Sexual health is an essential component of overall well-being, but many individuals face challenges that can significantly impact their quality of life. These common sexual health problems are quite diverse, ranging from issues like sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and difficulties with sexual function. One such male sexual dysfunction is Erectile Dysfunction, a most common issue particularly prevalent as men age.
Erectile dysfunction means, persistent inability to achieve or maintain a penile erection rigid enough for satisfactory sexual intercourse. It can affect men at any age but becomes more prevalent as age increases; it affects about 40% of men at age 40, and this rate rises to 70% by age 701. The good news is that lifestyle choices like diet, play a crucial role in managing this condition. Interestingly, the same foods that support a healthy heart also promote healthy blood flow to all parts of the body, including the penis1,2.
In the following sections, we will explore the best and worst foods for this condition based on scientific evidence, helping you understand how simple dietary adjustments can potentially improve vascular health and, consequently, your erectile function, and when to consult a doctor for the same.
What Causes Erectile Dysfunction?
The causes of erectile dysfunction are often multifactorial, involving psychological and physical issues:
1. Psychological issue
These causes often involve mental and emotional factors, and they can exist even when physical causes are present:
Depression
Performance Anxiety
Other issues like relationship issues or stress
While psychological issues like depression or the medications used to treat them, such as antidepressants can certainly trigger erectile problems, even vice-a-versa can happen. Erectile Dysfunction itself can, in turn become a significant cause of depression, anxiety, and performance related stress1,3.
2. Physical Problems
These are physical conditions that directly affect the systems responsible for achieving and maintaining an erection:
Vascular or Cardiovascular: These conditions can impair blood flow, which is crucial for an erection, e.g. Hypertension or any cardiovascular diseases1.
Aging: Aging is a normal part of life, but it is also a primary contributor to erectile dysfunction. As age increases co-morbidities play an increasingly significant role in erectile dysfunction1.
Hormonal changes: Testosterone is vital for sexual function, and low levels of testosterone can lead to reduced sexual desire, low libido and hypogonadism, contributing to erectile dysfunction indirectly1. Low testosterone typically causes low libido, reduced sexual desire and fatigue. Other endocrine conditions that affect multiple organ systems can also lead to the progression of erectile dysfunction, e.g. diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorder1.
Traumatic Injury: Any injuries like pelvic fractures or spinal cord injury can affect the nerves supply of penis leading to erectile dysfunction1.
Other causes include conditions like hyperlipidaemia (high cholesterol), atherosclerosis, stroke, sleep apnoea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), glaucoma, multiple sclerosis, etc1.
Can Food Affect Erectile Function?
Yes, just as healthy food is crucial for your overall health, it also plays a vital role in your sexual function. Research suggests that adopting a healthy diet can lower the risk of erectile dysfunction to a certain extent and also lead to improvement in symptoms for those already affected4. Healthy diet benefits erectile dysfunction by optimizing fat and sugar metabolism, increasing antioxidants, and raising nitric oxide, which are essential for erections5.
Note: A variety of factors contribute to erectile dysfunction, including neurological problems, hormonal imbalances, psychological distress, medication side effects, or structural abnormalities. Thus, although a good diet may be helpful, it cannot prevent the condition from occurring completely.
Best Foods for Erectile Dysfunction
Diet plays a supporting role in dealing with erectile dysfunction, especially that is vascular-related. It aids in improving blood flow and boosting cardiovascular and sexual health. The foods listed below are rich in nutrients that help relax blood vessels, reduce inflammation, and improve circulation throughout the body including the blood vessels vital for an erection.
1. Beets and Green Leafy Vegetables
Foods like beets and dark leafy greens are great because they contain natural nitrates. These nitrates are converted by mouth bacteria into nitrite, which your body then uses to create nitric oxide (NO). Nitric oxide (NO) triggers the widening of blood vessels (vasodilation) in the penis by initiating a chemical chain reaction inside the muscle cells, specifically, it activates a pathway that ultimately lowers calcium levels, causing the smooth muscles to relax and allowing increased blood flow necessary for an erection7,8.
2. Fruits like Strawberries, blueberries, apple and orange
These fruits are rich with flavonoids. Research suggests that certain plant compounds called flavonoids can help with penile erection by restoring the balance between signals that widen blood vessels and signals that constrict them. They act by reducing oxidative stress, improving vessel wall function and increasing nitric oxide availability6,9.
3. Legumes like lentils, beans and peas
Legumes are rich in flavonoids and minerals like magnesium, zinc and copper that offer antioxidant support, help improve blood circulation, maintain testosterone levels and boost overall sexual health, thereby improving erectile dysfunction6,10.
4. Nuts like walnuts, almonds, hazelnuts, pumpkin seeds and peanut
Nuts are rich in the nonessential amino acid arginine, which the body uses to produce Nitric Oxide (NO). By consuming foods rich in arginine, you provide the body with the building blocks it needs to produce more nitric oxide, further supporting the vasodilation effect needed for erections6,11.
5. Fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, sardines
These are a rich source of Omega-3 fatty acids, which contribute to lowering triglyceride levels and reducing clotting risks. They also help in reducing inflammation and improve endothelial function. By promoting a healthy blood lipid profile, they help improve health of your arteries, facilitating unrestricted blood flow12.
6. Honey
Honey is a rich source of natural antioxidants including flavonoids which are beneficial in erectile dysfunction. Moreover, studies13 in male rats have shown that consuming a honey solution can lead to increased testosterone levels.Since, erectile dysfunction may be linked to low testosterone levels that often come with aging, this may be a potentially active natural remedy.
7. Watermelon
When you eat watermelon, your body produces more nitric oxide. This nitric oxide helps relax and widen the blood vessels, resulting in improved blood circulation to the testes13.
While these foods have shown to contain compounds that are beneficial for blood vessel health, studies assessing their direct relationship with erectile dysfunction are limited. Thus, further large-scale human trials are needed to confirm their benefits in this condition.
Worst Foods for Erectile Dysfunction
While some foods can support sexual health, certain food items can also cause harm to your blood vessels or disrupt hormone balance, which are key to healthy erectile function, and thus, potentially worsen the condition. These include:
1. Red meat
Red meat contains high amount of saturated fat. High intake of saturated fats leads to increased cholesterol and plaque build-up in the arteries (atherosclerosis). This clogging restricts blood flow throughout the body, including to the penis, which can contribute to erectile dysfunction14.
2. Sugary foods and Drinks
Excessive sugary drinks can spike up your blood glucose levels, promoting insulin resistance and increasing the risk of developing diabetes. Diabetes is one of the major risk factors for erectile dysfunction because high blood sugar damages blood vessels and nerves, impairing the ability to achieve and maintain an erection14.
3. Fried Food (French fries, Fried chicken)
Fried items are often high in fat oils, leading to high levels of saturated and trans fats. These fats contribute to developing high cholesterol and certain heart diseases. High levels of cholesterol can accumulate within the artery walls causing atherosclerosis, leading to arterial narrowing and reduced blood flow to vital organs16.
4. High sodium or highly processed foods
High sodium content food can lead to high blood pressure, which is a significant risk factor of erectile dysfunction. Hypertension damages the artery walls, reducing the blood vessel’s ability to expand and properly supply blood16.
5. Alcohol
Excessive alcohol consumption can elevate blood pressure and increase the risk of heart disease, it also raises level of triglycerides, a type of fat found in the blood, which can narrow blood vessel further leading to reduced blood supply16.
Common Myths About Food and Erectile Dysfunction
Here, we’ll bust some common myths about food and erectile dysfunction.
Myth 1: A specific miracle food will instantly cure erectile dysfunction.
Fact: Certain food can help to reduce the symptoms of erectile dysfunction, like berries, watermelon, nuts, legumes etc. But it does not provide an instant cure from erectile dysfunction.
Myth 2: Lifestyle factors are the only contributors to the development of erectile dysfunction.
Fact: While lifestyle choices are key contributors to erectile dysfunction, the condition is not solely responsible, medical issues such as diabetes, hypertension, and hormonal fluctuations also play significant roles1.
Myth 3: For boosting erections, a low-fat diet is the best.
Fact: Low-fat diets are generally good for heart health and improving circulation, but a very low-fat diet may be associated with low testosterone. Consuming a balanced diet containing omega-3 fats such as the Mediterranean diet is usually more heart heathy and aids in improving erectile dysfunction6.
Other Lifestyle Changes to Support Erectile Dysfunction
Apart from making dietary changes, certain other lifestyle modifications can also help reduce the impact of erectile dysfunction. These include:
Regular exercise: Physical activity leads to improved endothelial function, and it also produces nitric oxide which helps to widen the blood vessel for a proper blood flow17.
Losing extra weight: Obesity causes high levels of fat (lipids) in the blood, which can narrow blood vessels and result in insufficient blood flow. Reducing weight with some physical activity can help reduce the symptoms of erectile dysfunction18.
Quitting smoking: Avoid smoking as it can narrow your blood vessels, including those that supply blood to penis19.
Reducing alcohol intake: Alcohol consumption can impair the function of sexual organs and decrease the production of essential hormones, which can lead to erectile dysfunction20.
Relaxation and Sleep: Follow some mindfulness techniques like yoga or meditation to relax and reduce stress. Get 8 hours of good quality sleep at night.
Counselling: In case of relationship-related stress, try to address issues with your partner. If need be, you can consider couple-counselling.
If you experience any of the following situations, a consultation with your healthcare provider is necessary to determine the underlying cause and explore effective treatment options21:
The problem still persists despite making lifestyle changes.
Erection issues started following an injury or prostate surgery.
You experience additional symptoms (e.g., low back pain, abdominal pain, or changes in urination).
If you suspect a drug is causing erectile dysfunction, you need to consult your provider about adjusting the dose or switching medicine (do not stop taking it on your own).
If you need to discuss your fears about sexual activity due to heart problems (sexual activity is generally safe for men with heart conditions.)
Seek immediate medical help if erectile dysfunction medicine causes an erection lasting more than 4 hours.
We know that talking about Erectile Dysfunction can be difficult, but please understand that it’s a common, treatable condition often rooted in vascular health. The path to better sexual health and erections is the same good habits that lead to a healthy heart. By prioritizing a diet rich in nitrates, flavonoids, and omega-3s (found in vegetables, fruits, nuts, and fish) and limiting foods high in saturated fats, sugar, and sodium, you can directly improve your blood flow and sexual function. Take these manageable steps today and remember that when diet and lifestyle changes aren’t enough, professional medical help is available and highly effective. You are not alone in this, and positive change is absolutely within your reach.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Which food increases blood flow to the penis naturally?
Foods that are rich in compounds and nutrients which naturally enhance blood flow, such as nitrate-rich foods like beetroot and green leafy vegetables, flavonoid- rich fruits like berries, apple and orange, omega-3 sources like fishes (salmon, mackerel, sardines), all these foods can increase the overall blood flow in the body, including penis7,9,12.
How long does it take for a diet to improve erectile dysfunction?
A specific timeframe for how long a healthy diet takes to improve erectile dysfunction symptoms cannot be exactly determined. However, a lot of research indicates that adopting a healthy eating pattern offers supportive benefits in lowering the risk of erectile dysfunction and managing its symptoms6.
When can one confirm that he really has an erectile dysfunction?
Erection problems are a very common issue, affecting nearly every adult male at some point. While these temporary difficulties often resolve on their own without much intervention, for some men, the condition can become a persistent or ongoing concern. If one has trouble to keep an erection for more than 25% of the time, it means you need to consult a health care provider21.
What are some common symptoms seen in erectile dysfunction?
Following are the symptoms that characterize an erection problem, which may include trouble getting an erection, difficulty keeping an erection, and having an erection that isn’t firm enough for intercourse. Additionally, men experiencing erection problems may also report less interest in sex21.
Can erectile dysfunction be a sign of a more serious health condition?
Yes, even though erectile dysfunction can affect you at any age, if it occurs at an early age, it could be a warning sign of blood vessel problem like diabetes, hypertension or any other cardiovascular disease. Thus, it is important to keep a watch on your symptoms and report it to your health care provider15.
How long do oral erectile dysfunction medicines typically take to work? And are there any risks associated with taking oral erectile dysfunction medicines?
The effect of these oral medicines is most often seen within 15 to 45 minutes. And yes, there are certain risks associated with erectile dysfunction medications. Specifically, men who take nitrates for heart disease should consult their doctor before taking any erectile dysfunction medicines. Common side effects may include headache, upset stomach, nasal congestion, back pain, and dizziness19.
