Hearing loss may develop gradually over time or appear suddenly. It can make everyday conversations, phone calls, and familiar sounds harder to hear. Hearing loss can affect people of any age and may result from medical conditions, infections, injuries, certain medicines, or long-term exposure to loud noise1.
Recognising symptoms early can help identify the cause and guide suitable care. This blog explains the symptoms, causes, types, diagnosis, management, and prevention of hearing loss.
Hearing loss means reduced ability to hear sounds. Some people may find it hard to follow conversations, while others may have difficulty hearing even loud sounds1.
Normally, sound travels through the outer and middle ear to the cochlea, the hearing organ in the inner ear. The cochlea contains tiny hair cells that change sound vibrations into signals. These signals travel through the hearing nerve to the brain, where they are recognised as sound. Hearing loss can occur when any part of this pathway is affected1,2.
Did You Know?
Hearing loss is commonly grouped into four main types1,3:
Hearing loss can have many causes, depending on the part of the ear or hearing pathway involved. Common causes include2,4:
The symptoms of hearing loss can vary depending on the cause and how severe it is. Common symptoms include4,5:
Doctors usually start by asking about the person’s symptoms and medical history and then examining the ears. They may ask when the hearing difficulty began, whether it affects one or both ears, and whether there are related symptoms such as dizziness, ringing in the ears, pain, or discharge. They may also ask about past ear infections, family history, loud noise exposure, and medicines that can affect hearing1.
Depending on the person’s age and symptoms, doctors may suggest tests such as1:
Management depends on the type and severity of hearing loss, its cause, and whether it is temporary or permanent. Common treatment and management options include1:
Important: In cases of sudden hearing loss, immediate medical attention is needed. In such cases, doctors may give steroids through a vein or directly into the ear. They usually begin this treatment within 48 to 72 hours of the hearing loss for the best chance of recovery6.
Note: Depending on the person’s needs, care may also include assistive listening devices, communication strategies, speech and language support, and hearing rehabilitation. Regular hearing checks can also help monitor changes and show whether treatment needs to be adjusted1,7.
If hearing loss is not addressed, it can affect communication, daily activities, and overall well-being. Possible complications include2,8:
Hearing loss is not always preventable, but many cases can be reduced or avoided by protecting the ears and addressing risk factors early. Helpful prevention steps include2,8:
Consider seeking medical advice if you8:
Hearing plays an important role in communication and everyday life, so changes in hearing should not be ignored.
Whether hearing difficulty develops gradually or suddenly, noticing changes early and seeking medical advice can help reduce its impact on daily activities and well-being.
Also Read: Ear Infection (Otitis Media): Causes, Symptoms, Types, Treatment and Prevention
Hearing loss can be present at birth or develop during childhood due to genetic conditions, infections, ear problems, injuries, or exposure to loud sounds4.
Hearing loss does not directly damage the brain. However, untreated hearing loss can make communication and listening more difficult and may affect social and cognitive functioning, particularly in older adults9.
Hearing loss itself is not always genetic, but some types are caused by inherited genetic changes. This may be present at birth or develop later in life10.
Hearing loss does not always cause dizziness. However, some inner-ear conditions can cause both hearing loss and dizziness or balance problems11.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Have you ever had ear pain that made it difficult to sleep, or noticed that sounds suddenly seem muffled? For parents, it can be especially worrying when a child wakes up at night crying and holding their ear, complaining of discomfort. Otitis media is an infection or inflammation of the middle ear. Fluid or mucus can build up behind the eardrum, which may cause ear pain, pressure, or muffled hearing1.
This blog explains what otitis media means, the main types of middle ear infection, common causes, symptoms, prevention tips, when to seek medical care, and how ear infections are usually treated.
An ear infection, also called otitis media when it affects the middle ear, often develops after a cold, sore throat, or other respiratory infection2. Fluid can collect behind the eardrum and make it harder for sound to pass through clearly1. Ear infections are more common in children, although adults can also develop them. A child with an ear infection may pull at the ear, cry more than usual, sleep poorly, have balance problems, or seem less responsive to sounds1.
There are three main types of middle ear infection. They differ mainly in how quickly symptoms start and how long fluid or infection remains behind the eardrum2.
A middle ear infection can be caused by bacteria or viruses. It often follows a cold or another upper respiratory infection, which can make the Eustachian tube swollen or blocked. This tube normally helps drain fluid from the middle ear and balance pressure3.
Middle ear infection symptoms often appear quickly and may improve over a few days. Symptoms can look different in adults, older children, babies, and younger children4.
Treatment depends on the person’s age, symptoms, general health, and risk of complications. Many middle ear infections improve on their own within a few days, so treatment may focus first on relieving pain and fever. Antibiotics are used when symptoms are severe, when the infection does not improve, or when the person is at higher risk of complications2,5.
The following home-care steps may help ease earache or pressure while you wait for the infection to improve or while following medical advice6:
Most ear infections get better within a few days, and complications of otitis media are uncommon. However, when complications occur, the infection can spread to nearby parts of the ear or head4,7.
These steps may help lower the risk of middle ear infections:
Seek medical advice if you or your child has symptoms of an ear infection:
Also Read: Ear Bleeding (Otorrhagia): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention
Middle ear infections, or otitis media, are common, particularly in children, and often improve on their own. Recognising symptoms such as ear pain, fever, hearing difficulties, or ear discharge can help you know when medical advice may be needed. Simple preventive measures and appropriate home care can help reduce discomfort and the risk of infection, while timely medical attention can help prevent complications.
Also Read: Natural Home Remedies for Ear Pain
Middle ear infections are not contagious. However, the cold or respiratory virus that may lead to an ear infection can spread from person to person8.
Yes. Otitis media can cause temporary hearing difficulty, especially when fluid remains in the middle ear. Permanent hearing loss is uncommon but can occur if infections are severe, repeated, or not treated when treatment is needed.
Most cases of otitis media improve within 3 to 5 days. Seek medical advice if symptoms do not improve within 2 to 3 days, get worse, or are accompanied by concerning symptoms such as high fever, ear discharge, or hearing loss7.
An ear infection may be serious if there is a high fever, worsening pain, swelling or redness behind the ear, fluid or pus draining from the ear, new hearing loss, dizziness, repeated vomiting, severe headache, neck stiffness, unusual drowsiness, breathing problems, dehydration, a seizure, or a rash that does not fade when pressed. Seek urgent medical help if any of these symptoms occur11.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Has it ever happened that during a routine prenatal check-up, you glanced through your blood test report and noticed that your alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level was higher than the normal range?
We understand that seeing an abnormal test result during pregnancy can be worrying, but in many cases, a rise in ALP is a normal part of pregnancy. It normally happens as your body supports your baby’s growth and development. However, sometimes elevated ALP levels may be linked to an underlying condition that requires medical attention1,2.
This article explains why ALP can rise during pregnancy, when a high result may need closer review, what symptoms to watch for, how doctors usually investigate it, and what management may involve.
ALP is an enzyme that is found in several tissues of the body, especially the liver, bones, intestines, kidneys, and placenta. ALP is one of the blood markers doctors use to get clues about liver, bone, and pregnancy-related changes3.
During pregnancy, the placenta makes its own form of ALP. As the placenta grows, more of this ALP enters the mother’s bloodstream. This rise is usually most noticeable in the second and third trimesters4,5. Because ALP can also come from the liver and bones, doctors do not interpret the high level on its own. They look at your pregnancy stage, symptoms, and other blood test results before deciding whether more tests are needed2.
ALP levels normally increase as pregnancy progresses. Therefore, ALP levels that would be considered high in non-pregnant adults may be completely normal during pregnancy6,7.
| Group | Typical ALP Range (U/L) |
| Non-Pregnant Adults | 35 to 100 |
| Pregnant women | 20 to 270 |
Note: Reference ranges differ between laboratories and may also differ by trimester. Your doctor will compare your result with your stage of pregnancy, your symptoms, and other tests included in the routine liver function test panel, such as bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and sometimes bile acids.
