Malaria is one of the most dreaded diseases. It is widespread across more than 90 countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and regions of South America. It occurs when the malaria parasite, Plasmodium, infects the female mosquito, Anopheles1. When the malaria mosquito bites humans, within a period of 10 to 15 days, the malaria symptoms start to occur2.
Malaria symptoms vary depending on the subspecies of the Plasmodium that has infected the Anopheles mosquito. Based on the malarial parasite involved, there are four different types of malaria. Each of these types have a different severity of symptoms and needs to be treated differently.
In this blog, we will discuss in detail about malaria; its type, symptoms and treatment. These will help you better understand this infection and know when to act promptly.
This is the most common kind of malaria. It is the most widely distributed kind, found all across the globe. More than half of malaria infections found across India are of this type. It may be present in dormant stages and its presence can lead to recurrent episodes of the disease.
More often than not, it does not prove fatal but can be severely debilitating. Common symptoms of this kind of malarial disease include fever and chills, diarrhoea, severe fatigue and flu-like symptoms3.
This is one of the least common types of malaria. It is found mostly in western countries of Africa. Rarely, it is also observed in areas of Philippines, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. The symptoms include high fevers and shaking chills, headache, cough, diarrhoea, abdominal/joint pain, and body aches. This malaria disease can be recurring as the parasite rests in the patient’s liver and can stay dormant for years. Relapse may occur at any time during this period, with red blood cells being attacked, and the symptoms appearing again. Among all the types of malaria, this one is dangerous, if not deadly4.
This is the deadliest subtype of malaria in the world. This subspecies of the parasite is found in Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America. Unlike the above species, this species does not cause liver-stage relapses.
The patient feels the malaria symptoms like nausea, fatigue, body aches, enlarged spleen, pain in the abdomen, muscles, and joints, fever, headaches, anaemia and specific neurological symptoms like confusion and seizures. The severity of this malaria disease are such that it needs to be checked for, diagnosed and treated in time to prevent fatalities. It can cause significant harm to the brain and the nervous system. Paralysis and convulsions can also occur in this malaria.
If you are travelling to any of the above areas, take your antimalaria medications to prevent this disease5. Additionally, malaria vaccines such as RTS,S/AS01 and R21/Matrix-M are now available to protect children against P. falciparum infection2.
This is the least common kind of malaria. Fever and chills are the usual malaria symptoms. Sub-Saharan Africa and the southwest Pacific are where the malaria parasite causing this kind of malaria is common. It may persist in the bloodstream at low levels for extended periods, causing chronic infection, but it does not remain in dormant form in the liver1,6.
Various regimens are followed in the treatment of malaria, depending on the type and drug resistance in humans. Some common ones include7:
Note: Primaquine should be used with caution in G6PD-deficient patients.
While you may think it’s impossible to avoid getting bitten by a mosquito, malaria prevention methods are widely known and accepted. Here are a few8,9:
Also Read: What Is Hantavirus? Symptoms, Causes, & Effective Prevention
While malaria is usually a non-fatal disease, some types may be dangerous and require prompt recognition and treatment. Knowing the types of malaria and their severity allows you to act immediately if you notice any symptoms.
Depending upon the type, several antimalarial medicines are available for treatment, used in various permutations and combinations with other drugs. Yet, the cornerstone of management remains taking adequate precautions to prevent the occurrence of these infections in the first place.
Also Read: Tuberculosis: Types, Causes, Treatment and Prevention
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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PCOD (Polycystic Ovarian Disease), often used interchangeably with PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome), is a common hormonal disorder affecting women of reproductive age. The hormonal imbalance in the body produces more male hormones than needed which leads to problems in menstruation and fertility along with other issues. Women with PCOD may have irregular or prolonged menstrual cycles, as well as high levels of male hormones.
PCOD results in enlarged ovaries with multiple small follicles and is associated with hormonal imbalance, irregular periods, and difficulty in conceiving.The ovaries may produce a large number of tiny collections of fluid (follicles) and do not release eggs on a regular basis. If left untreated, PCOD can cause more serious problems like heart disease and diabetes1.
In PCOD, many small sacs called follicles fill up with fluid inside the ovaries. Each follicle contains an immature egg that does not mature enough to release the egg by a process called ovulation. The absence of ovulation leads to hormonal imbalance and an excess release of male hormones. Research has not found the exact reason why PCOD occurs as the cause of PCOD is multifactorial and include2:
PCOD signs and symptoms usually appear around the time of puberty, typically noticeable at the time of a girl’s first menstrual period. However, PCOD can also develop later in life, particularly, as a result of significant weight gain. Many women may not realise that they have PCOD, but there are certain common signs and symptoms to look out for, these may include the following2:
Unwanted hair on the face, neck or other body parts is a symptom of hormonal imbalance as seen in PCOD. People often opt for hair removal sessions without consulting a doctor. Instead of just opting for these procedures, consult your gynaecologist or endocrinologist for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Dr. Arpit Verma, MBBS MD (Pharmacology)
PCOD, if untreated, may increase the risk of3,4:
Also Read: 5 Early Signs Of Labour Every Expecting Mother Should Know
PCOD5 is a condition without a cure. You may, however, manage the illness with appropriate treatment and lifestyle changes. Taking a ultrasound or blood tests that assess LH/FSH ratio, anti-müllerian hormone, and androgen levels may help to diagnose PCOD. Treatment usually focuses on symptom control and long-term metabolic health. This may include7,8:
Research9 indicates that women with PCOD are potentially at high risk for CNS and cardiovascular disease. Many of these women have extremely high levels of serum lipoprotein, blood glucose, and cholesterol, which also increase the risk of insulin resistance. Women with PCOD may also have a higher risk for developing endometrial cancer.
Dr. M.G. Kartheeka, MBBS, MD (Pediatrics)
Also Read: IVF (In Vitro Fertilization): What is It, Procedure, Steps, Side Effects & More
If you experience irregular periods, unwanted hair growth, or difficulty conceiving, do not ignore these signs. Consult your gynaecologist or endocrinologist for a comprehensive diagnosis and treatment as it can help prevent complications.
Also Read: Effective Home Remedies For Vaginal Dryness
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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Dysentery is an intestinal infection, typically involving inflammation of the colon and resulting in bloody diarrhoea. It is most commonly caused by bacteria such as Shigella or parasites like Entamoeba histolytica1. While mild cases may resolve within three to seven days, untreated amoebic dysentery can persist for longer periods and potentially become chronic. Common symptoms include severe abdominal pain, diarrhoea (often containing blood or mucus), nausea, vomiting, high fever (particularly in bacterial cases), and dehydration. If left untreated, dehydration may lead to serious complications such as electrolyte imbalances, hypovolaemic shock, or even death.
Dysentery is highly contagious and spreads through the faecal-oral route, typically via contaminated food, water, or surfaces, and poor hygiene practices. Although it does not usually transmit between humans and animals, shared utensils or use of unclean bathroom facilities can facilitate rapid human-to-human spread. Prevention relies heavily on good hygiene, such as thorough handwashing, drinking safe water, and avoiding raw or unwashed food in unsanitary conditions. If symptoms like persistent bloody diarrhoea, fever, or signs of dehydration occur, it is vital to seek medical attention promptly.
Treatment focuses on rehydration and, in more severe cases, specific antibiotics or antiparasitic medication. However, antibiotic resistance, where bacteria evolve to survive exposure to treatment can make infections more difficult to manage, underscoring the need for responsible antibiotic use.
There are two types of dysentery, namely, amoebic dysentery and bacillary dysentery and each has its own effects on an individual. Here are some of the types of dysentery along with their effects.
Amoebic dysentery is caused by ingesting food or water contaminated with Entamoeba histolytica cysts. This parasitic infection primarily affects the colon and can lead to a range of painful and distressing symptoms. Individuals with amoebic dysentery typically experience severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and frequent bowel movements. The stools are often painful to pass and may contain both blood and mucus, indicating inflammation and ulceration of the intestinal lining. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to prevent complications and support recovery2.
Bacillary dysentery is a bacterial infection, most commonly caused by Shigella species, and can be serious if left untreated. Symptoms typically appear within one to three days of exposure to the bacteria, usually through contaminated food, water, or poor hygiene. The illness often begins with diarrhoea, which may progress to include blood and mucus in the stools. Additional symptoms may include severe abdominal pain, high fever, nausea, and vomiting. In some cases, however, the symptoms are mild and can be managed at home with rest, adequate hydration, and proper nutrition. Nevertheless, if symptoms worsen or dehydration occurs, prompt medical attention is essential3.
Dysentery is most commonly caused by bacterial infections, including Shigella, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Campylobacter, and Salmonella. These harmful bacteria affect the intestines and can spread rapidly through contaminated food, water, or poor hygiene. The specific bacteria responsible can vary by region. For instance, Shigella is a major cause of dysentery in Latin America, while Campylobacter is more frequently associated with cases in Southeast Asia, including India. Less commonly, dysentery may be caused by intestinal parasites or chemical irritants. It is also important to note that dysentery, particularly when caused by Shigella, can be transmitted through unprotected anal-oral sexual contact with an infected person. Understanding these causes is essential for prevention and early treatment1.
Dysentery can present with a range of symptoms, from mild discomfort to severe, potentially life-threatening illness. It is typically caused by consuming contaminated food or water due to poor sanitation and hygiene, and is more prevalent in developing and low-resource settings.
The symptoms vary depending on the severity of the infection, but early recognition and treatment are essential for recovery. Below are some of the most common signs and symptoms associated with dysentery1:
Note: In untreated cases, symptoms such as fever, cramps, and tenesmus may last 4 to 8 days. With appropriate treatment, most bacterial or amoebic dysentery cases resolve within 1 to 2 weeks. Rarely, in cases of untreated or complicated amoebiasis, symptoms may persist longer. While symptoms like increased gas are sometimes reported, they are not considered hallmark features of dysentery.
Also Read: What Is Hantavirus? Symptoms, Causes, & Effective Prevention
If you or your child is showing symptoms of dysentery, it is important to consult a doctor as soon as possible. When left untreated, dysentery can lead to dehydration, which may pose serious health risks, particularly in young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems. During a medical consultation, the doctor will typically begin by reviewing your symptoms. If dysentery is suspected, a stool sample will be requested for laboratory analysis1,4. This sample may be examined using microscopy, culture techniques, or antigen testing, depending on whether a bacterial or amoebic infection is suspected. Identifying the exact cause of dysentery, such as Shigella, Entamoeba histolytica, or Campylobacter is essential for selecting the most effective treatment5.
