5 days. Seek medical advice if symptoms do not improve within 2 to 3 days, get worse, or are accompanied by concerning symptoms such as high fever, ear discharge, or hearing loss7.
An ear infection may be serious if there is a high fever, worsening pain, swelling or redness behind the ear, fluid or pus draining from the ear, new hearing loss, dizziness, repeated vomiting, severe headache, neck stiffness, unusual drowsiness, breathing problems, dehydration, a seizure, or a rash that does not fade when pressed. Seek urgent medical help if any of these symptoms occur11.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
A runny nose seems like a minor problem, but for many parents, it can become a major concern, especially when a baby or toddler is affected.
A runny nose, also known as rhinorrhea, occurs when the nasal passages produce excess discharge or mucus. Often, runny nose is a symptom of viral infections like the common cold or flu, or allergies. In some cases, it may occur due to other medical conditions1.
Runny nose or a cold may lead to disturbed sleep, difficulty feeding, or symptoms such as fussiness and coughing, which often causes parents to wonder whether it is just a cold or something more serious2.
In this blog, we will explore why runny noses are so common in babies and toddlers, causes of runny nose in different age groups, and how to treat runny nose in babies. We will also discuss some safe home remedies for cough and runny nose in babies.
A runny nose is one of the first symptoms of a common cold. It is very common for babies and toddlers to have frequent colds. In fact, it is normal for a child to have 8 to 10 colds a year before the age of two2.
Let us understand why it is common in babies and toddlers:
When a child first gets a cold, the body starts developing immunity to the virus. Over time, as children are exposed to more viruses, the immunity becomes stronger and they begin to get fewer colds.
Frequent colds are usually not a sign of a weak immune system. They simply indicate that a child has been exposed to many different viruses2,4.
It is very important to understand what causes a runny and congested nose in order to get the right treatment. Below are some common causes of a runny nose in children of different age groups.
Common causes of a runny nose in babies are:
A runny nose in toddlers could be caused by:
Older children might have a runny nose because of any of the following:
Runny nose rarely occurs as a stand-alone symptom. Usually, when it is associated with infections or allergy, some other common symptoms may also occur along. These include2,17:
It is important for parents to note the colour and smell of the child’s nasal discharge as this may sometimes provide useful clues about the underlying cause. It could indicate:
Any suspicion of discharge that may be due to a traumatic event or foreign body needs to be evaluated and managed properly by a pediatrician.
The treatment of runny nose depends upon the cause. A viral infection or cold usually resolves by itself, and antibiotics are not prescribed. However, how to stop a runny nose is certainly a concern for the parents. To make the child feel better, the following treatments can be suggested by a doctor:
Note: None of these medications should be given without a doctor’s prescription.
Also Read: Nasal Drops for Babies and Kids: Types, Uses, and Safety Guide
Runny nose can be very uncomfortable, and a child can easily become irritable. Here are some home remedies that may provide relief from a runny nose:
Dry air can worsen a runny nose. Using a cool-mist humidifier helps keep nasal passages moist and reduces irritation22.
Staying hydrated helps thin the mucus, making it easier to clear the nose and reducing congestion. It is best to offer water, clear soups, or other age-appropriate fluids to children with a runny nose23.
Elevating the child’s head while sleeping can help mucus drain better and reduce nasal congestion23.
Steam helps loosen mucus and soothes irritated nasal passages. The child and the parent can breathe steam in a closed bathroom after running a hot shower. For toddlers, this can provide quick relief from a blocked or runny nose23.
Rest supports the immune system in fighting viral infections. Keep the child comfortably warm, avoid cold drafts, and ensure a calm environment to help with faster recovery23.
Some things can actually make a runny nose worse, and it’s important that parents be mindful of these. A few mistakes to avoid are:
A runny nose is often caused by viral infections, so it cannot always be prevented. However, these simple habits can help reduce the spread of germs and lower a child’s chances of getting sick2,7:
Babies younger than 3 months can have difficulty breathing and feeding when their nose is blocked. One should consult a doctor immediately if the baby has2:
Babies and children of any age should be seen by a doctor if runny nose or cold seems to be getting worse or causing serious symptoms. Seek medical advice if any of the following warning signs occur2:
Also, in case of any trauma to the head, face, or nose or foreign body obstruction in the nostril, an immediate evaluation by a pediatrician is always recommended.
Also Read: How to Stop Constant Cough in Children: Expert Tips and Tricks
A runny nose is very common in babies and young children and is usually caused by a simple viral infection or sometimes allergies. In most cases, it is not serious and improves on its own with basic home care, such as keeping the child well hydrated, using saline drops, and ensuring adequate rest and comfort. However, it is important to avoid self-medication, understand the signs that indicate the need for medical attention, and follow the doctor’s instructions sincerely to prevent the risk of any complications in the child.
A toddler’s runny nose becomes a concern if it lasts more than 14 days and is accompanied by a high fever, trouble breathing, ear pain, or poor appetite2.
Saline drops, suction, hydration, and rest are usually very safe options for babies. Medication can be given only on a doctor’s recommendation23.
A runny nose is usually because of a viral infection (common cold). Colds usually last about a week, but in some cases, they can continue for up to two weeks2.
A baby can easily have a runny nose without a fever. Nasal discharge in infants is very common and can be caused by the common cold, allergies, or environmental irritants12.
Sometimes a baby’s runny nose keeps coming back because they are catching one viral cold after another, especially if they are around other children, like in the day care3. In some cases, allergies, irritants, and inflammation could also be a reason for a persistent runny nose13,14,15.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Pandan leaves are tropical aromatic leaves that have, for years, been highly valued across Southeast Asia for their use in culinary and traditional practices. Known as the herbs of the east, they are found and used in various tropical regions such as Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, parts of South Asia, Africa, and Central America1.
This article will explore the nutritional value of pandan leaves, their benefits, side effects, how to use them and precautions to be taken while using them.
Pandan leaves are leaves of the herb Pandanus amaryllifolius, that is indigenous to the Maluku islands of Indonesia. Their taste is often compared to vanilla due to their sweet and grassy undertone. Thus, these leaves are used as a natural flavouring and colouring agent in various food products such as rice, desserts, and sweets. They also have traditionally been used to treat headaches, fever, inflammation. They are rich in antioxidant compounds that contribute to their pharmacological properties1.
Pandan leaf powder is high in fibre, composed of carbohydrates (60.3%), proteins (12.73%), fats (5.28%), crude fibre (6.38%), ash (1.45%) and some important minerals and antioxidants1.The following are some important nutrients present in pandan leaf powder:
Pandan leaves are said to have certain potential health benefits owing to their rich nutrient and antioxidant profile. Pandan leaves benefits may include:
Other Pandan leaves uses include:
Note: While these health effects of pandan leaves have been studied, most research is still in the initial stages, and their use is more common in ayurvedic or traditional medications mainly for pain relief. Therefore, these should not be considered as a substitute for any medication/medical advice, and a doctor must always be consulted before including them in routine diet especially if you have any medical condition.
There is limited evidence for the side effects of pandan leaves in humans. However, the following should be kept in mind while using Pandan leaves:
In general, excessive use of herbal supplements is also linked to kidney and liver injury and should be avoided by individuals who have chronic kidney disease or liver disorders9.
Therefore, it is best to consume Pandan leaves in moderation and discuss with a doctor in case of any chronic medical conditions. Always follow the dosage instructions advised by a healthcare provider/ayurvedic practitioner to avoid the risk of any side effects.
Pandan leaves are available as fresh leaves, powder, and tinctures. They can be incorporated in your daily life in the following ways:
Although pandan leaves are usually considered safe, there are some precautions that should be taken while using them:
Also Read: Lemongrass: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!