References
Sooriyamoorthy T, Leslie SW. Erectile Dysfunction [Internet]. PubMed. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562253/
Vasan SS, Pandey S, Rao STS, Gupte DM, Gangavaram RR, Saxena A, et al. Association of Sexual Health and Mental Health in Erectile Dysfunction: Expert Opinion From the Indian Context. Cureus. 2025 Jan 22; Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11845324/
Bauer SR, Breyer BN, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Kenfield SA. Association of Diet With Erectile Dysfunction Among Men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. JAMA Network Open. 2020 Nov 13;3(11):e2021701. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7666422/
Allen K, Jacob Y, Thein W, Esselstyn C, Ostfeld RJ. Erectile Dysfunction Reversed After Adoption of a Whole Food Plant-Based Diet: A Case Report. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. 2025 Sep 8; Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12417455/
Burnett AL. The Role of Nitric Oxide in Erectile Dysfunction: Implications for Medical Therapy. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension [Internet]. 2006 Dec;8:53–62. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8109295/
Cassidy A, Franz M, Rimm EB. Dietary flavonoid intake and incidence of erectile dysfunction. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2016 Jan 13;103(2):534–41. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4733263/
Liu RJ, Li SY, Xu ZP, Yu JJ, Mao WP, Sun C, et al. Dietary metal intake and the prevalence of erectile dysfunction in US men: Results from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2004. Frontiers in Nutrition [Internet]. 2022 Nov 3 [cited 2024 Jan 29];9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9668876/
Salas-Huetos A, Muralidharan J, Galiè S, Salas-Salvadó J, Bulló M. Effect of Nut Consumption on Erectile and Sexual Function in Healthy Males: A Secondary Outcome Analysis of the FERTINUTS Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients [Internet]. 2019 Jun 19 [cited 2019 Dec 9];11(6):1372. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/6/1372/htm
DiNicolantonio JJ, O’Keefe JH. The Benefits of Omega-3 Fats for Stabilizing and Remodeling Atherosclerosis. Missouri Medicine [Internet]. 2020 Jan;117(1):65. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi3.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7023944/
Haitham Al-Madhagi, Abd Alraouf Tarabishi. Nutritional aphrodisiacs: Biochemistry and Pharmacology. Current Research in Food Science [Internet]. 2024 Jan 1;9:100783–3. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11225857/
Gerbild H, Larsen CM, Graugaard C, Areskoug Josefsson K. Physical Activity to Improve Erectile Function: A Systematic Review of Intervention Studies. Sexual Medicine [Internet]. 2018 Jun;6(2):75–89. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5960035/
Moon KH, Park SY, Kim YW. Obesity and Erectile Dysfunction: From Bench to Clinical Implication. The World Journal of Men’s Health. 2019;37(2):138. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6479091/ obesity
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Everything to Know About GLP-1 Receptor Agonist and Its Role in Weight Management
Introduction
Diabetes continues to be a major public health concern in India. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that around 77 million adults are presently living with type 2 diabetes and nearly 25 million are classified as prediabetic. The situation is further alarming, with over half of these individuals remaining unaware of their condition. This may increase the risk of preventable complications such as diabetic foot ulcers, vision loss (from diabetic retinopathy), chronic kidney disease, heart attacks, and even strokes1. Fortunately, as the burden of diabetes and its related complications grows, newer therapeutic classes have emerged to help people manage this condition.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists represent one such important advancement that offers multiple benefits in the management of type 2 diabetes. Meta-analysis and observational studies have shown that Indian patients respond to GLP-1 RAs similarly to populations globally2,3. This makes them a valuable option within modern diabetes care in India.
Therefore, through this article, we aim to provide informational awareness about GLP-1 drugs and their role in managing type 2 diabetes.
What is GLP-1?
GLP-1 full form is glucagon-like peptide-1, and it refers to a natural gut hormone that helps regulate blood sugar, digestion, and even appetite.
The regulation of blood glucose levels (sugar levels) in people with type 2 diabetes is often disrupted. In such cases, GLP-1 hormone can help contribute to glucose control by stimulating glucose-dependent insulin release, reducing glucagon secretion, slowing gastric emptying, and eventually enhancing satiety.
Since GLP-1 acts on multiple pathways that are not fully addressed by other therapies, GLP-1 receptor agonists (drugs that mimic GLP-1 to improve insulin response and reduce glucose levels) have become the foundation for medications used in modern diabetes management3.
What Are GLP-1 RAs?
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists or GLP-1 RA definition includes a class of medications that act in a similar manner to the GLP-1 hormone. These medications are used to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus and, in some cases, obesity3,4.
Regulatory authorities worldwide, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) in India, have approved GLP-1 RAsbased on their safety and efficacy3,6.
Their primary indication is the management of type 2 diabetes, where they are used alongside diet and exercise to improve glycaemic control by enhancing insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon, and supporting healthier glucose regulation3,4. These agents have also demonstrated additional metabolic benefits such as delayed gastric emptying and reduced appetite, which contribute to improved overall glycaemic outcomes and cardiometabolic health7. While their main role remains in diabetes treatment, certain GLP-1 therapies are also approved for weight management in individuals with obesity or overweight with comorbidities, given their modest but clinically meaningful effects on appetite regulation and body weight2,6,7.
It is very important to keep in mind that GLP-1 drugs should not be used simultaneously with other GLP-1 containing products or combined with any other GLP-1 RA.
Note: Please note that GLP-1 RAs are prescription medications and must be used only under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional.
How Do GLP-1 RAs Work?
As mentioned above, a GLP-1 receptor agonist works by mimicking the natural incretin hormone (hormones secreted by the gut) GLP-1, which may assist in lowering blood sugar in the following ways7,8:
Increase insulin when blood glucose (sugar) is high: They enhance the body’s ability to release insulin when blood sugar levels are elevated. This could help bring glucose down in a controlled manner.
Decrease glucagon levels: They reduce the secretion of glucagon (a hormone that increases blood sugar). This may further help limit excessive glucose production by the liver.
Slow gastric emptying: They signal certain nerves to slow down the movement of food from the stomach into the intestine. This may help avoid rapid rises in blood glucose after meals.
Promote satiety: They act on appetite-regulating centres in the brain to increase the feeling of fullness after eating. This could, in turn, support reduced calorie intake.
Together, these steps support better glycaemic control and contribute to improved metabolic outcomes.
Note: These effects are observed and interpreted from clinical studies and should not be understood as direct personal guarantees for blood glucose or weight support.
Common GLP-1 RA Medications
The regulatory approval status of GLP-1 drugs varies across global and national health authorities. The table below provides an overview of key GLP-1 RAs, listing their generic names alongside their approval status by major regulatory bodies9,10.
Note: GLP-1 RAs differ in their dosing frequency (daily or weekly, depending on the agent). However, the specific type and dosage prescribed will depend on the clinical assessment made by the healthcare professional managing your treatment.
When Are GLP-1 RA Prescribed?
GLP-1 drugs may be prescribed for the following conditions as per American Diabetes Association/European Association for the Study of Diabetes (ADA/EASD) 2025 guidelines11:
Primary glycaemic indication: GLP-1 RAs are recommended for adults with type 2 diabetes who have not reached their individualised A1C targets (typically when A1C is ≥1.5% above the agreed glycaemic goal) despite lifestyle measures and foundational therapy such as metformin.
Cardiovascular benefit: In adults with type 2 diabetes who have established cardiovascular risk, a GLP-1 RA may provide cardiovascular benefit, independent of baseline A1C.
Weight management/metabolic effects: GLP-1 RAs may also support weight management in adults with type 2 diabetes who are overweight or obese, providing an added metabolic advantage alongside their primary glycaemic and cardioprotective effects.
Note: These are guideline-based indications at a population level. Only a qualified healthcare professional can determine whether a GLP-1 RA is appropriate for an individual patient, based on a full clinical assessment.
Important Lab Tests for GLP-1 Users
People who are starting GLP-1 therapy or are already taking GLP-1 medications (such as semaglutide, liraglutide, dulaglutide) need regular health monitoring. These blood tests help ensure safety, effectiveness, and early detection of side effects.
For convenience, PharmaEasy offers the following packages with comprehensive test panels for people starting or already using GLP-1 medications.
1. GLP-1 Health Checkup/GLP-1 Advanced Monitoring (Includes 72 parameters)
Pancreatic Tests: These help detect pancreatitis, a rare but important risk associated with GLP-1 medications12.
Vitamin Tests: These are essential for detecting nutrient deficiencies, as GLP-1 medications may suppress appetite and reduce overall nutrient intake13.
Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) Index Test
2. GLP-1 Monitoring with Vitals Package/GLP-1 Package with Vitals (Includes all 72 tests above + 4 vital parameters)
Vitals: These track weight trends, BMI changes, and blood pressure improvements with GLP-1 therapy21.
Blood Pressure Monitoring
Height
Weight
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Observed Effects and Awareness
Based on clinical research and reviews, GLP-1 receptor agonist:
Help reduce A1C with improved glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes22,23.
May assist in weight management in adults who are overweight or obese and have at least one weight-related condition (such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, or high cholesterol)4,22.
May provide additional metabolic benefits, including improved beta-cell function, reduced glucagon secretion, delayed gastric emptying, and increased satiety22.
May offer cardiovascular protection, with possible reductions in cases of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) such as myocardial infarction and stroke in high-risk populations23.
Note:It is important to understand that these agents (GLP-1 RAs) work best alongside healthy lifestyle measures and require regular monitoring. Further, while studies show several favourable effects, individual responses can still vary, and these outcomes are not guaranteed for every person.
GLP-1 RA Side Effects and Considerations
GLP-1 drugs are generally well-tolerated, but like all medications, they may also have specific side effects and important considerations that you should be aware of7:
Side Effects
Gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea are the most common.
Injection-site reactions (redness, itching) may occur with injectable formulations.
Mild hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar) could occur, mainly when combined with other medications like insulin or sulfonylureas.
Possible increased risk of gallbladder or biliary disorders, especially with long-term use.
Clinical Considerations
Should be used cautiously in patients who have a history of pancreatitis.
Contraindicated in individuals with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) or MEN 2.
May impact the absorption of oral medications and requires caution before procedures requiring fasting due to delayed gastric emptying effect.
Patients with renal or hepatic impairment may require closer monitoring, especially if significant gastrointestinal symptoms lead to dehydration.
Caution: If any side effects occur,always discuss with a doctor, as they can assess their severity, determine whether treatment adjustments are needed.
Lifestyle and Dietary Awareness
You can support your overall well-being by adopting healthy, supportive lifestyle measures, such as:
Aiming for a healthy weight: Use tools like BMI and waist circumference to understand health risks. If BMI is over 30, aim for a goal between 18.5 to 24.9. Remember, even a 5 to 10% weight loss could improve metabolic outcomes24.
Choosing nutrient-dense foods: Focus on vegetables, fruits, lean proteins, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and healthy fats24,25.
Limiting refined/processed foods: Reduce saturated fats, such as fast foods and refined vegetable oils24,25.
Staying hydrated: Replace sugar-sweetened beverages with water to reduce calorie load and avoid glucose spikes24.
Engaging in regular physical activity: Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise weekly plus strength training to improve metabolic function24.
Supporting good sleep habits: Aim for getting adequate sleep, as it helps reduce hunger signals and stress hormones that may interfere with metabolic health24.
Natural Ways to Support GLP-1
If you are wondering “how to increase GLP-1 naturally,” certain lifestyle habits, such as the following, may help support your body’s own GLP-1 levels26:
Choose high-fibre carbohydrates (like legumes, oats, barley, vegetables) since gut fermentation of fibre produces short-chain fatty acids that may stimulate GLP-1 release.
Include lean proteins in meals, which further enhance GLP-1 and support fullness.
Opt for healthy unsaturated fats (e.g., olive oil, avocado, fatty fish), which slow digestion and may enhance GLP-1 release.
While planning meals, use mindful portion sizes and consistent timing.
Support consistent physical activity, adequate sleep, and reduced stress, which together contribute to improved metabolic hormone responses, including GLP-1.
Note: These habits are for general metabolic support and are not a substitute for medical treatment or professional advice.
When to Consult a Doctor?
Monitoring your health while using a GLP-1 receptor agonist is important, and certain symptoms or situations, such as the ones below, should prompt a consultation with a doctor:
New or worsening gastrointestinal symptoms, such as persistent nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, or signs of dehydration7,27.
Symptoms of low blood sugar, especially if taking insulin or sulfonylureas along with a GLP-1 RA7.
You should also consult a doctor in the following cases7:
Before any planned surgery or procedure, as GLP-1 RAs may affect gastric emptying and fasting requirements.
If pregnant, planning pregnancy, or breastfeeding, to review safety and treatment alternatives.
Any unexpected or bothersome side effects, or if the medication does not seem to be working as expected.
Regular follow-up is important. Additionally, you may always consult a doctor for guidance on dosing, side effects, or any concerns while using GLP-1 medications.
Conclusion
GLP-1 receptor agonists represent an important therapeutic option for managing type 2 diabetes and, in certain cases, obesity. Their benefits, such as improved glycaemic control, support for weight management, and potential cardiovascular protection, are well documented in clinical studies. However, they must be used under the guidance of qualified healthcare professionals, as individual responses vary and careful monitoring is essential. Most importantly, alongside medication, healthy lifestyle habits and informed dietary choices play a key role in supporting long-term metabolic health.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What is GLP-1 RA, and how does it work?
GLP-1 RAs are medications that work the same way as the natural GLP-1 hormone to help regulate blood sugar and support weight control. They work by increasing insulin when glucose is high, reducing glucagon, slowing stomach emptying, and promoting a feeling of fullness7.
Which GLP-1 RAs are currently available?
Commonly available GLP-1 RAs include exenatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, and semaglutide (injectable and oral)7. Please note that availability varies by country and regulatory approval.
What are common side effects reported in studies?
The most frequently reported side effects are nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and mild hypoglycaemia (when used with certain other medications). Some individuals may also experience injection-site reactions or gallbladder-related symptoms7.
Can GLP-1 levels be influenced naturally?
Diet and lifestyle can modestly support natural GLP-1 activity. For example, high-fibre foods, balanced protein intake, regular exercise, adequate sleep, hydration, and limiting refined sugars may help enhance metabolic balance, though they do not replace medical treatment23,24.
Who should discuss GLP-1 RA with a doctor?