Treatment for dysentery depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the symptoms. Individuals with mild cases of Shigella infection (shigellosis) are usually treated with increased fluid intake to prevent dehydration. In more severe cases, antibiotics may be prescribed. However, some strains of Shigella have developed resistance to commonly used antibiotics, a condition known as antibiotic resistance. If you have been prescribed antibiotics but your symptoms persist beyond six days, it is important to consult your doctor for further evaluation, which may include blood tests1.
Amoebic dysentery, caused by Entamoeba histolytica, is typically treated with antiparasitic medications such as metronidazole or tinidazole2. These drugs target and kill the invasive parasites. In many cases, treatment is followed by a luminal agent to eliminate any remaining cysts in the intestines. For patients with severe symptoms or significant dehydration, intravenous fluids may be administered to maintain hydration and support recovery.
Also Read: Tuberculosis: Types, Causes, Treatment and Prevention
The primary cause of dysentery is poor and it is highly contagious (capable of spreading through direct contact with an infected person or contaminated surfaces). Preventing this disease requires a combination of proper sanitation, food safety, and basic home care. Alongside medical treatment, certain traditional remedies may support mild cases and help recovery. These include drinking buttermilk with a pinch of rock salt, consuming fresh orange juice daily, making a milkshake using pomegranate peel, and drinking lemon juice6. Eating bananas may help normalise bowel movements, while a mixture of milk, honey, and lemon can be soothing. Black tea, which contains natural tannins, may also provide relief from intestinal discomfort7. However, these home remedies should complement, not replace, professional medical advice.
Th following simple yet effective practices can significantly reduce the risk of dysentery and protect both individual and family health:
If left untreated, dysentery can lead to serious health complications, some of which may be life-threatening. As a highly contagious disease primarily spreading through the faecal-oral route via contaminated hands, food, or water, it requires early attention. Below are some potential complications associated with untreated dysentery:
Dysentery is a gastrointestinal illness often caused by bacterial or parasitic infections, and maintaining a proper, well-regulated diet plays a vital role in supporting recovery. Patients should follow dietary advice provided by their healthcare professional and avoid foods that may worsen symptoms or irritate the digestive system. It is strongly recommended to consume only home-cooked, hygienic meals during this time.
Patients recovering from dysentery should consume light, easily digestible meals that help soothe the digestive tract and prevent further irritation. Below is a list of suitable foods:
Also Read: Natural Home Remedies for Dengue
Also Read: Worst Foods for Diarrhea, According to Experts
Dysentery is a serious yet preventable illness that demands timely medical attention and proper hygiene practices. Early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and a supportive diet are key to effective recovery and avoiding complications. With awareness and caution, both individuals and communities can significantly reduce the risk and impact of this disease.
If you have dysentery, eat soft, easy-to-digest foods like watery dal, curd, boiled rice, bananas, and stewed apples. Drink plenty of fluids such as ORS, coconut water, and clear soups to stay hydrated. Avoid spicy, oily foods, raw vegetables, red meat, caffeine, alcohol, and most dairy products. These can irritate your stomach and worsen symptoms. Always consult a doctor if symptoms persist or worsen.
You should consult a doctor if you experience symptoms of dysentery such as persistent diarrhoea (especially if it contains blood or mucus), high fever, severe abdominal pain, vomiting, or signs of dehydration. Avoid self-medication, as incorrect treatment may worsen your condition or lead to complications. Early medical intervention is essential, especially if symptoms do not improve within a few days. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment can prevent serious health risks and help you recover safely.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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Infectious diseases are a significant health concern in the Indian subcontinent, with tuberculosis (TB) frequently seen in clinical practice. Despite ongoing efforts and numerous initiatives by the Indian government and medical organisations to control TB, it remains a major public health challenge.
The World Health Organization report 2024 estimates that there is a 17.7% decline in TB incidence from the earlier report1; however, India still has the highest TB burden globally (26% of the global total)2, which is rather alarming.
One of the key challenges with TB is that it can affect nearly any part of the body. In India, the most commonly diagnosed form is pulmonary TB, which specifically affects the lungs.
In this article, we will briefly explore TB, its causes, symptoms, various types of TB, and how it is managed in India.
Did you know?
TB can be classified in several ways:
Understanding how TB spreads and risk factors for TB can help with early detection and timely treatment of this disease.
TB can present with a range of symptoms, depending on whether the infection is in the lungs or in other parts of the body. The symptoms of different forms of TB are as follows13:
The most common symptom of TB of the lungs is prolonged low-grade fever (that rarely crosses 100°F) in the evening with intermittent spikes that may occasionally exceed 100°F. Generally, patients may not always notice a fever; however, they often experience night sweats, malaise (a general feeling of being unwell), and unexplained fatigue and weight loss in the absence of dietary changes or increased exercise.
Individuals with advanced lung TB may experience a persistent cough accompanied by thick phlegm, which may be blood-stained.
When TB involves the pleura (the thin lining around the lungs), it can lead to a buildup of fluid between the two layers. This condition is known as pleural effusion.
In some cases, the fluid accumulation may compress the lung beneath it (lung atelectasis), making it difficult for the lung to expand fully during breathing. This leads to breathlessness, which is a common symptom in pleural TB affects the pleura or causes significant lung damage. Other general symptoms like fever, unexplained weight loss, and fatigue are usually also present.
In rare cases, the pleural fluid becomes infected and thickens into a pus-like material, a condition called empyema. Empyema requires urgent medical attention, including drainage of the infected fluid and a prolonged course of anti-TB medication.
Skeletal TB occurs when the TB bacteria spread to the bones and joints. The spine is the most commonly affected site, and TB of the spine is referred to as Pott’s disease. The most common symptom of Pott’s disease is pain, especially along the spine. As the infection progresses, surrounding muscles may become irritated, leading to spasms and back stiffness. If left untreated, the infection can damage the spinal cord, leading to neurological complications such as numbness, weakness, or even paralysis. These complications are serious and not uncommon in advanced, untreated cases. Early detection is key to avoiding lasting damage.
Other areas like the hip or knee joints may also be involved in skeletal TB with symptoms including swelling, tenderness, and restricted movement.
As with other forms of TB, general symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, and fever are often present in skeletal TB.
When TB spreads to the brain and central nervous system, it is referred to as brain TB, which can take several forms. The most common and severe type is TB meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain), but other forms include tuberculomas (localised granulomas) and other central nervous system (CNS) complications.
In TB meningitis, patients often experience a persistent headache, fever, vomiting, and stiffness in the neck. As the condition progresses, there may be changes in mental state, such as confusion or erratic behaviour, which are often first noticed by family members. These changes can start subtly and worsen over time. If not treated promptly, the person may deteriorate further and may slip into a coma, a complication that can be extremely difficult to manage.
TB can affect the urinary system, a condition known as genitourinary TB. It often begins in the kidneys (renal TB) and may later involve the bladder (TB cystitis).
Renal TB typically presents with pain in the flanks, blood in the urine (haematuria), increased frequency of urination, and malaise. When the infection spreads to the bladder, it may cause dysuria (pain or burning during urination) and the presence of pus cells in the urine, even though no bacteria grow in the urine culture. This specific finding is known as sterile pyuria, and it is a hallmark sign of genitourinary TB.
Early detection is important for avoiding complications that affect kidney and bladder function.
TB can sometimes affect the joints, a condition known as TB arthritis. It usually involves large weight-bearing joints, particularly the hip and knee.
Symptoms may include joint pain, restricted mobility, swelling, stiffness, and sometimes, a low-grade fever. There may also be swelling of nearby soft tissues and general symptoms such as weight loss or night sweats.
Because the symptoms can resemble those of regular arthritis, maintaining a high level of suspicion is important, especially in individuals with persistent joint symptoms unresponsive to routine treatment.
TB can affect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, although it most commonly involves the ileocecal region (where the small intestine meets the large intestine).
Gastrointestinal TB can present with symptoms like abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhoea or constipation, low-grade fever, and generalised fatigue. Some patients may experience signs of intestinal obstruction or GI bleeding. Although ulcers can form, they are typically deeper and result from chronic inflammation.
Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) is a rare symptom and typically occurs only when the oesophagus (food pipe) is involved, which is uncommon. Malabsorption may occur but is less prominent compared to other GI diseases.
Miliary TB is a serious type of TB where the infection spreads through the blood to different parts of the body. Tiny spots of infection can appear in the lungs and other organs and the lungs may be extensively involved. Symptoms may include persistent fever, weight loss, tiredness, and night sweats.
The diagnosis of TB can sometimes be challenging as TB can be active, with obvious symptoms, or latent, where the bacteria are present in the body but do not cause illness and may not be seen in the sputum.
The first step in diagnosis is taking a detailed clinical history to check whether the person’s symptoms suggest TB and physical examination. This can be challenging, as the symptoms may be vague or overlap with other conditions.
If TB is suspected, further tests will be done to confirm it. In people with pulmonary TB, a sputum test is often used to check for TB bacteria. Advanced tests, such as nucleic acid amplification tests (e.g., GeneXpert), can now detect the bacteria’s DNA directly without needing to grow it in a laboratory. Traditional culture tests are still used, but they take longer to provide results14.
Diagnostic tests for TB include the following.
One of the common tests used to check for TB infection is the Mantoux test, also known as the tuberculin skin test. In this test, a small amount of a substance called Purified Protein Derivative (PPD), made from TB proteins, is injected just under the skin. If the person has been exposed to TB bacteria earlier, their immune system reacts with a firm, raised swelling (induration) at the site within 48 to 72 hours. The size of the induration is carefully measured to determine if the test is positive.
A positive result may suggest TB infection but does not confirm it as other conditions may lead to a positive result. On the other hand, people with weakened immune systems may have a negative test result even if they have TB.
The Mantoux test is considered a supportive tool as it must always be interpreted by someone trained in reading the results correctly and needs further testing to confirm a positive result15.
Chest x-rays are an important tool in detecting pulmonary TB, especially for active TB. However, a chest x-ray can sometimes appear normal even in people with TB.
Abnormalities typically appear in the upper parts of the lungs on an X-ray as infiltrates, small nodules, or cavities. In miliary TB, the infection is more widespread and presents as numerous tiny, uniform nodules scattered throughout both lungs.
