Healthcare costs are a major concern for many families in India, making affordable treatment more important than ever. One way to reduce medicine costs without compromising quality is to prescribe generic drugs1. This article explains why doctors should prescribe generic drugs, how approved generics are regulated for safety and effectiveness, what government initiatives support their use, and what patients should know before switching medicines.
Generic drugs are medicines that contain the same active ingredient as the brand-name medicine. They are designed to work in the same way, provide the same therapeutic effect, and meet the quality, safety, and efficacy standards set by regulatory authorities2. In India, most prescribed and dispensed medicines are actually branded generics (the same active ingredient sold under a manufacturer’s own brand name, rather than by its generic/salt name), which is different from the unbranded-generic model described above3.
A generic medicine may look slightly different from the brand-name medicine, such as in its colour. However, these differences do not affect how the medicine works. Patients with a known allergy or intolerance to a specific inactive ingredient (for example, certain dyes, lactose, or gelatine) should check the label or ask their pharmacist before switching, since these inactive ingredients can differ between products4. Generic medicines are usually available at a lower price because manufacturers do not have to repeat the expensive research and development activities or large-scale marketing required for a new brand-name medicine5.
Doctors play an important role in making healthcare more affordable and accessible. Key reasons for prescribing generic medicines include:
People often ask questions like Is generic medicine good for health? Approved generic medicines are considered safe and effective when they meet the regulatory standards established by the relevant authorities.
Before approval, generic medicines must show that they:
Although inactive ingredients such as colouring agents or fillers may differ, these differences usually do not affect the medicine’s effectiveness5.
Note: Generic medicines are considered safe and effective when approved by regulatory authorities. However, always consult your doctor before starting, stopping, or switching any medicine to ensure it is suitable for your individual health needs.
Also Read: Generic Medicines And How Safe Are They?
People often wonder, Is generic medicine good or bad? Doctors may also face certain challenges when prescribing generic medicines. Some of the common challenges are listed below.
The Indian Medical Association (IMA) supports cost-effective, high-quality medicines but has expressed concern about making generic prescriptions mandatory without adequate quality assurance. These objections were the direct cause of the NMC placing its 2023 mandatory generic-prescribing regulation in abeyance. The IMA recommends a strong quality assurance mechanism before a wider shift to generic prescribing.
It has also proposed the principle of one drug, one quality, one price, which aims to ensure that patients receive medicines of consistent quality, safety, and affordability. The IMA’s main emphasis is that patient safety should not be compromised during the transition to generic medicines14.
The Government of India has introduced several initiatives to encourage the use of generic medicines, improve affordability, and increase access to essential treatments. Here are a few:
Several real-world studies and programme outcomes highlight how doctors prescribing generic medicines can improve affordability and access to quality healthcare. Examples include:
Note: The advantages and disadvantages of generic medicine may vary depending on individual health conditions, the medicine prescribed, and quality standards. Always consult a doctor before making any changes to your medication.
To better understand the utility of generic medicines, patients can, and must, ask their doctor questions before starting or switching to generic medicines to understand their safety and correct use. These could include:
Note: The choice to switch to a generic medicine should be made in consultation with a doctor. Do not stop or change any prescribed medicine without medical advice.
Also Read: How to Find Generic Medicine: A Complete Guide to Finding Generic Drugs Safely
Generic medicines can help make healthcare more affordable while maintaining quality, safety, and effectiveness when approved by regulatory authorities. Doctors and patients should work together to make informed decisions about using generic medicines based on individual healthcare needs.
Yes, doctors can prescribe generic medicines. Approved generic medicines are considered safe and effective alternatives to brand-name medicines and contain the same active ingredients15.
Some doctors may hesitate to prescribe generic medicines due to concerns about quality, availability, or differences between manufacturers. Limited awareness about the approval process and patient preference for branded medicines may also influence prescribing decisions11,12.
Generic medicines usually cost less because manufacturers do not need to repeat the expensive research and development process required for new brand-name medicines. Once approved, and after the patent protection for the brand-name medicine expires, companies can produce generic versions, increasing competition and helping to reduce prices5.
Yes, government regulatory authorities approve generic medicines after they meet required standards for quality, safety, and effectiveness. In India, generic medicines must be approved by the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) before they can be marketed21.
1. How To Get Generic Drugs and Low-Cost Prescriptions. Available from: https://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/generic-drugs-low-cost-prescriptions
2. Generic Drug Facts. 2021.Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/generic-drugs/generic-drug-facts
3. Market study on the pharmaceutical sector in India: Key findings and observations. Available from: https://cci.gov.in/images/marketstudie/en/market-study-on-the-pharmaceutical-sector-in-india1652267460.pdf
4. Similarities and Differences Between Brand Name and Generic Drugs. Available from: https://www.cda-amc.ca/similarities-and-differences-between-brand-name-and-generic-drugs
5. Generic Drugs: Questions & Answers. 2026. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/generic-drugs/generic-drugs-questions-answers
6. Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP). 2026. Available from: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?ModuleId=3&NoteId=157711&lang=1®=3
7. Prabhu C, Kamath K. Pharmaceutical paradigms: Dissecting the duality of generic and branded medications- a meticulous exploration of economic prudence, therapeutic integrity, and patient-centric outcomes. International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences. 14(1). doi:https://www.ijmrhs.com/medical-research/pharmaceutical-paradigms-dissecting-the-duality-of-generic-and-branded-medicationsa-meticulous-exploration-of-economic-prudence-th-113707.html
8. Miller S. Generic Drugs: A Treatment for High-Cost Health Care. Mo Med. 2020;117(1):12-13. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7023936/
9. Weluaing L. Ensuring bioavailability and equivalence between generic drugs and brand-name medications. Scholars Research Library. 2024;16(7). https://www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com/articles/ensuring-bioavailability-and-equivalence-between-generic-drugs-and-brandname–medications.pdf
10. Manak S, Inder D. Generic drugs in India: Regulations, challenges, and reforms: An overview. Journal of Integrative Medicine and Research. 2025;3(3):140-147. doi:10.4103/jimr.jimr_31_25 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/394392722_Generic_drugs_in_India_Regulations_challenges_and_reforms_An_overview
11. Colgan S, Faasse K, Martin LR, Stephens MH, Grey A, Petrie KJ. Perceptions of generic medication in the general population, doctors and pharmacists: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2015;5(12):e008915. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008915 https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/5/12/e008915
12. Hadia RB, Joshi DB, Gohel KH, Khambhati N. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of generic medicines among physicians at multispecialty hospital: An observational study. Perspectives in Clinical Research. 2022;13(3):155-160. doi:10.4103/picr.PICR_281_20 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35928641/
13. Setting and Implementing Standards for Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs. 2024. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/cder-conversations/setting-and-implementing-standards-narrow-therapeutic-index-drugs
14. IMA News. Available from: https://www.ima-india.org/ima/pdfdata/News2023/august-2023-IMA-News.pdf
15. Singhal AK, Siddiqui MH, Goldar S, Kumar N, Agrawal SK. National Medical Commission’s Generic Drug Policy: A Boon or a Bane for RMPs and Public Health? Journal of Medical Evidence. Published online February 23, 2024. doi:10.4103/JME.JME_154_23 https://www.ovid.com/jnls/jome/fulltext/10.4103/jme.jme_154_23~national-medical-commissions-generic-drug-policy-a-boon-or-a
16. National Medical Commission Registered Medical Practitioner (Professional Conduct) Regulations. 2023. Available from: https://www.nmc.org.in/rules-regulations/national-medical-commission-registered-medical-practitioner-professional-conduct-regulations-2023-reg/
17. Free Life-Saving and Generic Drugs. 2019. Available from: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1577935®=48&lang=2
18. Jan Aushadhi Diwas 2025. 2025. Available from: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2108862®=48&lang=2
19. Mathew P. Generic drugs: Review and experiences from South India. J Family Med Prim Care. 2015;4(3):319. doi:10.4103/2249-4863.161305 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26286613/
20. Philips CA, Theruvath AH, Sreemohan A, et al. Pharmaceutical quality and cost-effectiveness of branded versus generic medicines across 22 drug types and 8 therapeutic categories: a citizen-funded comparative study from regulated retail outlets in Kerala, India. Front Pharmacol. 2026;17:1799574. doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1799574 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2026.1799574/full
21. Dhamija P, Sharma P, Kalra S. Only generics (drugs/names): Is India ready? Indian J Endocr Metab. 2015;19(5):541. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.163104 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26425461/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Fever is one of the most common signs that your body is responding to an infection or another health condition1. Although a rise in body temperature can feel worrying, it is often a normal part of your body’s defence system and usually improves with appropriate care. In some cases, however, fever can be a sign of an illness that needs medical attention1,2. In this blog, we explain what fever is the main types of fever, common symptoms, stages of fever, safe management tips, and when to consult a doctor.
A fever is a temporary increase in body temperature. It happens when the body’s temperature-control centre in the brain, called the hypothalamus, raises the body’s “set point” in response to infection, inflammation, or other triggers2.
Normal body temperature is generally around 36.5°C to 37.5°C (97.7°F to 99.5°F), although it can vary slightly between individuals and throughout the day2.
In adults, a body temperature of 38°C (100.4°F) or higher is generally considered a fever. The exact reading can vary depending on where and how the temperature is measured, such as by mouth, ear, forehead, armpit, or rectum2.