Anyone with type 2 diabetes needing better glucose control, individuals with obesity or weight-related health risks, or those with cardiovascular or kidney concerns should consult a doctor before using GLP-1 RAs. Medical guidance is also essential for people experiencing side effects or managing conditions such as pregnancy, pancreatitis, or thyroid-related risks7.
Bawa T, Dhingra V, Malhotra N, Wasir JS, Mithal A. Clinical experience with exenatide in obese North Indian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Jan;17(1):91-4. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3659913/
Collins L, Costello RA. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists. Treasure Island [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; [cited 2025 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551568/
Liu QK. Mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024 Jul 24;15:1431292. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11304055/
Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation. CDSCO Approved Drugs / Vaccines / r-DNA / Blood Product [Internet]. CDSCO; [cited 2025 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www.cdscoonline.gov.in/CDSCO/cdscoDrugs
Ayoub M, Chela H, Amin N, Hunter R, Anwar J, Tahan V, Daglilar E. Pancreatitis Risk Associated with GLP-1 Receptor Agonists, Considered as a Single Class, in a Comorbidity-Free Subgroup of Type 2 Diabetes Patients in the United States: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis. J Clin Med. 2025 Feb 1;14(3):944. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11818918/
Johnson B, Milstead M, Thomas O, McGlasson T, Green L, Kreider R, Jones R. Investigating nutrient intake during use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist: a cross-sectional study. Front Nutr. 2025 Apr 25;12:1566498. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12062175/
Chae Y, Kwon SH, Nam JH, Kang E, Im J, Kim HJ, Lee EK. Lipid profile changes induced by glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2024 Aug;17(8):721-729. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38832475/
Pirahanchi Y, Toro F, Jialal I. Physiology, thyroid stimulating hormone. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island; [cited 2025 Nov 20]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499850/
Open Resources for Nursing (Open RN). Chapter 15, Fluids and electrolytes. Nursing fundamentals [Internet]. Chippewa Valley Technical College; [cited 2025 Nov 20]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK591820/
Filippatos TD, Elisaf MS. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on renal function. World J Diabetes. 2013 Oct 15;4(5):190-201. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3797884/
Seo IH, Lee YJ. Usefulness of Complete Blood Count (CBC) to Assess Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases in Clinical Settings: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Biomedicines. 2022 Oct 25;10(11):2697. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9687310/
Mullur N, Morissette A, Morrow NM, Mulvihill EE. GLP-1 receptor agonist-based therapies and cardiovascular risk: a review of mechanisms. J Endocrinol. 2024 Sep 19;263(1):e240046. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11466209/
Lee J, Kim MH, Jang JY, Oh CM. Assessment HOMA as a predictor for new onset diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications in non-diabetic adults: a KoGES prospective cohort study. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2023 Nov 16;9(1):7. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10652621/
Reiss AB, Gulkarov S, Lau R, Klek SP, Srivastava A, Renna HA, De Leon J. Weight Reduction with GLP-1 Agonists and Paths for Discontinuation While Maintaining Weight Loss. Biomolecules. 2025 Mar 13;15(3):408. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11940170/
Trujillo JM, Nuffer W, Smith BA. GLP-1 receptor agonists: an updated review of head-to-head clinical studies. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2021 Mar 9;12:2042018821997320. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7953228/
Hamed K, Alosaimi MN, Ali BA, Alghamdi A, Alkhashi T, Alkhaldi SS, et al. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists: Exploring Their Impact on Diabetes, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Health Through a Comprehensive Literature Review. Cureus. 2024 Sep 1;16(9):e68390. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11444311/
Mozaffarian D, Agarwal M, Aggarwal M, Alexander L, Apovian CM, Bindlish S, et al. Nutritional Priorities to Support GLP-1 Therapy for Obesity: A Joint Advisory From the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and the Obesity Society. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2025 May 30:15598276251344827. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12125019/
Filippatos TD, Panagiotopoulou TV, Elisaf MS. Adverse Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists. Rev Diabet Stud. 2014 Fall-Winter;11(3-4):202-30. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5397288/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the informationprovided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Achyranthes Aspera (Chaff Flower): Uses, Benefits & Side Effects
Introduction
Achyranthes aspera is a perennial herb widely found in tropical regions and has been traditionally valued for its various uses in different cultural practices. Common names for the plant include chaff flower, prickly chaff flower, and devil’s horsewhip. All parts of the plant, roots, seeds, leaves, flowers, and fruits, have traditionally been used for various purposes, such as for eye conditions and heavy menstrual bleeding2. During Ganesh Chaturthi, the leaves are used in Ganesh Patra pooja3.
Morphology of Achyranthes Aspera
A. aspera (chaff flower) is an upright, spreading herb with many branches and a quadrangular stem. It is a perennial plant that can live for several years and usually grows up to 6–7 feet in height. The stem has noticeable longitudinal ridges or grooves with hairy nodes.
The leaves of Achyranthes aspera are simple, short-stalked, and covered with fine hairs. They grow opposite each other on the stem, which is sharp-pointed and woody. The upper surface of the leaves is green, while the underside is yellowish. Each leaf is about 8–10 cm long and 7–8 cm wide, with an egg-shaped broad base and a pointed tip.
The plant produces small green or yellowish-white flowers arranged in long, axillary spikes that can grow up to 60 cm in length.Flowering occurs throughout the year.By the time flowers bend towards the stem in the fruiting stage, the bracts (small leaf-like structures around the flowers) become sharp, pointed tips, making the heads spiny to the touch.
Fruits are orange to reddish-purple or straw-brown capsules, contain a single seed, and are produced throughout the year.The fruit easily attaches to clothes and animal skin1,2,4.
Where Is Achyranthes Aspera Found?
A. aspera is mainly found in tropical Asian, African, and warmer regions. It is also found in Australia and America, Ceylon, and Baluchistan. In India, it predominantly grows like a weed on roadsides4.
The plant A. aspera and its seeds contain carbohydrates, proteins, and several bioactive components, including flavonoids, saponins, and tannins, which may support overall health4.
Achyranthes Aspera or Chaff flower is highly nutritious and has caloric value. Based on some studies, it may have anti-diabetic activity and may be useful in managing diabetes11.
The pulp prepared from fresh leaves and flowering spikes of A. aspera has traditionally been applied externally as a home remedy for scorpion stings.
The seeds of the plant have been mentioned for use in certain eye conditions, including corneal problems, and are also described in relation to snake or reptile bites.
The elongated flowering spikes, when mixed with a small amount of sugar, have been used in traditional practice for hydrophobia associated with dog bites.
The ash obtained from A. aspera, which is rich in potash, has been used as a cleansing agent for washing clothes.
The flowers and fruits of the plant are described in traditional texts as being helpful in managing heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia)5.
Based on some research, A. aspera or Chaff flower might possess anti-fertility properties and might play a positive role in an unwanted pregnancy. However, its use should be in moderation and only after taking a professional opinion10.
Different parts of A. aspera, including its seeds, roots, and leaves, have been used in traditional practices for various purposes. The plant is noted for its strong, unpleasant odour when used either externally or internally.
In traditional medicine, A. aspera has been attributed with several properties, such as expectorant (helps clear mucus), stomach tonic, laxative, anthelmintic (acts against intestinal worms), diuretic (promotes urine flow), lithotriptic (used for breaking down stones), sudorific (induces sweating), demulcent (soothes irritation), as well as anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, anti-allergic, hepatoprotective (supports liver health), and other effects. Some studies also mention potential hypoglycaemic (blood sugar-lowering), antihyperlipidaemic (cholesterol-lowering), anti-asthmatic, anticataract, and anti-periodic fever (used against recurring fevers) activities3.
Research on A. aspera supplements has explored their role in weight management, although the evidence remains preliminary6.
The juice of A. aspera is described in Ayurveda as having astringent and anti-inflammatory properties, and it has traditionally been applied to ulcers and wounds to support healing.
The root paste or juice of A. aspera has been used externally in folk medicine to ease pain, reduce itching, manage rashes caused by insect bites, and provide relief in urticaria (hives). It has also been used for earache.
In some traditional practices, the daily use of powdered A. aspera mixed with honey has been suggested forimproving digestion3.
The plant has also been described in Ayurvedic texts as having digestive and appetite-enhancing qualities, which are believed to help maintain overall health.
In Ayurveda, Apamarga kshara (alkaline ash prepared from A. aspera) is applied externally in the management of fistula and fissure.
The oil derived from A. aspera has been used traditionally to reduce excessive cough and provide relief from respiratory discomfort3.
The plant is also noted for its purgative (stool-softening) effect and is mentioned in relation to constipation, piles, and fistula/fissures.
Animal studies on Wistar rats suggest that A. aspera extracts may help in the management of kidney stones by promoting urine output, though human evidence is lacking.
Traditional texts also mention the plant’s role in supporting urinary health7,8.
A mixture of A. aspera with tankana bhasma (a borax preparation) and lemon juice has been used to remove warts; however, since this can cause skin burns, it should only be attempted under medical supervision3.
A. aspera, being naturally rich in potassium, is considered to be beneficial for heart health in traditional medicine3.
Side Effects of Achyranthes Aspera
A. aspera is generally considered safe when used in moderation, but may occasionally cause side effects like skin rashes and irritation5. If you notice symptoms after consuming A. aspera, you must consult your primary healthcare professional immediately9. As a precaution, it is important to consult a doctor before consuming this medicine to confirm whether it is safe for you.
Precautions While Using Achyranthes Aspera
The paste made from A. aspera should be used carefully, as it may sometimes cause skin irritation or rashes. To reduce this risk, it is traditionally applied along with cooling substances such as ice.
Consuming A. aspera in excessive amounts may lead to nausea and vomiting.
During pregnancy and breastfeeding, the use of A. aspera is best done only under the guidance of a qualified medical practitioner.
The use of A. aspera supplements is not recommended for children under 12 years of age5.
Achyranthes Aspera is a traditional medicinal herb or weed all over India. Almost all the parts (seeds, roots, and shoots) of A. aspera are used to prepare traditional medicines.
A. aspera may support the management of boils, asthma, in facilitating delivery, bleeding, bronchitis, debility, dropsy, cold, colic, cough, dog bite, snake bite, scorpion bite, dysentery, earache, headache, leukoderma, renal complications, pneumonia, and skin diseases.
Can Achyranthes Aspera help in menstrual disorders?
Yes, traditionally, A. aspera is used for menstrual disorders like dysmenorrhoea. However, there is limited scientific evidence to prove this effect.
Is Achyranthes Aspera supplement helpful in wound healing?
A. aspera supplements may support wound healing due to their tannin content, which is known to have astringent and anti-inflammatory properties. A. aspera supplements may also help improve blood flow to the wound. This synergistic effect maysupport faster wound healing.
Is Achyranthes Aspera (Apamarg) used in the treatment of ulcers?
A. Aspera supplement may support ulcer management as it contains a mixture of anti-ulcer and gastroprotective bioactive compounds. A. aspera supplements may be helpful in lowering the volume of gastric juice and total acidity, thereby increasing the pH of gastric juice. This may help in managing ulcer-related problems.
Salam MA, Ahmad A, Sadiq F, Tariq TF, Rasheed N, Shah MA, Aarab M, Anwar M, Khurram M. Assessment of phytochemical and pharmacognostic properties of flowers of Achyranthes Aspera. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 2023;30(17):743–55. doi:10.53555/jptcp.v30i17.3727. Available from: https://jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/3727
Rani N, Sharma SK, Vasudeva N. Assessment of Antiobesity Potential of Achyranthes aspera Linn. Seed. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:715912. doi: 10.1155/2012/715912. Epub 2012 Jun 27. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22919417/
Rajeshwari T, Suresh R, Sudhakar M. Anti-urolithiatic activity of saponin rich fraction from the methanolic extract of Achyranthes aspera against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in Wistar rats. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2023;13(09):197–203. doi:10.7324/JAPS.2023.144912. Available from: https://japsonline.com/admin/php/uploads/4032_pdf.pdf
Warke PD, Upadhayay A, Kale MK. Evaluation of diuretic activity of Achyranthes aspera leaves extracts. Res J Pharm Technol. 2018;11(12):5394–6. doi:10.5958/0974-360X.2018.00984.8. Available from: https://rjptonline.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2018-11-12-33
Shibeshi W, Makonnen E, Zerihun L, Debella A. Effect of Achyranthes aspera L. on fetal abortion, uterine and pituitary weights, serum lipids and hormones. Afr Health Sci. 2006 Jun;6(2):108–112. PMCID: PMC1831979. PMID: 16916302. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1831979/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the informationprovided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove
What is Magnesium Glycinate? Benefits, Uses, Dosage & Side Effects
Introduction
Magnesium is an important mineral that may help the body in several processes, including producing energy, helping muscles move, and supporting nerves to send signals. It also helps control blood sugar and blood pressure. Most of the magnesium is stored in bones and muscles, and only a small amount circulates in the blood. Low magnesium levels in blood can cause muscle cramps, weakness, poor nerve function, and even serious heart problem1,2.
When magnesium levels drop, doctors may recommend the most suitable form of magnesium supplementation to meet individual needs. There are different types of magnesium supplements available, like magnesium oxide, citrate, chloride, lactate, and glycinate. Among these, magnesium glycinate is a well-absorbed form in which magnesium is bound to an amino acid called glycine. This combination not only improves absorption but also makes it gentler on the stomach, reducing the chance of digestive discomfort compared to other forms. Magnesium glycinate has been shown to be helpful for people experiencing stress, anxiety, sleep difficulties, or tiredness3,4.