As a general rule, a mild or moderate rise in ALP late in pregnancy is often expected. A result that is rising very quickly, is much higher than expected for the trimester, or appears with symptoms such as itching, jaundice, severe headache, vision changes, abdominal pain, high blood pressure, or reduced baby movements should be discussed promptly with a doctor.
The common causes of high ALP during pregnancy include:
Other related causes may include:
Note: There is no specific ALP level that can reliably predict pregnancy complications or indicate that delivery is needed.
High ALP itself usually does not cause symptoms. If symptoms are present, they are more likely to come from the condition causing the ALP rise. Possible symptoms include2:
High ALP during pregnancy is usually detected through an ALP blood test. This test measures the level of ALP in your blood and helps determine whether the increase is a normal pregnancy-related change or a sign of an underlying condition2.
If the result is higher than expected, your doctor may order additional tests to understand where the ALP is coming from. These may include liver tests, bilirubin, GGT, bile acid testing if itching suggests ICP, vitamin D or calcium tests if a bone cause is suspected, blood pressure checks, urine testing for protein, and ultrasound or foetal monitoring when there are concerns about the baby’s growth or well-being.
An increase in ALP alone does not need treatment or extra monitoring of the baby. Many pregnant people do not need treatment because the rise is expected and related to the placenta. If tests suggest another cause, your doctor will treat that condition rather than the ALP level itself. Management may include:
Important: Do not try to lower ALP on your own or stop any medicine without medical advice. The safest next step is to ask your doctor whether your ALP level fits your stage of pregnancy and whether any follow-up tests are needed.
While high ALP in pregnancy is often a normal part of pregnancy, following a healthy lifestyle can support your overall well-being and your baby’s development. Here are some simple tips to help you have a healthy pregnancy13:
You should contact your doctor promptly if a high ALP result comes with symptoms that may suggest a liver, bone, or pregnancy-related problem. Seek urgent care if you notice any of the following2,14:
Note: Even if you do not have any symptoms, attend all your scheduled prenatal appointments and discuss any abnormal blood test results with your doctor.
Also Read: Complete Pregnancy Test List Trimester-By-Trimester for Indian Mothers
If your ALP is high during pregnancy, especially in the later months, it is often a normal change caused by the growing placenta. A high ALP level alone does not mean that the placenta is not working properly, and it does not by itself indicate a pregnancy complication or the need for early delivery. However, ALP can also increase due to liver or bone problems, certain medicines, or other pregnancy-related conditions. Your doctor will consider your symptoms and other test results to understand what the raised ALP level means.
Regular prenatal check-ups, timely blood tests, and immediate attention to any warning symptoms can help ensure the health of both you and your baby. If you have concerns about your ALP levels or your pregnancy, speak with your doctor for appropriate advice and care.
Usually, no. A higher ALP level is often a normal pregnancy change because the placenta makes ALP as it grows. However, if ALP is very high or rising quickly, your doctor may check whether another issue is present, such as a liver condition or a placenta-related pregnancy complication. In those situations, the underlying condition, not the ALP level itself, may affect the baby and may need closer monitoring6.
ALP commonly rises during pregnancy, especially in the second and third trimesters, because the placenta is growing and producing more ALP1,4,5. The amount of increase varies from person to person, so two healthy pregnant people may have different ALP results.
Yes. Liver conditions such as ICP, hepatitis, or blockage in the bile ducts can raise ALP2,8. Doctors usually look at ALP together with other liver tests, such as AST, ALT, bilirubin, GGT, and sometimes bile acids, especially if there is itching, jaundice, dark urine, pale stools, or pain in the upper right side of the abdomen.
There is no particular ALP level that is dangerous for everyone during pregnancy. ALP is expected to be higher than usual, especially later in pregnancy6. Doctors pay closer attention when the level is much higher than expected, rises quickly, or appears with symptoms or abnormal results in other tests.
ALP usually falls after delivery as the pregnancy-related placental source is removed. In many people, it returns to the pre-pregnancy range within about 6 to 12 weeks, but the timing can vary4. Your doctor may repeat the blood test after birth if the level was very high, if symptoms continue, or if another cause is suspected.
1. Ferro B, Marques I, Paixão J, Almeida M do C. Incidental Finding of Extreme Elevation of Serum Alkaline Phosphatase in Pregnancy. Cureus. 13(8):e17211. doi:10.7759/cureus.17211 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34540438/
2. Alkaline Phosphatase: MedlinePlus Medical Test. Accessed August 5, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/alkaline-phosphatase/
3. Sharma U, Pal D, Prasad R. Alkaline Phosphatase: An Overview. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2014;29(3):269-278. doi:10.1007/s12291-013-0408-y https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24966474/
4. Connolly CT, Grubman O, Al-Ibraheemi Z, Kushner T. A Case of Markedly Elevated Isolated Alkaline Phosphatase in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2022;2022:1611304. doi:10.1155/2022/1611304 https://europepmc.org/article/med/35531126
5. Ranganath L, Taylor W, John L, Alfirevic Z. Biochemical diagnosis of placental infarction/damage: acutely rising alkaline phosphatase. Ann Clin Biochem. 2008;45(3):335-338. doi:10.1258/acb.2007.007098 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18482929/
6. Stanley Z, Vignes K, Marcum M. Extreme elevations of alkaline phosphatase in pregnancy: A case report. Case Rep Womens Health. 2020;27:e00214. doi:10.1016/j.crwh.2020.e00214 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32461917/
7. Reference Ranges During Pregnancy. Pathology laboratories NHS. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://pathlabs.rlbuht.nhs.uk/chempregranges.htm
8. Dajti E, Bruni A, Barbara G, Azzaroli F. Diagnostic Approach to Elevated Liver Function Tests during Pregnancy: A Pragmatic Narrative Review. J Pers Med. 2023;13(9):1388. doi:10.3390/jpm13091388 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37763154/
9. Minz P, Oroan A, Kujur A, Paswan DK, Nag AR. Effects of anticonvulsant drug on liver enzymes among children in a tribal state of India: A longitudinal study. J Family Med Prim Care. 2023;12(7):1394-1398. doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2307_22 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37649745/
10. Crites K, Shanks AL, Maines J. Pregnancy Intrahepatic Cholestasis. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Accessed August 5, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551503/
11. Rajab HA. The Effect of Vitamin D Level on Parathyroid Hormone and Alkaline Phosphatase. Diagnostics. 2022;12(11):2828. doi:10.3390/diagnostics12112828 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36428888/
12. Cluver C, Novikova N, Koopmans CM, West HM. Planned early delivery versus expectant management for hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks gestation to term. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;1(1). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009273.pub2 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28106904/
13. Health Tips for Pregnant Women – NIDDK. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Accessed August 5, 2026. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/weight-management/healthy-eating-physical-activity-for-life/health-tips-for-pregnant-women
14. Urgent Maternal Warning Signs and Symptoms. CDC. February 18, 2026. Accessed August 5, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/hearher/maternal-warning-signs/index.html
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
It is common for some people to experience discomfort after eating specific foods. Problems such as bloating, stomach pain, gas, headaches, or nausea may appear after consuming items like milk, wheat, spicy foods, or processed products. In many cases, these reactions are linked to food intolerance.
While usually less serious than a food allergy (that involves the immune system), food intolerance could still greatly affect daily comfort and quality of life1.
This article explains the meaning of food intolerance, its common types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and practical ways to manage it effectively.
Food intolerance is a non-allergic reaction to a food or ingredient that can cause symptoms after eating amounts that are usually well tolerated by others. It is one of the most common types of adverse food reactions and is estimated to affect up to 20% of the population.
Food intolerance differs from food allergy because it does not involve the immune system. Instead, it usually occurs because the body has difficulty digesting or processing certain foods or ingredients1.