Note: Fever itself is not a disease. It is a sign that tells you the immune system is responding to an underlying problem, most often an infection.
You may have wondered how many types of fever actually exist.
Fever can be classified in several ways. Doctors commonly classify fever based on body temperature, how long it lasts, the pattern of temperature changes, and its underlying cause.
Understanding the different types of fever can help you describe your symptoms more clearly to a doctor and may guide the next steps in care. Let us look at the main ways fever is classified:
The severity of fever depends on how much the body temperature rises above the usual range2.
| Type | Body Temperature | Description |
| Low-grade fever | 37.3°C to 38.0°C (99.1°F to 100.4°F) | A mild increase in temperature. It may occur with viral infections, mild bacterial infections, after vaccination, or with inflammatory conditions. It usually does not require specific treatment unless you feel very uncomfortable or symptoms worsen. |
| Moderate fever | 38.1°C to 39.0°C (100.6°F to 102.2°F) | Common in infections such as influenza, COVID-19, urinary tract infections, and pneumonia. Most people experience chills, fatigue, headache, and body aches at this stage. |
| High-grade fever | 39.1°C to 41°C (102.4°F to 105.8°F) | May indicate a more serious infection or inflammatory condition. Medical attention is recommended if the fever persists or occurs with confusion, difficulty breathing, severe pain, dehydration, or worsening symptoms. |
| Hyperpyrexia | Above 41°C (105.8°F) | A medical emergency that needs immediate care. Hyperpyrexia can occur with severe infections, heat stroke, certain nervous system conditions, or serious drug reactions. If not treated promptly, it may lead to organ damage. |
The length of time a fever lasts can provide clues about its cause3.
The way body temperature changes throughout the day often provides important diagnostic clues.
Fever can be classified based on what is causing it:
Fever symptoms can vary depending on the cause, how high the temperature is, and a person’s age. While a raised body temperature is the main sign of fever, other symptoms may indicate that the body is fighting an infection or illness. These include9,10:
Fever often progresses through three stages as the body raises, maintains, and then lowers its temperature in response to an infection or another trigger. These include2,11:
Diagnosing a fever means measuring body temperature and finding the underlying cause. Depending on your symptoms and medical history, your doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests or checks2,8:
Most fevers caused by mild viral infections improve with supportive care. These steps can help reduce discomfort and support recovery10,12:
Taking the right precautions can help prevent complications and ensure timely medical care. Below are some steps that you can take10,12:
Also Read: Fever (High Temperature): Causes, Stages, Treatments, and Red Flags
Most fevers improve within a few days with rest and supportive care. However, you should consult a doctor if you or your child10,12:
A fever is often a sign that your immune system is doing its job, but it is important to know when it needs closer attention. Understanding the different types of fever, their symptoms, and the warning signs can help you manage a fever safely and recognise when medical care is needed. Most fevers improve with simple supportive measures, but persistent, recurrent, or severe fever should not be ignored. If you are unsure about the cause or your symptoms get worse, consult a doctor for timely evaluation and care.
Also Read: Viral Fever: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options
Most fevers caused by viral infections improve within about 3 days, although some may last up to a week. If a fever lasts for more than 3 days, keeps coming back, or occurs with severe symptoms, consult a doctor2,12.
No, fever itself is not contagious. However, the underlying illness causing the fever, such as influenza or other viral or bacterial infections, may spread from person to person3.
Fever is not a sign of pregnancy. It usually suggests an infection or another medical condition. Pregnant individuals who develop a fever should seek medical advice promptly, as some infections can affect both the mother and the developing baby12.
Yes, in some cases, certain cancers, particularly lymphoma and leukaemia, may cause persistent or recurrent fever. However, infections are a much more common cause of fever than cancer2,6.
Teething may cause a slight rise in body temperature, but it does not usually cause a true fever of 38°C (100.4°F) or higher. A high fever during teething is more likely due to another illness and should be checked by a doctor1,2,13.
Severe dehydration can contribute to a rise in body temperature, especially during hot weather14. However, dehydration is more often a result of fever than the main cause, because fever increases fluid loss through sweating10.
A fever itself does not usually delay your period. The underlying illness, along with physical stress, inflammation, and the immune response it triggers, may temporarily affect hormone levels and delay ovulation15,16. This can lead to a late or irregular menstrual period. In most cases, the menstrual cycle returns to normal once you recover.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
When filling a prescription, it is common to find a generic medicine option instead of a well-known brand. This often leads to questions such as: Are generic medicines safe? Do they work as well as branded medicines? Is the cheaper option always a viable choice? All these questions are particularly pressing when the medicines are for children.
This blog addresses such common concerns. It will help improve our understanding of what generic medicines are, how they compare with branded medicines, and whether they are safe and effective for children, as well as provide practical tips to help parents use them correctly and confidently.
Generic medicines are low-cost alternatives to branded medicines. They contain the same active ingredients, dosage, and strength, but are typically half the cost of branded medicines. However, these generic medicines must comply with the same strict quality, safety, and effectiveness standards set by regulatory authorities1,2.
While the low cost may seem like a good motivation to switch to generic medicines, the choice between branded and generic medicines is critical with respect to children. This is because children’s developing bodies respond differently from adults, making it very important to ensure the child receives the correct dose, which is usually determined by the child’s age, weight, and sometimes body surface area, rather than the standard adult dose3.
While generic medicines contain the active ingredients as in the branded medicines, there may be differences in the inactive ingredients (often known as excipients), such as flavouring agents, colouring agents, or preservatives. These ingredients do not affect the medicine’s effectiveness but may pose serious harm to children with allergies, intolerances, or any other existing medical conditions4,5.
Therefore, while generic medicines for kids are effective and safe, they should always be used under the guidance of a doctor, with careful attention to the child’s age, weight, dosage, and formulation to ensure safe and effective management.
Generic medications for kids are widely used for many common illnesses. They offer the same therapeutic benefits as branded medicines while making management more affordable1,2. Below are some common conditions for which generic medicines may be prescribed by a paediatrician.
Fever is one of the most common reasons children need medication. It is usually caused by viral infections but may also occur with bacterial infections. The two most commonly used generic medicines are paracetamol (acetaminophen) and ibuprofen (only for children older than 6 months)6,7.
Examples: Paracetamol Tablets/Syrup/Oral Suspension/Drops, Ibuprofen Tablets/Oral Suspension8
Children commonly develop bacterial infections such as ear infections, strep throat, urinary tract infections, and certain respiratory infections. Antibiotics are usually prescribed as they are effective against bacterial infections9.
Examples: Amoxicillin Syrup/Capsules, Azithromycin Tablets/Oral Suspension8
Many children experience seasonal allergies, allergic rhinitis, itchy skin rashes, or hives caused by allergens such as pollen, dust mites, pet dander, or certain foods.
Antihistamines are generally prescribed to help relieve symptoms such as sneezing, itching, watery eyes, and runny nose10.
Examples: Cetirizine Tablets/Syrup/Oral Disintegrating Strips, Loratadine Tablets, Fexofenadine Tablets/Oral Suspension8
Intestinal worm infections are common among children, particularly in areas where sanitation and hygiene may be inadequate. Anthelmintic medications are usually prescribed for deworming11,12.
Examples: Albendazole Tablets/Oral Suspension, Mebendazole Tablets/Oral Suspension8
Important: While generic medicines for kids are as safe and effective as branded medicines when used correctly, parents should always consult a paediatrician before giving any medication to a child.
Doctors carefully select medicines for children to ensure they are both safe and effective. If a quality-approved generic medicine is available, it may be prescribed because it provides the same therapeutic benefits as the branded medicine but at a much lower cost.
When choosing generic medicines for kids, doctors consider factors such as13:
Children of different ages may need different medicine formulations. Doctors choose a dosage form based on the child’s age, ability to swallow, and the type of medicine being prescribed14,15.
Oral drops are ideal for infants because they allow very small doses to be measured accurately. They are easy to administer and are preferred for babies who cannot swallow larger volumes of liquid medicine.
Syrups and suspensions are commonly used for young children because they are easier to swallow than tablets and can provide flexible dosing based on the child’s weight. Many are flavoured to improve acceptance.
Dispersible tablets are ideal for children who cannot safely swallow conventional tablets because they can be dissolved in a small amount of water and consumed in liquid form. Chewable tablets can be chewed instead of swallowed whole, and these formulations are preferred for children who are not yet able to swallow conventional tablets but can safely take solid medicines.
Older children who do not have any swallowing restrictions may be prescribed conventional tablets or capsules. These dosage forms are convenient, provide accurate dosing, and are generally more stable than liquid formulations.
Note: The appropriate medicine form depends on the child’s age, medical condition, and ability to take the medication. It is good practice to always follow the doctor’s instructions and never switch between dosage forms without medical advice.
Before giving a generic medicine to a child, it is important to ensure it is the right medicine and is being used safely. Some precautions include16,17:
Even safe and effective generic medicines for kids can cause problems if they are not used correctly. So, it is best to avoid these common mistakes:
These simple tips can make medicine administration easier and help the child receive the full benefit:
Generic medicines for kids are generally safe and effective when used as prescribed. However, parents should seek medical advice if they are unsure about the medicine or if their child’s condition does not improve as expected. A doctor’s consultation is required after taking the generic medicine if:
Also Read: Cough Syrup for Kids: What to Give, What to Avoid & Safe Dosage
Generic medicines are a safe, effective, and affordable option for managing many common childhood illnesses when they are approved by regulatory authorities and used correctly. They contain the same active ingredients as branded medicines and provide the same therapeutic benefits while helping reduce healthcare costs.