In this blog, we will explore magnesium glycinate benefits, uses, side effects, and foods containing magnesium glycinate.
What Is Magnesium Glycinate?
Magnesium glycinate is a nutritional supplement that provides the body with magnesium. In this form, magnesium is joined with glycine, a small building block of protein. Together, they form a stable compound called a chelate4,5. This may help the body absorb magnesium better, giving it high bioavailability. Bioavailability means the amount of magnesium the body can actually use after taking it6.
The amount absorbed may depend on many factors. Internal factors include age, overall health, and how much magnesium is already in the body. External factors include the dose, the type of food eaten with it, and the form of the supplement. Some suppliers of raw materials do not fully join magnesium with glycine. Instead, they may just mix magnesium carbonate or magnesium oxide with glycine and call it magnesium glycinate. This is only a dry mix of two separate compounds, with little or no actual bonding, so it is not the same as true magnesium glycinate. It is recommended to choose a high-quality, approved supplement with good formulation4,6.
Next, we will look at the benefits of magnesium glycinate.
Benefits of Magnesium Glycinate
Magnesium glycinate may be recommended when the body’s magnesium levels are low, or when magnesium from food is not enough5,7. It is considered useful for supporting various areas of health including:
1. Brain and Nerve Health
Magnesium supplementation may play an important role in calming certain brain switches called NMDA receptors, which may become overactive when magnesium levels are low. It may also help relax blood vessels and aid in circulation to support healthy brain and nerve function4,8.
2. Blood Sugar and Energy
Magnesium supplementation, along with zinc, selenium, vitamin C, and vitamin E, may show positive effects in regulating blood sugar. It may help improve insulin sensitivity, keeping fasting sugar levels under control. It may also help maintain healthy cholesterol levels in people with diabetes and heart disease.
3. Improve Bone Health
Magnesium is needed to convert vitamin D into its active form, helping the body absorb calcium and support parathyroid hormone activity. Supplementation with magnesium may contribute to bone health, especially when combined with vitamin D and calcium. It may also help lower bone turnover in elderly women after menopause.
4. Heart Benefits
Magnesium taken orally may act as a natural calcium channel blocker, which can help ease blood vessel tension, improve blood vessel function in the heart, and may even help control blood pressure in people with diabetes and heart disease.
5. Improve Muscle Function
Magnesium may help in muscle contraction. When levels are low, magnesium deficiency can cause muscle cramps. By restoring magnesium levels, muscle function may improve3,7.
6. Kidney Stone Prevention
Magnesium supplementation may reduce calcium oxalate crystal formation and decrease intestinal oxalate absorption, helping prevent kidney stone formation6.
7. Mental Health and Sleep
Magnesium helps the body make serotonin, a chemical that affects mood and feelings of happiness. Magnesium supplementation may help calm the brain by slowing overactive signals and supporting relaxing signals (GABA agonist), which can make it easier to feel calm and sleep better, but these effects are not very strong or consistent3,7.
8. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory support
Magnesium glycinate may help protect the body from oxidative stress and help fight inflammation in the body owing to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties3,8.
An important benefit of magnesium glycinate is that it is a chelated form, where magnesium is bonded with glycine. It is well absorbed by the body, with some of it taken in as a small, complete unit called a dipeptide in the upper part of the small intestine. This special absorption makes it gentle on the stomach and an effective option compared to other types of magnesium supplements4,6.
Note: While initial studies have shown benefits of magnesium supplementation, further large-scale human-trials are needed to confirm these.
Magnesium Glycinate Uses
Magnesium glycinate may be used in the management of several health conditions including:
Magnesium deficiency: Magnesium glycinate is a type of supplement that may be used to manage magnesium deficiency (low magnesium in the blood, also called hypomagnesemia), which can happen if the diet is low in magnesium, or if the body loses magnesium due to illness or certain surgeries5,7.
General health: Magnesium glycinate may help reduce tiredness (fatigue, feeling very tired) and keep the balance of electrolytes, which happen due to low magnesium. It may support healthy muscles, heart function, protein production, strong bones, healthy teeth, and connective tissue health in those who are deficient with magnesium9.
Sleep: Magnesium supplementation may help improve sleep in older adults with low magnesium. It may help with sleep quality, how long it takes to fall asleep, total sleep time, early morning waking, and overall sleep efficiency3,10.
Mood and anxiety: Magnesium glycinate use may also help with mood and managing depression. It may also reduce anxiety in people sensitive to stress7,10,11.
Muscle cramps: Magnesium does not usually reduce normal leg cramps, but it may help muscles relax in women especially in pregnancy leg cramps7,12.
Headaches and migraines: Magnesium may be used along with other treatments to prevent migraine headaches in some cases. Magnesium glycinate may reduce the severity and frequency of migraine headaches in these situations4.
After surgery or absorption problems: People who had surgery, like removal of part of the intestines (ileal resection), or have conditions affecting nutrient absorption, may be at risk of low magnesium. Magnesium glycinate is absorbed well in the intestines and may be used in these cases13.
Combined supplements: Magnesium glycinate is often included in multivitamins or combination supplements. These may have B-complex vitamins, malic acid, vitamin D, vitamin C, zinc, selenium, chromium, and amino acids4.
Thus, magnesium glycinate may be useful inmanaging magnesium deficiency and related health issues, and next we will see how it compares with other types of magnesium in effectiveness, absorption, and tolerance.
Magnesium Glycinate vs. Other Forms
Magnesium supplements come in many forms, mainly divided into two types: inorganic or organic. Inorganic forms, like magnesium oxide, may provide a high amount of magnesium but may not be absorbed well in the gut. Organic forms, like magnesium citrate, may dissolve more easily and may be absorbed better1.
One important magnesium glycinate benefit is, it is one of the organic forms that is gentle on the gut and may usually cause fewer stomach issues or loose stools compared to some other forms. It has high bioavailability and is usually absorbed well in the gut14,15. Thus, it may be a suitable option for long-term use and for people with special needs, like after intestinal surgery (ileal resection), where absorption is affected13.
Other forms of magnesium may vary in absorption and effects:
Magnesium citrate: It may be absorbed well and may help digestion and mild constipation.
Magnesium malate: It may help energy and muscle function.
Magnesium L-threonate: It may support memory and cognition.
Magnesium chloride: It may help muscles and electrolyte balance.
Magnesium sulphate: It may be used for low magnesium, constipation, or specific medical purposes.
Magnesium lactate & aspartate: They may help maintain magnesium levels and may be gentle on the stomach.
Magnesium oxide: They may provide magnesium cheaply but may be absorbed poorly3,4.
Overall, magnesium glycinate may offer better absorption, higher bioavailability, and fewer digestive issues, and may be a well-tolerated choice compared to many other forms of magnesium.
Signs of Magnesium Deficiency
Low magnesium may not always show clear signs, especially if the shortage is mild. However, when the deficiency becomes excessive, it may affect muscles, nerves, and the heart.
Muscles and nerves: You may feel weak, have trembling, or muscle twitches. Severe magnesium deficiency may sometimes cause signs related to low calcium, such as facial twitching when tapping the face (Chvostek’s sign) or hand and forearm spasms when a blood pressure cuff is applied (Trousseau’s sign).
Heart: Low magnesium may cause irregular heartbeat, fast heart rate, or changes on a heart test (ECG).
Brain and nerves: It may lead to mood changes like feeling sad or agitated, confusion, rapid eye movements (nystagmus), or in severe cases, seizures.
People with conditions like diabetes may be more likely to have low magnesium, and long-term deficiency may increase the risk of heart problems6,7.
Dosage: How Much Should You Take?
Magnesium glycinate may be prescribed in different amounts depending on the situation. The recommended dose is mostly 200- 400mg of elemental magnesium per day, sometimes given in divided doses. At higher doses, side effects like diarrhoea may occur4.
For general purposes, around 200 mg per day may be prescribed at first, and the dose may be gradually increased if needed.
For migraine prevention, 400 to 600 mg per day may be recommended under medical supervision4,14.
For depression, 125 to 300 mg daily may be prescribed by the doctor16.
The doctor may decide the exact dose based on your individual needs, condition, and health situation.
Magnesium glycinate is generally well tolerated, and side effects are uncommon. Some people may notice mild stomach issues at high doses of supplements, which can sometimes cause loose stools, nausea, or abdominal cramps. Very high levels may rarely lead to more serious issues like low blood pressure, extreme tiredness, or irregular heartbeat3,7.Other effects like sleep changes, headaches, dizziness, increased thirst, frequent urination, or joint pain are very rare or unlikely14,17.
When you experience these magnesium glycinate side effects, you need to pay attention and let your doctor know. Your doctor may adjust the dose or check for interactions with any medicines you are taking. The dose your doctor decides may depend on your health condition and what magnesium is prescribed for.
Foods do not naturally have magnesium glycinate, but many contain magnesium itself, which the body can use. Green leafy vegetables like spinach and kale, legumes such as beans and lentils, nuts including almonds and cashews, and seeds like pumpkin or chia are good sources. Whole grains, brown rice, soy products, and some dairy like milk and yogurt also provide magnesium. Certain breakfast cereals are fortified with magnesium to add extra amounts.
The amount of magnesium in foods can vary depending on how they are processed. For example, refined grains lose magnesium when the nutrient-rich parts are removed. Water can also contain magnesium, though levels vary by source. Eating a mix of these foods helps the body get enough magnesium to support normal functions.
Examples of magnesium-rich foods: spinach, kale, beans, lentils, almonds, cashews, pumpkin seeds, chia seeds, brown rice, oatmeal, milk, yoghurt, salmon, and avocado2,7.
Magnesium glycinate may be a helpful option when your body needs extra magnesium or food alone is not enough to meet the needs. It may be absorbed well, is gentle on the stomach, and suitable for long-term use in healthy adults with normal kidney function, or for special needs, like after intestinal surgery. People with kidney problems should use it with caution and under monitoring. Other forms of magnesium may work differently in absorption and tolerance. Your doctor may decide if magnesium glycinate is right for you, and the exact dose will depend on your health and what it is prescribed for.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Which magnesium is best for high blood pressure?
Magnesium in forms like citrate, oxide, aspartate, and chloride are used to support healthy blood pressure. No single form is shown to be superior; dose and duration are more important. A daily intake of about 400-500 mg may be associated with blood pressure benefits. Among the types, magnesium citrate is absorbed well, oxide may sometimes upset the stomach, and magnesium glycinate is gentle and its use in high blood pressure is under research4,18.
Is magnesium glycinate a sleeping pill?
Magnesium glycinate is not a sleeping pill. It may support relaxation and calm the nervous system, which can help with sleep in some people. Your doctor may decide if it is appropriate for your sleep needs3,7.
Is magnesium glycinate good for migraines?
Magnesium glycinate may be used to reduce the frequency and severity of migraine headaches. It is well absorbed and gentle on digestion. Your doctor may advise if it is suitable for your situation and the correct dose4.
What does magnesium glycinate do to the brain?
Magnesium glycinate may help regulate nerve signals in the brain, supporting calmness and normal function. It may help protect nerve cells and support overall brain activity4,8.
What is the best time to take magnesium glycinate?
The best time to take magnesium glycinate depends on doctor guidance and the condition being treated. Some people may take it at different times, in divided doses, or after meals or at bedtime. Timing can vary and should follow individual recommendations16,18.
References
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Cepeda V, Ródenas-Munar M, García S, Bouzas C, Tur JA. Unlocking the Power of Magnesium: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Regarding Its Role in Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Antioxidants. 2025 Jun 16;14(6):740–0. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/6/740
Pardo MR, Garicano Vilar E, San Mauro Martín I, Camina Martín MA. Bioavailability of magnesium food supplements: A systematic review. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif) [Internet]. 2021 Sep 1 [cited 2021 Nov 8]; 89:111294. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34111673/
Abbasi B, Masud Kimiagar, Khosro Sadeghniiat, Shirazi MM, Hedayati M, Bahram Rashidkhani. The effect of magnesium supplementation on primary insomnia in elderly: A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences : The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences [Internet]. 2012 Dec;17(12):1161. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3703169/
Boyle N, Lawton C, Dye L. The Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Subjective Anxiety and Stress—A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2017 Apr 26;9(5):429. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28445426/
Schuette SA, Lashner BA, Janghorbani M. Bioavailability of magnesium diglycinate vs magnesium oxide in patients with ileal resection. JPEN Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition [Internet]. 1994;18(5):430–5. Available from:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7815675/
102.Aniebo Umoh E, Obembe AO, Ikpi DE, Ekpenyong Eniang-Esien O, Okon Asuquo J, Effiom-Ekaha OO. Effect of chronic administration of magnesium supplement (magnesium glycinate) on male albino wistar rats’ intestinal (Ileum) motility, body weight changes, food and water intake. Heliyon [Internet]. 2023 Aug 1;9(8):e19042. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37636381/
103.Eby GA, Eby KL. Rapid recovery from major depression using magnesium treatment. Medical Hypotheses [Internet]. 2006 Jan;67(2):362–70. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16542786/
104.Schuster J, Igor Cycelskij, Lopresti A, Hahn A. Magnesium Bisglycinate Supplementation in Healthy Adults Reporting Poor Sleep: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nature and Science of Sleep [Internet]. 2025 Aug 1 [cited 2025 Sep 17];Volume 17:2027–40. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12412596/
ClinicalTrials.gov. Magnesium Supplementation and Blood Pressure Reduction. Study record for NCT03688503 [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2018 Nov 16 [cited 2025 Sep 17]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03688503
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the informationprovided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
3
Liraglutide: Uses, Dosage, Side Effects & Complete Patient Guide
Introduction
Liraglutide is a medicine belonging to the group of GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) typically used for management of diabetes. It works like the body’s natural hormone GLP-1, which helps lower blood sugar by increasing insulin reducing glucagon (a hormone that raises blood sugar), and slowing how quickly food leaves the stomach so sugar levels rise more steadily after meals. It also helps to reduce appetite. Because of these actions, it is useful for managing blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes and for supporting weight management in individuals with obesity1,2.