If TB affects the lining of the lungs (the pleura), fluid may collect in the space between the lung and chest wall (pleural effusion) and is often clearly visible on a chest x-ray. In such cases, a sample of this fluid is checked for TB using methods like bacterial culture or DNA-based PCR test. If the test results are unclear, a biopsy of the pleural lining may be needed14.
Blood tests can sometimes help support the diagnosis of TB, but they are not definitive on their own. Routine blood tests, such as a complete blood count (CBC), may sometimes appear normal even in the presence of TB. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) may be elevated in TB, however, it is not specific to TB as ESR rises in many infections and inflammatory conditions.
For TB affecting certain organs, blood tests for those organs may show changes. For example, liver function tests may be abnormal if the liver is involved and kidney function tests may show changes if the kidneys are affected16.
A more targeted test called adenosine deaminase (ADA) can be helpful in diagnosis, however, it is not a blood test. Instead, it analyses the fluids collected from the body, such as pleural fluid, spinal fluid, or abdominal fluid, for ADA levels and may support the diagnosis of TB affecting these areas17.
Ultrasound scans may often be used to evaluate the abdomen when TB is suspected. This painless and non-invasive test can help identify signs of a possible infection in organs like the liver and other vital structures. It is particularly useful in detecting a fluid collection, organ enlargement, or masses that may indicate the presence of TB in the abdomen.
However, the ultrasound does not directly detect TB or confirm an infection. Instead, it helps identify structural changes that may suggest the need for further testing18.
In bladder TB, a urine test may show pus cells, indicating inflammation. However, when a urine culture is done, it often shows no bacterial growth. This condition is called sterile pyuria and is commonly seen in TB of the bladder. However, sterile pyuria is not specific to TB and may also be seen in conditions like kidney stones or certain infections19.
When TB affects the brain, a CT scan can help determine the extent to which it is affected. Sometimes, an MRI scan may be required20.
Once TB is confirmed, it’s essential to begin treatment promptly. India has specific national guidelines on how to manage TB. If a person also has HIV, both conditions are treated at the same time.
TB treatment plans fall into two broad categories:
For new pulmonary TB cases, the standard treatment begins with an intensive phase of two months. This involves taking four medicines:
This is followed by a continuation phase of four months, where usually isoniazid and rifampicin are continued. In some complex or extrapulmonary TB cases, a third drug may be added during this phase.
In previously treated patients, tests for drug resistance may be performed before treatment. In the absence of drug resistance, a similar treatment plan to that used for new patients may be followed. However, if resistance is detected, the treatment approach is adjusted accordingly.
Note: During treatment, liver function tests must be monitored closely, as TB medications may affect liver function.
India follows the DOTS strategy (Directly Observed Treatment, short-course) to ensure treatment adherence, in which a trained healthcare worker or volunteer watches the patient take their medication daily. This helps ensure that doses are not missed as it may lead to complications.
Treatment Duration: TB treatment usually lasts 6 months, although certain forms of extrapulmonary TB may need 9 to 12 months. After treatment, follow-up tests, such as a chest x-ray or urine test, may be done to ensure the infection is fully cleared.
MDR-TB is usually resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin and requires taking second-line medicines for 9 to 24 months. Treatment regimens for MDR-TB may include oral drugs and occasionally injections and require expert supervision21.
Also Read: Pneumonia: Types, Symptoms, Characteristics & More!
Yes, TB can be successfully managed if diagnosed early and managed with strict adherence to the prescribed regimen; however, taking steps to avoid the infection is always better than having to undergo treatment. TB treatment usually lasts 6 to 9 months, and completing the full course without missing any doses is essential for full recovery.
TB can be avoided through several measures. In children, the BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) vaccine is given to help protect against TB infection.
Other steps include taking proper precautions if someone in the household has TB of the lungs or airways as they can spread the infection through the air, usually by coughing or sneezing. Here are some precautions that can be taken to avoid the spread of TB from a family member:
TB in other parts of the body, such as the bladder, is not contagious.
Also Read: Does Masturbation Cause Weight Loss? Debunking Sexual Health Misconceptions
TB is a widespread health concern in India and can present with various symptoms, making diagnosis challenging at times. However, once diagnosed, it is usually treatable with standard medications, provided there are no complications or drug resistance.
Most individuals who receive timely treatment and complete the full course without missing doses recover well. The recurrence rate of TB is generally low, however, the long-term outcome may be poorer in those who experience reactivation of TB or reinfection, particularly if they had incomplete prior treatment or developed drug-resistant TB. Similarly, elderly patients and individuals with weakened immunity, such as those with HIV or undergoing chemotherapy, often require closer monitoring23.
Also Read: 5 Myths About Tuberculosis You Need to Know About
Tuberculosis is a serious health condition, but early identification of the infection and timely medical care can help manage it effectively. Preventive steps, good hygiene practices, and adequate nutrition may play a role in overall health during recovery. Ongoing medical supervision is especially important in cases where drug resistance or other complications are present.
Also Read: What Is Hantavirus? Symptoms, Causes, & Effective Prevention
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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Pregnancy is a beautiful journey to motherhood; however, it brings along many physical and emotional changes in the expecting mother which can impact the developing baby as well. During this period regular health monitoring plays a key role in ensuring the safety and health of both the mother and the baby. Here is where pregnancy profile tests play a major role.
These are medical tests done during pregnancy that assist doctors in monitoring the baby’s growth, evaluating the mother’s health, and detecting potential issues early on. From blood tests to scans, each test provides useful information for a safe and healthy pregnancy1.
When pregnant mothers learn about several pregnancy tests, they often get anxious. However, these tests are normal and are conducted to protect both the mother and the baby. Early diagnosis of health risks allows doctors to give timely care and avoid complications.
In this guide, we will explain what a pregnancy profile test is and why it is important and provide a complete trimester-by-trimester pregnancy test list for Indian mothers.
Pregnancy profile testing includes a set of medical tests and screenings recommended at various stages of pregnancy. These are done to monitor the health of both the mother and the baby throughout pregnancy. Because pregnancy affects different sections of the body, doctors combine multiple tests instead of performing just one1. These may include blood tests, urine tests, ultrasound scans, genetic screenings, and infection screenings, which are considered as the routine pregnancy tests2.
Pregnancy profile tests are usually divided according to the trimester, and each might contain multiple tests1. Grouping these tests together can help doctors gain a more thorough picture of the pregnancy. Some tests analyse the mother’s nutritional state, while others detect infections or evaluate the baby’s growth2. In some pregnancies, additional tests may also be advised if the mother has diabetes, high blood pressure, thyroid disorders, etc3.
Pregnancy profile tests are important because they help ensure safety and well-being of both the mother and the baby throughout pregnancy. The following says why these tests matter:
Pregnancy profile tests are done during the three trimesters to monitor the mother’s and baby’s health, identify issues early, and help ensure a safe and healthy pregnancy.
Here is a pregnancy profile test list usually taken in each trimester.
During the first trimester, tests are mostly used to confirm pregnancy, assess the mother’s overall health, and identify possible risks or health issues. This period includes the following tests:
| Test | Why It’s Done | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Urine or Blood Pregnancy Test | This test confirms a pregnancy. It detects human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the blood, which is produced by the placenta1,5. |
| 2. | Infection Screening Test | This test helps screen different infections that could affect the mother or baby during pregnancy. It includes the screening of infections such as HIV, syphilis, rubella, hepatitis, etc 2. |
| 3. | Complete Blood Count (CBC) with Iron Test | This test measures red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), haemoglobin (Hb), platelets, and iron levels in the blood. It helps detect anaemia, infections, and other blood-related problems early in pregnancy6. |
| 4. | Blood Type and Rh Factor | This test checks your blood group and Rh factor (a protein in the blood). It helps doctors see if the mother’s and baby’s blood match properly6. |
| 5. | Blood Sugar Test (Haemoglobin A1C) | This test measures the level of glucose/sugar in your blood and helps identify conditions like gestational diabetes6. This test is particularly important in women belonging to high risk category (overweight, PCOS, family history of diabetes, etc.) |
| 6. | Thyroid Test (TSH) | This test measures the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone. It helps detect thyroid problems during pregnancy or monitor pre-existing thyroid problems7. Doctors use pregnancy-specific TSH ranges to correctly understand the test results during pregnancy. |
| 7. | Folate Test | This test measures the level of folate in the blood which is important to prevent risks of birth defects like neural tube defects in the developing baby8. Folic acid supplementation should ideally begin 3 months before conception. |
| 8. | Vitamin D Test | This test measures the level of vitamin D in the blood and helps identify vitamin D deficiency2. |
| 9. | Dating Scan | This is an ultrasound that confirms the pregnancy, checks the baby’s heartbeat and growth, and estimates the due date. It also helps detect twins and early pregnancy complications like ectopic pregnancy1,9. |
| 10. | Combined First Trimester Screening (Double Marker with NT) | This includes the measuring of two components called hCG and Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A (PAPP-A), which are produced by the placenta, and an ultrasound, nuchal translucency scan (NT scan). These help assess the risk of genetic conditions such as Down syndrome in the developing baby1,10. |
| 11. | Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) | This is a screening test that measures the floating DNA in the mother’s blood which comes from the placenta (or baby). This helps assess the risk of chromosomal or genetic disorders such as Down syndrome (performed from 10 weeks)1. Although this is not a mandatory test, it is usually advised in high risk pregnancies such as those with advanced maternal age. |
Second trimester tests mainly monitor the baby’s growth and screen for developmental abnormalities or pregnancy complications. This includes the following tests:
| Test | Why It’s Done | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Glucose Tolerance Test | This test measures the levels of sugar in the mother’s blood. It also assesses the signs of diabetes which can happen during pregnancy11 . (performed between 24–28 weeks) |
| 2. | Haemoglobin Test | This test measures the level of RBCs in blood. A low level of these cells can indicate anaemia during pregnancy11. |
| 3. | Iron Test | This test measures the level of iron in the blood and helps detect conditions like anaemia12. |
| 4. | Urine Test | This test determines the amount of blood sugar or protein in the urine. It helps determine conditions like diabetes or preeclampsia during pregnancy11. |
| 5. | Anatomy/Anomaly Ultrasound | This is a scanning test (ultrasound) which monitors the baby’s growth and development by assessing different body parts (heart, limbs, kidney, etc.) and placental size and location. It helps identify structural abnormalities (e.g., anencephaly- missing of brain and skull parts, open spina bifida-incorrect formation of spine and spinal cord, bilateral renal agenesis- poorly develop kidneys, etc.)1,2,11,13. |
| 6. | Maternal Serum Screening (Triple/Quadruple/Penta Marker Test) | These tests measure certain proteins formed in the mother’s body during pregnancy, such as oestriol, hCG, PAPP-A, inhibin A and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), which helps in assessing the risk of genetic disorders such as Down syndrome, Edward syndrome and neural tube defects1,10. |
| 7. | Prenatal Diagnostic Tests | This includes tests such as amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling. They are confirmatory tests done in women when a risk for genetic disorders is detected with other tests. |
| 8. | Amniocentesis | This test uses amniotic fluid from the amniotic sac (a sac that contains fluid surrounding the baby) to determine genetic conditions (e.g., Down syndrome), certain infections and certain birth defects (neural tube defect) in the baby11,14. |
| 9. | Chorionic Villus Sampling | This test collects a specific tissue (chorionic villi) in the placenta and checks for genetic or chromosomal conditions in the baby. The test is done under ultrasound guidance14. |
The third-trimester test mainly focuses on baby’s complete development and mother’s health for delivery. This period includes the following tests:
| Test | Why It’s Done | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Growth Scan | This scan monitors the baby’s growth, including the baby’s size and estimated weight, the fluid around the baby and the position of the placenta, to ensure healthy pregnanc1,15. |
| 2. | Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Screen | This test collects a vaginal or rectal sample and looks for Group B Streptococcus bacteria in the mother, which can sometimes pass to the baby during delivery and cause serious infection2,16. This test is not routinely performed in India. |
Other than this, there is no specific routine testing recommendation for all pregnant women in their third trimester. Additional tests or ultrasounds may be performed if the woman has diabetes, high blood pressure, or other pregnancy concerns16.