The key to safe and effective management is choosing the right medicine, using the correct dose and dosage form based on your child’s age and weight, and following the doctor’s instructions. Parents should always read medicine labels carefully, avoid self-medication, and seek medical advice if they have any concerns or if their child’s symptoms persist or worsen.
Generic medicines approved by regulatory authorities are considered as safe and effective as branded medicines. They contain the same active ingredient, strength, and dosage form and must meet the same quality and safety standards1,2. However, they should always be used under the guidance of a doctor and in the correct dose for your child’s age and weight.
If the generic medicine contains the same active ingredient, strength, dosage form, and route of administration, it can usually be substituted for the branded medicine2,16. However, always consult your child’s doctor or pharmacist before making the switch, especially if your child has a chronic condition or requires specialised treatment.
There is no fixed age at which children can start taking medicines. Medicines can be prescribed from birth if needed, but the type of medicine, dose, and dosage form depend on the child’s age, weight, medical condition, and overall health14. Always give medicines only as prescribed by a doctor.
Some of the most commonly used medicines in children include paracetamol (acetaminophen) for fever and pain, ibuprofen for pain and inflammation (in children over 6 months, unless advised otherwise), amoxicillin for certain bacterial infections, and cetirizine for allergies6,7,9,10. The most appropriate medicine depends on the child’s specific condition and should be recommended by a doctor.
1. Generic Drug Facts. FDA. June 2, 2026. Accessed July 9, 2026. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/generic-drugs/generic-drug-facts
2. Joshi S, Shetty Y, Karande S. Generic drugs – The Indian scenario. J Postgrad Med. 2019;65(2):67-69. doi:10.4103/jpgm.JPGM_420_18. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6515776/
3. Ferro A. Paediatric prescribing: why children are not small adults. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;79(3):351-353. doi:10.1111/bcp.12540. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4345945/
4. Strauss J, Greeff OBW. Excipient-related adverse drug reactions: A clinical approach. Curr Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;28:24-27. Accessed July 9, 2026. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282956386_Excipient-related_adverse_drug_reactions_A_clinical_approach
5. Reker D, Blum SM, Steiger C, Anger KE, Sommer JM, Fanikos J, Traverso G. “Inactive” ingredients in oral medications. Sci Transl Med. 2019 Mar 13;11(483):eaau6753. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau6753. Available from: https://people.uniud.it/sites/default/files/2019.SciTranMed%20-%20Inactive%20components.pdf
6. Barbi E, Marzuillo P, Neri E, Naviglio S, Krauss BS. Fever in Children: Pearls and Pitfalls. Children. 2017;4(9):81. doi:10.3390/children4090081. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28862659/
7. How and when to give ibuprofen for children. NHS. June 30, 2022. Accessed July 10, 2026.Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/ibuprofen-for-children/how-and-when-to-give-ibuprofen-for-children/
8. Jan Aushadhi Products. Government of India. Accessed July 9, 2026. Available from: https://janaushadhi.gov.in/product-portfolio/product-view-list
9. Alter SJ, Vidwan NK, Sobande PO, Omoloja A, Bennett JS. Common Childhood Bacterial Infections. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2011;41(10):256-283. doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2011.06.001. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22005120/
10. Chad Z. Allergies in children. Paediatr Child Health. 2001;6(8):555-566. doi:10.1093/pch/6.8.555. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20084126/
11. Weatherhead JE. Pediatric Pharmacotherapy: Anthelminthic Treatment. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2020;261:339-362. doi:10.1007/164_2019_254. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31555913/
12. Fauziah N, Aviani JK, Agrianfanny YN, Fatimah SN. Intestinal Parasitic Infection and Nutritional Status in Children under Five Years Old: A Systematic Review. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2022;7(11):371. doi:10.3390/tropicalmed7110371. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36422922/
13. Eckstein S, ed. Clinical investigation of medicinal products in the paediatric population. In: Manual for Research Ethics Committees. 6th ed. Cambridge University Press; 2003:420-428. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511550089.060. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/manual-for-research-ethics-committees/clinical-investigation-of-medicinal-products-in-the-paediatric-population/AD1A0BC46FD42CF156505B83F3F639CE
14. Nunn T. Age-appropriate formulations – paediatric needs. 2011. Accessed July 9, 2026. Available from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/presentation/presentation-age-appropriate-formulations-paediatric-needs_en.pdf
15. van Riet-Nales DA, Schobben AFAM, Vromans H, Egberts TCG, Rademaker CMA. Safe and effective pharmacotherapy in infants and preschool children: importance of formulation aspects. Arch Dis Child. 2016;101(7):662-669. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2015-308227. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4941170/
16. Got a Sick Kid? Don’t Guess. Read the Label. Make sure you’re giving your children the right medicine and the right amount. FDA. July 24, 2025. Accessed July 9, 2026. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/safe-use-over-counter-otc-medicines-children/got-sick-kid-dont-guess-read-label-make-sure-youre-giving-your-children-right-medicine-and-right
17. A Parent’s Guide to Over-the-Counter Medicines for Children. HealthyChildren.org. July 6, 2026. Accessed July 9, 2026. Available from: https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/at-home/medication-safety/Pages/Choosing-Over-the-Counter-Medicines-for-Your-Child.aspx
18. Medication Safety Tips for Families. HealthyChildren.org. November 12, 2025. Accessed July 9, 2026. Available from: https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/at-home/medication-safety/Pages/Medication-Safety-Tips.aspx
19. As They Grow: Teaching Your Children How To Use Medicines Safely. FDA. Accessed July 9, 2026. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/information-consumers-and-patients-drugs/they-grow-teaching-your-children-how-use-medicines-safely
20. Alhamad H, Patel N, Donyai P. Towards Medicines Reuse: A Narrative Review of the Different Therapeutic Classes and Dosage Forms of Medication Waste in Different Countries. Pharmacy (Basel). 2020;8(4):230. doi:10.3390/pharmacy8040230. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712270/
21. When your baby or infant has a fever: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Accessed July 9, 2026. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000319.htm
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Dengue is a major mosquito-borne disease in India, with seasonal outbreaks placing a significant burden on public health1. as cases continue to rise, there is growing interest in effective preventive measures, including vaccination. However, developing a dengue vaccine has been challenging because the disease is caused by four different dengue virus serotypes, all of which need to be addressed for effective protection1,2.
In recent years, important progress has been made in dengue vaccine development. This blog explores the current status of dengue vaccines in India, including their approval, eligibility, safety, and effectiveness.
Vaccines for dengue have been developed, and some are approved for use in several countries. However, unlike many routine vaccines, dengue vaccines are not universally recommended because their safety and effectiveness can depend on factors such as a person’s age and whether they have had a previous dengue infection. As a result, countries adopt different vaccination policies based on local disease patterns and available evidence3,4.
Developing a dengue vaccine has been particularly challenging because dengue is caused by four different virus serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4). Infection with one serotype provides long-term protection only against that specific type, while a later infection with another serotype may increase the risk of severe dengue through a process called antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Therefore, an effective vaccine must provide balanced protection against all four serotypes without increasing the risk of severe disease5,6.
Despite these challenges, global research has made significant progress.
If you are looking for the name of the dengue vaccine approved in India , it is Qdenga, the first dengue vaccine approved in India8.
Qdenga is a live, weakened vaccine that helps protect against all four types of the dengue virus. It was developed using recombinant DNA technology, a method that allows scientists to safely modify the virus so it can stimulate the immune system without causing dengue in healthy individuals. The vaccine is manufactured using Vero cells, supplied as a freeze-dried powder, and is mixed with a liquid before being given as an injection under the skin (subcutaneous injection)8.
The main features of this dengue fever vaccine in India are outlined in the table below8.
| Feature | Details |
| Vaccine name | Qdenga® (TAK-003) |
| Manufacturer | Developed by Takeda GmbH, Germany Imported in India by Takeda Biopharmaceuticals India Pvt. Ltd. |
| Regulatory authority | Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) |
| Approval date | July 2026 |
| Approval status | Approved under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act (1940) and the Drugs Rules (1945) |
| Approved age group | Individuals 4 to 60 years |
Note: Although Qdenga has received regulatory approval, dengue vaccination is not yet part of India’s Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP). The vaccine is expected to be available initially through the private healthcare sector.
Qdenga is a live attenuated tetravalent vaccine. This means that it contains weakened versions of all four dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4)9.
This dengue fever vaccine helps the immune system build protection against dengue without causing the disease. It works through the following steps9,11:
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Qdenga is recommended primarily for use in areas where dengue transmission is high, and the disease poses a significant public health burden. Eligibility is based on factors such as age, local dengue transmission, and certain medical conditions.
The following individuals may be eligible for Qdenga8:
Qdenga should not be administered to9:
The Qdenga dengue fever vaccine is administered as a two-dose primary vaccination series. Completing both doses is essential to achieve the recommended level of protection against dengue. Here is what to expect8,9:
| Schedule Component | Recommendation for Qdenga |
| Number of doses | 2 doses |
| Dose volume | 0.5 mL per dose |
| Route of administration | Subcutaneous (under the skin) injection |
| Dose 1 | Given on the chosen vaccination date (Day 0) |
| Dose 2 | Administered 3 months after the first dose |
| Minimum interval between doses | 3 months |
| Booster dose | No booster dose is currently recommended. |
Note: According to the WHO, the interval between doses should not be shortened, and if the second dose is delayed, the vaccination series does not need to be restarted9.