There is no current evidence of drug interactions involving pandan leaves. However, pandan leaves have potential hypoglycaemia effects and hence can amplify the response that anti-diabetic drugs will have on the body1. They might also enhance the effect of blood pressure medications5. Therefore, individuals taking prescription medicines, such as antidiabetic or antihypertensive drugs, should consult their doctor before using pandan leaves.
There is not sufficient evidence regarding the side effects of pandan leaves on human health. Thus, individuals should consult their doctor before including them in their diet, particularly if they are on medications such as antidiabetic medications. If side effects such as an allergic reaction, or headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea are seen when consuming pandan leaves, you should consult your doctor as soon as possible. When using topically, if any allergic reactions appear on the skin, immediately consult your doctor.
Also Read: Moringa Leaves – Health Benefits That You Should Know
Pandan leaves have been widely used for their flavour and aroma. They also have been used widely in traditional medicine due to their potential health benefits such as antidiabetic, antioxidant, analgesic and antimicrobial activities. They can also be used as a food preservative to avoid food borne diseases. However, like every herbal supplement, they should be used in moderation and handled properly to ensure maximum benefits. Like any herbal remedy, it is important to consult your healthcare provider before routine usage of pandan leaves, especially if you have any medical conditions.
The closest substitute to pandan leaves in terms of its aromatic and flavouring properties would be vanilla. Vanilla extract is very popular in food products such as ice-cream, cakes, chocolates, and soft drinks10.
No, pandan and lemongrass are two different plants that are found in tropical regions11.
Initial research in animals have shown beneficial effects in lowering uric acid level, however, research in humans is still limited. Therefore, individuals should consult a healthcare provider before using pandan for this purpose, and it should not be considered as an alternative to prescribed medical treatment12.
Herbal remedies should generally be avoided during pregnancy. Pregnant women should always consult their gynaecologist before consuming any natural remedies or supplements.
Yes, pandan leaves can be freeze dried for storage13.
1. Li P, Fei T, Kang J, et al. Chemical composition, bioactivity, and applications of Pandanus amaryllifolius leaves: A comprehensive review. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2026;172:105682. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2026.105682 Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924224426001548
2. Bhuyan B, Sonowal R. AN OVERVIEW OF Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.exLindl. AND ITS POTENTIAL IMPACT ON HEALTH. In: 2021. Accessed June 25, 2026. Available from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/AN-OVERVIEW-OF-Pandanus-amaryllifolius-AND-ITS-ON-Bhuyan-Sonowal/7aca527463262b099c8a9c7c191b1e610b751119
3. Buddhakala N, Yongkhamcha B. Phytochemical constituents, and antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts from Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. Journal of Herbal Medicine. 2025 Sep 25:101062. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210803325000739
4. Wahyuni DK, Nuha GA, Atere TG, et al. Antimicrobial potentials of Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.: Phytochemical profiling, antioxidant, and molecular docking studies. PLoS One. 2024;19(8):e0305348. Published 2024 Aug 14. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0305348 Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0305348
5. Chiabchalard A, Nooron N. Antihyperglycemic effects of Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. leaf extract. Pharmacogn Mag. 2015;11(41):117-122. doi:10.4103/0973-1296.149724 Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25709220/
6. Safitri W, Putri Y, Sulistyawati RA, Sari FS, Kanita MW, Wulandari Y, Agustin WR, Sulisetyawati SD, Oktariani M. A comparative study between the effect of Pandan Wangi leaves boiled water with medication therapy on the blood pressure changes of hypertension patients. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2021 Nov 29;9(G):317-20. Available from: https://oamjms.eu/index.php/mjms/article/view/7359
7. Lieanto C, Arief MO, Azizah FN. Solvent Types of Pandan Leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) Extraction Effect on the Cutibacterium acne Activity and Development of its Spot Cream. Letters in Applied NanoBioScience. 2025;14 (4): 258 Available from: https://doi.org/10.33263/LIANBS144.258
8. Leny L, Diana VE, Ginting M, Iskandar B, Fadhila C. The effectiveness of pandan wangi leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) body scrub formulation in smoothing the skin. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development. 2022 Feb 14;10(1):1-5. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359354955_The_Effectiveness_of_Pandan_Wangi_Leaves_Pandanus_Amaryllifolius_RoxbBody_Scrub_Formulation_in_Smoothing_the_Skin
9. Furhad S, Bokhari A. Herbal Supplements. StatPearls. Published online September 2, 2024. Accessed June 25, 2026.Available from: https://app-statpearls-legacy-prod.azurewebsites.net/point-of-care/22811
10. Sinha AK, Sharma UK, Sharma N. A comprehensive review on vanilla flavor: Extraction, isolation and quantification of vanillin and others constituents. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2008;59(4):299-326. doi:10.1080/09687630701539350 Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17886091/
11. Joy PP. Lemongrass. 2006. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305495607_Lemongrass
12. Suntornsaratoon P, Bulanawichit W, Siricoon S, et al. Uricosuric, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. extract against potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia in rats. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):45700. Published 2025 Dec 25. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-27933-7 Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/399070895_Uricosuric_antioxidant_and_anti-inflammatory_properties_of_Pandanus_amaryllifolius_Roxb_extract_against_potassium_oxonate-induced_hyperuricemia_in_rats
13. Adhamatika A, Murtini ES, Sunarharum WB. The effect of leaf age and drying method on physico-chemical characteristics of pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) leaves powder. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2021;733(1):012073. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/733/1/012073 Available from: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/733/1/012073
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
1
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can spread to other parts of the body, such as the bones, spine, or brain1. This article will explain what bone tuberculosis is, its forms, common symptoms, and how to manage it efficiently. Early detection of this disease is critical since timely diagnosis and treatment can reduce long-term problems and enhance the chances of recovery.
Bone tuberculosis is a form of TB that occurs when the infection occurs in the bones or joints. It is also known as skeletal tuberculosis or osteoarticular tuberculosis. TB of the spine is the most common type of bone TB, also known as Pott’s disease. Other commonly affected regions include the hip, knee, ankle, and long bones. It develops slowly, may go unnoticed in the early stages, and can cause significant bone destruction over time if not diagnosed and treated early2.
TB can affect different parts of the skeletal system. The different types of bone TB include:
This is the most common type of bone tuberculosis, which affects the spinal vertebrae. It can cause the spinal bones to collapse, resulting in severe back pain and deformities such as kyphosis (hunchback). In severe disease, it can compress the spinal cord, resulting in neurological symptoms such as numbness of the extremities and buttock area and weakness3.
This type affects the long weight-bearing bone joints, such as the knees, hips, foot, and ankle. It develops slowly and leads to chronic pain, swelling, and stiffness in the affected joint. Over time, it can destroy joint cartilage and reduce mobility significantly. If untreated, it may result in permanent joint deformity4.
This one can affect almost any bone in the body, including the ribs, skull, pelvis, and long bones. It often develops through more than one route of infection5. In children, especially aged under 6, it can affect even fingers and toes (known as spina ventosa)6.
This condition affects more than one bone or joint at the same time or one after another. Commonly affected areas include the spine, pelvis, hip (femoral head), shoulders, and knees. It can cause symptoms like joint pain, stiffness, swelling, redness, warmth over the area, and difficulty in moving the joint. In severe cases, changes in bone shape or deformity may occur7.
Also Read: Spinal Tuberculosis (Pott’s Disease): Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis & More
Bone TB may be caused by:
Bone tuberculosis symptoms may develop gradually and can vary depending on the affected bone or joint. They can be divided into two:
Bone TB rarely causes general symptoms affecting the whole body. However, some people may experience the following:
Bone-related symptoms may occur due to damage and inflammation in the affected bones or joints. These include:
Bone TB is not usually communicable. Unlike pulmonary TB, which affects the lungs and can spread through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks1, bone TB develops when the TB bacteria travel from another region of the body to the bones or joints2,5.