This medicine is available in two brands: Victoza and Saxenda3,4. The U.S. FDA approved Victoza in 2010 for diabetes control, while Saxenda was approved in 2014 for weight management at a higher dose2.
In this blog, we will try to explain how liraglutide works, its recommended dosage, possible side effects, precautions, and helpful tips for its safe use.
What is Liraglutide?
Liraglutide is a prescription medicine approved for the following medical conditions:
It is prescribed to help manage blood sugar in adults with type 2 diabetes when the body does not make enough insulin or cannot use it effectively. It helps control blood sugar not by producing insulin directly but by supporting the body’s own natural hormones (incretin effect). This means it encourages the pancreas to release insulin when sugar levels are high and reduces glucagon. It is used along with healthy eating and exercise to improve blood sugar control1,5.
It is also used for long-term weight control in adults who are overweight or obese and have health problems related to excess weight. This includes adults with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher (obese), or adults with a BMI of 27 or higher (overweight) who also have conditions such as high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, or abnormal cholesterol4.
Additionally, liraglutide is used to reduce the chance of heart attack, stroke, or death in those who have both type 2 diabetes and heart disease1,5.
How Liraglutide Works?
Liraglutide works by copying the action of the GLP-1 hormone in the body. GLP-1 hormone has four main roles. It helps the pancreas release insulin when blood sugar is high. It reduces the release of another hormone called glucagon, which normally raises blood sugar. It slows down how food leaves the stomach so blood sugar rises more gradually after meals. It also acts on the brain to reduce appetite and give a feeling of fullness1,6.
Liraglutide medicine is almost 97% similar to the GLP-1 our body makes. This medicine attaches to special spots (receptors) not only on the pancreas but also in the gut and brain, which helps regulate sugar and appetite. On the pancreas, it encourages release of insulin and reduces glucagon. This lowers blood sugar and keeps it in the correct level. Importantly, this medicine does not make the body release too much insulin when sugar is normal or low.
It also acts on the brain, especially in areas like the hypothalamus and brainstem to reduce hunger and food intake7. It may increase the body’s sensitivity to leptin, the hormone that signals fullness, which helps give a feeling of satiety1,8. Another special feature of liraglutide is that it does not break down easily, so its effects last longer. Because of these effects, liraglutide helps manage blood sugar in diabetes patients and also supports weight loss in obese individuals1,9.
Liraglutide Brand Names & Generic Availability
Liraglutide is commonly available under 2 brand names- Victoza and Saxenda. Even though they contain the same drug, they are used for different health conditions.
Victoza is used for people with type 2 diabetes. It helps to lower blood sugar levels when combined with healthy food choices and regular exercise. This medicine is not used for type 1 diabetes or for serious conditions like diabetic ketoacidosis. It is also not meant to be taken with insulin. People who had problems with the pancreas in the past need to be careful with it.
Saxenda is used to help manage body weight. It is given to adults who are overweight or obese, especially if they also have health issues like high blood pressure, diabetes, or high cholesterol. It works best when combined with a low-calorie diet and regular physical activity. Saxenda is not a treatment for type 2 diabetes and should not be taken with insulin or with similar medicines.
Victoza comes as an injection pen with doses such as 0.6 mg, 1.2 mg, or 1.8 mg. While Saxenda also comes as an injection pen, it comes as Liraglutide doses ranging from 0.6 mg up to 3 mg. Both are usually started at a low dose of 0.6 mg and then Victoza is gradually increased to 1.2–1.8 mg for diabetes but Saxenda may be given till 3 mg for weight management3,4.
Liraglutide is sold under different brand names and is available in many countries across the world.
In the United States, it is sold as Victoza for type 2 diabetes and as Saxenda for weight management3,4.
In the United Kingdom, it is available as Victoza for diabetes, Saxenda for obesity, and Xultophy, which combines liraglutide with insulin10.
In European countries, both Victoza and Saxenda are approved by the European Medicines Agency11,12.
In India, liraglutide brand name is Lirafit, which was approved in January 2024, launched by Glenmark Pharmaceuticals13,14.
In Russia, it is marketed as Eligria, which is a brand name for liraglutide, mainly used for obesity treatment15.
In Australia, it is sold as Victoza for type 2 diabetes and also to reduce the risk of heart disease in diabetic patients16.
Recently, the US FDA has approved a generic liraglutide version for treating type 2 diabetes with diet and exercise. It’s the first generic Liraglutide and only the second GLP-1 receptor agonist allowed as a generic. This aims to improve the accessibility and affordability of this medication for a wider population17.
Liraglutide Dosage & Administration
The liraglutide dosing is different depending on whether it is used for diabetes management or for weight management.
For diabetes management, the dose usually starts at 0.6 mg once daily for the first week. This low dose helps the body adjust. After one week, it may be raised to 1.2 mg daily and further increased to 1.8 mg daily if needed, as guided by the doctor3.
For weight management, the treatment begins at 0.6 mg daily in the first week, then increases step by step: 1.2 mg in the second week, 1.8 mg in the third week, 2.4 mg in the fourth week, and finally 3 mg from the fifth week onward, as prescribed by the doctor. If the patient has not lost at least 4% of their starting body weight by by week 16 while on 3 mg daily, the doctor may stop the treatment4.
The medicine is available as liraglutide injection pens. It is injected under the skin, usually in the stomach, thigh, or upper arm, and should not be injected into a vein or muscle. To avoid swelling or small lumps, the liraglutide injection site should be changed each time. The injection is to be taken once daily at about the same time, following doctor’s instructions. It is important to follow the step-up schedule carefully and not take it more than prescribed4,5.
Missed Dose & Overdose Guidance
If a liraglutide dose is missed, the next dose can be taken as per usual schedule on the following day. There is no need to take an extra dose to make up for the missed one. If the medicine is missed for 3 days or more, doctor should be consulted before restarting the treatment. He may restart from the lower starting dose (0.6 mg) and gradually increase again to avoid stomach-related side effects.
In case of an overdose of liraglutide, symptoms such as severe nausea and vomiting may occur. It can also lower blood sugar (hypoglycaemia), especially if taken along with other medicines that reduce blood sugar, such as insulin or sulfonylureas. If this happens, seek medical help immediately. If after taking the medicine a patient collapses, has a seizure, has trouble breathing, or does not wake up, they must be taken to the hospital without delay4,5.
Common Side Effects of Liraglutide
Some patients taking liraglutide injection may experience mild side effects, including:
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, or decreased appetite (these are the most common, especially in the first few weeks)
Feeling tired or weak
Headache
Constipation
Heartburn or upset stomach
Redness, rash, or itching at the injection site
Changes in blood sugar may also be noticed, though this is uncommon when liraglutide is taken alone. The risk of low blood sugar increases mainly when combined with other medicines like insulin or sulfonylureas. Signs of low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia) can include:
Liraglutide may slow stomach emptying, which can affect how oral medicines work. Most medicines are not affected by liraglutide, but some, like digoxin, lisinopril, paracetamol, and birth-control pills, may have small changes in how they are absorbed. For this reason, doctors may adjust the timing of these medicines so that they do not interfere with each other1.
When liraglutide is taken together with other anti-diabetic medicines such as sulfonylureas, there is a risk of lowering blood sugar too much, which is called hypoglycaemia. Liraglutide can be used with sulfonylureas or insulin, but the dose of these medicines may need to be reduced, and blood sugar should be monitored carefully3.
It is best to limit or completely avoid alcohol while using liraglutide. Liraglutide itself does not directly interact with alcohol, but people with diabetes who also use insulin or sulfonylureas may face a higher risk of low blood sugar when they drink. Alcohol can also increase the risk of pancreatitis, which makes it unsafe for people taking liraglutide19,20.
When taking liraglutide, it’s important to follow proper certain lifestyle and dietary changes. These include:
Eating slowly and in small portions in more frequent meals that helps reduce Liraglutide side effects, such as nausea.
Stopping to eat when full.
Staying hydrated by drinking up to 2–3 litres per day.
Including high-fibre foods such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Gradually increase fibre intake along with good fluid intake to prevent constipation21,22.
Exercising regularly. Aim for a 30-minute brisk walk 5 days per week and 2 days of muscle-strengthening exercises23.
Taking the medicine along with following a proper diet and exercise helps achieve better results.
Storage & Handling of Liraglutide
When using liraglutide injection, these instructions for proper storage and handling must always be followed:
Before using liraglutide for the first time, it should be kept in the refrigerator at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F). Do not store it in the freezer.
If the pen is unopened and kept in the refrigerator, it is safe to use until the expiry date printed on the pack.
After starting to use the injection, it can be kept at room temperature or in the refrigerator for up to 30 days. Always keep the pen cap on when not in use.
Do not store it in direct heat or sunlight.
Always remove and safely throw away the needle after each injection.
Store the pen without the needle attached to prevent contamination, infection, or leakage4.
Liraglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist that helps manage blood sugar in type 2 diabetes and supports weight control in adults with obesity. This injection should be used safely by following the doctor’s prescribed dose, proper injection technique, along with recommended lifestyle changes. Always work closely with your doctor for personalised dosage and monitoring. Do not adjust the dose on your own, and report severe abdominal pain (possible pancreatitis), continuous vomiting, swelling in the neck (possible thyroid issue), or any other unusual side effects of liraglutide promptly to ensure your treatment is safe and effective.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
How to pronounce “liraglutide”?
Liraglutide is pronounced “leer-a-gloo-tide.” Break it into parts: leer – a – gloo – tide for correct pronunciation5.
Is liraglutide safe long-term?
Yes, liraglutide is safe for long-term use, even up to five years, with studies showing sustained blood sugar and weight control in diabetic and overweight patients24.
What is the difference between Victoza & Saxenda?
Victoza is approved to manage blood sugar in type 2 diabetes, given in doses of 0.6 to 1.8 mg daily, while Saxenda is used for weight loss in overweight or obese adults, in doses of 0.6 to 3 mg. Both contain liraglutide as the main active ingredient2,3,4.
Should I check my sugar levels when I am on liraglutide injection?
If liraglutide is prescribed for diabetes, the doctor may ask you to get sugar tests and an HbA1c test, which shows your average sugar over 2–3 months. Sometimes, you may also be asked to check your sugar at home. When liraglutide is prescribed only for weight management, the doctor may focus more on checking your heart rate and weight regularly5.
Collins L, Costello RA. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists [Internet]. PubMed. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551568/
Secher A, Jelsing J, Baquero AF, Hecksher-Sørensen J, Cowley MA, Dalbøge LS, et al. The arcuate nucleus mediates GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide-dependent weight loss. The Journal of Clinical Investigation [Internet]. 2014 Oct 1 [cited 2021 May 24];124(10):4473–88. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4215190/
Iepsen EW, Lundgren J, Dirksen C, Jensen J-EB, Pedersen O, Hansen T, et al. Treatment with a GLP-1 receptor agonist diminishes the decrease in free plasma leptin during maintenance of weight loss. International Journal of Obesity. 2014 Oct 7;39(5):834–41. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/ijo2014177
Kalaria T, Ko YL, Issuree KKJ. Literature review: drug and alcohol-induced hypoglycaemia. Journal of Laboratory and Precision Medicine [Internet]. 2021 Jul 30 [cited 2022 May 31];6(0). Available from: https://jlpm.amegroups.com/article/view/6405/html
Molina-Castro M, Rowitz B, Pepino MY. Glucagon-like peptide-1, fibroblast growth factor 21, and other endocrine responses to alcohol ingestion in women before and after metabolic surgery. Front Pharmacol. 2025 May 22;16:1575156. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1575156. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12137268/
Gorgojo-Martínez JJ, Mezquita-Raya P, Carretero-Gómez J, Castro A, Cebrián-Cuenca A, de Torres-Sánchez A, et al. Clinical Recommendations to Manage Gastrointestinal Adverse Events in Patients Treated with Glp-1 Receptor Agonists: A Multidisciplinary Expert Consensus. Journal of Clinical Medicine [Internet]. 2023 Jan 1;12(1):145. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/1/145
Astrup A, Carraro R, Finer N, Harper A, Kunesova M, Lean MEJ, et al. Safety, tolerability and sustained weight loss over 2 years with the once-daily human GLP-1 analog, liraglutide. International Journal of Obesity [Internet]. 2011 Aug 16;36(6):843–54. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/ijo2011158
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
In India, obesity is on the rise, especially in cities, where almost 4 out of 10 adults are affected. This can increase the risk of serious health problems like high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease1,2. Wegovy is a prescription medicine that contains semaglutide, a medicine belonging to the GLP-1 receptor agonist group. This medicine may help to manage weight in people aged 12 years and above who are overweight or obese, and may also help reduce the risk of heart problems in some people. It should be taken along with a proper diet and regular physical activity2,3. In this blog, we will explore options for a healthy eating plan which works well with Wegovy as well as helps manage its side effects and supports long-term health.
How Wegovy Works & Why Diet Matters?