Qdenga vaccine provides protection against dengue. Its approval is based on a large global clinical development programme that evaluated the vaccine’s safety, immunogenicity (ability to trigger an immune response), and efficacy. Key evidence supporting the effectiveness of Qdenga includes8:
More than 24 million doses of Qdenga have been administered globally. Ongoing post-marketing monitoring has continued to show a favourable safety profile, with no new major safety concerns reported8. overall , most people tolerate Qdenga well. If side effects occur, they are usually mild to moderate, begin within 1 to 2 days after vaccination, and resolve within 1 to 3 days. Common side effects include12:
Other less common side effects include12:
Important: Most side effects after Qdenga are mild and resolve within a few days. However, seek immediate medical attention if you experience symptoms of a severe allergic reaction, such as difficulty breathing, swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat, severe rash or hives, dizziness, or fainting12. Although these reactions are very rare, prompt treatment is essential.
Although vaccination can help reduce the risk of dengue in eligible individuals, preventing mosquito bites remains the most effective way to avoid infection. Follow these simple preventive measures13:
Also Read: Natural Home Remedies for Dengue
The approval of Qdenga marks an important step forward in India’s efforts to reduce the burden of dengue. While the vaccine offers protection against dengue, particularly against severe disease and hospitalisation in eligible individuals, it is not a substitute for mosquito control and bite prevention.
Following the recommended vaccination schedule, staying informed about eligibility, and continuing preventive measures such as using insect repellents and eliminating mosquito breeding sites remain essential. Together, vaccination and mosquito control provide the best strategy for reducing the impact of dengue in India.
Qdenga is the first dengue vaccine approved in India. It is designed to protect against all four dengue virus serotypes and is given as two doses, three months apart8,9.
The new 4-serotype (tetravalent) dengue vaccine is Qdenga. It is a live attenuated vaccine that helps the immune system develop protection against DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-48.
The dengue vaccine is not recommended for everyone. The WHO currently recommends the routine use of Qdenga mainly in areas with high dengue transmission and for specific age groups. It is also not suitable for certain individuals, such as pregnant women, breastfeeding women, and people with weakened immune systems9.
Yes, Dengvaxia is considered safe when used according to approved recommendations. It is recommended only for individuals with a confirmed previous dengue infection, as its use in people who have never had dengue may increase the risk of severe disease after a future infection3.
Available evidence suggests that protection may persist for several years after completing the two-dose schedule, although research is still ongoing to determine the exact duration of long-term protection14. At present, no booster dose is recommended.
1. Pescador Ruschel MA, Panda PK, Farmer A. Dengue fever. StatPearls. Accessed July 23, 2026.2026. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430732/
2. Mutheneni SR, Morse AP, Caminade C, Upadhyayula SM. Dengue burden in India: recent trends and importance of climatic parameters. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2017;6(8):e70. doi:10.1038/emi.2017.57. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28790459/
3. About a Dengue Vaccine. CDC. May 15, 2025. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/vaccine/index.html
4. Kant R, Singh A, Ali AB, Nagre S, Ganguly NK, Rana R. Dengue vaccine effectiveness and safety: a systematic analysis of recent clinical trial data. Virol J. 2025;22:384. doi:10.1186/s12985-025-02937-x. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41287091/
5. Anumanthan G, Sahay B, Mergia A. Current Dengue Virus Vaccine Developments and Future Directions. Viruses. 2025;17(2):212. doi:10.3390/v17020212. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40006967/
6. Aynekulu Mersha DG, van der Sterren I, van Leeuwen LPM, et al. The role of antibody-dependent enhancement in dengue vaccination. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines. 2024;10:22. doi:10.1186/s40794-024-00231-2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39482727/
7. Lee MF, Long CM, Poh CL. Current status of the development of dengue vaccines. Vaccine X. 2025;22:100604. doi:10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100604. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39830640/
8. CDSCO Approves India’s First Dengue Vaccine, Strengthening National Dengue Prevention Efforts. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.pib.gov.in/www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=2286883
9. Vaccines and immunization: Dengue. CDC. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/dengue-vaccines
10. How do vaccines work? World Health Organization. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/how-do-vaccines-work
11. Explaining How Vaccines Work. CDC. May 7, 2026. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/basics/explaining-how-vaccines-work.html
12. Qdenga, INN-Dengue tetravalent vaccine (live, attenuated). European Medicines Agency. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/qdenga-epar-product-information_en.pdf
13. Preventing Dengue. CDC. May 29, 2025. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/prevention/index.html
14. Takeda. Phase III, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Investigate the Efficacy, Safety and Immunogenicity of a Tetravalent Dengue Vaccine (TDV) Administered Subcutaneously in Healthy Children Aged 4 – 16 Years Old. Clinicaltrials.gov; 2025. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02747927
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Have you ever noticed that you feel happier after a good workout, a warm hug or a heartfelt laughter? This is because your body has its own natural way of making you feel good or better. One of the important chemicals that help your body in this are endorphins, which are commonly known as “feel-good chemicals”1. This article will help you understand what endorphins are, how they work, why they are important, what happens if they are low and how to naturally boost their levels.
Endorphins are natural opioid peptides produced by the body and released in response to activities such as exercise, laughter, pain, stress, and excitement. They are mainly produced by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus and act within the brain and nervous system to help reduce pain, dampen stress responses, and contribute to feelings of well-being. Since they contribute towards pain-relief, endorphins are often called the body’s natural painkiller1.
Did You Know?
Endorphin hormones play different roles in our body. The following are some important functions of endorphin hormones:
Endorphins are released when the body experiences pain or stress (physiological). They help reduce the pain by slowing down the transmission of pain signals to the brain. This natural pain-relieving effect allows your body to better cope with physical strain, injury, or temporary discomfort2.
Endorphins are released during stressful situations such as when you become upset, anxious, etc. These chemicals help reduce discomfort and create a sense of calm, making it easier for you to handle short-term stress3. Hence, they promote a feeling of well-being, helping your mind recover after challenging situations1.
Endorphins are released along with other happy hormones such as serotonin and dopamine during enjoyable activities such as laughing, dancing, or spending time with loved ones. This helps you feel more positive and hence improves your mood by creating feelings of happiness, relaxation, and emotional comfort1.
During physical activity, your body releases endorphins. These help you keep going and create a happy and energised feeling often experienced after exercise, known as the “runner’s high1.”
Recent studies2 suggest that certain immune cells (such as T cells, B cells, and macrophages) may produce endorphins when the body is fighting inflammation. These naturally released endorphins may help you by reducing pain while supporting your body’s immune response and healing process.
Endorphins play a role in regulating appetite and maintaining the body’s energy balance. Hence, they may affect your eating behaviour4.
Endorphins offer several health benefits. The common benefits include the following:
Differences in endorphin hormone levels can affect both your body and mind. Here’s what you may experience when your endorphin levels are reduced or increased:
When your body has low level of endorphins, you may not feel the usual mood-boosting and pain-relieving effects. Low endorphin levels are not necessarily the primary cause of health problems, but they can cause symptoms including low mood, increased stress, fatigue, irritability, poor sleep, and increased sensitivity to pain or physical discomfort1,3. As a result, you may find it difficult to enjoy everyday activities, feel more easily overwhelmed by everyday challenges, have less energy, get frustrated more quickly, struggle to sleep peacefully, or notice that little aches and pains are more painful than usual.
Naturally elevated endorphin levels are usually temporary . They are frequently observed following activities such as strenuous exercise, laughter, dancing, exciting experiences, or other joyful moments. During this moment, you may feel happier, calmer, energised, or less sensitive to minor pain1. Endorphin levels eventually return to normal as your body recovers.
Several factors can affect the production or release of endorphins in your body. The most common ones include:
There are several ways by which you might experience Endorphin effects better. These include the following:
Also Read: Hyperandrogenism (Excess Androgen in Females): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment
Everyone experiences changes in mood from time to time. However, it is important to consult a doctor if you experience:
Do not forget that natural endorphin production is not sufficient to manage chronic conditions3. Therefore, consulting a doctor is important, as he can identify the underlying cause of these symptoms and recommend appropriate treatment if needed.
Also Read: What Does Oxytocin Do? Everything You Need to Know About the Love Hormone
Endorphins may help as natural pain relievers that also contribute to emotional well-being. They help alleviate discomfort, boost mood, induce relaxation, and make it easier for you to deal with stress. While the body naturally creates endorphins, healthy lifestyle choices like regular exercise, adequate sleep, meaningful social interactions, and enjoyable activities are important for their release. If you are experiencing prolonged mood swings, pain, or other worrying symptoms, it is best to consult a doctor to diagnose the exact cause and receive the appropriate treatment.
Palatable foods, or foods that are enjoyable and satisfying to eat, may help stimulate the release of endorphins by activating the brain’s natural reward system8. Examples include dark chocolate9, spicy foods (containing capsaicin), etc10.
Note: The effect of these foods on endorphin release may vary from person to person and should not replace a healthy lifestyle.