A person with bone TB cannot spread the infection to others by physical contact, touching, sharing food, or being near someone. As a result, patients with bone TB are typically not considered contagious. However, if a person has both bone TB and active pulmonary TB, they may spread the TB bacteria through respiratory droplets from their lungs. In such cases, the lung infection is responsible for the transmission of TB, not the bone infection.
Bone tuberculosis diagnosis can be difficult since its symptoms usually appear gradually and resemble those of other bone and joint problems. Doctors usually confirm the diagnosis with a medical history, physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory investigations.
The doctor will ask about symptoms such as prolonged bone or joint pain, swelling, stiffness, fever, weight loss, and any previous TB exposure. They might also look for neurological symptoms (weakness, numbness, etc.), restricted joint movement, discomfort, and other signs and symptoms2.
The doctor might recommend blood tests such as:
The doctor may recommend this test to check for possible TB infection or exposure. The test checks for a skin reaction after injecting a small amount of tuberculin solution, usually on the forearm1,4.
The doctor might recommend some imaging tests to get a detailed view of the bones and joints:
To confirm the diagnosis of bone TB, the doctor may do a biopsy, which involves taking a small sample of tissue from the diseased bone and examining it. The sample is then sent to the laboratory to confirm the presence of the bacteria using tests2 such as AFB culture, which can help detect active TB infection and enable correct treatment planning. Please visit the site below to know more about the AFB (MGIT) test
Bone tuberculosis treatment primarily focuses on eliminating the TB bacteria, reducing pain and inflammation, and avoiding long-term damage to bones and joints. The doctor might recommend the following as treatment approaches:
If bone tuberculosis is not treated promptly, it can slowly progress and cause a variety of complications, such as:
Recovery from bone or spinal TB is usually slow and depends on how early the disease is detected and how well treatment is taken6. Most patients require several months of consistent medication, and improvement occurs gradually over time3,8 Pain and other symptoms usually begin to subside within a few weeks to months, although complete healing of bones and joints may take longer.
Along with completing the full course of TB treatment, following the lifestyle changes listed below may help improve the effectiveness of treatment:
Consult a doctor immediately for the following:
Also Read: Tuberculosis: Types, Causes, Treatment and Prevention
Bone tuberculosis is a serious but treatable form of TB that affects the bones and joints, most commonly the spine. Because its symptoms often appear gradually, early detection is critical for avoiding problems like bone degeneration, joint deformity, and nerve damage. Most patients can recover successfully if they receive immediate treatment, which includes antitubercular drugs and appropriate supportive care. Following the treatment as prescribed, eating a healthy diet, and attending regular doctor visits can help support recovery and lower the risk of complications.
People with persistent bone, joint, or back pain, swelling, stiffness, trouble moving the affected area, and symptoms such as fever, weight loss, or night sweats should be checked for bone TB. It may be diagnosed with the help of imaging tests (X-ray, CT scan, or MRI) and confirmed by tests, most commonly a bone or tissue sample4.
Yes, bone TB can usually be cured with early detection and a complete course of anti-tubercular drugs. Early treatment reduces problems and increases the likelihood of a full recovery3.
Bone TB can be avoided by lowering the risk of TB infection through early detection and treatment of active TB, avoiding close contact with untreated TB patients, and keeping a strong immune system. Good nutrition, good hygiene, and well-ventilated living areas may help reduce the risk of TB1,2.
Processed and junk foods, extra sugar, and alcohol should be avoided during bone TB treatment since they may decrease immunity and slow healing. Limit the intake of particularly fatty or deep-fried foods, as these may interfere with general healing and nourishment.
1. Tobin EH, Tristram D. Tuberculosis Overview. 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441916/
2. Pigrau-Serrallach C, Rodríguez-Pardo D. Bone and joint tuberculosis. Eur Spine J. 2013;22(S4):556-566. doi:10.1007/s00586-012-2331-y https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22711012/
3. Tobin EH, Rausch-Phung EA. Tuberculous Spondylitis (Pott Disease). 2026. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538331/
4. Marais LC, Nieuwoudt L, Nansook A, Menon A, Benito N. Tuberculous arthritis of native joints – a systematic review and European Bone and Joint Infection Society workgroup report. J Bone Joint Infect. 2023;8(4):189-207. doi:10.5194/jbji-8-189-2023 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37780528/
5. Emerson P, Philip A, Varghese GM, Thomas R. Tuberculous Osteomyelitis of the Hyoid Bone: A Case Report. Case Reports in Otolaryngology. 2013;2013:1-3. doi:10.1155/2013/549564 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3610351/
6. N. AlGhazi A, H. AlZahrani M, AlMutiri WA, AlZoum NM. Disseminated tuberculosis presenting as finger swelling in a 2-year-old: a case report of TB osteomyelitis. Case Reports in Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery. 2025;12(1):2473383. doi:10.1080/23320885.2025.2473383 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11899214/
7. Zhou J, Yang X, Hu Y, Li S. Epidemiological and osteoarticular involvement sites’ characteristics of multiple osteoarticular tuberculosis: a scoping review. Epidemiol Infect. 2025;153:e26. doi:10.1017/S095026882400150X https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39834064/
8. Herdea A, Marie H, Negrila IA, Abdel Hamid Ahmed AD, Ulici A. Reevaluating Pediatric Osteomyelitis with Osteoarticular Tuberculosis: Addressing Diagnostic Delays and Improving Treatment Outcomes. Children. 2024;11(11):1279. doi:10.3390/children11111279 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39594854/
9. Gupta K, Gupta R, Atreja A, Verma M, Vishvkarma S. Tuberculosis and nutrition. Lung India. 2009;26(1):9. doi:10.4103/0970-2113.45198 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20165588/
10. Spinal Tuberculosis: Rural India’s Hidden Epidemic. https://thespinefoundation.org/spinal-tuberculosis-hidden-epidemic/
11. Heshmati B, Omidi S, Mohammadi Y. Impact of alcohol consumption, substance use, and smoking on treatment outcomes in tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2025;14(1):139. doi:10.1186/s13643-025-02888-y https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40618124/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Have you ever experienced recurring mouth ulcers that make eating, drinking, and even speaking difficult? While mouth ulcers are common and usually harmless, recurrent or persistent ulcers can raise concerns about underlying health conditions. A common concern surrounding mouth ulcers is their possible association with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection.
The truth is that not all mouth ulcers are associated with HIV. Mouth ulcers can be caused by stress, nutritional deficiencies, infections, autoimmune disorders, and even unintentional bites inside the mouth, among other causes. However, in some cases, frequent or severe mouth ulcers may be associated with a weakened immune system, including HIV infection2.
Understanding the potential link between mouth ulcers and HIV might help people see warning signs early and seek medical attention when necessary. In this blog, we will take a look at the link between mouth ulcers and HIV, as well as symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and strategies for managing and avoiding recurring ulcers.
Mouth ulcers are painful sores that form inside your mouth. Common mouth ulcers, called recurrent aphthous ulcers, are usually found on the inner cheeks, lips, tongue, gums, and roof of the mouth, and look like tiny, shallow sores with a white or grey centre and a red border. Some patients may develop bigger ulcers (major aphthous ulcers). They might appear as a single large ulcer or in groups of small ulcers. They typically resolve within 1 or 2 weeks and are very painful. However, they can make everyday activities such as eating, drinking, brushing teeth, or speaking uncomfortable3.