Note: While most tests included in a pregnancy profile are common, some may vary depending on the mother’s health, medical history, age, and doctor’s advice. Along with trimester-wise pregnancy tests, regular pregnancy check-ups also include monitoring of blood pressure, weight, urine protein, and vaccinations to help keep both the mother and the baby safe. Any test findings must always be interpreted by an expert doctor, and additional tests or follow-up may be required for an accurate diagnosis and effective pregnancy care.
The pregnancy profile blood tests and scans should start as soon as the pregnancy is confirmed. Different tests are performed at various times because each trimester has its own set of health requirements. Some tests are conducted frequently, while others are only advised for high-risk pregnancies1,2. However, it is recommended to have at least 4 checkups during the pregnancy period20. Usually, pregnancy checkups are scheduled:
Women over the age of 35, those carrying twins, and those with medical issues such as diabetes, thyroid disorders, hypertension, or a history of miscarriage may require more frequent monitoring and checkups20. Regular testing helps doctors track pregnancy progress and manage complications early.
Pregnancy test results might sometimes appear confusing for pregnant women. However, recognising the basic meaning of normal and abnormal results might alleviate undue feelings of stress.
While different tests are done for different purposes, below is what the normal and abnormal findings of some common tests may indicate:
Usually indicate:
Abnormal results do not always mean something is seriously wrong. In many cases, additional testing may be required to confirm findings.
Note: Pregnancy test results should always be interpreted by a doctor. Normal results may not ensure the absence of complications, and abnormal results do not always indicate a serious problem. Additional testing, follow-up visits, or further examination may be required for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate pregnancy care.
Also Read: Your Best Guide on How to Increase Haemoglobin Naturally During Pregnancy
Regular pregnancy testing offers several important benefits for both mother and baby. It:
Immediate medical attention is necessary if you experience the following:
Note: Pregnancy can bring many changes to the body, and some discomfort is common. However, if you notice any of the symptoms listed above, it is important to contact your doctor or seek medical care without delay. Early medical attention can help protect the health and safety of both the mother and the baby.
Pregnancy profile tests are an important aspect of pregnancy care that help monitor the health of mother and the developing baby. They assist early detection of problems and timely treatment. Regular antenatal check-ups and timely investigations can help in improving outcomes in both mother and the baby.
Fasting is not necessary for most normal pregnant blood tests, such as the CBC, blood group, or infection screening. However, fasting may be required for specific tests, such as blood sugar or glucose tolerance testing and thyroid tests, as recommended by your doctor7,23.
Pregnancy profile tests are generally safe and are widely recommended during pregnancy. They include simple blood tests, urine tests, and ultrasound scans that are safe for both the mother and the baby6,10,16. However, some advanced tests such as amniocentesis may have some risks, but these are not required for everyone, only for some women coming under a higher pregnancy risk category1. Therefore, such test should only be performed when advised by a doctor.
Pregnancy tests are done at various stages (typically by trimester), with additional testing planned based on the mother’s health and risk factors. If there are issues or high-risk conditions, your doctor might suggest more frequent monitoring1.
No, a CBC result cannot detect pregnancy. Pregnancy is confirmed by tests that detect the hCG hormone in blood or urine, not by CBC results1. CBC can help detect several conditions like anaemia, blood disorders, infections, etc., that can occur during pregnancy6.
Early pregnancy can show several signs, such as:
Missed period: Often the earliest and most noticeable sign.
Nausea or morning sickness: Feeling sick, especially in the morning.
Breast changes: Tenderness, swelling, or enlargement
Frequent urination: Needing to pass urine more often than usual, especially at night
Fatigue: Feeling unusually tired even with normal rest24.
1. Pregnancy – tests and scans. 2022. doi:https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/servicesandsupport/pregnancy-tests-and-scans
2. Routine antenatal tests. 2023. doi:https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/routine-antenatal-tests
3. Revathi J, Ts M, M P. Prevalence of Medical Disorders During Pregnancy in India: A Comprehensive Observational Study to Assess the Prevalence of Hypertension, Diabetes, and Thyroid Disorders During Pregnancy in Indian Women. Cureus. Published online June 20, 2025. doi:10.7759/cureus.86441 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12276767/
4. Assessment of Nutrient Needs. doi:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK235239/
5. Pregnancy Test. 2025. doi:https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/pregnancy-test/
6. Prenatal Panel. 2024. doi:https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/prenatal-panel/
7. TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone) Test. 2024. doi:https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/tsh-thyroid-stimulating-hormone-test/
8. Folate and pregnancy. 2025. doi:https://www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au/folate-and-pregnancy
9. Murugan VA, Murphy BO, Dupuis C, Goldstein A, Kim YH. Role of ultrasound in the evaluation of first-trimester pregnancies in the acute setting. Ultrasonography. 2020;39(2):178-189. doi:10.14366/usg.19043 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32036643/
10. Maines J, Langaker MD. Prenatal Genetic Screening. 2025. doi:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557702/
11. Prenatal care in your second trimester. 2024. doi:https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000557.htm
12. Table 1Recommendations of Other Groups. doi:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK606260/table/ch1.tab1/
13. 20-week screening scan. 2024. doi:https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/your-pregnancy-care/20-week-scan/
14. Carlson LM, Vora NL. Prenatal Diagnosis. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2017;44(2):245-256. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2017.02.004 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28499534/
15. Emam D, Corbella G, Poziello C, et al. Usefulness and timing of the third-trimester ultrasound scan: a review of guidelines and underlying evidence. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2025;312(5):1445-1459. doi:10.1007/s00404-025-08172-7 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40924092/
16. Prenatal care in your third trimester. 2024. doi:https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000558.htm
17. Landess M, Christman M, Mikes BA. Fetal Movement. doi:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470566/
18. Alfirevic Z, Stampalija T, Dowswell T. Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high-risk pregnancies. Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group, ed. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017;2017(6). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007529.pub4 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6481396/
19. Nonstress Test. 2024. doi:https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/nonstress-test/
20. High risk factors of pregnancy and their management at an ANC clinic. doi:https://pmsma.mohfw.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/High-Risk-Conditions-in-preg-modified-Final.pdf
21. High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy. 2024. doi:https://medlineplus.gov/highbloodpressureinpregnancy.html
22. Urgent Maternal Warning Signs and Symptoms. 2024. doi https://www.cdc.gov/hearher/maternal-warning-signs/index.html
23. Virjee S, Robinson S, Johnston DG. Screening for Diabetes in Pregnancy. J R Soc Med. 2001;94(10):502-509. doi:10.1177/014107680109401003 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1282202/
24. Pregnancy – signs and symptoms. 2022. doi:https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/pregnancy-signs-and-symptoms#signs-of-pregnancy
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

Reduced haemoglobin levels are among the most common health concerns experienced during pregnancy1.
While a small decline is sometimes common, significantly low haemoglobin levels may indicate nutritional deficiencies that require attention. If left unmanaged, low haemoglobin can increase the risk of weakened immunity, preterm delivery, low birth weight, and complications during childbirth for both the mother and the baby2.
The good news is that haemoglobin levels can often be improved naturally with the right diet, lifestyle habits, and proper prenatal care1.
In this blog, we will explore what haemoglobin is, why it is important during pregnancy, the common causes and symptoms of low haemoglobin, and the best natural ways to boost haemoglobin levels safely and effectively during pregnancy.
Haemoglobin is an iron-rich protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. It also helps transport carbon dioxide back to the lungs so it can be removed from the body.
During pregnancy, haemoglobin plays an especially important role because both the mother and the growing baby need an increased supply of oxygen and nutrients. Adequate haemoglobin levels help support the baby’s growth and development while also maintaining the mother’s energy levels and overall health3.
A drop in haemoglobin levels during pregnancy is quite common and can occur for several reasons. Some common causes of low haemoglobin in pregnancy include:
If dietary iron intake is insufficient, iron stores could become depleted, resulting in iron deficiency that could lead to low haemoglobin levels.
Low levels of haemoglobin in pregnancy can affect the body’s ability to supply enough oxygen to tissues and organs, often leading to low energy levels and reduced physical stamina. The signs are often mild in the early stages, but they can gradually become more noticeable. Common symptoms include:
Certain women are more likely to develop low haemoglobin levels during pregnancy due to nutritional, lifestyle, or health-related factors. These risk factors include:
Haemoglobin levels naturally fluctuate during pregnancy due to increased blood volume and the growing needs of the baby. The table below helps to understand the haemoglobin normal range in pregnancy11,12:
| Trimester | Haemoglobin Level Considered Normal | Haemoglobin Level Considered Low | Haemoglobin Level Considered High |
| First Trimester | 11 g/dL or higher | Below 11 g/dL | Above 13 g/dL |
| Second Trimester | 10.5 g/dL or higher | Below 10.5 g/dL | Above 13 g/dL |
| Third Trimester | 11 g/dL or higher | Below 11 g/dL | Above 13 g/dL |
Note:
The severity of anaemia is determined based on haemoglobin levels as shown below11.
| Severity of Anaemia | Haemoglobin Level | Severity of Anaemia |
| Mild Anaemia | 8.1 to 10g/dl | Mild Anaemia |
| Moderate Anaemia | 6.5 to 8 g/dL | Moderate Anaemia |
| Severe Anaemia | <6.5g/dl | Severe Anaemia |
Haemoglobin test results should always be interpreted by a doctor in combination with symptoms and individual medical history.