Food intolerance can occur in response to a wide range of food items, ingredients, or naturally occurring food chemicals. Some of the most common types of food intolerance include1,2:
Food intolerance causes can vary from person to person and may include digestive, chemical, or gastrointestinal factors. Common causes of food intolerance include:
Symptoms of food intolerance can range widely depending on the individual. Common food intolerance symptoms include3:
Understanding the difference between food allergy and food intolerance is important because food allergies can sometimes become life-threatening, while food intolerance is usually less severe3,4.
| Feature | Food Intolerance | Food Allergy |
| Cause | Difficulty digesting or processing certain foods or ingredients | Immune system mistakenly reacts to a food protein |
| Role of antibodies (IgE) | No involvement of IgE antibodies | Often involves IgE antibodies |
| Common triggers | Lactose, gluten, caffeine, food additives, histamine | Milk, peanuts, eggs, shellfish, tree nuts, soy |
| Symptoms | Bloating, gas, diarrhoea, headaches, nausea, stomach discomfort | Hives, swelling, itching, vomiting, breathing difficulty |
| Severity | Usually uncomfortable but not life-threatening | Can become severe or life-threatening |
| Risk of anaphylaxis | No | Yes, in severe cases |
Diagnosing food intolerance can sometimes be challenging because symptoms may vary and often resemble other digestive conditions. A doctor may refer you to a dietitian or food and nutrition specialist to help identify the possible trigger foods. Common methods used to diagnose food intolerance include:
The ideal management option for food intolerance is to avoid or reduce the intake of foods that trigger symptoms. Common approaches include:
While these strategies are mostly preventive, during an adverse episode of intolerance of a food item, managing the associated symptoms is important. Medications such as antacids, antidiarrheals, or other symptom-relieving medications may be used to relieve discomfort7,8. However, these medicines do not address the underlying cause and should be used under medical guidance.
Note: The effectiveness of enzyme supplements, probiotics, and other symptom relieving medications may differ from person to person. So, it is advisable to consult a doctor before starting any new treatment for food intolerance.
You should consult a doctor if you or your child experiences symptoms of food intolerance that occur repeatedly or do not improve. Persistent digestive discomfort, bloating, diarrhoea, headaches, or reactions after eating certain foods may require medical evaluation to identify the trigger and rule out other conditions2.
In addition to this, seek immediate emergency medical help if you notice2:
These symptoms may indicate anaphylaxis, a serious and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that requires urgent medical attention.
Also Read: Vitamin D-Rich Fruit Sources and Their Health Benefits
Food intolerance is a common condition that can affect digestion, comfort, and overall quality of life. Although it is usually less serious than a food allergy, it can still cause unpleasant symptoms such as bloating, stomach pain, headaches, and diarrhoea after eating certain foods.
Therefore, identifying and managing trigger foods is an important step in controlling symptoms. Dietary adjustments, careful food choices, and professional guidance can help most people manage food intolerance effectively while maintaining balanced nutrition.
If symptoms persist or recur frequently, it is important to seek medical advice for proper diagnosis and food intolerance treatment. A doctor or dietitian can help identify the underlying cause, recommend suitable dietary changes, and ensure nutritional needs are met safely.
No, food intolerance does not involve the immune system. It usually occurs when the body has difficulty digesting or processing certain foods or ingredients. In contrast, food allergies involve an immune reaction3.
No, adrenaline (epinephrine) is used for severe allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis, not food intolerance. Food intolerance is generally managed by avoiding or limiting triggering foods3.
Some food intolerances may have a genetic component. For example, lactose intolerance often runs in families and is more common in certain populations. However, environmental and digestive factors can also contribute1.
In some cases, symptoms may improve over time especially with proper dietary management and gut health support2,3. It is important to consult a doctor or dietitian to better understand the condition, identify trigger foods, and receive appropriate guidance for management and nutrition.
Food intolerance itself does not directly cause weight gain. However, it might contribute indirectly through inflammation, digestive discomfort, or changes in eating habits due to symptoms9.
Stress does not directly cause food intolerance, but it can worsen digestive symptoms and increase sensitivity to certain foods. Stress may also affect gut function and overall digestion10.
Hormonal changes during menopause may affect digestion and gut sensitivity11. This could make some women more sensitive to certain foods. So, although menopause does not directly cause food intolerance, symptoms may become more noticeable during this stage.
1. Tuck CJ, Biesiekierski JR, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Pohl D. Food Intolerances. Nutrients. 2019;11(7):1684. doi:10.3390/nu11071684. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31336652/
2. Food intolerance. nhs.uk. October 18, 2017. Accessed May 21, 2026. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/food-intolerance/
3. Food allergy and intolerance | Better Health Channel. Accessed May 21, 2026. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/food-allergy-and-intolerance#symptoms-of-food-intolerance
4. Hage G, Sacre Y, Haddad J, Hajj M, Sayegh LN, Fakhoury-Sayegh N. Food Hypersensitivity: Distinguishing Allergy from Intolerance, Main Characteristics, and Symptoms—A Narrative Review. Nutrients. 2025;17(8):1359. doi:10.3390/nu17081359. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40284223/
5. Goosenberg E, Afzal M. Lactose Intolerance. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Accessed June 17, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532285/
6. Jiang Z, Mei L, Li Y, et al. Enzymatic Regulation of the Gut Microbiota: Mechanisms and Implications for Host Health. Biomolecules. 2024;14(12):1638. doi:10.3390/biom14121638. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39766345/
7. Salisbury BH, Terrell JM. Antacids. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Accessed June 17, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526049/
8. Schiller LR. Antidiarrheal Drug Therapy. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2017;19(5):18. doi:10.1007/s11894-017-0557-x. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28397130/
9. Gargano D, Appanna R, Santonicola A, et al. Food Allergy and Intolerance: A Narrative Review on Nutritional Concerns. Nutrients. 2021;13(5):1638. doi:10.3390/nu13051638. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8152468/
10. Stress and the gut: pathophysiology, clinical consequences, diagnostic approach and treatment options – PubMed. Accessed May 21, 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22314561/
11. Shaw N, Abbott R, Pettinger C. The volume and characteristics of research on gastrointestinal symptoms in ‘natural’ peri- and postmenopause: A scoping review. Womens Health. 2025;21:17455057251387470. doi:10.1177/17455057251387470. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12575958/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Feeling unusually tired, weak, pale, or short of breath even after resting can be worrying, especially when there is no clear reason. Sometimes, these symptoms may be linked to anaemia, a condition in which the blood cannot carry enough oxygen around the body1. Around 1.9 billion people worldwide are affected by anaemia2. This article explains haemolytic anaemia in simple terms, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and when to seek medical help.
Anaemia means the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells (RBCs) to carry oxygen well. Haemolytic anaemia is a type of anaemia that happens when RBCs are destroyed faster than the bone marrow can make new ones. RBCs carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body3. When too many RBCs break down too early, the body may not get enough oxygen. This can cause symptoms such as tiredness, weakness, dizziness, or shortness of breath4.
Haemolytic anaemia can start suddenly or develop slowly over time. Some people have mild symptoms, while others may need urgent care. The seriousness depends on the cause and how quickly RBCs are being destroyed5.
Haemolytic anaemia is usually grouped into two main types:
This type is present from birth and is passed down through families. It happens because of changes in genes that affect RBCs. Examples include:
Develops after birth. People are not born with it; instead, healthy RBCs are destroyed because of another medical condition or an external trigger.
Haemolytic disease of the newborn happens when a mother’s immune system produces antibodies against her baby’s red blood cells, usually because of a blood group mismatch between them (most often involving the Rh factor or ABO blood groups). These antibodies can cross the placenta and cause the baby’s RBCs to break down faster than normal, leading to anaemia and jaundice in the newborn25.
Doctors can often screen for this risk during pregnancy through routine blood group and antibody testing, and preventive treatment (such as Rh immunoglobulin) may be given to at-risk mothers to reduce the chance of this happening in future pregnancies. After birth, affected babies are monitored closely and may need treatment such as phototherapy or, in more severe cases, a blood transfusion.
The cause of haemolytic anaemia depends on whether it is inherited or develops later in life. Common causes and triggers include:
Mild haemolytic anaemia may not cause noticeable symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include:
Symptoms that indicate a more severe condition include:
For individuals with hereditary or acquired susceptibility, certain environmental triggers can rapidly induce a haemolytic crisis:
A doctor will ask about your symptoms, medical history, recent infections, medicines, blood transfusions, and any family history of blood disorders. They may also examine you for signs such as pale skin, yellowing of the eyes or skin, or an enlarged spleen. If haemolytic anaemia is suspected, blood and sometimes urine tests may be recommended. Common tests include:
Doctors may also recommend additional tests to find the exact cause. They may suggest tests such as urine tests, genetic tests, or bone marrow tests, if needed5.