Mouth ulcers are commonly caused by stress, spicy foods, vitamin deficiencies, hormonal changes, minor injuries inside the mouth, infections, and certain medical problems1,3. In some people, persistent or recurring mouth ulcers may be linked to a weak immune system, such as in HIV infection2.
Mouth ulcers can sometimes be seen in people with HIV, but having mouth ulcers does not necessarily indicate HIV. Mouth sores are common even in individuals without HIV and can develop for several reasons. Alteration in the immune system is one important cause1,3.
HIV infection weakens the immune system, making a person more likely to develop frequent, severe, or long-lasting mouth ulcers compared to a healthy individual. In addition, research shows that around 40-50% of people living with HIV develop oral infections caused by fungi, bacteria, or viruses, which may also present as mouth ulcers4.
So, while mouth ulcers are a common symptom in HIV, it is important to note that mouth ulcers can occur due to various reasons, and hence they cannot be considered as the sole sign of HIV. Moreover, oral lesions are often associated with other symptoms like weight loss, skin infections, fatigue, etc if HIV is present2.
If mouth ulcers are persistent, severe, or accompanied by other symptoms, it is important to see a doctor for an accurate diagnosis and testing.
Within a few weeks of being infected with HIV, some persons may have flu-like symptoms. These symptoms appear when the immune system reacts to an infection. While some people may not have any symptoms at all, others may notice some systemic (whole body) as well as oral symptoms during the early stages of infection. Common symptoms may include:
Note: These symptoms are not limited to HIV; they can also appear in a variety of other conditions. HIV can only be confirmed with thorough medical testing. If the symptoms persist or occur with a possible contact history, it is important to see a doctor.
HIV patients can get mouth ulcers due to a variety of reasons. The following are some of their common causes.
HIV patients frequently complain of lesions affecting the soft lining of mouth and throat as a result of their decreased immunity. These oral disorders can be frequent, severe, or slow to heal. They include:
Mouth ulcers and other oral disorders may happen because of several reasons; therefore, proper diagnosis is essential to finding the underlying cause. To determine if these oral problems are linked to HIV, your doctor may use some tests and diagnostic methods. These include the following:
The doctor will do a thorough examination of the mouth and throat to check for the following oral symptoms:
The doctor may ask about:
If the doctor feels that your symptoms and oral findings may be related to HIV, he will advise certain confirmatory HIV tests such as:
Treating HIV symptoms like mouth ulcers involves managing underlying infection along with supportive care that helps relieve symptoms and improves immunity. The common treatment options include:
Mouth ulcers are common in people living with HIV and may become worse due to weak immunity. This can cause several problems if left untreated. These include:
Avoiding mouth ulcers in people living with HIV is critical for reducing discomfort, improving eating ability, and maintaining good oral health by boosting immunity and avoiding triggers. The following are some tips that you can consider for this:
Note: The following preventative tips are meant to improve general awareness and shouldn’t replace medical advice. If you have recurrent or severe mouth ulcers, you should seek medical attention for an accurate diagnosis and treatment.
Regular oral check-up is anyway needed for all individuals diagnosed with HIV.
In general, mouth ulcers should not be ignored if they become frequent, severe, or do not heal as expected. Medical advice is important to avoid complications and identify any underlying infection or immune-related issues. Consult a doctor for the following reasons:
Mouth ulcer HIV transmission can occur due to direct contact with the infected lesions. If you’ve had any such contact with an infected individual, consult your doctor immediately for testing.
Also Read: HIV Cure: Is it possible? Know the Symptoms and Treatment Options
Mouth ulcers are widespread and typically harmless; they often heal on their own. They are not a direct indicator of HIV. However, if they occur frequently, severely, or for an extended period of time, seek medical attention. Early evaluation and testing, when necessary, can help in the proper diagnosis and treatment.
Oral manifestations of HIV are signs and symptoms that arise in the mouth as a result of HIV infection. These include mouth ulcers, oral thrush, gum disease, dry mouth, and other infections caused by a weakened immune system6.
Mouth ulcers are common in people with HIV, especially when the immune system becomes weak. They may be frequent, more painful, and take longer to heal compared to normal mouth ulcers2,4.
Most mouth ulcers heal on their own within 1 to 2 weeks without any treatment. If they last longer or keep coming back, medical advice should be taken3.
1. Mouth Ulcers. 2025. doi: https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/mouth-ulcers
2. Slayter KL, Marrie TJ. Treatment of Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers in an HIV Patient – An Emerging Use for Pentoxifylline. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology. 1998;9(3):189-190. doi:10.1155/1998/569317 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3250908/
3. Mouth sores and ulcers (canker sores). 2024. doi: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/mouth-sores-and-ulcers
4. Kuteyi T, Okwundu CI. Topical treatments for HIV-related oral ulcers. Cochrane HIV/AIDS Group, ed. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012;2012(1). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007975.pub2 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/396572331_Clinical_features_of_oral_cavity_lesions_in_patients_with_HIV_infection
5. HIV. 2025. doi: https://medlineplus.gov/hiv.html
6. HIV/AIDS & Oral Health. 2024. doi: https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/hiv-aids
7. Lomelí-Martínez SM, González-Hernández LA, Ruiz-Anaya AJ, et al. Oral Manifestations Associated with HIV/AIDS Patients. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022;58(9):1214. doi:10.3390/medicina58091214 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36143891/
8. Scully C, Diz Dios P. Orofacial effects of antiretroviral therapies. Oral Dis. 2001;7(4):205-210. doi: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11575869/
9. Bajpai S, Pazare A. Oral manifestations of HIV. Contemp Clin Dent. 2010;1(1):1. doi:10.4103/0976-237X.62510 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22114368/
10. HIV Testing. 2025. doi: https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/hiv-testing
11. Screening and diagnosis for HIV. 2025. doi: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003538.htm
12. Layden AJ, Finkelstein JL. B-vitamins and HIV/AIDS. doi: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572219/
13. Vitamins and minerals. 2024. doi: https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/Vitamins-and-minerals
14. Six relaxation techniques to reduce stress. doi: https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/six-relaxation-techniques-to-reduce-stress
15. What to eat when your mouth is sore. 2020. doi: https://www.health.tas.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-11/What_to_eat_when_your_mouth_is_sore.pdf
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are among the most common infections worldwide. Millions of new STIs occur every year, many of which remain undiagnosed because they do not always cause noticeable symptoms1,2.
While STDs affect both men and women, women are more prone to complications from STDs. They may lead to several serious reproductive and health issues if not addressed. However, many STDs are avoidable and manageable with early diagnosis and proper care1.
This blog provides an overview of STDs in women, including their symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment options, and preventive measures, to help women make informed decisions about their sexual and reproductive health.
STDs are infections caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites that are transmitted through vaginal, anal, or oral sexual contact. Common examples include chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, herpes, HIV, human papillomavirus (HPV), and trichomoniasis1.
While STDs can affect anyone who is sexually active, certain anatomical and environmental factors can make women more vulnerable to STDs and their complications3. These include pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, pregnancy-related complications, and an increased risk of certain cancers and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection1.
Many STDs may cause mild or no STD symptoms in females, making them difficult to detect early and increasing the risk of complications if left untreated1. Thus, regular screening and timely medical consultation are essential for early detection and prevention of long-term health problems associated with STDs.
STDs in women may sometimes cause no symptoms at all, especially in the early stages. When STD symptoms in women do occur, they can vary depending on the type of infection and may range from mild irritation to more serious health problems.
Common signs of STD in females include5,6:
Common STD symptoms in women include5,6:
Also, STDs during pregnancy can lead to several complications, such as the risk of miscarriage, premature birth, infections in the newborn, congenital infections such as congenital syphilis, and transmission of infections like HIV from mother to baby5.