Endorphins and dopamine are different chemicals in the brain. Endorphins mainly help reduce pain and promote a sense of well-being, while dopamine is involved in motivation, reward, and pleasure1,11.
Yes. Short-term stress can trigger the release of endorphins to help your body cope with discomfort, while long-term or chronic stress may affect their normal balance and reduce their positive effects over time3.
Yes. Endorphin levels may change with age due to natural changes in the brain, hormones, and overall health, although they can still be supported through regular exercise and a healthy lifestyle1,7.
Yes. Poor or insufficient sleep may affect your body’s natural endorphin activity5, which can leave you feeling more tired, irritable, and less able to cope with stress.
You can naturally experience the effects of endorphin release through activities such as regular exercise, laughing, listening to music, dancing, spending time with loved ones, and practicing relaxation techniques. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle with good sleep, a balanced diet, and regular physical activity may also support healthy endorphin production1,5.
1. Endorphins: The brain’s natural pain reliever. DOI: Available from: https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/endorphins-the-brains-natural-pain-reliever
2. Sprouse-Blum AS, Smith G, Sugai D, Parsa FD. Understanding endorphins and their importance in pain management. Hawaii Med J. 2010;69(3):70-71. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3104618/
3. Pilozzi A, Carro C, Huang X. Roles of β-Endorphin in Stress, Behavior, Neuroinflammation, and Brain Energy Metabolism. IJMS. 2020;22(1):338. doi:10.3390/ijms22010338. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33396962/
4. Endorphins. Doi: Available from: https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=165521
5. Phillips B, Cooper KR, Newsome HH, Dewey WL. Effect of Sleep Loss on β-Endorphin Activity, Epinephrine Levels, and Ventilatory Responsiveness: Southern Medical Journal. 1987;80(1):16-20. doi:10.1097/00007611-198701000-00004. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3299928/
6. Paramasivam A, Murugan R, Jeraud M, Dakkumadugula A, Periyasamy R, Arjunan S. Additives in Processed Foods as a Potential Source of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: A Review. JoX. 2024;14(4):1697-1710. doi:10.3390/jox14040090. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39584955/
7. Gambert SR, Garthwaite TL, Pontzer CH, Hagen TC. Age-related changes in central nervous system beta-endorphin and ACTH. Neuroendocrinology. 1980 Oct;31(4):252-5. doi: 10.1159/000123083. PMID: 6252495. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6252495/
8. Benton D, Donohoe RT. The effects of nutrients on mood. Public Health Nutr. 1999;2(3a):403-409. doi:10.1017/S1368980099000555. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10610080/
9. Garbarino S, Garbarino E, Lanteri P. Cyrcadian Rhythm, Mood, and Temporal Patterns of Eating Chocolate: A Scoping Review of Physiology, Findings, and Future Directions. Nutrients. 2022;14(15):3113. doi:10.3390/nu14153113. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35956290/
10. Bosland PW. Hot stuff – do people living in hot climates like their food spicy hot or not? Temperature. 2016;3(1):41-42. doi:10.1080/23328940.2015.1130521. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4861186/
11. Dopamine. 2025. Doi: Available from: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dopamine
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Hearing your baby or child wake up in the middle of the night with a loud, barking cough can be frightening. This can often be a sign of croup cough, which is an inflammation of the windpipe. This blog will cover interesting facts, causes, symptoms, types, diagnosis, treatment, home remedies, and prevention of croup cough1.
Croup is an upper airway infection that is characterised by hoarseness and coughing that sounds like a seal barking. It is usually caused by viruses such as parainfluenza and RSV but can also be caused by bacteria. It is common in children under the age of 6. Most children with croup exhibit mild symptoms and can be treated at home, but in a few severe cases, hospitalisation is required1,2.
Croup is caused by viruses such as1,2:
Croup can also be caused by a bacterium, usually Staphylococcus aureus. In this case, it is called bacterial tracheitis.
The common types of croup that may occur in babies and kids include2:
Croup is diagnosed with the following examinations and laboratory tests1:
The options for croup treatment in babies and children include2:
Home remedies that may help soothe the symptoms of croup include3:
You may be able to avoid croup cough in your child by ensuring that they1,2:
Also Read: Home Remedies for Cold in Infants and Babies
It is important to consult a doctor if your child has croup and is not responding to any home remedies. If your child has trouble breathing, a high-pitched sound with every breath, extreme drowsiness, decreased consciousness, and bluish coloured lips and face, you should contact your doctor immediately3.
Also Read: Runny Nose in Children: Causes, How to Manage It & Prevention Tips
Although croup cases are usually mild and improve with care at home, some children may require hospitalisation. If your child develops breathing problems, extreme fatigue, and trouble swallowing, ensure that you go to the doctor as soon as possible. Recognising and diagnosing croup early, timely treatment, and appropriate care can help prevent complications. It is important to ensure hygiene and timely vaccinations for your child to avoid viral and bacterial infections in general.
If your child has a barking cough and hoarseness, it is likely that it is croup cough. Further tests, like a chest exam, may be needed to confirm the diagnosis1,3.
Yes, but it is important that you keep constantly checking with them at night. Make sure your child is not crying as it can worsen the symptoms. If your child is older than 1 year, it is advisable to use a pillow to keep their head up while sleeping1,3.
Antibiotics are administered to children only when a primary or secondary bacterial infection is suspected2.
Yes, the most severe symptoms of croup usually appear on day 3 or 42.
Sometimes, conditions such as acute epiglottitis (epiglottis infection), deep neck space abscesses (a condition characterised by fever, drooling, and neck stiffness), presence of a foreign body in the throat, and allergic reactions may be mistaken for croup as they all have similar symptoms2.
Yes, complications such as pneumonia may occur as a result of croup2.
1. Croup: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Accessed July 3, 2026. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000959.htm
2. Kadam S, Daley S, Carr B. Croup. StatPearls. Published online June 2, 2025. Accessed July 3, 2026. Available from: https://app-statpearls-legacy-prod.azurewebsites.net/point-of-care/20142
3. Croup – discharge: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Accessed July 3, 2026. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000994.htm
4. Tracheitis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Accessed July 3, 2026. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000988.htm
5. Content – Health Encyclopedia – URochester Medicine. Accessed July 16, 2026. Available from: https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=90&contentid=p02942
6. Treating Your Child’s “Barking Cough” at Home | University of Utah Health. January 2, 2023. Accessed July 16, 2026. Available from: https://healthcare.utah.edu/the-scope/kids-zone/all/2026/04/treating-your-childs-barking-cough-home
7. The-PEARL-No.-33_-Croup. Accessed July 20, 2026. Available from: https://flemsc.emergency.med.jax.ufl.edu/wordpress/files/2024/02/The-PEARL-No.-33_-Croup.pdf
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Many women experience changes such as irregular periods, sudden mood swings, persistent acne, or unexplained weight gain at some point in their lives. While these symptoms may often be dismissed as stress or part of a busy lifestyle, they may sometimes be linked to a hormonal imbalance1.
Hormones help regulate many body functions, and even small shifts in their levels can affect physical and emotional well-being2. In this article, we explain what hormonal imbalance in women means, the symptoms and causes to look out for, how it may be diagnosed and managed, and lifestyle measures that may support hormonal health.
Hormonal imbalance in women occurs when the body produces too much or too little of one or more hormones, or when hormone signals do not work as expected1,2. Hormones are chemical messengers made by glands such as the ovaries, thyroid, adrenal glands, and pituitary gland. They travel through the bloodstream and help regulate the menstrual cycle, fertility, metabolism, mood, sleep, and growth3.
Hormone levels naturally change during puberty, pregnancy, lactation, perimenopause, and menopause2. These changes are not always a cause for concern. However, when symptoms are persistent, severe, occur outside expected life stages, or interfere with daily life, they may point to a hormonal imbalance that needs medical evaluation. The type and severity of symptoms depend on which hormone is affected and the underlying cause.
Note: Hormonal imbalance is not a disease by itself; it is a sign that an underlying condition, life-stage change, medication, or lifestyle factor may be affecting normal hormone regulation.
Did You Know?
Hormonal imbalance can occur for many reasons. Some causes are a normal part of life, while others are linked to underlying medical conditions or lifestyle factors.
The symptoms of hormonal imbalance vary depending on which hormones are affected and the underlying cause. Some women experience only mild changes, while others may have symptoms that interfere with their daily lives. Common symptoms include1,12,15,17:
Your doctor will ask about your menstrual cycle, medical history, medications, lifestyle, and symptoms, and then perform a physical examination. Depending on your symptoms, your doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests:
Note: Hormone tests are not routinely recommended for every woman with suspected hormonal imbalance. Your doctor will order specific hormone tests based on your symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and suspected underlying condition.
Treatment for hormonal imbalance in women depends on the underlying cause, the hormones involved, your age, symptoms, and whether you are planning a pregnancy. In many cases, treating the underlying condition can help restore hormone balance and improve symptoms. Common management options include:
Note: Treatment focuses on identifying and managing the underlying cause of the hormonal imbalance rather than simply balancing hormones. So, the most appropriate treatment option depends on the specific condition causing the symptoms.
While lifestyle measures or home remedies for hormonal imbalance in women cannot treat the underlying cause, certain healthy habits can support overall hormonal health and help reduce symptoms. Some tips include:
Important: Home remedies and lifestyle changes may support hormonal health, but they cannot replace medical diagnosis or treatment when an underlying condition is present.