Note: Not everyone with haemolytic anaemia needs all of these tests. Your doctor will recommend the tests based on your condition.
Treatment depends on the cause, how severe the anaemia is, and how quickly symptoms develop. A doctor may recommend one or more of the following:
Not all causes of haemolytic anaemia can be prevented, especially inherited forms. However, some steps may reduce the risk of acquired haemolytic anaemia or help avoid complications.
See a doctor if you have ongoing tiredness, weakness, dizziness, headaches, trouble concentrating, or a sore tongue1,3. Seek medical help promptly if you have shortness of breath, yellowing of the skin or eyes, dark urine, severe abdominal pain, a fast or irregular heartbeat, or painful swelling of the hands or feet3,7. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent serious complications.
Also Read: High GGT Levels: Normal Range, Causes, Symptoms, Risks & Treatment
Haemolytic anaemia happens when RBCs are broken down faster than the body can replace them. It can have many causes, including inherited blood conditions, infections, medicines, immune system problems, or transfusion reactions. With the right diagnosis and treatment, many people can manage the condition well. If you notice symptoms such as persistent tiredness, yellowing of the skin or eyes, dark urine, or shortness of breath, speak with a doctor for proper evaluation and care.
Some cases of haemolytic anaemia improve or go away once the cause is treated or removed, such as an infection or a medicine that triggered it. Inherited forms usually do not go away completely and may need long-term care to control symptoms and prevent complications13.
Yes, thalassaemia is an inherited type of haemolytic anaemia in which the body makes less or abnormal haemoglobin. This causes RBCs to break down earlier than normal, leading to anaemia8.
Yes, G6PD deficiency can cause haemolytic anaemia. In people with this condition, RBCs can break down rapidly after exposure to certain medicines, infections, or foods such as fava beans10.
No, haemolytic anaemia is not a type of cancer. It is a blood disorder in which RBCs are destroyed faster than the body can replace them, although it can sometimes develop as a complication of certain blood cancers1,3.
Haemolytic anaemia can be genetic, but not all cases are inherited. Some people are born with inherited conditions such as sickle cell disease, thalassaemia, or G6PD deficiency, while others develop haemolytic anaemia later in life because of illnesses, medicines, or immune system problems3,7,8,10.
Yes, lupus can sometimes cause autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, a condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy RBCs. This can lead to anaemia and related symptoms such as tiredness and weakness3,11.
Iron deficiency does not usually cause haemolytic anaemia. Instead, it causes iron deficiency anaemia, which develops because the body cannot make enough healthy RBCs due to a lack of iron1.
In some cases, haemolytic anaemia can make urine look dark, reddish, or tea-coloured because haemoglobin is released when RBCs break down. However, visible blood in urine can have many other causes, so it should always be checked by a doctor18.
1. Anemia. MedlinePlus. 2026. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000560.htm
2. Zheng W, Peng B, Wu Y, Gauan L, Wang S, Ning H. Global, regional, and national anemia burden among women of reproductive age (15–49 years) from 1990 to 2021: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Front Nutr. 2025;12:1588496. doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1588496. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40791240/
3. Hemolytic anemia. MedlinePlus. 2026. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000571.htm
4. Anemia – What Is anemia? NIH. 2022. Available from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/anemia
5. Anemia: Hemolytic anemia. NIH. 2022. Available from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/anemia/hemolytic-anemia
6. Hall V, Vadakekut ES, Maines J, Avulakunta ID. Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2025. Accessed August 7, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557423/
7. Sickle cell disease. MedlinePlus. 2024. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/sicklecelldisease.html
8. About thalassemia. CDC. 2024. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/thalassemia/about/index.html
9. Hereditary spherocytosis. MedlinePlus. 2013. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/hereditary-spherocytosis/
10. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. MedlinePlus. 2023. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase-deficiency/
11. Hill A, Hill QA. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Hematology. 2018;2018(1):382-389. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2018.1.382. Available from: https://ashpublications.org/hematology/article/2018/1/382/277583/Autoimmune-hemolytic-anemia
12. Chaudhary P, Maharjan N, Subedi B. Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia as the initial presentation of metastatic signet-ring cell carcinoma of the colon: A case report. Cureus. 2024;16(12):e76034. doi:10.7759/cureus.76034. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39835047/
13. Hemolytic anemia. Harvard Health. 2025. Available from: https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/hemolytic-anemia
14. Reticulocyte count. MedlinePlus. 2026. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003637.htm
15. Blood smear. Medline. 2024. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/blood-smear/
16. Tripathi AK, Chuda R. Laboratory evaluation of immune hemolytic anemias. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Accessed August 7, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK606096/
17. Jäger U, Barcellini W, Broome CM, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in adults: Recommendations from the first international consensus meeting. Blood Rev. 2020;41:100648. doi:10.1016/j.blre.2019.100648. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31839434/
18. Urine – abnormal color. MedlinePlus. 2025. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003139.htm
19. Sanofi. Sanofi’s rilzabrutinib designated breakthrough therapy in the US and orphan drug in Japan for the treatment of warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia [Internet]. Paris: Sanofi; 2026 Feb 9 [cited 2026 Aug 14]. Available from: https://www.sanofi.com/en/media-room/press-releases/2026/2026-02-09-06-00-00-3234232
20. Tamdin T, Rodgers GM. Advances in Complement Inhibition Therapies for Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria and Autoimmune Hemolytic Disorders. J Blood Med. 2025 Nov 12;16:559-572. doi: 10.2147/JBM.S543272. PMID: 41255851; PMCID: PMC12620576. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12620576/
21. Killeen RB, Kaur A, Afzal M. Acute Anemia. [Updated 2025 Feb 26]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537232/
22. Bui A, Shah AP, Chae MY, Popard P, Telivala B. A Rare Case of Iron Overload in Hereditary Spherocytosis: A Case Report. Cureus. 2024 Jul 5;16(7):e63934. doi: 10.7759/cureus.63934. PMID: 39104991; PMCID: PMC11298700. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11298700/
23. Tripathi AK, Chuda R. Laboratory Evaluation of Immune Hemolytic Anemias. [Updated 2024 Jul 9]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK606096/
24. MedlinePlus. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine; [cited 2026 Aug 14]. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase-deficiency/
25. Hall V, Vadakekut ES, Maines J, et al. Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn. [Updated 2025 Jan 22]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557423/
26. Jäger U, Barcellini W, Broome CM, Gertz MA, Hill A, Hill QA, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in adults: recommendations from the First International Consensus Meeting. Blood Rev. 2020;41:100648. doi:10.1016/j.blre.2019.100648. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0268960X19301626?via%3Dihub
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
During an outbreak, it is very common for parents to worry if their child suddenly develops fever, vomiting, or any unusual symptoms.
Chandipura virus (CHPV) is a virus that can cause an acute illness, particularly in children. In some cases, it can progress rapidly and be fatal1. Therefore, understanding its symptoms, how it spreads, and when medical care is needed can help families respond without unnecessary panic.
This blog explains the causes, transmission, symptoms, management, and prevention of Chandipura virus infection.
CHPV is a RNA virus classified under the genus vesiculovirus that can cause an acute infection, mainly affecting children. It belongs to the Rhabdoviridae family and is primarily transmitted by the bites of infected sandflies. Although sometimes certain mosquito species may also contribute to its spread1,2.
The infection can range from mild, flu-like symptoms to a severe illness affecting the brain, known as acute encephalitis (AES)2. And because the illness can progress quickly, recognising warning signs and seeking medical care early is important.
Did You Know?