The following are some of the most common STDs seen in women5:
This is a common bacterial STD caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. It often shows no early symptoms of STD in females, making early detection difficult. Common symptoms may include abnormal vaginal discharge, burning during urination, pelvic pain, and pain during sex. If left untreated, it may lead to PID (with complications like long-term pelvic pain, blocked fallopian tubes, and pregnancy outside the uterus (ectopic pregnancy).
This is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It spreads through sexual contact and may infect the reproductive tract, rectum, or throat. Symptoms can include painful urination, unusual vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, and abnormal bleeding between periods. Some women may remain asymptomatic.
This is a viral infection caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2). It commonly causes painful blisters or sores around the genitals, itching, burning, and discomfort during urination. The virus remains in the body and may reactivate over time.
This is one of the most common viral STDs in women. Many women may not notice symptoms, but some may develop warts around the genital area. Certain types of HPV can cause genital warts, while high-risk strains may lead to cervical cancer. This is why regular screening is needed (even after vaccination).
This is a bacterial infection caused by Treponema pallidum. It usually begins with a painless sore (chancre) at the site of infection. Other symptoms may include skin rashes, fever, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue. If unaddressed, syphilis may cause severe complications affecting multiple organs.
This is a parasitic infection caused by Trichomonas vaginalis. Common symptoms include frothy or foul-smelling vaginal discharge, genital itching, redness, and discomfort during urination or sexual intercourse. Some women may not develop noticeable symptoms.
Early diagnosis of STDs is important because many infections may not cause noticeable symptoms in the beginning. Testing can help detect early symptoms of STDs in females, avoid complications, and reduce the risk of transmission to others.
Women should consider STD testing if they5,7:
Note: Routine screening depends on age, sexual activity, and individual risk factors. A doctor can guide you on the appropriate screening schedule.
Based on your presenting STD symptoms in women, a doctor may perform any of the following tests5:
Management for STDs in females depends on the type of infection, its severity, and the patient’s overall health. Common options for treatment for STDs in females include5:
Commonly prescribed for bacterial STDs such as chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and syphilis.
Commonly used to manage viral infections such as genital herpes and HIV.
Infections such as trichomoniasis are commonly managed with antiparasitic medications.
Certain STDs, such as genital warts caused by HPV, may be managed with topical creams or ointments prescribed by a doctor.
Cryotherapy (freezing), laser treatment, surgical removal, or other procedures may be used to remove genital warts or address abnormal cervical cells caused by HPV infection.
Sexual partners may also need testing and treatment to avoid getting infected again and further spread of STDs.
Pain relief medicines, proper genital hygiene, hydration, and avoiding unprotected sexual activity may help relieve STD symptoms in women and support recovery.
Seeking medical advice and avoiding sexual activity when STD symptoms in females are present, such as sores, discharge, or pain. This could even help minimise the risk of transmission8.
Important: Do not take antibiotics or other medicines without medical advice, as incorrect treatment or misuse of antibiotics may delay proper diagnosis, worsen the infection, or lead to antibiotic resistance.
STDs can often be avoided through safe sexual practices, regular screening, vaccination, and awareness. The following measures can help reduce the risk of STDs in women:
Proper use of condoms during vaginal, oral, and anal sex helps reduce the risk of many STDs, including HIV1.
Routine testing helps detect infections early, especially because many STDs may not cause noticeable STD symptoms in females1,7.
Reducing the number of sexual partners and practicing mutual monogamy can lower the risk of infection7.
Vaccines against HPV (preferably before becoming sexually active) and hepatitis B provide effective protection against these viral infections and their complications6.
Getting tested before starting a sexual relationship can help avoid the spread of infections6,7.
If diagnosed with an STD, informing current or recent sexual partners is important so they can also get tested and treated if needed. This will help avoid reinfection and further spread of infection9.
Douching (washing or cleaning the inside of the vagina with liquids or cleansing products) can disturb the natural balance of healthy bacteria and may increase the risk of infections, including STDs10. Thus, it is better to avoid.
Pregnant women should undergo screening for infections such as HIV, hepatitis B, and syphilis to help protect both maternal and baby’s health5.
Women should consult a doctor if they experience any symptoms or concerns related to STDs. This can help avoid complications and ensure timely management.
You should seek medical attention if you have1,5,6:
Also Read: HPV in Women: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options
STDs are common infections that can affect women of all ages and may sometimes cause no noticeable symptoms. If left unaddressed, they can lead to serious health complications, including reproductive and pregnancy-related problems. Therefore, awareness of signs and STD symptoms in females, regular screening, safe sexual practices, timely medical care, and vaccination could help in early detection and prevention.
With proper diagnosis, treatment, and preventive measures, many STDs can be effectively managed, helping women protect their sexual and reproductive health.
Yes, many STDs in women may not cause noticeable symptoms, especially in the early stages5. This is why regular screening is important.
A woman may have an STD for months or even years without knowing11. It depends on the type of infection and whether symptoms develop.
Symptoms may appear within a few weeks to several weeks after exposure12. However, some STDs may remain asymptomatic for a long time.
Yes, many STDs, such as chlamydia, HPV, and gonorrhoea, can remain asymptomatic in women while still causing complications if untreated1. Thus, if your test results come back abnormal, you should see a doctor as soon as possible.
Some STDs, especially bacterial and parasitic infections, can be effectively cleared with proper medication. Viral infections such as HIV, herpes, and HPV can usually be controlled and managed with appropriate medical care1,5. Your doctor will guide you on this based on your test results and symptoms.
1. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Accessed May 8, 2026.https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)
2. Bhatta M, Majumdar A, Ghosh U, et al. Sexually transmitted infections among key populations in India: A protocol for systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2023;18(3):e0279048. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279048 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36913427/
3. Van Gerwen OT, Muzny CA, Marrazzo JM. Sexually transmitted infections and female reproductive health. Nat Microbiol. 2022;7(8):1116-1126. doi:10.1038/s41564-022-01177-x https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35918418/
4. What causes sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or sexually transmitted infections (STIs)? | NICHD – Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. January 31, 2017. Accessed May 8, 2026. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stds/conditioninfo/causes
5. Garcia MR, Leslie SW, Wray AA. Sexually Transmitted Infections. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Accessed May 8, 2026. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560808/
6. Sexually Transmitted Infections. Accessed May 8, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/sexuallytransmittedinfections.html
7. Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Tests: MedlinePlus Medical Test. Accessed May 8, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/sexually-transmitted-infection-sti-tests/
8. Lytle-Barnaby R. Sexually Transmitted Diseases: An Overview. Del J Public Health. 2016;2(2):26-31. doi:10.32481/djph.2016.04.009 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8389050/
9. Partner notification methods to prevent or reduce STIs – NCBI Bookshelf. Accessed May 10, 2026. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK589853/
10. TSAI CS, SHEPHERD BE, VERMUND SH. Does Douching Increase Risk for Sexually Transmitted Infections? A Prospective Study in High-Risk Adolescents. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200(1):38.e1-38.e8. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.06.026 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18667177/
11. About Trichomoniasis | Trichomoniasis | CDC. Accessed May 8, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/trichomoniasis/about/index.html
12. Wihlfahrt K, Günther V, Mendling W, et al. Sexually Transmitted Diseases—An Update and Overview of Current Research. Diagnostics. 2023;13(9):1656. doi:10.3390/diagnostics13091656 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10178083/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Have you ever felt a sudden twist or a sharp pain in your leg while walking on an uneven road, running, or while playing sports? Sprained ankles are one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries which commonly occur in physically active individuals1.