Wegovy works by acting like a natural hormone called GLP-1, which helps control appetite and how much we eat. It works in two ways. In the stomach, it slows down how quickly food leaves, so you feel full for a longer time and eat less. In the brain, it reduces hunger and lowers cravings for high calorie foods. It also helps balance the hunger and fullness hormones in the body4.
As Wegovy affects the appetite and digestion, it is important to pay attention to the diet while taking the same. The medication reduces how much you eat, lowers calorie intake, and slows stomach emptying, which can make it harder for the body to absorb all essential nutrients. This may lead to lower energy levels, tiredness, or fatigue. Keeping this in mind your diet should focus on getting all the necessary vitamins and minerals5,6.
Many people may also experience gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, or constipation. These effects happen because Wegovy acts on certain areas in the brain and gut, affecting digestion. Adjusting what and when you eat can help reduce these side effects7,8.
Long-term results with Wegovy also depend on food choices. The medication is most effective when combined with a structured, calorie-controlled diet and regular physical activity, leading to an average body weight reduction of around 16% in clinical studies9.
Following a balanced and properly structured diet is important for using Wegovy effectively. In the next section, we will explore the core principles of a Wegovy-friendly diet.
Core Principles of a Wegovy-Friendly Diet?
Any person who is on Wegovy medicine needs to adopt a dietary approach that not only supports the treatment but also reduces side effects and improves overall outcomes. The key principles of a Wegovy diet include:
Calorie intake: The daily calorie intake should be between 1200 to 1800 per day. You should aim for at least 500 calories less than what your body normally uses each day to support weight loss10.
Balanced diet: A healthy diet should include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, healthy fats, and low-fat dairy products11.
Macronutrients: A good balance of macronutrients looks like:
50% of calories from carbohydrates (135–245 g/day)
30% from fats (25–60 g/day)
20% from protein (0.8g/kg/day)
Healthy carbohydrates should include whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and dairy. Don’t go for very low-carbohydrate diets, as you may lose out on important nutrients and fibre. Healthy fats should be consumed as they also help support gallbladder health. Also, the right amount of protein should be taken, and preferably first at each meal11,12.
Fibre: Fibre is important for gastrointestinal health and also lowers the risk of heart problems. Daily requirements are:
21–25 g/day for women
30–38 g/day for men
Get your fibre from fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. For those on Wegovy medicine, the fibre intake may be slowly increased along with a good amount of water or fluids to prevent constipation.
Hydration & electrolytes: About 2 to 3 litres of fluids should be consumed per day, and even more for those who are active or live in places where there is a hot climate. Sometimes Wegovy can make you feel less thirsty, so keeping hydrated is even more important. This also helps reduce side effects of Wegovy like nausea and constipation8,11.
Meal timing: Consuming smaller but more frequent meals is helpful, and so is ceasing to eat before completely full11.
Chewing: When food is chewed well, it stimulates the release of GLP-1 and gut hormones that aid digestion and naturally slow stomach emptying. This matches how Wegovy works, helping food leave the stomach more gradually, which supports appetite control and makes digestion easier for people on GLP-1 treatment13.
Best Foods to Eat on Wegovy
You must be wondering what to eat on Wegovy if you are using this medicine. Actually, choosing the right foods is key to get the best results in weight loss and manage side effects when on Wegovy. The best foods to include are:
1. Protein Sources
Adding protein to the diet helps to build muscle, boosts metabolism, and makes you feel full for longer. It also reduces cravings and helps you eat less, which supports weight loss. Losing weight can reduce muscle and bone mass, especially in older people or those who don’t eat enough protein or exercise. To prevent this, it’s important to include nutrient-rich, smaller-portion protein foods like:
Cottage cheese, eggs
Chicken, fish
Seeds, nuts, and spreads like almond or peanut butter
Soy, whole grains, lentils, beans, peas
Dairy products
Protein bars, shakes, or fortified foods if whole-food intake is insufficient5,14
2. Low-GI Carbs
Foods with a glycaemic index of 55 or lower provide slow, steady energy release that helps with appetite control and blood sugar balance, which can help specially those who are on Wegovy. Examples of low-GI carbs that can be included in wegovy food list:
Quinoa, oats, muesli
Lentils, beans, chickpeas, sweet potato
Mixed grain or soy and linseed bread
Fruits like cherries, pears, apples, and oranges
Soy milk, milk, and yoghurt
Some “extra” items like low-GI chocolate and cashew nuts in moderation11,15
3. Healthy Fats
Healthy fats help absorb vitamins A, D, E, and K, stimulate gallbladder emptying, and prevent stone formation. Recommended sources of healthy fats include:
Fibre is good for digestive health, helps feel full, lowers cholesterol, and keeps blood sugar under control. Some fibre-rich foods that can be included are:
Adequate hydration is essential. Suitable options include:
Water
Tea or coffee (low-calorie)
Low-fat milk or soy milk
Foods with water content, like chicken broth or yoghurt
Additionally, easy-to-digest, low-fat foods, mainly bland ones, may be included in a Wegovy diet plan, prepared using cooking methods such as oven baking, boiling, or pan-searing8,11.
Foods to Limit or Avoid?
When taking Wegovy, some foods can cause nausea, bloating, and other digestive issues, and can also affect weight loss results. These are some foods to avoid when taking Wegovy:
High-fat and fried foods: Consuming very oily, fried, or made with lots of animal fat or tropical oils may cause stomach upset and nausea17.
Sugary and processed foods: Eating too many sweets, sugary drinks, white bread, or refined grains can make digestion harder and may potentially slow weight loss.
Red and processed meats: Eating red meat, sausages, bacon, and most fast foods should be limited, as they can be hard on the stomach and are not ideal for weight loss5,11.
Spicy or heavily seasoned foods: Very spicy dishes, canned sauces, dressings, or foods with too many strong flavours can irritate the stomach8,17.
Alcohol and caffeine: Alcohol should be avoided as it can negatively affect health. Excessive coffee or caffeinated drinks can cause stomach upset or dehydration11.
Bonus tips: Soups or broths consumed late in the evening slow digestion. Large amounts of fruit with large meals can contribute to bloating, which has to be considered while meal planning8,17.
Managing Side Effects Through Diet
To avoid digestive problems such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, or constipation when taking Wegovy, the following recommendations may be helpful:
Nausea: Wegovy foods to avoid nausea, such as crackers, mint, ginger, apples, or ginger drinks, can be helpful, while strong smells are to be avoided.
Vomiting: It is advisable to stay well hydrated and consume small amounts of food more frequently.
Diarrhoea: Plenty of fluids such as water, lemon water, or a little bicarbonate should be consumed. Isotonic drinks, dairy, coffee, alcohol, soft drinks, very hot or cold foods, and candy or gum with sweeteners ending in “-ol” are to be avoided. Soft foods such as rice, carrots, chicken broth, and ripe peeled fruit are recommended, while high-fibre foods such as grains, nuts, seeds, beans, cabbage, onions, peas, mushrooms, apples, mango, and cherries should be limited.
Constipation: Adequate fibre intake, physical activity, sufficient hydration, and a balanced, healthy diet are recommended8,17.
Bloating: More low-FODMAP (Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides And Polyols) foods that are gentle on the gut, like capsicum, beans, carrots, cucumber, zucchini, oranges, kiwi, pineapple, eggs, meat, oats, peanuts, macadamias, and walnuts can be included; These carbohydrates are easier to digest and may help reduce bloating19.
If digestive symptoms like nausea, vomiting, or other side effects occur while on Wegovy, drinking water or other fluids during meals should be avoided, with intake timed 30–60 minutes before or after eating instead.
Best Time to Take Wegovy to Avoid Nausea
The best time to take Wegovy to help prevent feeling nauseous is at least 30 minutes after the last dose before consuming food. Foods that are gentle on your stomach, like crackers, peeled apples, fresh mint, pieces of ginger root, or ginger-based drinks are recommended to be included in meals. These should be eaten slowly and in small amounts so the stomach can tolerate the medicine better, and nausea is reduced8.
Customizable Meal Frameworks
For individuals taking Wegovy, following a simple food plan can help improve digestion and reduce side effects like nausea, vomiting, bloating or other digestive issues. This plan outlines the types of foods to include each day and how much, while still allowing flexibility for personal preferences.
Avoiding hard activity right after meals and refraining from wearing tight clothing17.
Maintaining both physical and mental well-being, with an emphasis on a positive outlook and body acceptance.
Counselling or therapy sessions may support adhering to healthy eating habits.
Tracking weight, food intake, and activity using a diary or app21,22.
When to See a Doctor
Even when following a proper diet and lifestyle plan with Wegovy, it is important to contact a doctor immediately in case of:
Persistent nausea, vomiting, or diarrhoea
Severe stomach pain
Gallbladder issues: yellow skin or eyes, fever, pale stools
Low blood sugar: dizziness, shakiness, sweating
Serious allergic reactions
Vision changes or fast heartbeat
Sudden mental health changes
Mild side effects should be reported if they last or worsen3,8
Conclusion
Wegovy may work best when it is paired with a mindful, balanced diet based on every individual’s body needs. There is no single wegovy food list that fits everyone, so individuals are encouraged to listen to their bodies and adjust their diet based on how they feel. Starting with smaller, consistent changes rather than drastic shifts may bring long-term results. It is always advisable to consult a doctor or dietitian before making major dietary changes while using Wegovy.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Can I eat sweets occasionally on Wegovy?
It is advised to minimise or totally avoid sweets, ultra-processed foods, and sugar-sweetened beverages. They can be taken only on very rare occasions, but during Wegovy treatment, the focus should be on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, dairy, nuts, and seeds.
Is fasting recommended?
Fasting is not specifically recommended while on Wegovy. Some people may try intermittent fasting to speed up weight loss, but it can increase the risk of hypoglycaemia (low sugar levels). It is better to focus on balanced meals at regular intervals, with more protein, fibre, and nutrient-dense foods22.
How to eat enough on Wegovy?
It is recommended to eat small portions often, ensuring inclusion of protein and fibre. Meals should be eaten slowly, and gentle cooking methods like steaming, baking, or boiling are preferred. Spicy and fried foods should be limited, water should be consumed between meals, and fruits can be chosen as snacks17,22.
Can I eat rice on Wegovy?
Yes, rice can be part of the diet while on Wegovy. Whole grains like brown rice or whole grain rice are encouraged, and these should ideally be paired with vegetables or protein22.
What happens if you overeat on Wegovy?
If large meals are consumed on Wegovy, this may lead to nausea or vomiting. Eating smaller meals more often at regular intervals is therefore recommended5,22.
Does Wegovy cause hair loss?
Some people on Wegovy may notice hair loss from rapid weight loss and nutrient deficiency, but with a balanced, nutrient-rich diet this effect can often be managed23.
Shu Y. Gastrointestinal adverse events associated with semaglutide: a pharmacovigilance study based on FDA adverse event reporting system. PMC. 2022. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9631444/
Gorgojo-Martínez JJ. Clinical recommendations to manage gastrointestinal adverse events in patients treated with GLP-1 receptor agonists: a multidisciplinary expert consensus. PMC. 2022. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36614945/
Fornes A, Huff J, Pritchard RI, Godfrey M. Once-Weekly Semaglutide for Weight Management: A Clinical Review. Journal of Pharmacy Technology. 2022 May 13;38(4):875512252210926. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9272494/
Almandoz JP, Wadden TA, Tewksbury C, Apovian CM, Fitch A, Ard JD, et al. Nutritional Considerations with Antiobesity Medications. Obesity. 2024 Jun 10;32(9). Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.24067
Del Prete M, Gavazzi L, Disoteo OE, Vignati F, Di Sacco G, Muratori F. Real-world effectiveness of Semaglutide treatment on weight loss maintenance after weight loss in patients with obesity or overweight and diabetes. Eating and Weight Disorders – Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. 2025 Jan 9;30(1). Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11717789/
Kamemoto K, Tataka Y, Hiratsu A, Nagayama C, Hamada Y, Kurata K, et al. Effect of vegetable consumption with chewing on postprandial glucose metabolism in healthy young men: a randomised controlled study. Scientific Reports. 2024 Mar 30;14(1). Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10981726/
Gentinetta S, Sottotetti F, Matteo Manuelli, Cena H. Dietary Recommendations for the Management of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients Treated with GLP-1 Receptor Agonist. Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity [Internet]. 2024 Dec 1;Volume 17:4817–24. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11668918/
Wadden TA, Chao AM, Moore MB, Tronieri JS, Iwamoto SJ, Amaro A, et al. The Role of Lifestyle Modification with Second-Generation Anti-obesity Medications: Comparisons, Questions, and Clinical Opportunities. Current Obesity Reports. 2023 Dec 2;12(4). Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10748770/
Despain D, Hoffman B. Optimizing Nutrition, Diet, and Lifestyle Communication in GLP-1 Medication Therapy for Weight Management: A Qualitative Research Study with Registered Dietitians. Obesity Pillars. 2024 Oct;12:100143. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11533596/
Dariush Mozaffarian, Agarwal M, Aggarwal M, Alexander L, Apovian CM, Shagun Bindlish, et al. Nutritional priorities to support GLP‐1 therapy for obesity: A joint Advisory from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and The Obesity Society. Obesity. 2025 May 30; Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12304835/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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Liver Fibrosis: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
Introduction
Liver fibrosis is a condition in which the liver gets damaged and scarred due to an inflammation that has been present for a long time, because of which the liver does not work properly. This damage is caused due to various reasons, such as an infection with the hepatitis B or C virus, or when you have a fatty liver disease. Over time, this can become worse, where the damage becomes irreversible, leading to liver failure1,2.