CHPV is mainly spread through the bite of infected insects. The virus does not usually spread directly from one person to another and is strictly vector-borne. Here are some ways that this virus can spread4:
CHPV infection occurs when a person is bitten by a vector carrying the Chandipura virus. Common culprits include4:
CHPV infection can begin suddenly with fever and other general symptoms, then progress rapidly to neurological symptoms. Incubation Period for CHPV infection is 24-48 hrs. Initial symptoms of Chandipura virus include4,5:
It may then progress to more severe symptoms like4,5:
Doctors generally consider the child’s symptoms, illness history, and possible exposure to vectors before ordering specific tests. Diagnoses may include tests like3,6:
Note: Since several infections can cause symptoms similar to Chandipura virus symptoms, doctors may also test for other causes of AES, depending on the clinical situation and local outbreak patterns.
CHPV infection may initially look like a common fever, but it can progress rapidly and cause serious neurological symptoms. The key differences are presented in the table below1,7.
| Feature | Common Fever | Chandipura Virus Infection |
| Cause | Can be caused by many infections (including common viral or bacterial infections) | Caused by CHPV |
| Fever | Usually the main symptom | Fever is often accompanied by other symptoms |
| Other symptoms | May include tiredness, body aches, headache, cough, or sore throat | Headache, vomiting, diarrhoea, and other flu-like symptoms may occur |
| Neurological symptoms | Usually absent | Seizures, altered consciousness, or coma may develop |
| Progression | Often improves as the underlying infection resolves | Can progress rapidly, sometimes within 48 to 72 hours |
| Who is commonly affected? | People of all ages, depending on the infection | Reported predominantly in children under 15 years |
| Diagnosis | Usually based on symptoms (testing depends on the suspected cause) | Requires laboratory testing such as RT-PCR or IgM testing |
| Treatment | Depends on the underlying cause (many common viral fevers need supportive care) | No specific antiviral treatment (early supportive and intensive care is important) |
There is currently no specific antiviral treatment or approved vaccine for CHPV infection. So, the management mainly focuses on supportive care and managing complications, particularly when the infection causes encephalitis. Chandipura virus treatment or management options include1:
Most concern around CHPV infection comes from its potential to progress rapidly and affect the brain and nervous system, particularly in children. Possible complications include1,4,8:
Note: CHPV infection can also be fatal, particularly when severe encephalitis develops and progresses rapidly.
Since there is currently no licensed vaccine specifically for CHPV, prevention focuses mainly on reducing exposure to infected vectors, particularly sandflies. Practical Chandipura virus prevention measures include1,8:
Note: There is currently no specific vaccine or proven preventive medicine for CHPV, so reducing contact with infected vectors remains the key prevention strategy.
There can be confusion and fear around CHPV, especially during outbreaks. So, knowing what is true can help people take sensible precautions without unnecessary panic.
| Myth | Fact |
| CHPV spreads easily from person to person. | CHPV is primarily a vector-borne infection. There is no established evidence of routine human-to-human transmission1. |
| Only children can get CHPV virus. | Children (particularly those under 15 years) have been disproportionately affected in reported outbreaks, but CHPV infection is not exclusively limited to children9. |
| A mosquito bite always causes CHPV infection. | A bite does not automatically mean infection. CHPV transmission requires exposure to a virus-carrying vector and is more commonly associated with infected sandflies1. |
| There is a specific medicine that cures CHPV. | There is currently no established specific antiviral for CHPV. Management is mainly supportive and focuses on managing complications1. |
| A child with fever can always be monitored at home. | Fever accompanied by seizures, confusion, reduced consciousness, or other neurological symptoms that requires urgent medical care4. |
CHPV infection can progress rapidly, particularly when it affects the brain. You should seek urgent medical care if a child with fever develops8:
CHPV is a rare but serious viral infection that can particularly affect children and may progress rapidly to neurological complications such as encephalitis and seizures. Therefore, recognising early symptoms and seeking medical care is important, especially when fever is accompanied by neurological changes.
Since there is currently no licensed vaccine or specific antiviral treatment, protective measures against insect bites, maintaining good environmental sanitation, and following public-health advice during outbreaks remain key preventive measures that parents should follow.
Also Read: What Is Hantavirus? Symptoms, Causes, & Effective Prevention
CHPV and rabies virus are different viruses, although both belong to the Rhabdoviridae family1,10.
Currently, no licensed vaccine is available specifically for CHPV. Vaccine candidates are still under research and development1,3.
CHPV is primarily vector-borne, with transmission is associated mainly with infected sandflies. There is no established evidence of routine person-to-person transmission1.
Children (particularly those under 15 years of age) have been commonly affected during reported outbreaks1,4.
CHPV can progress very rapidly. Fever generally persists for around 2 to 3 days, while neurological involvement may develop within 48 to 72 30 hours of fever onset in severe cases8. Therefore, immediate medical attention is necessary.
There are currently no specific antivirals proven to cure CHPV. So, management is primarily supportive and focuses on managing symptoms and complications, particularly neurological complications1.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Have you ever wondered why you feel weak, get muscle cramps, or lose energy after sweating heavily? The answer may lie in tiny essential substances called electrolytes. Many everyday symptoms can be linked to electrolyte imbalance. But what exactly are electrolytes, and why does your body need them?
Electrolytes are minerals that carry an electrical charge in the blood and other body fluids1.
Understanding the role of electrolytes in the body, electrolyte imbalances, and ways to maintain healthy electrolyte levels is important because it can help with the early recognition and appropriate management of electrolyte-related disorders, supporting overall health and well-being. In this article, we will discuss all these topics.
Electrolytes are compounds that, when dissolved in bodily fluids, acquire an electrical charge. Various normal body processes, such as fluid balance, acid-base balance, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and cellular activity, depend on them. Because electrolyte concentrations are strictly controlled, even slight variations can have an impact on how the body functions2.
The major electrolytes in the body include sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus2,3. These electrolytes are found in different body fluids and work together to support normal physiological processes. Their levels are maintained within a narrow normal range through coordinated regulation by the kidneys, hormones, and other body systems2.
Electrolyte normal ranges (adults)2:
Did you know?
Minerals known as electrolytes have an electrical charge and aid in the efficient operation of several vital body functions. They help with everything from nerve transmission to preserving fluid balance and normal heart functioning.
Electrolytes, especially sodium and chloride, help control the movement of water within the body. This fluid balance is important for maintaining proper hydration and normal body function1,2.
Electrolytes such as sodium and potassium help create electrical signals that allow nerve cells to communicate. These signals help the brain and nerves send messages throughout the body1,2.
Electrolytes, including calcium, potassium, and sodium, play an important role in muscle contraction and relaxation. They help muscles receive signals and contract properly, including the heart muscle1,2.
Electrolytes such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium help regulate the electrical activity of heart cells. Abnormal electrolyte levels can interfere with the heart’s rhythm and may cause potentially serious heart rhythm problems4.
Electrolytes, especially sodium, potassium, and magnesium, help regulate blood pressure. Abnormal electrolyte levels may contribute to blood pressure abnormalities or may be associated with conditions that affect blood pressure.
Calcium and phosphorus help maintain strong bones and teeth. Abnormal levels of these minerals may affect bone health, particularly when associated with underlying medical conditions.
An electrolyte imbalance happens when the levels of one or more electrolytes in your body become too high or too low. Since electrolytes help regulate many essential body functions, even a small imbalance can affect how your nerves, muscles, heart, and other organs work. The most common electrolyte imbalances involve sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium2,8.
Your body normally keeps electrolyte levels within a narrow normal range by balancing the amount you absorb from foods and fluids with the amount removed through the kidneys and other body processes. When this balance is disrupted, normal body functions may be disrupted. Depending on which electrolyte is affected and how severe the imbalance is, symptoms can range from mild to serious and may require prompt medical attention. In severe cases, electrolyte imbalances can lead to life-threatening complications2,5,8.
Diagnosis of Electrolyte Imbalance involves reviewing your medical history, including underlying diseases and medications taken, along with certain blood and urine tests:
You can follow these tips for maintaining a healthy electrolyte balance:
Also Read: Polydipsia (Excessive Thirst): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & More
Seek medical attention if you experience:
Electrolytes are more than just minerals; they are essential substances that help your body maintain balance every day. From keeping your muscles moving and nerves communicating to supporting a steady heartbeat, the right electrolyte levels are essential for your overall well-being. While the body usually regulates these minerals naturally, factors such as fluid loss, kidney problems, or certain medications can lead to an electrolyte imbalance. Staying hydrated and recognising warning signs early can help maintain healthy electrolyte levels. If symptoms such as severe weakness, confusion, or irregular heartbeat occur, seek prompt medical advice to help prevent complications.