While these are often classified as minor injuries, improper or delayed management may lead to pain, and a higher risk of repeated sprains. In this blog, we will understand what is a sprained ankle, the causes of a sprained ankle, the symptoms you may face and sprained ankle treatment.
A sprained ankle, one of the most common injuries in athletes, occurs when the ligaments in the ankle joint of your legs are stretched or torn. This may lead to pain and a restricted range of movements2.
These injuries commonly occur when your ankle twists too far inward or outward, putting more force on the ligaments. These movements may cause your ligaments to stretch, partially tear, or completely tear1.
Based on the ligaments involved, the types of ankle sprains include1,3:
This is the most common type of ankle sprain occurring due to inversion of the foot (inward turning of foot) which places excessive stress on the lateral ligament complex, particularly the anterior talofibular ligament, which is the most frequently injured ligament, followed by the calcaneofibular ligament. The posterior talofibular ligament is rarely injured except in severe trauma. It is found that injuries to the lateral ligament complex of the ankle occur in about 1 in 10,000 people per day, accounting for 25% of all injuries in athletes4.
A medial ankle sprain results from eversion (outward turning) of the foot leading to injury of the deltoid ligament complex on the medial (inward) side of the ankle. These are relatively less common compared to lateral sprains.
A high ankle sprain involves injury to the distal tibiofibular ligaments, which stabilize the tibia and fibula above the ankle joint. High ankle sprains are less common and are often associated with long recovery periods5.
These types of ankle sprains occur when more than one ligament group is injured simultaneously.
Sprained ankles are graded based on their severity into 3 grades1,6:
| Grade | Description | Symptoms |
| Grade I (Mild) | Involves slight stretching of your ligament and may involve microscopic tears | Mild pain and mild swelling. |
| Grade II (Moderate) | Involves a partial or incomplete ligament tear | Moderate pain, swelling, bruising, tenderness over the affected area. |
| Grade III (Severe) | Involves a complete tear of one or more ligaments. | Severe pain with widespread swelling and bruising. |
Hence, identifying the grade of an ankle sprain can help you to determine the right sprained ankle treatment approach, recovery time, and understand whether immobilisation or surgery may be required.
A sprained ankle occurs when the ankle rolls in an abnormal direction, overstretching or damaging the supporting ligaments causing your foot to twist downward and inward. Common ankle sprain causes include7:
The most commonly noticed sprained ankle symptoms include1,7:
If you notice any of these sprained ankle symptoms, it is best to speak to your doctor and get medical care1,7.
Risk factors for ankle sprains include8:
Understanding and addressing these risk factors can play a key role in preventing ankle sprains and reducing the chances of recurrent injury8.
A sprained ankle is usually diagnosed based on a combination of clinical evaluation and imaging studies, depending on the severity of the injury1,7.
Hence, by following these steps, your doctor can accurately diagnose a sprained ankle and determine its severity, which may help for planning sprained ankle treatment1,7.
If you have suffered an ankle injury, using some home remedies for sprained ankle may help reduce pain, control swelling, and promote healing7.
Follow the RICE Method7:
Follow the NO HARM Guidelines7:
These home remedies for sprained ankles may help deal with low impact/less serious types of injuries, however, if your symptoms don’t improve or worsen, you must seek medical attention immediately.
Also Read: Joint Pain During the Monsoon: Causes, Symptoms, Exercises & Relief Tips
Treatment of a sprained ankle depends on the severity, the ligaments involved, and the patient’s activity level. Your doctor may recommend the following.
The sprained ankle treatment goals are to reduce pain and swelling, promote ligament healing, and restore movement and strength. Following your doctor’s instructions properly can help better manage your condition and promote timely recovery.
Also Read: Is It Dangerous to Have Fluid in the Knee? Causes, Home Remedies & Treatment
You can reduce your risk of ankle sprains by following these simple steps7,10,11:
These ankle sprain exercises should be performed slowly and in a controlled manner following a doctor’s advice and under the guidance of a trained professional.
Also Read: Best Frozen Shoulder Exercises for Pain Relief
You should seek medical advice if you experience any of the following:
Also Read: Best Exercises for Knock Knees (Genu Valgum) You Should Try
Ankle sprain recovery depends on severity. Grade 1 (mild) sprains heal in 1–2 weeks, Grade 2 (moderate) take 3–6 weeks, and Grade 3 (severe) can require 6–12 weeks or longer for full recovery1.
It is important to follow the RICE protocol and avoid walking for the first 24–72 hours to allow swelling to subside. Following this period, you should gradually weight-bear as tolerated to speed recovery. If you cannot bear any weight or suspect a fracture, consult a doctor immediately1,7.
The first aid for a sprained ankle follows the RICE protocol (Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation) to minimize swelling and pain in the first 24 to 48 hours1,7.
Wrapping a sprained ankle provides compression to reduce swelling and helps to support injured ligaments. It is recommended to use an elastic bandage in a figure-eight pattern, ensuring it is snug. Consult a doctor if you cannot bear weight or if pain is severe1.
Over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen or naproxen may be recommended to reduce both pain and inflammation in ankle injuries. Additionally, topical NSAID gels such as diclofenac are also effective with fewer systemic side effects. If NSAIDs aren’t suitable, acetaminophen may help manage pain12. However, it is best to consult a doctor rather than starting any medication on your own.
The 4 signs of a severe ankle sprain include the inability to bear weight or walk, swelling or bruising, severe pain and joint instability. If you are facing any of these signs and symptoms, it is important to consult your doctor immediately1.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Proper knee alignment is an important factor that determines how we sit, stand, and walk. Many people suffer from conditions that can alter this alignment, which not only affect their posture and balance, but also their confidence to walk or stand. One such condition is “knock knees”. And what is a knock knee?
Well, knock knees, which is also known as genu valgum, is a type of knee problem where the legs turn inward, with knees touching each other, while the feet are apart. This is commonly seen in infants as they are born with bowlegs, because their legs are folded in the mother’s womb. However, sometimes it might persist in adolescents or adults due to injury or other health problems1.
While the condition may impact walking, the good news is that many mild to moderate cases improve with proper management including a specific exercises regime. These can help achieve proper knee alignment, strengthen supporting muscles and reduce discomfort. In this guide, we will look at some of the best exercises that may help support better knee stability and overall leg alignment.
As mentioned earlier, knock-knees is a condition where the knees bend inward and touch each other when a person stands with their legs straight. At the same time, the ankles remain separated1. This inward angling of the knees can affect the alignment of the legs. While some individuals may not show any symptoms, the condition can cause leg pain, walking difficulty and alter the walking pattern in others2.
In children, knock knees are often considered a normal stage of growth and may gradually correct themselves as they grow. However, if the condition remains in older children or adults, it might be due to muscle imbalance, injury, or other health conditions1.
Knock knees can be caused by a variety of reasons. Following are some common knock knee causes.
Although sometimes knock-knees may be asymptomatic, the condition can potentially present with several noticeable signs and symptoms. The following are some symptoms, which may vary depending on the severity of the condition and the age of the person.
A simple self-check can help identify if you have knock knees. The following can be performed at home to check for a knock knee.
Note: This does not replace medical diagnosis; it might only give an initial idea about knee alignment. Please seek medical attention for confirmation.
To confirm knock knees, healthcare professionals might perform a few examinations and tests to evaluate the alignment of the legs and identify possible underlying causes. These include:
Exercises might help strengthen the muscles around the hips, thighs, and knees, which support better leg alignment. Regular strengthening and stretching exercises may improve stability and reduce the inward movement of the knees. The following are some of the best exercises for knock knees.
Note: These exercises are recommended to be performed under the guidance of an expert to avoid unnecessary injury or worsening the current condition.