A recent study3 found that about 2 in 100 people may already have serious liver scarring based on blood tests, and 7 in 100 may have fibrosis seen on scans.
As liver fibrosis can lead to serious liver problems, it is important for you to know about this condition, what causes it, what liver fibrosis symptoms to look for, how it is diagnosed and treated, which we will be discussing in this blog3.
What is Liver Fibrosis?
The liver is an important organ in our body. It makes bile, which is used to break down fats, removes toxins from the body, makes cholesterol and essential fats, and stores vitamins4.
Constant injury caused by an infection such as hepatitis, fatty liver or as side effects of some medicines, triggers inflammation in the liver. Over time, the liver tries to heal itself by activating special liver cells called hepatic stellate cells. These cells act like scar-forming (fibrous) cells and produce more extracellular proteins like collagen fibres. Slowly, this leads to thickening and scar tissue formation in the injured area, called fibrosis.
Over time, as the scarring progresses, it can lead to serious liver damage (cirrhosis). This not only affects liver function but also leads to several complications5,6.
Now that we know what is liver fibrosis, let us see the stages of liver fibrosis.
Staging of Liver Fibrosis
Liver fibrosis happens slowly, and doctors will say which liver fibrosis stage a person has based on how much scarring has occurred. This is determined on histopathology (by liver biopsy).
There are several staging systems used for liver fibrosis such as the Knodell, Ishak and METAVIR systems. According to the commonly used METAVIR system, liver fibrosis has 5 stages, Stage 0 to Stage 4, which are as follows:
Stage 0: No fibrosis
Stage 1: Portal fibrosis without septa (suggestive of mild fibrosis)
Stage 2: Portal fibrosis with few septa (suggestive of moderate fibrosis)
Stage 3: Portal fibrosis with numerous septa (suggestive of severe fibrosis)
Stage 4: Cirrhosis (suggestive of a serious stage where liver function becomes very poor, and complications start to appear)
The liver fibrosis stages help doctors decide the right liver fibrosis treatment and check the risk of serious problems like liver failure. The staging can also show if complications are likely to happen2,6.
What are the Causes of Liver Fibrosis?
Liver fibrosis mainly occurs due to long-term injury to the liver (hepatotoxic injury). This can be due to the following factors2:
Hepatitis B and C viruses: These viruses attack liver cells, triggering constant inflammation and long-term damage, leading to fibrosis5,7.
Alcohol-related liver disease: The liver helps break down alcohol. But when alcohol is taken in excess, it damages liver cells and leads to fibrosis8.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Obesity, poor diet, low physical activity and conditions like diabetes cause fat to build up in the liver. This triggers inflammation and liver cell damage, eventually causing fibrosis. This happens because the body does not respond well to insulin, which over time damages liver cells and causes fibrosis9.
Drug-induced liver injury: Certain medicines like those that suppress the immune system, such as those used after transplants (such as methotrexate, azathioprine, and tacrolimus), may cause liver damage and fibrosis10.
Autoimmune hepatitis: Sometimes, the body’s own immune system creates antibodies that attack liver cells. This leads to liver damage, inflammation, and over time, fibrosis8.
Inherited conditions in children: Some children are born with rare genetic problems that can lead to fibrosis if not treated early. These include Wilson’s disease, where too much copper builds up in the liver; hereditary hemochromatosis, which causes iron overload; alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, where a protective protein is missing; and cystic fibrosis, where thick mucus blocks the bile flow from the liver11.
Another reason for fibrosis is cholestatic liver injury, which happens when bile cannot flow properly. This can result from conditions that affect or block the bile ducts. Examples include Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC), where the immune system attacks the small bile ducts inside the liver; Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC), which leads to inflammation and scarring of bile ducts inside and outside the liver; and Biliary Atresia, a condition present at birth where bile ducts are blocked or missing. When bile starts to build up in the liver, it damages the liver cells and causes inflammation. Special cells near the bile ducts (called portal fibroblasts) then form scars on the liver2,5.
Symptoms of Liver Fibrosis
Liver fibrosis symptoms are mostly absent or mild andusually appear when the scarring progresses.
The common symptoms seen include:
Feeling tired
Not able to eat properly
Nausea
Loss of weight
Pain in the abdomen
Yellowing of skin and eyes (signs of jaundice)
Dark-coloured urine, pale stools, and itching (signs of obstruction to bile flow)12,13
Liver fibrosis, when in the early stage, can improve if the cause of injury is removed. But if the injury continues for many months or years, the fibrosis becomes irreversible and leads to a severe condition called liver cirrhosis, which can result in several complications.
Complications of Liver Fibrosis
The complications of liver fibrosis occur either due to direct damage to liver cells or increased pressure in the portal vein (a large blood vessel that carries blood to the liver), a condition known as portal hypertension. These include10,24:
Excess fluid in the belly (ascites)
Bleeding from veins inside the food pipe (variceal bleeding)
Toxin buildup in brain (hepatic encephalopathy)
Kidney failure linked to liver disease (hepatorenal syndrome)
Lung issues (hepatopulmonary syndrome)
Liver cancer
Poor clotting (coagulopathy)
When these complications arise, symptoms such as easy bruising and bleeding, swelling of legs and abdomen, confusion, forgetfulness, mood changes, and sleep disturbances, and breathing difficulty can occur, which need immediate medical attention.
Diagnosis of Liver Fibrosis
Liver fibrosis is usually checked in people who have long-term liver problems like hepatitis B or C, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), or other liver conditions such as autoimmune or bile duct diseases. Doctors may use the following methods to diagnose liver fibrosis14:
1. Blood tests: There are new blood scoring tests now commonly used by doctors because they are simple, avoid biopsy in many cases, and help detect liver fibrosis early. More people are also searching about these tests to know what they mean. These include special scores like:
FIB-4 Index: This is a score calculated based on blood test results of platelets, AST, ALT, and age. The test is used to detect likelihood of fibrosis in individuals with viral hepatitis or those with NAFLD. A high score indicates greater possibility of advanced fibrosis, wherein further testing or liver biopsy is needed15.
NFS (NAFLD Fibrosis Score): This score helps to find out if fatty liver disease has scarring or not by calculating a score based on BMI and blood sugar levels in addition to factors used for FIB-4 scoring16.
MAF-5 Score: The Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fibrosis 5 (MAF-5) score helps to predict the fibrosis risk in those with metabolic diseases like obesity and diabetes. The score uses waist size, BMI, sugar status, AST, and platelets to show if you are at low, medium, or high risk and also correlates with the chance of death17.
ELF test: The Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) score is calculated using three blood markers: TIMP-1, PIIINP, and hyaluronic acid. It helps check for advanced liver scarring (fibrosis) in people with fatty liver disease caused by obesity or diabetes and is considered to be diagnostically accurate17,18.
FibroTest: It is a blood test panel where the score is calculated based on levels of alpha2-macroglobulin, apolipoprotein A1, haptoglobin, total bilirubin, and GGT, adjusted for age and gender. The score ranges from 0 to 1, and a value above 0.58 suggests severe fibrosis, helping to check liver damage in people with long-term liver diseases20.
FibroMeter: It is a panel of blood tests that checks how much scarring (fibrosis) is there in the liver. It is used for different liver problems like hepatitis, alcohol-related liver disease, or fatty liver, and helps find the stage of fibrosis without needing a biopsy21.
Other blood tests used to check for liver fibrosis are some indirect tests which investigate the liver enzymes, platelets, and bilirubin which shows how the liver is working, though it doesn’t directly show the fibrosis. But direct tests are also there which check for substances made or broken-down during scarring like collagen, laminin, and TGF beta. These tests are often combined to get an idea on the level of liver damage and fibrosis23.
2. Imaging tests: They are non-invasive methods used to detect liver fibrosis and determine its stage. Besides the traditional methods like ultrasound, CT and MRI, newer imaging modalities are also used, including:
FibroScan or Vibration controlled transient elastography (VCTE): A special type of ultrasound that uses high-frequency sound waves to find out the amount of fibrosis in the liver22,23.
Acoustic radio force image (ARFI): It uses regular ultrasound with added pressure to measure liver scarring more accurately, even in people with obesity or fluid build-up.
2D shear wave elastography: It gives a detailed real-time picture of liver scarring with high accuracy, but more expensive and needs trained people to do it.
Real time elastography (Hi-RTE): In this, the evaluation of fibrosis is obtained after compressing manually.
Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) – This is a special MRI scan that checks how stiff the liver is by sending gentle mechanical waves through it. It helps show how much liver damage is present and where it is, making it easier to understand and diagnose liver disease24.
3. Liver biopsy: Liver biopsy is the most accurate test to find out how much liver damage (fibrosis) is present and what is causing it. But since it is invasive and may cause pain or bleeding, doctors don’t always use it, especially when safer tests are available.
To get a correct diagnosis, doctors may combine blood tests with scans to get a clear idea about the extent of liver fibrosis10.
Treatment Options for Liver Fibrosis
Liver fibrosis treatment focuses on removing the underlying cause of liver damage. When the cause is removed, it lowers inflammation and stops scar-forming cells from becoming active. This may slow down or improve liver scarring over time. The treatment options are:
Antiviral medicines: These are used to treat infections like hepatitis B or hepatitis C (infections caused by viruses that affect the liver). Medicines like faldaprevir, ribavirin, and peginterferon alfa-2a may help to reduce liver inflammation in viral hepatitis.
Biologic treatment: Drugs like simtuzumab have been shown to decrease the progression of fibrosis. Other drug trials are on way.
Iron or copper removal therapy/chelation therapy: In some inherited conditions like hereditary haemochromatosis (where the body stores too much iron) or Wilson’s disease (where the body stores too much copper), medicines or procedures are used to remove the excess iron or copper. This can reduce damage and help the liver recover.
Cholangitis medications: Medicines like ursodeoxycholic acid can be used to improve bile flow and prevent further liver damage.
Natural and supportive treatments: These include vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids and probiotics, which may help reduce inflammation and support liver healing in some cases2,25.
If your condition occurs as a side effect of a medication you are taking, your doctor will stop/change the offending medicine to prevent further liver injury. In addition, there are certain lifestyle changes you can follow to help prevent turning fatty liver into fibrosis. These include1,2:
Lose weight and aim for a BMI between 18.5 and 24.9.
Eat a balanced diet high in fruits, nuts, vegetables, protein, and carbs but low in salt, sugar, and unhealthy fats.
Be physically active by walking or cycling at least 150 minutes a week.
Avoid alcohol to prevent injury and help improve liver health and metabolism.
When to See a Doctor
If you have risk factors for liver fibrosis or are experiencing liver fibrosis symptoms mentioned above, you should see your doctor.
Immediate medical attention is required if you have been diagnosed with cirrhosis and there is:
Stools in black or tar-like colour
Worsening of yellowish appearance of skin and white of eyes
Blood in vomit
Fever and Confusion
These show that your condition may be worsening, and you need to address this as early as possible.
Conclusion
Liver fibrosis is a slow but ongoing injury that can become serious and lead to complications. If treated early, the damage can be reversed. By finding it early, removing the cause, making healthy lifestyle changes, and doing regular check-ups, we can manage it well and stop it from progressing into more severe liver problems.
Those who are older when they get a liver infection, those who are male, or those who have received an organ transplant are at higher risk of developing liver fibrosis. This risk is also seen in people who have hepatitis B or C along with HIV, those who drink alcohol, use drugs, have uncontrolled diabetes, high cholesterol, or who smoke6.
How can I prevent liver damage from hepatitis infection?
To avoid liver problems from hepatitis infection, prevent exposure to the virus by taking the Hepatitis B vaccine, practising safe sex, and not sharing needles26.
How long does it take for liver fibrosis to happen?
It’s different for each person. Some people never get fibrosis. In others, it may take many years to slowly develop. Some may take 20 years or more, while others can get liver damage faster and may even reach serious stages like cirrhosis in less than 20 years6.
Can having liver fibrosis increase my risk of falling?
Having liver fibrosis can increase your risk of falling, especially in more severe stages. When fibrosis gets worse, your muscles may become weak and lose coordination, which can make you more likely to fall. Some people also develop complications like hepatic encephalopathy, which affects memory and concentration and can cause you to lose your balance11.