Low levels of haemoglobin in pregnancy are usually detected during routine prenatal blood tests. Common diagnostic tests used are:
Maintaining healthy haemoglobin levels during pregnancy is important for both maternal health and the baby’s growth and development. Thus, understanding how to increase haemoglobin during pregnancy is important for supporting the health of both the mother and the growing baby. Here are some natural ways that can help:
Food items naturally rich in these nutrients help to boost haemoglobin levels. Some foods to increase haemoglobin during pregnancy include1:
Vitamin C helps the body absorb iron more effectively. Try to include vitamin C-rich foods with meals, including1,17:
Certain foods and beverages can interfere with iron absorption if consumed with iron-rich meals. Limit or avoid1,17:
Tip: If taking calcium and iron supplements, take them at different times of the day.
While taste sensitivity may be high in pregnancy and symptoms such as nausea and vomiting may occur associated with food, it’s still important to maintain a healthy and balanced diet, eat regularly and not skip any meals to avoid the risk of nutrient deficiencies.
Some infections (such as malaria) can contribute to low haemoglobin levels. Maintaining good hygiene, washing hands regularly, and seeking prompt treatment for infections could help reduce the risk1.
Routine antenatal visits and blood tests help monitor haemoglobin levels and allow early detection and management of low haemoglobin levels during pregnancy.
Note: Dietary changes can support healthy haemoglobin levels, but persistent or severe low haemoglobin levels (or moderate to severe anaemia) should always be evaluated and treated under medical supervision.
Treatment for low haemoglobin during pregnancy depends on the severity and its underlying cause. Along with dietary changes, doctors may recommend medical treatment to restore healthy haemoglobin levels and support maternal and foetal health.
Oral iron supplements are commonly prescribed to manage iron deficiency during pregnancy17. These help increase red blood cell production and improve haemoglobin levels over time.
Note: Iron supplements may sometimes cause side effects such as upset stomach, constipation, nausea, reduced appetite, and dark-coloured stools17. Therefore, they should only be taken under a doctor’s guidance and in the recommended dosage.
If low haemoglobin levels are linked to folate or vitamin B12 deficiency, appropriate supplements may be recommended to support healthy red blood cell formation1,6. Vegetarian women may especially require vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy, as plant-based diets may not provide adequate amounts of this nutrient18.
In cases of moderate to severe low haemoglobin levels (or moderate anaemia), poor absorption, or intolerance to oral iron, intravenous iron therapy may be advised for faster correction of iron deficiency17.
In areas where worm infections and anaemia are common, doctors may recommend deworming treatment after the first trimester of pregnancy to help reduce the risk of anaemia caused by parasitic infections19. This should only be taken under medical supervision.
If low haemoglobin levels are caused by chronic diseases (such as obesity) or inherited blood disorders (such as thalassemia), additional treatment and specialist care may be required1.
Very low haemoglobin levels or serious symptoms may occasionally require blood transfusion17.
Early antenatal registration and regular trimester-wise haemoglobin monitoring are important for the early detection, prevention, and management of anaemia during pregnancy20. Doctors may repeat blood tests during pregnancy to monitor haemoglobin levels and assess response to treatment.
Note: Pregnant women should avoid self-medicating with any supplements or injections and always follow medical advice regarding dosage and treatment duration.
When haemoglobin levels become significantly low, symptoms may become more serious and require immediate medical attention. These may include1:
Since many symptoms of low haemoglobin levels can resemble normal pregnancy-related tiredness, regular prenatal check-ups and blood tests are important for early detection and proper management.
Also Read: Double Marker vs. Triple Marker Test: Differences, Timing, Results & How They Work Together
Maintaining healthy haemoglobin levels during pregnancy is essential for the well-being of both the mother and the growing baby. While a mild drop in haemoglobin is common due to normal physiological changes, significantly low levels should not be ignored, as they may lead to pregnancy-related complications.
A balanced diet rich in iron, folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin C, along with regular prenatal check-ups, can help support healthy haemoglobin levels naturally. Keep in mind that early diagnosis, proper nutrition, and timely address play an important role in preventing complications and ensuring a healthier pregnancy journey.
Since every pregnancy is different, haemoglobin levels and treatment needs should always be evaluated by a doctor. With the right care and monitoring, most cases of low haemoglobin during pregnancy can be effectively managed.
Also Read: MCH Blood Test: Interpreting the Results and Understanding Its Importance
You can improve haemoglobin levels gradually and safely by eating iron-rich foods such as leafy greens, lentils, beans, lean meat, eggs, and iron-fortified cereals. Including vitamin C-rich foods could further help improve iron absorption. Doctors may also prescribe supplements if needed1.
A haemoglobin level of 9.5 g/dL is considered a low haemoglobin level during pregnancy and should be evaluated by a doctor11.
Yes, low haemoglobin levels may reduce oxygen supply to the mother and baby and increase the risk of fatigue, weakness, preterm birth, low birth weight, and other pregnancy complications if left untreated1,2.
Consuming iron-rich dried fruits such as dates and prunes in moderation can help boost haemoglobin levels. Also, combining them with vitamin C-rich fruits such as oranges, strawberries and kiwi is especially helpful because they improve iron absorption. Certain fruits like pomegranate are traditionally believed to help raise haemoglobin levels, however, they are not found to be good sources of iron, but they may help improve iron absorption and availability17,21.
es, a mild reduction in haemoglobin during pregnancy is common due to increased blood plasma volume4. However, significantly low levels may need medical attention.
High haemoglobin levels during pregnancy may be linked to complications such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and gestational diabetes13. If levels are high, you should see a doctor, he/she will interpret the results based on your overall health and pregnancy stage.
1. Anaemia. Accessed May 12, 2026. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia
2. Obeagu GU, Obeagu EI. Complications of anemia in pregnancy: An updated overview for healthcare professionals. Medicine (Baltimore). 2025;104(35):e44246. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000044246 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12401385/
3. Farid Y, Bowman NS, Lecat P. Biochemistry, Hemoglobin Synthesis. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Accessed May 12, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536912/
4. Soma-Pillay P, Catherine NP, Tolppanen H, Mebazaa A, Tolppanen H, Mebazaa A. Physiological changes in pregnancy. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2016;27(2):89-94. doi:10.5830/CVJA-2016-021 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12401385/
5. Georgieff MK. Iron Deficiency in Pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(4):516-524. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.03.006 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32184147/
6. Tefera AA, Seifu D, Menon M, Talargia F, Belete AM. Red blood cell folate level and associated factors of folate insufficiency among pregnant women attending antenatal care during their first trimester of pregnancy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med. 2022;10:20503121221118987. doi:10.1177/20503121221118987 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9424885/
7. Feyissa TR, Chojenta C, Hassen TA, et al. Short birth/pregnancy interval and its association with adverse maternal outcomes in Asia Pacific region: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Midwifery. 2025;144:104342. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2025.104342 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39986113/
8. Iron deficiency anaemia. nhs.uk. October 23, 2017. Accessed May 13, 2026. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/iron-deficiency-anaemia/
9. Anemia – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH. December 18, 2025. Accessed May 12, 2026. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/anemia/causes
10. Anemia and Pregnancy. Accessed May 12, 2026. https://www.hematology.org/education/patients/anemia/pregnancy
11. Moghaddam Tabrizi F, Barjasteh S. Maternal Hemoglobin Levels during Pregnancy and their Association with Birth Weight of Neonates. Iran J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2015;5(4):211-217. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26985354/
12. Obeagu GU, Obeagu EI. Complications of anemia in pregnancy: An updated overview for healthcare professionals. Medicine (Baltimore). 2025;104(35):e44246. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000044246 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12401385/
13. Wu L, Sun R, Liu Y, et al. High hemoglobin level is a risk factor for maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnancy in Chinese women: A retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022;22:290. doi:10.1186/s12884-022-04636-9 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35387646/
14. Maner BS, Killeen RB, Moosavi L. Mean Corpuscular Volume. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Accessed May 13, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545275/
15. Phukan J, Kawsar H, Banerjee J, Sinha A. A comparative study of anemia in peripheral blood smear and automated cell counter generated red cell parameters. Iraqi J Hematol. 2022;11(1):51. doi:10.4103/ijh.ijh_3_22 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361168554_A_comparative_study_of_anemia_in_peripheral_blood_smear_and_automated_cell_counter_generated_red_cell_parameters
16. Iron Tests: MedlinePlus Medical Test. Accessed May 13, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/iron-tests/
17. Preventing and treating anaemia during pregnancy. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5885006/
18. Rizzo G, Laganà AS, Rapisarda AMC, et al. Vitamin B12 among Vegetarians: Status, Assessment and Supplementation. Nutrients. 2016;8(12):767. doi:10.3390/nu8120767 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27916823/
19. Deworming in pregnant women. Accessed May 13, 2026. https://www.who.int/tools/elena/interventions/deworming-pregnancy
20. NHSRC Guidelines AC.indb. Accessed May 13, 2026. https://nhm.gov.in/images/pdf/programmes/maternal-health/guidelines/sba_guidelines_for_skilled_attendance_at_birth.pdf
21. Balasubramani SP, Varghese RK, Vishnuprasad CN, Venkatasubramanian P. Pomegranate Juice Enhances Iron Dialysability and Assimilation in In-Vitro Cell Free and Cell-Based Models. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2020;75(2):272-278. doi:10.1007/s11130-020-00815-1 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32333242/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Hantavirus is a serious viral infection that can affect the lungs, heart, and other organs. It is mainly spread through contact with infected rodents (like mice, rats etc), usually when a person breathes in tiny airborne particles contaminated with rodent urine, saliva, or droppings. Although hantavirus infections are relatively uncommon worldwide, they can be extremely dangerous. The fatality rate of hantavirus varies by region, ranging from less than 1% to 15% in Asia and Europe and reaching up to 50% in the Americas. Globally, experts estimate that between 10,000 and 100,000 hantavirus infections occur each year, with the highest burden reported in Asia and Europe1,2.