If not addressed, some hormonal imbalances can lead to long-term health problems. The risk and type of complications depend on the underlying cause and the hormones involved. Possible complications include1,5,22:
Although not all hormonal imbalances can be avoided, adopting healthy habits can help support normal hormone function and lower the risk of certain hormone-related conditions. Some tips include3,7,22:
Also Read: Hyperandrogenism (Excess Androgen in Females): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment
Occasional hormonal fluctuations are normal, especially during puberty, pregnancy, lactation, perimenopause, and menopause. However, consult a doctor if symptoms are persistent, severe, worsening, or affecting your daily life. Seek medical advice if you have1,16,29,30:
Also Read: How to Store Insulin Safely During Travel: Tips, Precautions & Best Practices
Hormonal imbalance in women can affect menstrual cycles, fertility, mood, skin, weight, sleep, and metabolism. Some hormonal changes are a normal part of life, but symptoms that are persistent, severe, or disruptive should not be ignored because they may indicate an underlying medical condition.
Early evaluation, appropriate treatment, and healthy lifestyle habits can help manage symptoms and reduce the risk of complications. If you think you may have a hormonal imbalance, consult a doctor for an accurate diagnosis and a personalised treatment plan.
Hormonal imbalances can disrupt ovulation, the process in which the ovary releases a mature egg each month. This can make it more difficult to conceive naturally1,2.
This depends on the cause. Temporary hormonal changes, such as those during pregnancy or stress, may resolve on their own, while conditions like PCOS or thyroid disorders usually require ongoing management.
A doctor can evaluate your symptoms, review your medical history, perform a physical examination, and recommend tests such as blood tests, pelvic ultrasound, or other investigations to identify the underlying cause1,19,20.
Deficiencies of nutrients such as vitamin D and vitamin B12 may affect hormone production or function in some people31. However, hormonal imbalance is more commonly caused by medical conditions such as PCOS, thyroid disorders, or menopause1,2.
1. Almhmoud H, Alatassi L, Baddoura M, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome and its multidimensional impacts on women’s mental health: A narrative review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2024;103(25):e38647. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000038647. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38905372/
2. Hiller-Sturmhöfel S, Bartke A. The Endocrine System. Alcohol Health Res World. 1998;22(3):153-164. Accessed July 21, 2026. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6761896/
3. What Is a Hormone? National Institute of General Medical Sciences. Accessed July 21, 2026. https://nigms.nih.gov/biobeat/2024/07/what-is-a-hormone
4. Kolatorova L, Vitku J, Suchopar J, Hill M, Parizek A. Progesterone: A Steroid with Wide Range of Effects in Physiology as Well as Human Medicine. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(14):7989. doi:10.3390/ijms23147989. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35887338/
5. Bartkowiak-Wieczorek J, Jaros A, Gajdzińska A, et al. The Dual Faces of Oestrogen: The Impact of Exogenous Oestrogen on the Physiological and Pathophysiological Functions of Tissues and Organs. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(15):8167. doi:10.3390/ijms25158167. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39125736/
6. Moolhuijsen LME, Visser JA. Anti-Müllerian Hormone and Ovarian Reserve: Update on Assessing Ovarian Function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(11):3361-3373. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa513. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32770239/
7. Endocrine Disruptors. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Accessed July 21, 2026. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine
8. Sender R, Kedar T, Navon Y, et al. The total mass, copy number, and distribution of hormones in the human bloodstream. PLOS Biol. 2026;24(6):e3003864. doi:10.1 371/journal.pbio.3003864. Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3003864
9. Coussa A, Hasan HA, Barber TM. Impact of contraception and IVF hormones on metabolic, endocrine, and inflammatory status. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2020;37(6):1267-1272. doi:10.1007/s10815-020-01756-z. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32215823/
10. Chen L, Lu Y, Zhou YF, et al. The effects of weight loss-related amenorrhea on women’s health and the therapeutic approaches: a narrative review. Ann Transl Med. 2023;11(2):132. doi:10.21037/atm-22-6366. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36819572/
11. Valera H, Chen A, Grive KJ. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis, Ovarian Disorders, and Brain Aging. Endocrinology. 2025;166(10):bqaf137. doi:10.1210/endocr/bqaf137. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40884186/
12. Kaur J, Bhusal K. Hyperprolactinemia. StatPearls. November 30, 2025. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537331/
13. Kapoor E. Premature Ovarian Insufficiency. Curr Opin Endocr Metab Res. 2023;28:100435. doi:10.1016/j.coemr.2023.100435. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36936056/
14. Saadedine M, Kapoor E, Shufelt C. Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: Recognition and Management of a Challenging Diagnosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2023;98(9):1376-1385. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.05.027. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37661145/
15. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Women’s Health. Accessed July 21, 2026. https://womenshealth.gov/menstrual-cycle/premenstrual-syndrome
16. Santoro N, Epperson CN, Mathews SB. Menopausal Symptoms and Their Management. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2015;44(3):497-515. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2015.05.001. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26316239/
17. Tarney CM, Han J. Postcoital Bleeding: A Review on Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2014;2014:192087. doi:10.1155/2014/192087. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25045355/
18. Dreisler E, Frandsen CS, Ulrich L. Perimenopausal abnormal uterine bleeding. Maturitas. 2024;184:107944. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2024.107944. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38412750/
19. Hormone levels: MedlinePlus. Accessed July 21, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003445.htm
20. Wang F, Liu J, Zhang R, et al. CT and MRI of adrenal gland pathologies. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2018;8(8):853-875. doi:10.21037/qims.2018.09.13. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30306064/
21. Healthy diet. World Health Organization. Accessed July 21, 2026. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet
22. Teede HJ, Tay CT, Laven JJE, et al. Recommendations From the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;108(10):2447-2469. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgad463. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37580314/
23. Khajuria A, Kumar A, Joshi D, Kumaran SS. Reducing Stress with Yoga: A Systematic Review Based on Multimodal Biosignals. Int J Yoga. 2023;16(3):156-170. doi:10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_218_23. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38463652/
24. Direksunthorn T. Sleep and Cardiometabolic Health: A Narrative Review of Epidemiological Evidence, Mechanisms, and Interventions. Int J Gen Med. 2025;18:5831-5843. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S563616. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41035532/
25. Rachdaoui N, Sarkar DK. Effects of alcohol on the endocrine system. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2013;42(3):593-615. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2013.05.008. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24011889/
26. Tweed JO, Hsia SH, Lutfy K, Friedman TC. The endocrine effects of nicotine and cigarette smoke. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2012;23(7):334-342. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2012.03.006. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22561025/
27. Office of Dietary Supplements. Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Accessed July 21, 2026. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/
28. Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin D. Accessed July 21, 2026. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/
29. Mazzarello S, Arnaout A. Nipple discharge. CMAJ Can Med Assoc J. 2015;187(8):599. doi:10.1503/cmaj.140633. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25733736/
30. Unnikrishnan AG, Menon UV. Thyroid disorders in India: An epidemiological perspective. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2011;15(Suppl2):S78-S81. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.83329. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21966658/
31. Aktaş HŞ. Vitamin B12 and Vitamin D Levels in Patients with Autoimmune Hypothyroidism and Their Correlation with Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies. Med Princ Pract. 2020;29(4):364-370. doi:10.1159/000505094. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31779003/
32. Ranabir S, Reetu K. Stress and hormones. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2011;15(1):18-22. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.77573. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21584161/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Some inherited conditions can remain unnoticed for years, even when they have been present since birth. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is among the most common inherited enzyme disorders worldwide. Many people discover it only after certain medicines, foods, or infections trigger symptoms1,2.
Most people with G6PD deficiency live healthy, normal lives, but recognising triggers is important for preventing complications. This blog covers the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and practical tips for understanding and managing G6PD deficiency.
G6PD deficiency is an inherited genetic condition in which the body does not produce enough of the G6PD enzyme, or the enzyme has reduced activity1. When people with G6PD deficiency are exposed to certain triggers (such as specific medicines, infections, or foods like fava beans), their red blood cells (RBCs) can break down faster than the body can replace them. This process (called haemolysis) can lead to haemolytic anaemia (a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy RBCs to carry oxygen effectively)1.
Did You Know?
G6PD helps the body produce a molecule called NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) through the pentose phosphate pathway. NADPH keeps glutathione, the main antioxidant in RBCs, in its active form. This antioxidant protects RBCs from oxidative stress damage and prevents them from breaking down too early1,6.
Unlike most other cells, mature RBCs cannot make new proteins or generate additional G6PD because they lack a nucleus and other cell structures. As a result, they rely entirely on the G6PD enzyme already present to defend against oxidative stress7. When G6PD activity is too low, exposure to substances that cause oxidative stress, such as certain medications, infections, chemicals, or foods, can damage RBCs and cause them to break down prematurely (haemolysis). This may lead to haemolytic anaemia, reducing the blood’s ability to carry oxygen throughout the body1.
G6PD deficiency is caused by inherited changes (mutations) in the G6PD gene, which provides instructions for making the G6PD enzyme. G6PD deficiency is caused by mutations in the G6PD gene, resulting in reduced or absent G6PD enzyme activity1.
This mutation is triggered by certain factors such as:
Note: More than 400 genetic variants of G6PD deficiency have been identified. These variants differ in the amount of enzyme activity they produce, which is why some individuals never develop symptoms, while others experience severe episodes of haemolysis8.