The above-mentioned exercises focus on strengthening the hip and leg muscles, activating the rotatory leg muscles and stretching the inner thigh muscles. Combined, these knock knee exercises may show the following benefits.
Also Read: Types of Bone Fracture: Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention
Knock knees treatment depends on a person’s age, the severity of the condition, and whether it causes pain or difficulty with movement. The following suggests treatment approaches.
Also Read: Home Remedies For Knee Joint Pain By Dr. Siddharth Gupta
While mild knock knees in children often improve naturally, it is important to seek medical advice in certain situations. Consulting a doctor ensures proper evaluation and timely treatment if needed.
Consult a doctor if:
Also Read: Best Frozen Shoulder Exercises for Pain Relief
Knock knees, or genu valgum, is a common condition that often appears in children and may persist into adolescence or adulthood. While mild cases in children can improve naturally, targeted exercises, physiotherapy, and proper management can help strengthen supporting muscles, improve knee alignment, reduce discomfort, and enhance walking and posture. Early evaluation is important for the best outcomes, and with the right management and guidance, knock knees can often be effectively managed, allowing for better mobility, balance, and confidence in daily activities.
Also Read: Is It Dangerous to Have Fluid in the Knee? Causes, Home Remedies & Treatment
Mild to moderate knock knees in adults are said to be improved by certain exercises, though not corrected fully. This might be possible by performing exercises targeting the hips, thighs, and glutes6,8,11.
Yes, weak hip muscles might directly cause or contribute to knock knees. Hence, exercises focussing on strengthening these muscles can show a positive effect16.
Knock knees are generally not considered a disability. It is an alignment issue, especially seen in children. It can also be a result of various conditions like bone infections, nutrient deficiencies, obesity, etc1.
Yes, there might be higher chances of healing knock knees effectively by surgeries. The less aggressive alternatives include braces, medications, and exercises. However, there might be no need of treatments in kids, as the knock knees in them might resolve on their own once they start growing1.
The specialised shoes or shoes with braces might help improve knee alignment and correct knock knees1.
Knock knees in kids usually resolve by themselves. If the problem continues beyond 7 years, there are options like braces or surgeries to correct knock knees in kids1.
Knock knees can often be managed non surgically in kids and in adults if there are no severities. As in kids, it usually resolves by age 7; they might not need any approaches, while in adults, other approaches include braces, exercises and managing underlying conditions such as obesity, nutrient deficiencies, etc., contributing to knock knees1.
1. Knock Knees. 2024. Doi: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001263.htm
2. Knock Knees: NHS. 2023. Doi: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/knock-knees/
3. Knock Knees (Genu valgum): Nemour’s Kids Health. doi: https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/knock-knees.
4. Patel M, Nelson R. Genu Valgum. 2023. Doi: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559244/
5. Bow-Legs and Knock Knees. 2024. Doi: https://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/bow-legs-and-knock-knees-factsheet
6. Corliss J. Move of the month: Standing side leg raise. 2023. Doi: https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/move-of-the-month-standing-side-leg-raise
7. Lorenzetti S, Ostermann M, Zeidler F, et al. How to squat? Effects of various stance widths, foot placement angles and level of experience on knee, hip and trunk motion and loading. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2018;10(1):14. doi:10.1186/s13102-018-0103-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30026952/
8. Kaleem S, Noor R, Salman Bashir M, Ikram M. Effects of clamshell exercises in terminal extension lag after ACL reconstruction. The Knee. 2024;48:226-233. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2024.04.007. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38763073/
9. Hip and Knee Rehabilitation. Doi: https://www.veteranshealthlibrary.va.gov/rehab/PhysicalTherapy/HipKnee/3,16209
10. Lehecka BJ, Edwards M, Haverkamp R, et al. BUILDING A BETTER GLUTEAL BRIDGE: ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF HIP MUSCLE ACTIVITY DURING MODIFIED SINGLE-LEG BRIDGES. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2017;12(4):543-549. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28900560/
11. Riemann B, Congleton A, Ward R, Davies GJ. Biomechanical comparison of forward and lateral lunges at varying step lengths. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2013;53(2):130-138. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23584319/
12. Side Lunges. Doi: https://hw.qld.gov.au/blog/exercise/side-lunges-2/
13. Train Like an Astronaut: Adapted Physical Activity Strategies. Doi: https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/spacewalk_-_adapted.pdf
14. Bennell KL, Hunt MA, Wrigley TV, Hunter DJ, Hinman RS. The effects of hip muscle strengthening on knee load, pain, and function in people with knee osteoarthritis: a protocol for a randomised, single-blind controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007;8(1):121. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-8-121. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18067658/
15. Painkillers and Arthritis Pain Relief. Doi: https://www.arthritis-uk.org/information-and-support/understanding-arthritis/arthritis-treatments/drugs/painkillers-and-nsaids/
16. Crowell KR, Nokes RD, Cosby NL. Weak Hip Strength Increases Dynamic Knee Valgus in Single-Leg Tasks of Collegiate Female Athletes. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 2021;30(8):1220-1223. doi:10.1123/jsr.2021-0043. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34153942/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Ramphal (Annona reticulata), which is also known as bullock’s heart, is a fruit belonging to the Annonaceae family. This family comprises a diverse group of tropical fruits that includes 4 other major edible species, which are custard apple (A. squamosa), cherimoya (A. cherimola), soursop (A. muricata), and ilama (A. macroprophyllata)1.
Ramphal fruit is versatile and is valued for both its taste and its traditional medicinal uses. In folk medicine, different parts of the plant have been used to help with various illnesses. It has also been used in certain industrial applications2.
Since there are numerous wide ranging properties of this fruit, through this article, we aim to provide an overview of Ramphal, including its uses, proposed health benefits, and potential side effects.
Ramphal is a species native to the West Indies and is widely cultivated throughout tropical and subtropical areas, including the Bahamas, parts of Central and South America, Bermuda, southern Florida, and several Asian countries such as India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan2,3. In India, it is commonly grown in the states of Bengal and southern regions2.
Botanical Characteristics
Fruit Description
The table below presents the key Ramphal nutrition values, providing a simple overview of its macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, and other important components per 100 g of edible fruit4.
| Nutrient Category | Nutrient | Amount (per 100 g) |
| Energy & Macronutrients | Energy | 326 kJ |
| Protein | 1.4 g | |
| Fat | 0.6 g | |
| Carbohydrates (available) | 15.8 g | |
| Total Sugars | 14.7 g | |
| Dietary Fibre | 2.5 g | |
| Vitamins | Vitamin C | 43 mg |
| Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) | 0.05 mg | |
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) | 0.08 mg | |
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin) | 0.8 mg | |
| Vitamin B6 | 0.22 mg | |
| Folate (natural) | 20 µg | |
| Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) | 0.3 mg | |
| Vitamin A (as carotene equivalents) | 5 µg | |
| Minerals | Potassium | 250 mg |
| Magnesium | 32 mg | |
| Calcium | 17 mg | |
| Phosphorus | 21 mg | |
| Iron | 0.3 mg | |
| Zinc | 0.2 mg | |
| Sodium | 4 mg | |
| Organic Acids | Citric acid | 0.3 g |
| Malic acid | 0.3 g | |
| Fatty Acids | Saturated Fat | 0.16 g |
| Monounsaturated Fat | 0.10 g | |
| Polyunsaturated Fat | 0.22 g |
The leaves, roots, bark, and fruits of Ramphal contain abundant phytochemicals, including tannins, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, and acetogenins1. These bioactive compounds are responsible for Ramphal’s benefits and form the basis for many of its traditional medicinal uses. Some of the common Ramphal benefits backed by scientific evidence include:
Ramphal leaf extracts may be helpful in reducing fever owing to the flavonoids and saponins present in them, which are natural anti-inflammatory compounds. These are shown to have antipyretic (fever-reducing) effects in animal studies5. This suggests its potential natural support for managing high body temperature.