Recently, hantavirus has gained global attention following a deadly outbreak reported on a cruise ship in the Atlantic Ocean on May 2, 2026. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the outbreak was linked to the Andes virus, known to cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), a severe respiratory illness that can rapidly progress and become life-threatening3. The incident has raised concerns about awareness, early diagnosis, and preventive measures against this dangerous infection.
In this blog, we will discuss what hantavirus is, its symptoms, causes, modes of transmission, risk factors, and the most effective ways to prevent infection.
Hantaviruses are a family of viruses that are commonly associated with rodents belonging to the Cricetidae family, which includes voles, lemmings, and New World mice and rats, as well as Muridae rodents such as Old World mice and rats1.
Did You Know?
Hantavirus infections can cause different types of serious illnesses, depending on the strain of the virus and the part of the body it affects. The two major hantavirus infections mentioned below mainly impact the lungs or the kidneys:
Hantavirus infection mainly spreads through contact with infected rodents and their body fluids. People are at a higher risk when they are exposed to contaminated environments or rodent-infested areas. Common causes and transmission sources of hantavirus include2:
Hantavirus symptoms can vary depending on the type of disease and the organs affected. The two major forms, HPS and HFRS, often begin with flu-like symptoms that may worsen over time5.
Symptoms typically develop within 1 to 8 weeks after coming into contact with infected rodents and include:
Symptoms of HFRS generally develop within 1 to 2 weeks after exposure and include:
Diagnosing hantavirus infection in the early stages can be difficult because its initial symptoms are similar to many other illnesses, including influenza, COVID-19, malaria, bacterial pneumonia, viral pneumonia, dengue, leptospirosis, other viral hemorrhagic fevers, and sepsis2.
For diagnosing a hantavirus infection, doctors carefully review the patient’s symptoms, recent travel history, occupational exposure, environmental risks, and possible contact with rodents or rodent-infested areas.
There is currently no specific antiviral treatment or approved vaccine for hantavirus disease. Although the antiviral medicine ribavirin is not effective against HPS, it may provide some benefit in selected cases of HFRS if started early. However, management primarily focuses on supportive care, symptom management, and close medical monitoring to avoid serious complications. Common hantavirus treatment/management approaches include1,2,5:
Hantavirus disease may lead to serious and potentially life-threatening complications, especially if diagnosis and management are delayed. The severity of complications depends on the type of hantavirus infection and the organs affected. Possible complications of hantavirus disease include:
Preventing a hantavirus infection mainly depends on reducing contact between people and rodents. Proper hygiene, rodent control, and safe cleaning practices can help lower the risk of infection. Below are some ways to avoid hantavirus infection2,5,7:
During outbreaks, the following precautions should be followed:
In healthcare settings, the spread of infection can be avoided by:
You should seek immediate medical attention if symptoms worsen or if you experience5:
Note: If you develop flu-like symptoms after possible rodent exposure, seek medical attention immediately and inform your doctor about any contact with rodents, rodent droppings, or rodent-infested environments. Keep in mind that early diagnosis can significantly help improve outcomes and reduce complications.
Hantavirus is a rare but potentially life-threatening viral infection that could affect the lungs and kidneys. Although rare, hantavirus infection can worsen quickly and cause serious complications if not identified and managed early. Since there is currently no specific antiviral treatment or approved vaccine for hantavirus, prevention remains the most effective way to reduce the risk of infection.
Avoiding contact with rodents, maintaining proper hygiene, practicing safe cleaning methods, and seeking timely medical attention for flu-like symptoms after possible rodent exposure are essential steps in protecting against hantavirus disease. In addition to this, increased awareness and early diagnosis can play a crucial role in improving outcomes and preventing severe complications.
Also Read: Smog: What Is It, Causes and Ways To Protect Yourself From It
Hantavirus primarily spreads through contact with the urine, droppings, or saliva of infected rodents. People can become infected by breathing contaminated air, touching contaminated surfaces, or, in rare cases, through rodent bites2.
Yes, hantavirus can be very dangerous. Severe infections may affect the lungs or kidneys and can become life-threatening if not addressed early5.
Hantavirus is not considered highly contagious between humans. Most hantavirus infections occur after exposure to infected rodents or their contaminated waste. Human-to-human transmission is rare and has mainly been reported with the Andes virus1,4.
The virus can become airborne when dust contaminated with rodent urine, droppings, or saliva is disturbed, especially during cleaning in enclosed spaces8.
Mild cases may improve with supportive care, but severe hantavirus infection requires immediate medical attention. Delaying treatment can increase the risk of serious complications2,5.
Currently, there is no approved vaccine available for hantavirus infection. Prevention mainly focuses on avoiding contact with rodents and contaminated areas2.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Cancer is one of the major health problems around the world, affecting millions of people every year. Even though there is a big advancement in the medical treatment, many cases are detected very late, making the treatment procedure difficult. This is why knowing cancer is important, especially its early signs and symptoms. Finding cancer early can greatly improve the chances of successful treatment and recovery1.
There are different types of cancer, which can affect different body parts, and the early symptoms are often not clear or easy to notice. Common warning signs may include unexplained weight loss, constant tiredness, unusual lumps, unusual sweeting, etc2. Pain is usually a late feature in many cancers, so paying attention to the other changes in the body and consulting a doctor on time is important for diagnosis and improving treatment outcomes.
This article might help you understand the main types of cancer, their early warning signs and how they are diagnosed. The aim is to raise awareness, help detect cancers early, and encourage people to take better care of their health.
Cancer is a disease that happens when normal cells in the body change and start growing uncontrollably, forming a tumour that can spread and harm healthy tissues1. However, all tumours are not cancers. They can be benign or malignant3. Also, not all cancers form solid tumours, such as blood cancers, which have no discrete growth as such4.
The spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another through the blood or lymph system is called metastasis. In addition, cancer also spread directly into nearby tissues (local invasion)3 or within body cavities, such as the abdomen6.
The risk of cancer increases with age. This is because, over time, the body builds up more risk factors, and the natural repair system of cells becomes less effective as we grow older1. Other risk factors include family history, lifestyle (smoking, alcohol, etc.), viral infections (human papilloma or hepatitis), etc2.
Cancer develops differently in each person, and not all growths are harmful. With early detection and proper treatment, many cancers can be managed effectively1.
There are different types of cancers which can develop in different body parts. Most of these cancers have very few known causes4,7,9. The following might help you understand how many types of cancer exist based on the types of cancer cells.
Carcinoma is a type of cancer that starts in epithelial tissue, which covers the skin and lines the inside of organs and body passages. It can develop in tissues that produce or secrete substances, such as in the breast, lungs, colon, prostate, or bladder, (adenocarcinoma) or in flat, thin cells that form the skin surface and line some internal organs (squamous cell carcinoma)10. The common cause is the accumulation of genetic changes over time, which leads cells to uncontrolled growth of cells. The risk factors that can trigger these genetic alterations including smoking, alcohol consumption, chemical exposure, lack of physical activity, obesity, etc11,12.
Sarcoma is a type of cancer that begins in the body’s supportive and connective tissues like bones, muscles, fat, cartilage, and tendons. It is more common in children and in adolescents, compared to carcinoma. However, several other types (soft tissue sarcomas) can also occur in adults. It often appears as a painful lump, especially in the bones, and the tumour usually looks like the normal tissue from where it starts10. It is commonly caused by mutation in the gene due to exposure to radiation or by certain cancer-causing chemicals (carcinogens)9.
Leukaemia is a blood cancer that begins in the bone marrow, the place where blood cells are produced. It disrupts the normal functioning of bone marrow, leading to the reduced production of red blood cells and the platelet count. This can cause problems like fatigue, anaemia, and poor blood clotting10. The risk factors include family history, age and sex, exposure to harmful radiations and chemicals, and viral infections (human T-cell leukaemia virus)4.
Myeloma (multiple myeloma) is a type of cancer that affects plasma cells, which are white blood cells that help fight infection by making antibodies8. The plasma cells produce certain types of protein (monoclonal (M) protein/paraprotein) which are found in the blood10. Here, abnormal plasma cells grow too much in the bone marrow and replace healthy blood cells, affecting red cells, white cells, and platelets. The risk factors include age, exposure to x-rays or other radiations, people belonging to specific races, etc8.
Lymphoma is a type of cancer that starts in the lymphatic system, which includes lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and thymus. This system helps fight infections by supporting the development and activation of white blood cells. It is a type of blood-related (hematologic) cancer, that is often seen as enlarged lymph nodes or mass-like growths. It can also develop in organs like the stomach, breast, or brain10. People with weak immune systems, those on immune-suppressing medicines, Epstein-Barr virus infection, radiation exposure, and those with a family history are at higher risk of developing lymphoma7.
There are several types of cancers. Below are some common types and their symptoms.
Although different types of cancer show different signs and symptoms, there are some warning signs to watch out for. The following are some early signs of cancer that you should not ignore.
Early detection of cancer plays a crucial role in improving outcomes and saving lives. The following says why early detection matters and how it is helpful to patients.
Note: Early detection helps improve outcomes in many cancers like breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer, but it is not equally effective for all cancers. Some, like pancreatic cancer, are often found late, while others (e.g., prostate or thyroid cancer) may be over diagnosed. Early treatment can improve well-being but may still cause side effects, and even advanced cancers can sometimes be managed with good care.
The following is a list of blood tests performed in early cancer detection.
Note: Diagnosis of cancer typically requires histopathological confirmation (biopsy); imaging or basic blood screening tests alone are generally not definitive for most cancers.
You should consider seeing a doctor if you notice:
Also Read: Does Masturbating Increase Risk of Prostate Cancer or Vice Versa?
Cancer is a serious condition, but it can often be effectively managed, especially with early detection. Recognising warning signs and going for regular check-ups can greatly improve treatment outcomes. Understanding different types of cancer and their symptoms helps you stay aware and take timely action. Prioritising your health and consulting a doctor when needed can make a life-saving difference.
An MRI cannot test all types of cancer. It is good to detect cancer caused in the brain, soft tissues, breast and colon12,14,21. However, it has limitations in early diagnosis of some types of cancers like lung cancer21.
There are said to be more than 200 types of cancer which affect the organs, tissues, blood, bone marrow and immune system2.
Yes, it is possible for a person to have more than one type of cancer, either at the same time or one after another. This is called multiple primary cancers. Although it is not very common, these cancers start separately in different parts of the body and are not caused by the spread of an existing cancer22.