Most people with G6PD deficiency do not have symptoms unless they are exposed to a trigger. When RBCs undergo haemolysis, symptoms can develop suddenly and range from mild to severe. Common G6PD deficiency symptoms include1,9:
Some babies with G6PD deficiency may develop symptoms shortly after birth, including1:
Rarely, untreated severe jaundice in babies can lead to kernicterus, characterised by permanent brain damage1.
Diagnosis typically involves blood tests that measure G6PD enzyme activity. Based on your symptoms, the doctor may rely on1,10:
Note: G6PD test results may appear normal during or soon after a haemolytic episode because the tested sample could contain more of younger RBCs with higher G6PD activity and a lower proportion of older RBCs with low G6PD levels11. If G6PD deficiency is still suspected despite a normal test result, your doctor may recommend repeating the test after recovery, usually about 3 months later, for a more accurate diagnosis.
Important: Babies with unexplained or severe jaundice may be tested for G6PD deficiency, especially if they have a family history or belong to a high-risk population1,9.
There is no cure for G6PD deficiency. Management mainly focuses on avoiding triggers and treating haemolysis if it occurs. Management options for G6PD deficiency include1,12.
Most people with G6PD deficiency remain healthy if they avoid known triggers. However, repeated or severe episodes of RBC breakdown can lead to complications, including1,4,9:
G6PD deficiency itself cannot be prevented because it is an inherited genetic condition. However, episodes of haemolysis can often be prevented by avoiding known triggers9:
Also Read: High Creatinine: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment
Seek medical attention immediately if you (or your child) have G6PD deficiency and develop signs of haemolysis, especially after exposure to a known trigger. You should see a doctor if you experience9:
Note: For newborns, seek urgent medical care if your baby develops jaundice within the first 24 hours of life, has difficulty feeding, or appears unusually sleepy. Jaundice that develops after the first 24 hours should also be evaluated by a healthcare provider, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications1,9,13.
G6PD deficiency is a common inherited condition that often remains unnoticed until exposure to certain triggers causes RBC breakdown. Although there is no cure, most people with G6PD deficiency can lead healthy, normal lives by recognising triggers, avoiding high-risk medications and foods, and seeking timely medical care when symptoms occur.
Yes, G6PD deficiency is an inherited genetic condition caused by mutations in the G6PD gene. It is passed down in an X-linked pattern, which is why it is more common in males than females1.
No, G6PD deficiency is a lifelong condition and does not go away with age9,14. However, many people remain symptom-free throughout their lives if they avoid known triggers.
The main danger of G6PD deficiency is acute haemolytic anaemia, in which RBCs break down rapidly after exposure to certain medications, infections, or foods such as fava beans. Severe cases can lead to jaundice, kidney injury, or, in newborns, serious complications such as kernicterus, if left unaddressed1,9.
1. Mak GK, Shah M. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Accessed July 15, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470315/
2. Bubp J, Jen M, Matuszewski K. Caring for Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD)–Deficient Patients: Implications for Pharmacy. Pharm Ther. 2015;40(9):572-574. Accessed July 15, 2026. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4571844/
3. Cappellini MD, Fiorelli G. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Lancet. 2008;371(9606):64-74. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60073-2 https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase-deficiency/
4. Koromina M, Pandi MT, van der Spek PJ, Patrinos GP, Lauschke VM. The ethnogeographic variability of genetic factors underlying G6PD deficiency. Pharmacol Res. 2021;173:105904. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105904 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34551338/
5. Awab GR, Aaram F, Jamornthanyawat N, et al. Protective effect of Mediterranean-type glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency against Plasmodium vivax malaria. eLife. 10:e62448. doi:10.7554/eLife.62448 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33543710/
6. Stanton RC. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase, NADPH, and Cell Survival. Iubmb Life. 2012;64(5):362-369. doi:10.1002/iub.1017 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22431005/
7. Karafin MS, Francis RO. Impact of G6PD status on red cell storage and transfusion outcomes. Blood Transfus. 2019;17(4):289-295. doi:10.2450/2019.0092-19 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6683872/
8. McDonagh EM, Thorn CF, Bautista JM, Youngster I, Altman RB, Klein TE. PharmGKB summary: very important pharmacogene information for G6PD. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2012;22(3):219-228. doi:10.1097/FPC.0b013e32834eb313 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6683872/
9. Favism. Healthdirect. February 5, 2026. Accessed July 15, 2026. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/G6PD-deficiency
10. G6PD Test. MedlinePlus Medical Test. Accessed July 15, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/g6pd-test/
11. Arese P, Gallo V, Pantaleo A, Turrini F. Life and Death of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficient Erythrocytes – Role of Redox Stress and Band 3 Modifications. Transfus Med Hemotherapy. 2012;39(5):328-334. doi:10.1159/000343123 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3678266/
12. Garcia AA, Koperniku A, Ferreira JCB, Mochly-Rosen D. Treatment Strategies for Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency: Past and Future Perspectives. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2021;42(10):829-844. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2021.07.002 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34389161/
13. Ansong-Assoku B, Adnan M, Daley SF, Ankola PA. Neonatal Jaundice. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Accessed July 20, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532930/
14. Israel A, Schäffer AA, Berkovitch M, et al. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency and Long-Term Risk of Immune-Related diseases. medRxiv. Published online March 24, 2023:2023.03.23.23287616. doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.23287616 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37753082/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
GLP-1 receptor agonists are a class of prescription medications initially developed to manage type 2 diabetes but are now also widely used for weight management in overweight or obese individuals. These medications work by mimicking the body’s natural glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) hormone, helping reduce appetite, slow stomach emptying, improve blood sugar control, and promote a feeling of fullness.
With rising rates of obesity and increasing awareness of medical weight-loss options, more people in India are exploring GLP-1 medications alongside healthy eating, regular physical activity, and lifestyle changes. While clinical studies have shown that these medications can support meaningful weight loss in eligible individuals, many people also want to know what real-world GLP-1 testimonials are like, how quickly results appear, what challenges users face, and whether the benefits are sustainable.
In this article, we share a collection of GLP-1 success stories that are inspired by the personal experiences of Indian people. These GLP-1 stories illustrate the potential benefits, common hurdles, and practical lessons learnt, while highlighting that individual results vary and treatment should always be undertaken under the guidance of a qualified doctor.
“I have been overweight for many years now, and I have been that person who starts a new diet every couple of months. I would stay motivated for a few weeks, then the cravings would hit, and I would end up right back where I started. It made me feel like I just didn’t have enough willpower.
When my doctor explained how GLP-1 could help manage appetite, I decided to give it a try. The first couple of weeks weren’t perfect, as I had mild nausea and had to get used to eating smaller meals. But for the first time in years, I wasn’t constantly thinking about food. I finally understood what it felt like to be satisfied after a meal.
Now, I don’t see weight loss as a race. I have been losing weight steadily, my clothes fit better, and I no longer feel guilty every time I eat. GLP-1 didn’t change my mindset overnight, but it gave me the support I needed to build healthier habits that actually last.“
“My turning point wasn’t the number on the weighing scale; it was struggling to climb a single flight of stairs without stopping. My knees hurt, I felt tired all the time, and I hated saying no whenever my kids wanted to play outside.
My doctor suggested GLP-1 as part of a long-term weight management plan. Instead of trying another crash diet, I focused on small, realistic changes like walking every evening and eating balanced meals. As my appetite became easier to manage, sticking to those habits didn’t feel like a constant battle.
Today, everyday life feels easier. I move more comfortably, my joints don’t ache as much, and I have the energy to do things I used to avoid. For me, the biggest victory wasn’t just losing weight; it was getting my quality of life back.“
“I have lived with type 2 diabetes for several years, and every follow-up appointment made me anxious. I was doing my best to eat healthy, exercising regularly, yet, my blood sugar readings still seemed unpredictable, which was very frustrating.
After discussing my treatment options with my doctor, I started GLP-1 therapy. I also became more mindful of my meals, choosing smaller portions, cutting back on sugary snacks, and staying consistent with my daily walks. Gradually, my blood sugar levels became more stable, and I stopped feeling tired after every meal.
These days, I feel much more confident managing my diabetes. My glucose levels are better controlled, I have more energy throughout the day, and I finally feel like my efforts are paying off. Rather than giving me a quick fix, GLP-1 helped me regain confidence in managing my health.”
“I always blamed my afternoon tiredness on work. I would have lunch, feel sleepy within an hour, then reach for tea and biscuits just to get through the day. My doctor explained that insulin resistance could be playing a role and suggested GLP-1 therapy as part of my treatment plan.
What surprised me most wasn’t the weight loss; it was how steady my energy became. I stopped feeling hungry every couple of hours and no longer craved sugary snacks in the evening. I also made a point of eating more protein, taking a short walk after meals, and sleeping on time, which made a bigger difference than I expected.
Today, I feel like my body works with me instead of against me. I have more consistent energy throughout the day and finally feel in control of my eating habits.”
“I used to avoid photographs, shopping trips, and even social gatherings because I never felt comfortable in my own body. Every failed diet left me feeling guilty, and food became something I constantly worried about.
Starting GLP-1 treatment helped reduce my appetite, but the real change happened when I stopped chasing quick fixes. I learned to enjoy balanced meals, stayed hydrated, celebrated small milestones instead of obsessing over the weighing scale, and made walking part of my daily routine. Some weeks the progress was slow, but I reminded myself that consistency mattered more than perfection.