No specific electrolyte drink has been proven to be the best for preventing leg cramps. Electrolyte replacement as advised by your doctor may help in some cases, especially when cramps are related to fluid and electrolyte loss during prolonged exercise or heavy sweating12.
The body usually maintains electrolyte balance by regulating the levels of minerals such as sodium, potassium, and chloride. Extra electrolyte intake may not be necessary for most people unless there is increased loss of fluids and electrolytes or a medical reason for supplementation as advised by the doctor2.
Electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are obtained from dietary sources such as potatoes, pulses, milk, fish, meat, nuts, seeds, etc., and are needed to support normal body functions. A balanced intake helps maintain the body’s electrolyte levels2,11.
Electrolyte replacement should be guided by a healthcare professional , based on the body’s needs, as both low and high electrolyte levels can affect normal body functions2. For mild fluid loss, natural drinks such as coconut water may help replace some electrolytes, but they should not replace ORS when medically indicated.
The way to restore electrolytes depends on which electrolyte is affected and how severe the imbalance is. Treatment focuses on correcting the imbalance and may require medical guidance in severe cases2.
1. Electrolytes: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Accessed August 4, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002350.htm
2. Shrimanker I, Bhattarai S. Electrolytes. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Accessed August 4, 2026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541123/
3. Electrolyte test. nhs.uk. August 29, 2018. Accessed August 4, 2026. https://www.nhs.uk/tests-and-treatments/electrolyte-test/
4. Gettes LS. Electrolyte abnormalities underlying lethal and ventricular arrhythmias. Circulation. 1992;85(1 Suppl):I70-76. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1728508/
5. Dhondup T, Qian Q. Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Kidney Failure. Blood Purif. 2017;43(1-3):179-188. doi:10.1159/000452725 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28114143/
6. Venance SL, Cannon SC, Fialho D, et al. The primary periodic paralyses: diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment. Brain J Neurol. 2006;129(Pt 1):8-17. doi:10.1093/brain/awh639 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16195244/
7. Electrolyte Panel: MedlinePlus Medical Test. Accessed May 28, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/electrolyte-panel/
8. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance. Accessed August 4, 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/fluidandelectrolytebalance.html
9. Electrolyte_Imbalance.pdf. Accessed August 4, 2026. https://www.hee.nhs.uk/sites/default/files/documents/Electrolyte_Imbalance.pdf
10. Diercks DB, Shumaik GM, Harrigan RA, Brady WJ, Chan TC. Electrocardiographic manifestations: electrolyte abnormalities. J Emerg Med. 2004;27(2):153-160. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2004.04.006 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15261358/
11. Schiefermeier-Mach N, Egg S, Erler J, et al. Electrolyte Intake and Major Food Sources of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium among a Population in Western Austria. Nutrients. 2020;12(7):1956. doi:10.3390/nu12071956 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32630029/
12. Jung AP, Bishop PA, Al-Nawwas A, Dale RB. Influence of Hydration and Electrolyte Supplementation on Incidence and Time to Onset of Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps. J Athl Train. 2005;40(2):71-75. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15970952/
13. Ieggli CVS, Bohrer D, do Nascimento PC, de Carvalho LM, Garcia SC. Determination of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and iron in emulsified egg samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Talanta. 2010;80(3):1282-1286. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2009.09.024 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20006088/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Fever is one of the most common signs that your body is responding to an infection or another health condition1. Although a rise in body temperature can feel worrying, it is often a normal part of your body’s defence system and usually improves with appropriate care. In some cases, however, fever can be a sign of an illness that needs medical attention1,2. In this blog, we explain what fever is the main types of fever, common symptoms, stages of fever, safe management tips, and when to consult a doctor.
A fever is a temporary increase in body temperature. It happens when the body’s temperature-control centre in the brain, called the hypothalamus, raises the body’s “set point” in response to infection, inflammation, or other triggers2.
Normal body temperature is generally around 36.5°C to 37.5°C (97.7°F to 99.5°F), although it can vary slightly between individuals and throughout the day2.
In adults, a body temperature of 38°C (100.4°F) or higher is generally considered a fever. The exact reading can vary depending on where and how the temperature is measured, such as by mouth, ear, forehead, armpit, or rectum2.
Note: Fever itself is not a disease. It is a sign that tells you the immune system is responding to an underlying problem, most often an infection.
You may have wondered how many types of fever actually exist.
Fever can be classified in several ways. Doctors commonly classify fever based on body temperature, how long it lasts, the pattern of temperature changes, and its underlying cause.
Understanding the different types of fever can help you describe your symptoms more clearly to a doctor and may guide the next steps in care. Let us look at the main ways fever is classified:
The severity of fever depends on how much the body temperature rises above the usual range2.
| Type | Body Temperature | Description |
| Low-grade fever | 37.3°C to 38.0°C (99.1°F to 100.4°F) | A mild increase in temperature. It may occur with viral infections, mild bacterial infections, after vaccination, or with inflammatory conditions. It usually does not require specific treatment unless you feel very uncomfortable or symptoms worsen. |
| Moderate fever | 38.1°C to 39.0°C (100.6°F to 102.2°F) | Common in infections such as influenza, COVID-19, urinary tract infections, and pneumonia. Most people experience chills, fatigue, headache, and body aches at this stage. |
| High-grade fever | 39.1°C to 41°C (102.4°F to 105.8°F) | May indicate a more serious infection or inflammatory condition. Medical attention is recommended if the fever persists or occurs with confusion, difficulty breathing, severe pain, dehydration, or worsening symptoms. |
| Hyperpyrexia | Above 41°C (105.8°F) | A medical emergency that needs immediate care. Hyperpyrexia can occur with severe infections, heat stroke, certain nervous system conditions, or serious drug reactions. If not treated promptly, it may lead to organ damage. |
The length of time a fever lasts can provide clues about its cause3.
The way body temperature changes throughout the day often provides important diagnostic clues.
Fever can be classified based on what is causing it:
Fever symptoms can vary depending on the cause, how high the temperature is, and a person’s age. While a raised body temperature is the main sign of fever, other symptoms may indicate that the body is fighting an infection or illness. These include9,10:
Fever often progresses through three stages as the body raises, maintains, and then lowers its temperature in response to an infection or another trigger. These include2,11:
Diagnosing a fever means measuring body temperature and finding the underlying cause. Depending on your symptoms and medical history, your doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests or checks2,8:
Most fevers caused by mild viral infections improve with supportive care. These steps can help reduce discomfort and support recovery10,12:
Taking the right precautions can help prevent complications and ensure timely medical care. Below are some steps that you can take10,12:
Also Read: Fever (High Temperature): Causes, Stages, Treatments, and Red Flags
Most fevers improve within a few days with rest and supportive care. However, you should consult a doctor if you or your child10,12:
A fever is often a sign that your immune system is doing its job, but it is important to know when it needs closer attention. Understanding the different types of fever, their symptoms, and the warning signs can help you manage a fever safely and recognise when medical care is needed. Most fevers improve with simple supportive measures, but persistent, recurrent, or severe fever should not be ignored. If you are unsure about the cause or your symptoms get worse, consult a doctor for timely evaluation and care.
Also Read: Viral Fever: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options
Most fevers caused by viral infections improve within about 3 days, although some may last up to a week. If a fever lasts for more than 3 days, keeps coming back, or occurs with severe symptoms, consult a doctor2,12.
No, fever itself is not contagious. However, the underlying illness causing the fever, such as influenza or other viral or bacterial infections, may spread from person to person3.
Fever is not a sign of pregnancy. It usually suggests an infection or another medical condition. Pregnant individuals who develop a fever should seek medical advice promptly, as some infections can affect both the mother and the developing baby12.
Yes, in some cases, certain cancers, particularly lymphoma and leukaemia, may cause persistent or recurrent fever. However, infections are a much more common cause of fever than cancer2,6.