The silent signs of cancer include:
-Unexplained weight loss
-Lack of appetite
-New or unexplained pain2
-New mole or changes in existing mole (skin changes)
-Unusual bleeding or bruising
-Changes in bowel movement
-Long-term cough or hoarseness17
-Difficulty in breathing or swallowing, chest pain or discomfort, etc11
The most common types of cancer found in women are breast cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, oral cancer and colorectal cancer23.
The most common types of cancer found in men are prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, oral cancer, stomach cancer and oesophageal cancer23.
1. Cancer. 2025. Doi: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer
2. Cancer: NHS. 2025. Doi: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cancer/
3. Cancer: Medline. 2025. Doi: https://medlineplus.gov/cancer.html
4. Leukaemia. 2023. Doi: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/leukaemia
5. Benign. 2025. Doi: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002236.htm
6. Menon G, Santillan VR. Peritoneal Surface Malignancies. 2025. Doi: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541114/
7. Lymphoma. 2025. Doi: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/lymphoma
8. Myeloma Basics. 2025. Doi: https://www.cdc.gov/myeloma/about/index.html
9. Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Soft Tissue Sarcomas. 2026. Doi: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/causes-risks-prevention.html
10. Cancer Classification. Doi: https://training.seer.cancer.gov/disease/categories/classification.html
11. Lung Cancer. 2025. Doi: https://medlineplus.gov/lungcancer.html
12. Breast Cancer. 2025. Doi: https://medlineplus.gov/breastcancer.html
13. Colorectal Cancer. 2024. Doi: https://medlineplus.gov/colorectalcancer.html
14. Bowel cancer (colon and rectal cancer). 2023. Doi: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bowel-cancer
15. Prostate Cancer. 2024. Doi: https://medlineplus.gov/prostatecancer.html
16. Sathe NC, Zito PM. Skin Cancer. 2025. Doi: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441949/
17. Symptoms of Cancer. 2019. Doi: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/symptoms
18. Imai M, Nakamura Y, Yoshino T. Transforming cancer screening: the potential of multi-cancer early detection (MCED) technologies. Int J Clin Oncol. 2025;30(2):180-193. doi:10.1007/s10147-025-02694-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39799530/
19. Tumor Marker Tests in Common Use. 2023. Doi: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/diagnosis/tumor-markers-list
20. How Cancer Is Diagnosed. 2023. Doi: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/diagnosis
21. Sim AJ, Kaza E, Singer L, Rosenberg SA. A review of the role of MRI in diagnosis and treatment of early stage lung cancer. Clinical and Translational Radiation Oncology. 2020;24:16-22. doi:10.1016/j.ctro.2020.06.002. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7306507/
22. Vogt A, Schmid S, Heinimann K, et al. Multiple primary tumours: challenges and approaches, a review. ESMO Open. 2017;2(2):e000172. doi:10.1136/esmoopen-2017-000172. https://www.esmoopen.com/article/S2059-7029(20)32451-0/fulltext
23. Kalra K. Common Cancers in India, theirincreasing incidence. Symptomswhich need immediate attention. Doi: https://www.cghs.mohfw.gov.in/CGHSGrievance/FormFlowXACTION?hmode=ftpFileDownload&fileName=23052025114829_Common-Cancers-in-India-their-increasing-incidence-(9-November-2021)-.pdf&folderName=Circular&isGlobal=1
24. Nicholson BD, Hamilton W, O’Sullivan J, Aveyard P, Hobbs FR. Weight loss as a predictor of cancer in primary care: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Gen Pract. 2018;68(670):e311-e322. doi:10.3399/bjgp18X695801. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29632004/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Have you ever experienced itching in your mouth or rashes after eating certain foods? Maybe it was peanuts, shellfish, or even milk. These may be the signs that your body is warning you about having a food allergy.
Food allergies occur when your immune system mistakenly detects harmless foods as a threat and reacts against them1. Most food allergies happen because of a substance in your body called IgE (an antibody). However, some allergies happen in different ways or through a mix of reactions, sometimes involving other parts of the immune system, called T cells2.
While some reactions are mild, there may be certain conditions which might turn dangerous or severe1. This is why recognising or identifying a food allergy is very important.
This blog will help you understand what exactly food allergies are, how to recognise them, what are their types, common foods that can cause allergies and when to seek medical attention.
As mentioned earlier, food allergy is a condition that occurs when your immune system mistakenly detects harmless food you eat as a threat. While your immune system normally protects you from harmful substances, here some food items you consume are flagged as harmful by the body, leading to allergic reactions. This condition usually causes only mild reactions. But in some cases, it may become dangerous or life-threatening, causing severe reactions (anaphylaxis)1.
People often get confused between food allergies and food intolerances. These are different in the following ways:
| Feature | Food Allergy | Food Intolerance |
| Reactivity | The immune system is involved1 | Usually related to difficulty digesting food (immune system has no role)1 |
| Trigger | Can occur with very small amount of food3 | Based on portions different people have different thresholds (portion size matters) |
| Severity | Might cause severe allergic reation1 | Typically digestive symptoms like bloating or gas trouble1 |
| Occurrence of symptoms | Can start as soon as after eating the allergic food to within 2 hours1 | May cause immediate symptoms, or take 1-2 days4 |
Now you might be clear with the food allergy meaning. Even if you think you cannot distinguish whether you have an allergy or intolerance, do not wait for the symptoms to get worse, immediately consult your doctor for confirmation, as unattended allergies can be life-threatening.
Food allergies bring about several symptoms. These food allergy symptoms can be classified as follows:
These are the most common indications of food allergies3.
These might occur alongside skin symptoms. Appear within half an hour of consuming food3.
These are crucial as they can progress to life-threatening conditions.
These are much dangerous symptoms that should not be ignored, as they may be a sign of anaphylaxis, a rapid and severe allergic reaction affecting the whole body and can be fatal. Symptoms include:
Note: Although some symptoms are classified into different categories (apart from being listed under the severe section), this does not mean they are less dangerous. Any allergic symptom can progress to severe reactions. Therefore, it is important to consult your doctor if you think the allergy symptoms or reactions are persisting for a while or are getting worse.
Based on the reaction timing, the food allergies can be classified into three categories. They are:
These are types of food allergies which involve a wide range of signs and symptoms. This type of food allergy is one of the main causes of severe allergic reactions that may lead to a need to go to the emergency room (especially in children)2.
These are types of food allergies which do not involve IgE antibodies, but other parts of the immune system. Therefore, they are harder to diagnose because there are only a few easy, painless tests to confirm them.
These allergies are caused when immune reactions or allergy contributions in some foods are mediated by IgE and some other parts of the immune system, making them mixed.
The following is a list of foods that can cause allergies especially in sensitive individuals:
Peanuts are the most common and dangerous ones causing allergies. Even a small amount may trigger the immune system, causing severe, life-threatening reactions. Commonly consumed nuts that cause allergies include almonds, cashews, Brazel nuts, pistachios, walnuts, etc. may also cause allergic reactions. Symptoms include hives, redness, itching, breathing problems (asthma, wheezing, etc.), digestive symptoms and sometimes severe reactions like constriction of airways, BP fall10.
Allergy to cow’s milk can be seen in one in fifty babies, while this is rare in adults11. Some people, who are allergic to cow milk might develop allergies if they consume milk of other animals like goat, sheep, or buffalo. However, this isn’t same for all (reactions are more common with goat and sheep milk, while buffalo milk may or may not cause a reaction). Symptoms caused by this allergy can vary from mild to severe, which include hives, itching, redness, swelling of the face, stomach discomfort and serious or life-threatening symptoms like breathing difficulties, paleness, loss of consciousness, etc. Foods containing cow’s milk that can cause allergy include cheese, chocolate, ghee, ice cream, butter, yoghurt, etc11.
Allergies to fishes and shellfish can be seen more in adults and adolescents than in kids. It is said that one in every hundred people may have this allergy12. Symptoms can range from mild to severe, such as hives, lip swelling, itchiness, runny nose, breathing problems, throat tightness, stomach pain, vomiting, dizziness, body turning pale, losing consciousness, etc. The fish causing allergies include salmon, mackerel, tuna, trout, snapper, etc. The shellfish causing allergies include crustaceans (prawns, crab, lobster) and molluscs (squid, cuttlefish, mussels)12.
Wheat allergies are most commonly seen in children however, about two-third of them overcome these allergies as they grow old13. These allergies are caused by immune reactions to several wheat proteins such as gluten (most relevant), albumins, globulins, etc. Even though people with wheat allergies can eat other grains, some can be having problems. The symptoms of wheat allergies can range from mild to severe, which include hives, stomach problems (vomiting, nausea, pain and diarrhoea), asthma, headache, and other life-threatening problems causing breathing difficulties and shock. The foods which may produce these symptoms include pasta, bread, crackers, hot dogs, ice creams, etc13.
Egg allergies are one of the common types of allergies, caused by presence of certain proteins in egg. Those who are allergic to chicken eggs may develop allergies to other types of eggs, such as from goose, turkey, or quail. The common symptoms produced by egg allergies include mild and severe ones, such as vomiting, stomach cramps, persistent cough, breathing difficulties, skin turning pale, lip or tongue swelling, weak pulse, confusion, etc. The foods containing eggs which may cause these symptoms include soups, salads, ice cream, meatballs, egg curry, etc14.
Soy-related allergies are commonly found in infants, and they may overcome these allergies as they grow old. The symptoms caused by soy allergies can be mild or severe such as skin problems (hives, rashes, itching, redness), cold symptoms (sneezing, runny nose, watery eyes, etc.), gastric problems (vomiting, nausea, stomach discomfort, etc.), and serious, life-threatening problems (skin colour change, body shock, falling unconscious, weak pulse, etc). Foods that may cause these allergies include tofu, natto, soybeans, soya, soybean curd, etc15.
The following are some common methods used for food allergy testing:
The following are some home remedies for the food allergy symptoms:
Note: Although these might help reduce the symptoms of food allergy, they are never a placement for proper treatment. The most effective way known to reduce the food allergies is to avoid consuming such allergic foods. Remember that food allergy treatment at home is not a safe option. The home approaches might help alleviate certain skin and digestive-related symptoms however, they may get worse even if these are followed. Therefore, always consult a doctor if you are having severe allergic reactions, rather than completely depending on these home approaches. Unattended allergic reactions can be life-threatening and fatal.