Today, I feel more confident and far less anxious around food. Losing weight has been rewarding, but rebuilding my confidence has been the biggest achievement.“
“My father had heart disease, so every health check-up made me nervous. When my doctor told me my weight, blood pressure, and cholesterol were all increasing my risk, I knew I had to make a serious change, not just for myself, but for my family.
I started GLP-1 treatment under my doctor’s supervision and focused on making realistic changes instead of trying extreme diets. I cooked more meals at home, cut back on late-night eating, and started taking regular evening walks. The weight came down gradually, but I was even more encouraged by improvements in my overall health.
Now I don’t think about getting slimmer; I think about staying healthy for the years ahead. I have more stamina, feel more motivated to stay active, and I’m confident that I’m investing in my long-term heart health.“
While the experiences shared in these GLP-1 success stories highlight the potential benefits of GLP-1 medications, it is important to remember that these medicines are prescription-based and may not be suitable for everyone. So, before starting a GLP-1 medication, consult a qualified doctor who can assess your overall health, medical history, current medications, and health goals to determine whether it is the right option for you.
Your doctor will also recommend the appropriate medication, dosage, and dose-escalation schedule, while monitoring you for possible side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, or dehydration. Additionally, regular follow-up visits are important to evaluate your progress, adjust your treatment plan if needed, and ensure that the medication is being used safely and effectively.
GLP-1 medications work best when combined with a balanced diet, regular physical activity, adequate sleep, and other healthy lifestyle changes. Always keep in mind that they are not a substitute for these habits. If you are considering a generic GLP-1 medication after reading these GLP-1 testimonials, do not start it on your own or purchase it from unverified sources. Always consult your doctor before taking any generic GLP-1 medication to ensure it is appropriate for your condition, sourced from a reliable manufacturer, and used according to the prescribed dosage and treatment plan.
Note: Every person’s experience with GLP-1 therapy is unique (as you have read in these GLP-1 stories). Results vary depending on factors such as underlying health conditions, adherence to treatment, lifestyle changes, and individual response to the medication. What works well for one person may not always give the same results for another person.
GLP-1 medications have helped many people take meaningful steps towards better health by supporting weight loss, improving blood sugar control, and making long-term lifestyle changes more achievable. As these GLP-1 success stories show, the journey is different for everyone: some experienced fewer cravings, others gained better mobility, improved diabetes management, or renewed confidence in their daily lives.
However, these GLP-1 weight loss success stories show that while GLP-1 medications can support meaningful health improvements, they are not a quick fix and may not be suitable for everyone. The best outcomes are achieved when they are used under medical supervision and combined with healthy eating, regular physical activity, and other positive lifestyle habits. If you think GLP-1 therapy may be right for you, speak with your doctor to understand your options and develop a treatment plan tailored to your individual health needs.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
1
Did you know that your red blood cells (RBCs) usually live for about 120 days? At the end of their lifespan, they are naturally broken down and recycled by the body through a process called hemolysis1.
However, if RBCs are destroyed much earlier than expected, or in larger numbers than usual, it can cause problems. This may happen because of inherited blood disorders or other medical conditions, and it can sometimes lead to anaemia or serious complications2. Though many complications can be prevented or managed well when the cause is found and treated early.
In this blog, we will explain the meaning of hemolysis, its causes and types, common symptoms, how doctors diagnose it, and the treatment options that may help.
Hemolysis means the breakdown of RBCs. This can be a normal part of how the body renews blood cells. RBCs usually circulate for about 120 days before old or damaged cells are removed1.
Did You Know?
Problems can occur when RBCs are destroyed faster than the bone marrow can replace them. This usually happens for two broad reasons: intrinsic causes, where the issue is within the RBCs themselves, and extrinsic causes, where something outside the RBCs damages them.
The defect is within the RBC itself, such as an abnormality in the RBC membrane, enzymes, or haemoglobin. While most intrinsic causes are inherited (present from birth), some may be acquired later in life.
The RBCs are structurally normal, but they are destroyed by factors outside the RBC, such as immune reactions, infections, certain medications or toxins, mechanical injury, or an enlarged spleen. These causes usually develop later in life, although not all extrinsic causes are acquired.
Important: Although intrinsic haemolytic anaemias are usually inherited and extrinsic haemolytic anaemias are often acquired, this is not always the case. Some intrinsic causes may be acquired, so the terms intrinsic and extrinsic do not strictly mean inherited and acquired, respectively.
Symptoms can vary from person to person. They may depend on how quickly RBCs are being destroyed, how severe the condition is, and what is causing it. Common hemolysis symptoms and signs include6,12:
Note: Dark or reddish-brown urine is more commonly seen in intravascular hemolysis due to the presence of haemoglobin in the urine (haemoglobinuria). In extravascular hemolysis, urine usually does not become dark because RBCs are broken down mainly in the spleen and liver. Dark urine caused by haemoglobinuria should also be distinguished from haematuria (blood in the urine) and myoglobinuria (muscle protein in the urine).
Doctors may describe hemolysis in different ways, depending on where RBCs are destroyed and what is causing the destruction.
If your doctor suspects hemolysis, they may recommend a complete blood count to check for anaemia. They may also advise other blood or urine tests, such as6:
Additional tests, such as G6PD tests, may be recommended depending on the suspected cause.
Treatment depends on the cause, how severe the hemolysis is, and the person’s overall health. Your doctor may recommend one or more of the following options4,6,13:
If hemolysis is severe or not treated, it may lead to complications such as13,14:
Not every type of hemolysis can be prevented. However, the following steps may help lower the risk of severe episodes and related complications:
Also Read: What Is a Dangerous White Blood Cell Count and How to Increase White Blood Cells?
Speak to a doctor if you notice any of the following symptoms, especially if they are new, persistent, or getting worse4,6,12,13:
Also Read: Folate Deficiency: Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention
Hemolysis is a normal process when old RBCs are removed from the body. It becomes a concern when RBCs break down too early or too quickly. This may happen because of inherited blood disorders or acquired medical conditions. Mild cases may cause few or no symptoms, but severe cases can lead to serious complications. Recognising symptoms early, finding the cause, and getting timely treatment can make a meaningful difference. If you have symptoms that may suggest hemolysis, speak to your doctor for the right diagnosis and care.
Hemolysis simply means the breakdown of RBCs, and it can be a normal body process. However, when RBCs break down too early or too quickly, it may point to an underlying medical condition that needs evaluation1.
Hemolysis may be triggered by inherited blood disorders, autoimmune diseases, infections, certain medicines, blood transfusion reactions, toxins, mechanical heart valves, and, in people with G6PD deficiency, foods such as fava beans4,6.
When RBCs break down, they release potassium. Significant hemolysis can therefore increase blood potassium levels, although falsely elevated potassium (pseudohyperkalaemia) can also occur if blood cells break during sample collection15,16.
Mild cases of premature or excessive hemolysis may not be serious, but severe cases could be life-threatening. They can lead to severe anaemia or other complications1,13. This makes early medical treatment important.
Most foods do not cause hemolysis. However, fava beans can trigger hemolysis in some people with G6PD deficiency. If you have this condition, ask your doctor which foods, medicines, or other triggers you should avoid4.
Severe hemolysis may cause hyperkalaemia, which means high potassium levels in the blood, because potassium is released from damaged RBCs. This needs medical evaluation, especially if symptoms such as muscle weakness or abnormal heart rhythms occur15.
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2. Zhong H, Yazdanbakhsh K. Hemolysis and immune regulation. Curr Opin Hematol. 2018;25(3):177-182. doi:10.1097/MOH.0000000000000423 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6309361/
3. Hemolysis. MedlinePlus. Accessed July 20, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002372.htm
4. Mak GK, Shah M. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency. StatPearls. Accessed July 20, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470315/
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9. Chaudhary P, Maharjan N, Subedi B. Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia as the Initial Presentation of Metastatic Signet-Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Colon: A Case Report. Cureus. 16(12):e76034. doi:10.7759/cureus.76034 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39835047/
10. Tozluklu NN, Güvenç B. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia as the Presenting Feature of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Two Contrasting Cases Across Different Age Groups. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther. 2025;47:106115. doi:10.1016/j.htct.2025.106115 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616265/
11. Lv Y, Lau WY, Li Y, et al. Hypersplenism: History and current status. Exp Ther Med. 2016;12(4):2377-2382. doi:10.3892/etm.2016.3683 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27703501/
12. Palmer D, Seviar D. How to approach hemolysis: Haemolytic anaemia for the general physician. Clin Med. 2022;22(3):210-213. doi:10.7861/clinmed.2022-0142 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35584830/
13. Turner J, Parsi M, Badireddy M. Anemia. StatPearls. Accessed July 20, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499994/
14. Palmer D, Seviar D. How to approach hemolysis: Haemolytic anaemia for the general physician. Clin Med. 2022;22(3):210-213. doi:10.7861/clinmed.2022-0142 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35584830/
15. High potassium level. MedlinePlus. Accessed July 20, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001179.htm
16. Asirvatham JR, Moses V, Bjornson L. Errors in Potassium Measurement: A Laboratory Perspective for the Clinician. North Am J Med Sci. 2013;5(4):255-259. doi:10.4103/1947-2714.110426 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3662091/
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