Teething may cause a slight rise in body temperature, but it does not usually cause a true fever of 38°C (100.4°F) or higher. A high fever during teething is more likely due to another illness and should be checked by a doctor1,2,13.
Severe dehydration can contribute to a rise in body temperature, especially during hot weather14. However, dehydration is more often a result of fever than the main cause, because fever increases fluid loss through sweating10.
A fever itself does not usually delay your period. The underlying illness, along with physical stress, inflammation, and the immune response it triggers, may temporarily affect hormone levels and delay ovulation15,16. This can lead to a late or irregular menstrual period. In most cases, the menstrual cycle returns to normal once you recover.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
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Dengue is a major mosquito-borne disease in India, with seasonal outbreaks placing a significant burden on public health1. as cases continue to rise, there is growing interest in effective preventive measures, including vaccination. However, developing a dengue vaccine has been challenging because the disease is caused by four different dengue virus serotypes, all of which need to be addressed for effective protection1,2.
In recent years, important progress has been made in dengue vaccine development. This blog explores the current status of dengue vaccines in India, including their approval, eligibility, safety, and effectiveness.
Vaccines for dengue have been developed, and some are approved for use in several countries. However, unlike many routine vaccines, dengue vaccines are not universally recommended because their safety and effectiveness can depend on factors such as a person’s age and whether they have had a previous dengue infection. As a result, countries adopt different vaccination policies based on local disease patterns and available evidence3,4.
Developing a dengue vaccine has been particularly challenging because dengue is caused by four different virus serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4). Infection with one serotype provides long-term protection only against that specific type, while a later infection with another serotype may increase the risk of severe dengue through a process called antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Therefore, an effective vaccine must provide balanced protection against all four serotypes without increasing the risk of severe disease5,6.
Despite these challenges, global research has made significant progress.
If you are looking for the name of the dengue vaccine approved in India , it is Qdenga, the first dengue vaccine approved in India8.
Qdenga is a live, weakened vaccine that helps protect against all four types of the dengue virus. It was developed using recombinant DNA technology, a method that allows scientists to safely modify the virus so it can stimulate the immune system without causing dengue in healthy individuals. The vaccine is manufactured using Vero cells, supplied as a freeze-dried powder, and is mixed with a liquid before being given as an injection under the skin (subcutaneous injection)8.
The main features of this dengue fever vaccine in India are outlined in the table below8.
| Feature | Details |
| Vaccine name | Qdenga® (TAK-003) |
| Manufacturer | Developed by Takeda GmbH, Germany Imported in India by Takeda Biopharmaceuticals India Pvt. Ltd. |
| Regulatory authority | Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) |
| Approval date | July 2026 |
| Approval status | Approved under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act (1940) and the Drugs Rules (1945) |
| Approved age group | Individuals 4 to 60 years |
Note: Although Qdenga has received regulatory approval, dengue vaccination is not yet part of India’s Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP). The vaccine is expected to be available initially through the private healthcare sector.
Qdenga is a live attenuated tetravalent vaccine. This means that it contains weakened versions of all four dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4)9.
This dengue fever vaccine helps the immune system build protection against dengue without causing the disease. It works through the following steps9,11:
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Qdenga is recommended primarily for use in areas where dengue transmission is high, and the disease poses a significant public health burden. Eligibility is based on factors such as age, local dengue transmission, and certain medical conditions.
The following individuals may be eligible for Qdenga8:
Qdenga should not be administered to9:
The Qdenga dengue fever vaccine is administered as a two-dose primary vaccination series. Completing both doses is essential to achieve the recommended level of protection against dengue. Here is what to expect8,9:
| Schedule Component | Recommendation for Qdenga |
| Number of doses | 2 doses |
| Dose volume | 0.5 mL per dose |
| Route of administration | Subcutaneous (under the skin) injection |
| Dose 1 | Given on the chosen vaccination date (Day 0) |
| Dose 2 | Administered 3 months after the first dose |
| Minimum interval between doses | 3 months |
| Booster dose | No booster dose is currently recommended. |
Note: According to the WHO, the interval between doses should not be shortened, and if the second dose is delayed, the vaccination series does not need to be restarted9.
Qdenga vaccine provides protection against dengue. Its approval is based on a large global clinical development programme that evaluated the vaccine’s safety, immunogenicity (ability to trigger an immune response), and efficacy. Key evidence supporting the effectiveness of Qdenga includes8:
More than 24 million doses of Qdenga have been administered globally. Ongoing post-marketing monitoring has continued to show a favourable safety profile, with no new major safety concerns reported8. overall , most people tolerate Qdenga well. If side effects occur, they are usually mild to moderate, begin within 1 to 2 days after vaccination, and resolve within 1 to 3 days. Common side effects include12:
Other less common side effects include12:
Important: Most side effects after Qdenga are mild and resolve within a few days. However, seek immediate medical attention if you experience symptoms of a severe allergic reaction, such as difficulty breathing, swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat, severe rash or hives, dizziness, or fainting12. Although these reactions are very rare, prompt treatment is essential.
Although vaccination can help reduce the risk of dengue in eligible individuals, preventing mosquito bites remains the most effective way to avoid infection. Follow these simple preventive measures13:
Also Read: Natural Home Remedies for Dengue
The approval of Qdenga marks an important step forward in India’s efforts to reduce the burden of dengue. While the vaccine offers protection against dengue, particularly against severe disease and hospitalisation in eligible individuals, it is not a substitute for mosquito control and bite prevention.
Following the recommended vaccination schedule, staying informed about eligibility, and continuing preventive measures such as using insect repellents and eliminating mosquito breeding sites remain essential. Together, vaccination and mosquito control provide the best strategy for reducing the impact of dengue in India.
Qdenga is the first dengue vaccine approved in India. It is designed to protect against all four dengue virus serotypes and is given as two doses, three months apart8,9.
The new 4-serotype (tetravalent) dengue vaccine is Qdenga. It is a live attenuated vaccine that helps the immune system develop protection against DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-48.
The dengue vaccine is not recommended for everyone. The WHO currently recommends the routine use of Qdenga mainly in areas with high dengue transmission and for specific age groups. It is also not suitable for certain individuals, such as pregnant women, breastfeeding women, and people with weakened immune systems9.
Yes, Dengvaxia is considered safe when used according to approved recommendations. It is recommended only for individuals with a confirmed previous dengue infection, as its use in people who have never had dengue may increase the risk of severe disease after a future infection3.
Available evidence suggests that protection may persist for several years after completing the two-dose schedule, although research is still ongoing to determine the exact duration of long-term protection14. At present, no booster dose is recommended.
1. Pescador Ruschel MA, Panda PK, Farmer A. Dengue fever. StatPearls. Accessed July 23, 2026.2026. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430732/
2. Mutheneni SR, Morse AP, Caminade C, Upadhyayula SM. Dengue burden in India: recent trends and importance of climatic parameters. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2017;6(8):e70. doi:10.1038/emi.2017.57. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28790459/
3. About a Dengue Vaccine. CDC. May 15, 2025. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/vaccine/index.html
4. Kant R, Singh A, Ali AB, Nagre S, Ganguly NK, Rana R. Dengue vaccine effectiveness and safety: a systematic analysis of recent clinical trial data. Virol J. 2025;22:384. doi:10.1186/s12985-025-02937-x. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41287091/
5. Anumanthan G, Sahay B, Mergia A. Current Dengue Virus Vaccine Developments and Future Directions. Viruses. 2025;17(2):212. doi:10.3390/v17020212. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40006967/
6. Aynekulu Mersha DG, van der Sterren I, van Leeuwen LPM, et al. The role of antibody-dependent enhancement in dengue vaccination. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines. 2024;10:22. doi:10.1186/s40794-024-00231-2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39482727/
7. Lee MF, Long CM, Poh CL. Current status of the development of dengue vaccines. Vaccine X. 2025;22:100604. doi:10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100604. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39830640/
8. CDSCO Approves India’s First Dengue Vaccine, Strengthening National Dengue Prevention Efforts. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.pib.gov.in/www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=2286883
9. Vaccines and immunization: Dengue. CDC. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/dengue-vaccines
10. How do vaccines work? World Health Organization. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/how-do-vaccines-work
11. Explaining How Vaccines Work. CDC. May 7, 2026. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/basics/explaining-how-vaccines-work.html
12. Qdenga, INN-Dengue tetravalent vaccine (live, attenuated). European Medicines Agency. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/qdenga-epar-product-information_en.pdf
13. Preventing Dengue. CDC. May 29, 2025. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/prevention/index.html
14. Takeda. Phase III, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Investigate the Efficacy, Safety and Immunogenicity of a Tetravalent Dengue Vaccine (TDV) Administered Subcutaneously in Healthy Children Aged 4 – 16 Years Old. Clinicaltrials.gov; 2025. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02747927
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Have you ever noticed that you feel happier after a good workout, a warm hug or a heartfelt laughter? This is because your body has its own natural way of making you feel good or better. One of the important chemicals that help your body in this are endorphins, which are commonly known as “feel-good chemicals”1. This article will help you understand what endorphins are, how they work, why they are important, what happens if they are low and how to naturally boost their levels.