Certain leaf extracts of Ramphal have demonstrated strong anti-worm activity. It was seen that these extracts were able to cause paralysis in adult Indian earthworms. This may be attributed to the active constituents present in the ethanol leaf extract6. This property aligns with Ramphal’s traditional use for parasitic infections.
Methanolic leaf extracts of Ramphal have shown to reduce blood glucose in glucose-loaded mice. This effect is observed due to certain phytochemicals present in the leaf that help in reducing glucose spikes7. This indicates possible support for managing elevated blood sugar.
Bark extracts of Ramphal have shown analgesic effects in animal studies. This is due to its notable antiinflammatory ability (inhibition of chemical mediators like proglandins) that help relieves pain and inflammation throughout the body8,9. This suggests Ramphal may be useful for managing inflammatory conditions after professional consultation.
Methanol extracts of Ramphal have shown significant antioxidant effects due to the presence of natural compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and Vitamin C. These help fight free-radicles, strengthen immune-system and aid in lowering the risk of certain chronic diseases. Owing to its antioxidant properties, this fruit can potentially be beneficial for some brain, heart and kidney related conditions10,11.
The root extract of Ramphal demonstrates significant antibacterial and antifungal properties. It is especially effective against Bacillus cereus and also reduces the growth of fungi such as Trichoderma viride and Candida albicans11. This indicates its promise as a natural source for developing new antimicrobial treatments.
The seed extract of Ramphal is rich in flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and other healing phytochemicals. In a study, it showed significant wound-repair activity by improving wound contraction and speeding up its closure12. This indicates potential benefits of Ramphal extracts as a component of skin healing formulations.
In traditional Indian medicine, it has also been widely used for managing various skin and scalp conditions. This is because Ramphal is packed with bioactive compounds like alkaloids and acetogenins that help deal-with inflammation. Application as hair conditioner has been shown to manage dandruff and lice-infestation of scalp13.
Aqueous leaf extracts of Ramphal have reduced ulcer formation and improved protective factors in animal studies. It acts by reducing acid production, balancing pH and improving glutathione levels. This suggests potential benefits for stomach health14. However, the fruit is best eaten for gastrointestinal related problems (like acidity) after the advice of a qualified doctor.
Certain compounds from the root extracts have shown to fight some types of cancer cells. These anticancer properties are likely due to bioactive compounds such as acetogenins and alkaloids15. This suggests that Ramphal may offer leads for future anticancer research.
Note: Most of these benefits are stated from lab data (animals or in vitro). Although they suggest potential health utility and support traditional Ramphal uses, further large scale human trials are still needed for validation. Therefore, these should not be taken as definitive proof for humans or a substitute for modern medicine.
Ramphal can be enjoyed in many delicious and versatile forms. Its sweet, custard-like pulp and pleasant aroma make it suitable for everyday foods, beverages, and value-added preparations. However, please keep in mind that Ramphal has a slightly sour taste (when compared to a custard apple). Thus, to balance the mild sourness, you may add sugar to the recipes as and when needed (being cautious of excess sugar addition). You can also add 1 or 2 drops of vanilla essence for flavour and to balance the sourness.
Below are some simple ways to include Ramphal fruit in the diet.
The fruit’s natural aroma and custard-like texture make it a popular dessert fruit, similar to custard apple.
How to use: Ramphal can be eaten fresh by simply scooping out the soft, sweet pulp13.
Its soft pulp blends easily, giving beverages a rich texture.
To prepare: Combine Ramphal pulp with milk (along with sweeteners or spices, if preferred) to make a refreshing milkshake16.
Processed Ramphal pulp can be used as a natural sweetener and nutrient-rich base.
To prepare: Blend the cleaned and deseeded fruit into a smooth puree and add to your desired food items like breakfast bowls or custards16.
Ramphal’s sugar content and pectin-like behaviour make it suitable for jam-making.
To prepare: Use a mixture of about 60% pulp, 40% sugar, and a small amount of citric acid16. Cook until thick and store in sterilised jars.
Its mild acidity and sweetness make it ideal for ready-to-serve beverages.
To prepare: Blend Ramphal pulp with water or other fruit juices. Add sugar or lemon if needed and serve chilled16.
Ramphal’s texture closely resembles custard apple, making it perfect for frozen treats.
To prepare: Mix pulp with whipping cream, condensed milk, sugar, and milk powder. Freeze for 7 to 8 hours to create a creamy, flavorful ice cream13.
Drying Ramphal pulp extends shelf life and makes it easy to add to foods.
To prepare: Dry the pulp using tray drying, freeze-drying, or foam-mat drying. Store and use the powder in smoothies, baked goods, or health mixes16.
Like other Annona fruits, Ramphal may be used in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation.
To prepare: Ferment diluted pulp with lactic acid bacteria cultures to create a tangy, non-dairy probiotic drink16.
Like other fruits from the Annonaceae family, Ramphal is generally safe when eaten in moderation, but certain precautions are recommended due to its bioactive compounds. Potential side effects include:
Also Read: Potato (Aloo): Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!
While Ramphal is generally safe and nutritious, certain precautions should be kept in mind to ensure safe consumption:
Do not chew or ingest Ramphal seeds, as they may be harmful, and avoid consuming unripe Ramphal, since it can be hard and difficult to digest18.
Ramphal generally does not interact negatively with most medications or food items. However, compounds of the Annonacae family may add to neurotoxicity when taken alongside neuroactive medicines (such as drugs for Parkinson’s disease)17. Therefore, avoid consuming seeds or concentrated extracts.
Note: If you have any medical conditions or take any medications, it is best to consult your doctor before including Ramphal in your routine diet.
Also Read: Karela Juice: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!
Normal food-level consumption of Ramphal fruit (a fruit of around 100 g) is generally considered safe19. However, its ideal to consult a certified nutritionist to know the right quantity for you depending on your overall health and requirements.
Note: Concentrated extracts, herbal teas, or long-term habitual high intake (as observed in Annonacae species-related studies) may pose risks and should be avoided until further evidence clarifies the safety profile of Ramphal in particular17,18.
Also Read: Cherries: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!
Ramphal stands out as a nutritious and traditionally valued fruit with diverse culinary and medicinal applications. It is rich in phytochemicals such as tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and glycosides, and demonstrates a wide range of biological activities in initial studies, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and wound-healing effects.
While long-term research is still needed, normal dietary intake of Ramphal fruit in moderate quantities is largely considered safe. Yet, like any other natural remedy, in case of any medical issues, its ideal to discuss with a doctor before including Ramphal in routine diet. Overall, Ramphal offers significant nutritional, functional, and value-addition potential, making it a promising fruit for both traditional use and modern food innovation.
Also Read: Lemon Water: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects and More!
Individuals with medical conditions like diabetes and pregnant or breastfeeding women should discuss with their doctor before consuming this fruit regularly. Also, those with Parkinson’s disease should avoid excessive intake of Ramphal, as safety of Annonaceae group of fruits in this group is ambiguous17.
In traditional Indian diets and Ayurvedic practice, ripe Ramphal is generally considered a fruit that has a cooling effect20.
Yes, it’s antioxidants and vitamin C may help improve skin health3,20.
Ramphal is not very high in calories. Based on nutrient data, Ramphal provides about 306 to 326 kJ per 100 g, which equals roughly 73 to 78 kcal per 100 g4. This makes it a moderate-calorie fruit.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