The following is a list of food allergy symptoms that may need immediate medical attention:
Food allergies can range from mild discomfort to serious, life-threatening reactions, so it is important to take them seriously. Recognising symptoms early and avoiding trigger foods can help avoid the complications. If you notice any unusual reactions after eating, do not ignore them and seek medical advice. With proper care and awareness, food allergies can be managed safely.
Also Read: Drug Allergy: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Tests & Treatment
Xolair (omalizumab) injection is the most effective, FDA-approved medicine to treat food allergies. However, even with this medicine, it is recommended to avoid consuming allergy-causing foods22.
Certain herbal infusions made from chamomile, saffron, anise, fennel and black seeds are known to reduce the activity of histamine. This may help reduce the allergic reactions18. However further scientific evidence is needed to confirm this.
Milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, tree nuts, peanuts, wheat and soy are said to cause 90% of allergies6.
While we cannot say that there exists food which doesn’t cause allergies, there are certain foods with very little allergy risk. These include potatoes, vegetables, avocado, olive oil, etc23.
Probiotics are usually considered good for allergies as they soothe the gut and reduce inflammation19. Curd can be a good choice, as it is a probiotic. However, for those with milk allergies, it is not a suitable option.
There are no ways to completely wipe out allergies naturally. The only way is to avoid contact with allergens such as pollen, moulds or other substances. In case of food allergens, avoid consuming them, which can trigger your immune system4.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Many people these days take Wegovy to manage their weight, especially those who have health issues like type-2-diabetes, high BP, high cholesterol, etc1. They start this medicine excited, hoping to feel healthier and have more energy than before. But like any other medicine, Wegovy also has some side effects. After using this for a while, some people might start feeling unusually tired, low on energy, or even dizzy2.
Wegovy is a prescription injection taken to manage weight. While tiredness or fatigue may not be the direct pharmacologic effects of Wegovy, these may occur due to changes happening in the body because of this medicine. These effects can sometimes be concerning, especially when you are trying to stay active. This may leave you with questions like ‘is it common to feel tired while using Wegovy’ or ‘why does Wegovy make you tired’ and how can you deal with these issues while on Wegovy. Do not get disappointed; we are here to clarify all your doubts and help you understand why this happens and what you can do.
Wegovy is a prescription medicine which contains semaglutide, a Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist (GLP-1 RA), as its active ingredient. It is used specifically at a higher dose (up to 2.4 mg weekly) for weight management in adults who are obese or overweight with weight-related health issues like diabetes, high BP, or cholesterol, etc. It is also used by adolescents over 12 years of age who have a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for their age and sex. Wegovy comes as pre-filled pen injections holding a solution1.
Wegovy works by mimicking Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1), which is a natural hormone produced by the body to control appetite. Following are the ways by which it works:
Reduced appetite, slower digestion, and better blood sugar control may all help with weight management over time.
The most common Wegovy-related side effects are gastrointestinal (GI) side effects. Below is a list of all the possible common side effects associated with Wegovy.
Some of the real-world studies say that nausea is the most common GI side effect seen after the first introduction of GLP-1 RA. While different studies report varying figures, it typically affects 15% to 50% of individuals. It is most prominently present during the first 4-5 weeks of using medication, and during dose escalation phases, due to delayed stomach emptying and becomes less common later. Symptoms are usually moderate and might resolve within 8 days4.
The occurrence of vomiting is said to be less frequent than nausea, where it usually ranges between 5 and 20%. It often resolves within 1 to 8 days and can be mild to moderate. In some (especially elderly), vomiting might occur after meals several times a week4. In more severe cases, vomiting might cause dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, acute kidney injury, and even treatment discontinuation, particularly in vulnerable populations. Therefore, maintaining adequate fluid balance by drinking enough water is important.
The reported occurrence of diarrhoea varies across studies, ranging between 5 and 25%. It is seen to occur during the first four weeks of starting medication, which then decreases over time. In people with obesity, symptoms might last for about 3 days4. Severe diarrhoeas can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Thus, patients should follow specific recommendations or guidelines to avoid/manage diarrhoea.
Constipation is found to be less common than other GI side effects, with reported rates in between 4–12%. However, according to some studies, about 25–35% of people with obesity experience constipation. Some real-world studies also confirm that the frequency of constipation is higher in patients who are overweight or obese as compared to patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). It might occur in the first 16 weeks of starting the medication, specifically during the first 28 days. Though it is less common, it has been reported to persist longer than the other GI side effects4.
Abdomin-related side effects such as upper abdominal pain, general abdominal pain, abdominal discomfort, and abdominal distension might also be seen in people taking Wegovy. These might range from moderate to strong5. While most of the abdominal problems are benign and GI related, pain that is persistent, severe, or radiates beyond the abdomen is not normal and should be medically evaluated fore serious conditions such as pancreatitis, gallstones (cholelithiasis), or bowel obstruction associated with GLP-1 receptor agonists2.
Dizziness is less common compared to the GI side effects. It mostly occurs when GLP-1 RA interferes with blood pressure control by weakening the normal blood pressure adjustments when you try to change the position. But can also occur because of factors like reduced calorie intake or hypoglycaemia. There have also been increasing reports of dizziness and balance problems (vestibular issues) among people using GLP-1 RA, showing the need for further studies2,6.
Some people taking GLP-1 RA have reported headaches or worsening migraines7. The severity might vary from person to person. However, more research is needed to understand how often this occurs.
If you’re wondering ‘Does Wegovy make you tired? Here’s what you need to know.
Fatigue, or a feeling of tiredness, is reported by some patients who take Wegovy, especially during the early stages of medication. As per studies, it occurs in about 11% of adult patients using Wegovy2. The intensity of tiredness may also vary from person to person.
Although this symptom is less common when compared to the GI side effects of Wegovy, nevertheless, it can be concerning for some. The good news is that it is generally a temporary symptom and reduces as the body gets adjusted to the drug.
Fatigue or tiredness with Wegovy is not a direct effect of the medication and occurs only secondarily as the body goes through adjustments soon after Wegovy is started. While physiological effects of Wegovy like reduced appetite and hormonal shifts and side effects like GI issues and possible hypoglycaemia contribute to fatigue, it can be managed by following certain dietary and lifestyle changes, generally without the need of stopping the medication.
Fatigue experienced during a therapy or medication might not always directly be related to the medication itself. Other contributing factors can also play a role. Here are some reasons why you may feel tired when on Wegovy:
It is important to note that fatigue is generally not a predictable or dose-limiting side effect of Wegovy. However, it is most commonly reported during the initial stages of the medication. In most people, this tiredness often begins soon after the administration of the initial dose and may become noticeable in the early weeks. Many people start recovering from this once their body gets used to the medicine.
Following are the timelines based on a recent study12:
Though tiredness seems to diminish in most people, it may continue in some for a longer time. Also, for some people, fatigue may occur more while increasing the dose, when the body takes more time to adjust to the medication. In most cases, this might also lower over time.
Curious about how to combat fatigue from Wegovy? Here are some tips for you:
Drink a lot of water or fluids. Vomiting might cause dehydration, which can worsen fatigue. Replacing fluids might help your body regain the energy it needs. In rare cases, if dehydration is severe, you can go for intravenous rehydration, but only under your doctor’s supervision4. You may also take electrolyte-rich foods such as bananas, yoghurt, etc; this might help in replacing the important minerals that you lost through vomiting and can reduce fatigue.
Be sure to follow a balanced diet with adequate calories, protein, vitamins, and minerals to support your energy needs. Since Wegovy already reduces your appetite1, eating mindfully and avoid skipping meals to maintain energy and reduce tiredness. It’s best to eat small, frequent wholesome meals that provide sustained energy. Avoid beverages containing caffeine and alcohol as they contribute to dehydration.
Sleep at least for 8 hours; improper sleeping patterns might cause fatigue. Choose reading or listening to soft music; these might relax your body as well as your mind and make you fall asleep fast. Avoid screen time at night, as this might disturb your sleep. Choose a calm place to rest.
Some types of exercises might reduce tiredness and improve strength, especially in diabetic patients suffering from sarcopenia due to weight reduction, reduced protein intake, and physical inactivity, after starting Wegovy. Gentle exercises like brisk walking, yoga, chair exercises, light stretching, etc., might improve your overall fitness. Supervised strength training exercises might improve your muscle mass and make you feel less weak and tired11. When done regularly and under proper guidance, these exercises can help you feel stronger, more active, and overall better.
Changes in your body after using Wegovy might make you feel stressed and anxious. It is important that you manage your stress because it might increase your tiredness. Do breathing exercises, perform your favourite activities, communicate with your friends and family; all these might improve your mood and make you feel better.
If you feel none of this is working or your energy levels are so low that you’re unable to do even everyday activities, medical intervention is needed. Your doctor may suggest nutrient supplementation, adjustment of Wegovy dose or rarely, alternative medication/discontinuation.
While fatigue is a secondary symptom, not particularly a trigger for medical review and the primary concern is usually ongoing GI side effects, seeking medical attention is particularly important if you think that Wegovy fatigue is not under your control anymore. Following are the conditions where you should immediately see your doctor:
Although not a direct effect of Wegovy, fatigue may be noticed by some patients using this medication possibly due to the metabolic adjustments in body, reduced calorie intake, GI side effects or hypoglycaemia. It is often temporary and can be managed well by staying hydrated, taking proper nutrition, and performing regular physical activities. However, if you think your symptoms are getting severe or persist for a long time, seek medical guidance. Your doctor that can help you find options to boost your energy levels, possibly without the need to stop the medication.
Also Read: Does Wegovy Cause Diarrhoea? Here’s What You Should Know
Compounded semaglutide is a non-brand version produced by pharmacies when branded drugs are not available or are costly. It is not fully approved by FDA. The reported side-effects are similar to FDA-approved semaglutide, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, dehydration, migraine, etc14.
To boost your energy while on Wegovy, you can:
Improve your eating habits
Spend some time outdoors and try gentle physical activity
Stay hydrated and do not skip meals
Avoid processed foods, alcohol, soft drinks, etc
Follow a healthy and balanced diet4
Sleep well
Wegovy is not designed to make someone sleepy and does not act as a sedative. However, some people may experience symptoms such as dizziness, shakiness, or tiredness while using it2. In most cases the symptoms are mild and improve over time.
Although not a direct effect of the medication, Wegovy might affect your energy levels in some ways. It can:
Reduce your calorie intake
Interfere with your blood sugar levels
Cause GI symptoms like nausea, vomiting, or diarrhoea that may lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, deficiencies and disturbed sleep
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