Endorphins are natural opioid peptides produced by the body and released in response to activities such as exercise, laughter, pain, stress, and excitement. They are mainly produced by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus and act within the brain and nervous system to help reduce pain, dampen stress responses, and contribute to feelings of well-being. Since they contribute towards pain-relief, endorphins are often called the body’s natural painkiller1.
Did You Know?
Endorphin hormones play different roles in our body. The following are some important functions of endorphin hormones:
Endorphins are released when the body experiences pain or stress (physiological). They help reduce the pain by slowing down the transmission of pain signals to the brain. This natural pain-relieving effect allows your body to better cope with physical strain, injury, or temporary discomfort2.
Endorphins are released during stressful situations such as when you become upset, anxious, etc. These chemicals help reduce discomfort and create a sense of calm, making it easier for you to handle short-term stress3. Hence, they promote a feeling of well-being, helping your mind recover after challenging situations1.
Endorphins are released along with other happy hormones such as serotonin and dopamine during enjoyable activities such as laughing, dancing, or spending time with loved ones. This helps you feel more positive and hence improves your mood by creating feelings of happiness, relaxation, and emotional comfort1.
During physical activity, your body releases endorphins. These help you keep going and create a happy and energised feeling often experienced after exercise, known as the “runner’s high1.”
Recent studies2 suggest that certain immune cells (such as T cells, B cells, and macrophages) may produce endorphins when the body is fighting inflammation. These naturally released endorphins may help you by reducing pain while supporting your body’s immune response and healing process.
Endorphins play a role in regulating appetite and maintaining the body’s energy balance. Hence, they may affect your eating behaviour4.
Endorphins offer several health benefits. The common benefits include the following:
Differences in endorphin hormone levels can affect both your body and mind. Here’s what you may experience when your endorphin levels are reduced or increased:
When your body has low level of endorphins, you may not feel the usual mood-boosting and pain-relieving effects. Low endorphin levels are not necessarily the primary cause of health problems, but they can cause symptoms including low mood, increased stress, fatigue, irritability, poor sleep, and increased sensitivity to pain or physical discomfort1,3. As a result, you may find it difficult to enjoy everyday activities, feel more easily overwhelmed by everyday challenges, have less energy, get frustrated more quickly, struggle to sleep peacefully, or notice that little aches and pains are more painful than usual.
Naturally elevated endorphin levels are usually temporary . They are frequently observed following activities such as strenuous exercise, laughter, dancing, exciting experiences, or other joyful moments. During this moment, you may feel happier, calmer, energised, or less sensitive to minor pain1. Endorphin levels eventually return to normal as your body recovers.
Several factors can affect the production or release of endorphins in your body. The most common ones include:
There are several ways by which you might experience Endorphin effects better. These include the following:
Also Read: Hyperandrogenism (Excess Androgen in Females): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment
Everyone experiences changes in mood from time to time. However, it is important to consult a doctor if you experience:
Do not forget that natural endorphin production is not sufficient to manage chronic conditions3. Therefore, consulting a doctor is important, as he can identify the underlying cause of these symptoms and recommend appropriate treatment if needed.
Also Read: What Does Oxytocin Do? Everything You Need to Know About the Love Hormone
Endorphins may help as natural pain relievers that also contribute to emotional well-being. They help alleviate discomfort, boost mood, induce relaxation, and make it easier for you to deal with stress. While the body naturally creates endorphins, healthy lifestyle choices like regular exercise, adequate sleep, meaningful social interactions, and enjoyable activities are important for their release. If you are experiencing prolonged mood swings, pain, or other worrying symptoms, it is best to consult a doctor to diagnose the exact cause and receive the appropriate treatment.
Palatable foods, or foods that are enjoyable and satisfying to eat, may help stimulate the release of endorphins by activating the brain’s natural reward system8. Examples include dark chocolate9, spicy foods (containing capsaicin), etc10.
Note: The effect of these foods on endorphin release may vary from person to person and should not replace a healthy lifestyle.
Endorphins and dopamine are different chemicals in the brain. Endorphins mainly help reduce pain and promote a sense of well-being, while dopamine is involved in motivation, reward, and pleasure1,11.
Yes. Short-term stress can trigger the release of endorphins to help your body cope with discomfort, while long-term or chronic stress may affect their normal balance and reduce their positive effects over time3.
Yes. Endorphin levels may change with age due to natural changes in the brain, hormones, and overall health, although they can still be supported through regular exercise and a healthy lifestyle1,7.
Yes. Poor or insufficient sleep may affect your body’s natural endorphin activity5, which can leave you feeling more tired, irritable, and less able to cope with stress.
You can naturally experience the effects of endorphin release through activities such as regular exercise, laughing, listening to music, dancing, spending time with loved ones, and practicing relaxation techniques. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle with good sleep, a balanced diet, and regular physical activity may also support healthy endorphin production1,5.
1. Endorphins: The brain’s natural pain reliever. DOI: Available from: https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/endorphins-the-brains-natural-pain-reliever
2. Sprouse-Blum AS, Smith G, Sugai D, Parsa FD. Understanding endorphins and their importance in pain management. Hawaii Med J. 2010;69(3):70-71. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3104618/
3. Pilozzi A, Carro C, Huang X. Roles of β-Endorphin in Stress, Behavior, Neuroinflammation, and Brain Energy Metabolism. IJMS. 2020;22(1):338. doi:10.3390/ijms22010338. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33396962/
4. Endorphins. Doi: Available from: https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=165521
5. Phillips B, Cooper KR, Newsome HH, Dewey WL. Effect of Sleep Loss on β-Endorphin Activity, Epinephrine Levels, and Ventilatory Responsiveness: Southern Medical Journal. 1987;80(1):16-20. doi:10.1097/00007611-198701000-00004. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3299928/
6. Paramasivam A, Murugan R, Jeraud M, Dakkumadugula A, Periyasamy R, Arjunan S. Additives in Processed Foods as a Potential Source of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: A Review. JoX. 2024;14(4):1697-1710. doi:10.3390/jox14040090. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39584955/
7. Gambert SR, Garthwaite TL, Pontzer CH, Hagen TC. Age-related changes in central nervous system beta-endorphin and ACTH. Neuroendocrinology. 1980 Oct;31(4):252-5. doi: 10.1159/000123083. PMID: 6252495. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6252495/
8. Benton D, Donohoe RT. The effects of nutrients on mood. Public Health Nutr. 1999;2(3a):403-409. doi:10.1017/S1368980099000555. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10610080/
9. Garbarino S, Garbarino E, Lanteri P. Cyrcadian Rhythm, Mood, and Temporal Patterns of Eating Chocolate: A Scoping Review of Physiology, Findings, and Future Directions. Nutrients. 2022;14(15):3113. doi:10.3390/nu14153113. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35956290/
10. Bosland PW. Hot stuff – do people living in hot climates like their food spicy hot or not? Temperature. 2016;3(1):41-42. doi:10.1080/23328940.2015.1130521. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4861186/
11. Dopamine. 2025. Doi: Available from: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dopamine
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