Berumen J, Baglieri J, Kisseleva T, Mekeel K. Liver fibrosis: Pathophysiology and clinical implications. WIREs Mechanisms of Disease. 2020 Jul 26;13(1). Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9479486/
Kim HY, Yu JH, Chon YE, Kim SU, Kim MN, Han JW, et al. Prevalence of clinically significant liver fibrosis in the general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical and Molecular Hepatology [Internet]. 2024 Sep 30 [cited 2025 Mar 24];30(Suppl):S199–213. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11493351/#sec21
Toosi AEK. Liver Fibrosis: Causes and Methods of Assessment, A Review. Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine = Revue Roumaine De Medecine Interne [Internet]. 2015 Oct 1 [cited 2021 Oct 5];53(4):304–14. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26939206/
CF Jieanu, Ungureanu B, DL Săndulescu, IA Gheonea, DR Tudorașcu, ME Ciurea, et al. Quantification of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Journal of Medicine and Life [Internet]. 2015 Jul;8(3):285. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4556907/
Heyens LJM, Busschots D, Koek GH, Robaeys G, Francque S. Liver Fibrosis in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: From Liver Biopsy to Non-invasive Biomarkers in Diagnosis and Treatment. Frontiers in Medicine. 2021 Apr 14;8. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8079659/
Saleh AK, El-Masry TA, El-Kadem AH, Ashour NA, El-Mahdy NA. Exploring drug-induced liver injury: comprehensive insights into mechanisms and management of hepatotoxic agents. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2025 Mar 28;11(1). Available from: https://fjps.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43094-025-00788-5
Scorza M, Elce A, Zarrilli F, Liguori R, Amato F, Castaldo G. Genetic Diseases That Predispose to Early Liver Cirrhosis. International Journal of Hepatology [Internet]. 2014;2014(713754):1–11. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijh/2014/713754/
Treeprasertsuk S. NAFLD fibrosis score: A prognostic predictor for mortality and liver complications among NAFLD patients. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2013;19(8):1219. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3587478/
Staff M. In adults with metabolic dysfunction, the MAF-5 score predicted risk for liver fibrosis (AUC range, 0.73 to 0.81) [Internet]. Acponline.org. 2024 [cited 2025 Jul 26]. Available from: https://diabetes.acponline.org/archives/2024/10/11/6.htm
Lichtinghagen R, Pietsch D, Bantel H, Manns MP, Brand K, Bahr MJ. The Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) score: Normal values, influence factors and proposed cut-off values. Journal of Hepatology [Internet]. 2013 Aug [cited 2019 Oct 23];59(2):236–42. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168827813001943
Alhinai A, Patel K, Fonseca VA, Sebastiani G. Non-invasive diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications [Internet]. 2021 Sep 1 [cited 2022 Mar 18];35(9):107978. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1056872721001756
Gheorghe G, Bungău S, Ceobanu G, Ilie M, Bacalbaşa N, Bratu OG, et al. The non-invasive assessment of hepatic fibrosis. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association [Internet]. 2021 Feb 1;120(2):794–803. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929664620303934
Premkumar M, Anand AC. Overview of Complications in Cirrhosis. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology. 2022 Jul;12(4):1150–74. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9257866/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Wegovy (Semaglutide): How It Works, Who It’s For & What to Expect
Introduction
Obesity is becoming a common health issue around the world. Experts say that by 2035, more than half of the global population may be overweight or obese. Having a high body weight was linked to around 4 million deaths worldwide in 20151.
To help manage this problem, doctors now use a group of medicines called GLP-1 receptor agonists. This group of medicines aids in lowering blood sugar levels by increasing insulin and reducing glucagon hormones. This may help to make you feel full sooner, eat less, and lose weight1,2. Some other GLP-1 medicines available today include semaglutide (sold as Wegovy, Ozempic, and Rybelsus), tirzepatide (Mounjaro – a medicine that acts on both GIP and GLP1 receptors, sometimes called a “twincretin”), and liraglutide2,3.
Although initially approved for treating type 2 diabetes, now certain medicines under this group like Wegovy injection are used for aiding weight loss in those who are overweight or obese along with other health problems4,5.
So, let’s discuss about Wegovy (semaglutide) in this blog. We’ll explain how Wegovy works, who it is for, Wegovy’s side effects and how it should be taken.
How Do You Pronounce Wegovy?
Wegovy is pronounced as Wē-GŌ-Vee (wee-GOH-vee). The name is broken into three parts to help pronounce it easily. By pronouncing it correctly, you can communicate clearly with your doctor or pharmacist about this medication4.
What is Wegovy?
Wegovy is a prescription medicine that comes as an injection. It contains semaglutide as the main ingredient. It is used to help with long-term weight management in people who are overweight or have obesity4,6.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which approves medicines for safety and use, approved Wegovy in 2021 for use in adults with obesity (body mass index, BMI, of 30 kg/m² or higher) or overweight (BMI of 27 kg/m² or higher) plus at least one weight related health problem such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or type 2 diabetes7,8. It should be used along with a healthy diet and physical activity. In 2022, it was also approved for teens aged 12 years and older with obesity. The FDA approved Wegovy in March 2024 to be used as a drug for reducing the risk of heart problems like heart attack, stroke, or death in adults who have heart disease along with obesity or overweight5,10.
Wegovy and Ozempic both contain semaglutide as the main ingredient, but they are approved for different reasons. They have different dose strengths and come in different types of injection pens. Ozempic was approved in 2017 to help control blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes, and is supplied in multidose pens, while Wegovy is for weight loss and available as single use pens4,11.
Both medicines are given as a weekly injection, but the dose of Ozempic ranges from 0.5 mg to 2 mg, while Wegovy dosing is higher, 2.4 mg for weight loss9. Let’s now look in detail at how does Wegovy work.
How Does Wegovy Work
Wegovy works by copying a natural hormone in the body called GLP-1, which helps to control blood sugar and appetite. The semaglutide in Wegovy is 94% similar to natural GLP1 but is slightly modified so it stays in the body longer. These changes stop it from being broken down quickly by an enzyme called DPP4 and help it attach to a protein in the blood called albumin. Thus, it only needs to be taken once a week.
It activates the same receptors in the body, which are present in the gut, pancreas, and brain. This action helps the pancreas to release insulin when the blood sugar goes high. It also reduces the release of glucagon (a hormone that raises blood sugar). Wegovy also slows down how fast food leaves the stomach, helping you feel full longer. It acts on the brain, especially in an area called the hypothalamus which controls hunger and fullness, to reduce hunger and food cravings, making one feel full sooner. These combined actions help maintain blood sugar levels and also show promising results in reducing body weight in obese patients, with or without diabetes6,12.
Who Can Use Wegovy?
Wegovy can help people who meet certain health conditions and age requirements. It may be prescribed to :
Adults with obesity (BMI 30 or above)
Adults with a BMI of 27 or more, along with issues like high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, obstructive sleep apnoea (a condition where breathing stops and starts during sleep), or heart disease4,12
Children aged 12 and above with BMI above the 95th percentile for their age and gender, based on CDC growth charts2
But it should not be used by people with some medical risks especially those who have:
A history of medullary thyroid cancer (either personal or in the family)
A rare genetic condition called Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2 (MEN2), a problem with hormone-producing glands).
Had a serious allergic reaction to semaglutide or any ingredient in Wegovy4,12
Wegovy Dosage and How to Use It
Wegovy has to be taken as a weekly once injection. The dose is slowly increased over time to help reduce Wegovy side effects. This is how doctors usually increase the dose step by step4:
Week
Wegovy Dosing
Weeks 1–4
0.25 mg weekly
Weeks 5–8
0.5 mg weekly
Weeks 9–12
1.0 mg weekly
Weeks 13–16
1.7 mg weekly
Week 17+
2.4 mg weekly (or continue 1.7 mg if advised by your doctor)
This Wegovy dosage chart may also be modified by your doctor based on individual health condition. This injection can be taken on any day of the week, at any time, with or without food. It is usually given as an injection under the skin of the stomach, upper arm, or thigh, not in a muscle or vein. The injection site should be rotated to avoid the same spot every time.
What to Expect with Wegovy
Wegovy doesn’t cause you to reduce weight suddenly. Once you start on Wegovy, you may notice slowly your weight reducing over time. Most people start seeing weight loss by week 4, but it becomes more noticeable by week 8 or later, especially after reaching the full dose (1.7 mg or 2.4 mg). How much weight you lose can depend on your starting weight, how regularly you take it, and your diet and activity level13.
Studies show that people may lose upto 15% body weight, approximately between 6 to 12 kgs over 68 weeks when using Wegovy, when taken along with following healthy eating habits and physical activity13.Long-terms trials are limited, but an emerging study suggests that weight loss with Wegovy can be sustained for about 4 years meaning that the effect may last if you keep using Wegovy14.
Those without diabetes may experience greater weight loss and better results, especially when the full dose is taken regularly as advised by doctor. Also remember, Wegovy alone may not give the best result. You should continue with proper diet with low calories and engage in physical activity. So don’t think it’s a quick fix too, it will take some time to show result and works more effective when a healthy lifestyle is followed14,15.
Wegovy Side Effects
Wegovy may cause some side effects. Most are mild, but sometimes serious problems can happen, so it’s important to watch how you feel.
Common Wegovy side effects include nausea, vomiting, constipation, or loose stools. These usually happen during dose escalation (over several weeks) but get better over time.
Some people may feel belly pain, tiredness, or notice yellowing of the skin or eyes, this could be a sign of gallbladder issues such as gallstones (cholelithiasis) or gallbladder inflammation (cholecystitis), especially with rapid weight loss.
In rare cases, side effects of Wegovy can be serious, like swelling of the pancreas (acute pancreatitis) or kidney issues (secondary to dehydration).
People with diabetes may get low blood sugar if taking this medicine along with other diabetes medicines like sulfonylureas or insulin, which can make you feel dizzy or shaky, and may also cause sweating, confusion, or irritability.
Wegovy has a boxed warning. It’s not for people who have or had a rare thyroid cancer called medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) or a condition called MEN2. Always take Wegovy as advised by your doctor and follow their instructions carefully4.
Wegovy Cost and Accessibility
Wegovy has been approved by CDSCO (Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation) in 2025 for use in obesity management and is now available through select pharmacies.
The price varies with strength and the approximate price in India is as follows: • 0.25 mg to 1 mg – ₹17,345 per month (₹4,336.25 per weekly dose) • 1.7 mg – ₹24,280 per month • 2.4 mg – ₹26,015 per month
In comparison, Wegovy costs around $1,349 (approx. ₹1,12,365) per month in the US. In Germany, the price is approximately $328 (approx. ₹27,300) per month, and in the Netherlands, about $296 (approx. ₹24,640) per month16.
Other weightloss medicines are also available in India. Mounjaro (tirzepatide injection) is approved for diabetes and weight control in adults with obesity (BMI 30+) or overweight (BMI 27+) with related health problems like high BP, cholesterol, diabetes, sleep apnoea, or heart disease17.
Rybelsus (oral semaglutide) has the same ingredient as Wegovy but in tablet form. In India, it is approved only for type 2 diabetes, not weight loss. It helps control blood sugar and can reduce the risk of heart attack or stroke in people with diabetes and heart or kidney disease18.
Other weight‑loss medicines like Zepbound (tirzepatide) and Ozempic (injectable semaglutide), are available in other countries.
Warnings and Precautions
Before your doctor starts you on Wegovy, it is important to inform the doctor if you have any of this:
History of pancreatic or kidney problems
Type 2 diabetes with past vision issues like diabetic retinopathy (as Wegovy may sometimes make this worse, especially if your blood sugar improves very quickly)
Mental health conditions like depression or thoughts of self-harm
Plans for pregnancy, as Wegovy must be stopped at least two months before conception (since it stays in the body for a long time and its safety for unborn babies is not known)
Infant to breastfeed, since it is not yet confirmed if the medicine goes into breast milk
Also, you must provide the doctor with the list of all medicines and supplements you are taking. As Wegovy can slow how fast the stomach empties, it may interact with some medicines, especially those taking diabetic medicines like insulin or sulfonylurea4.
Wegovy may not only help with weight loss but it could also protect your heart.
It can reduce the risk of heart disease, especially in people with obesity, by lowering body weight and waist size. Losing excess fat can ease strain on the heart and reduce the risk of blocked blood vessels. Research also suggests it may have direct effects on the heart, that help keep the heart and blood vessels healthy.
A large study1 called SELECT followed over 17,000 adults who were obese or overweight and had existing heart disease. Those who took Wegovy 2.4 mg once a week had a 20 percent lower risk of heart attack, stroke, or heart-related death. This benefit was observed even in people without diabetes. However, this trial studied secondary cardiovascular prevention, i.e. in people who already had heart disease. There is no current evidence for primary prevention, that is, direct risk reduction in people without existing heart disease. Nonetheless, its positive effects on insulin sensitivity and obesity are proven, which indirectly benefit the heart.
Wegovy may be helpful to support those struggling with overweight and obesity issues. It is approved for long-term weight management in people with obesity or those who are overweight with other health problems. It’s not a quick fix, but when it’s combined with proper diet and physical activity, it may give good results over time. It may also improve insulin sensitivity and lower weight-related health risks. It should be taken only under medical advice, with dose increased slowly and regular checks for stomach-related side effects, as well as to rule out certain health problems like thyroid cancers. Regular follow-up is also needed so it may work well and support your fight against obesity and related risks.
Wegovy is used for PCOS under medical supervision. Few Wegovy side effects like nausea or vomiting may occur. It may help manage weight and support better insulin resistance and menstrual cycle regularity19.
What are the worst side effects of Wegovy?
The worst side effects of Wegovy may be swelling of the pancreas, severe allergic reactions, and gallbladder problems. Sometimes kidney problems can occur, and those taking certain diabetes medicines can get very low blood sugar. Although these are not common, they may affect some people4.
Is Wegovy available in India?
Yes. Wegovy became available in India in June 2025 and is now purchasable at select pharmacies.
Can I stop Wegovy after weight loss?
No, you should not stop Wegovy by yourself. If you stop, you may regain much of the weight you lost and improvements in blood sugar, cholesterol, and blood pressure may reduce. If you want to stop or have any concerns, your doctor will advise you on what to do20.
References
A. Michael Lincoff, Kirstine Brown‐Frandsen, Colhoun HM, Deanfield J, Emerson SS, Sille Esbjerg, et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. The New England Journal of Medicine [Internet]. 2023 Nov 11;389(24). Available from: https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2307563
Olukorode JO, Orimoloye DA, Nwachukwu NO, Onwuzo CN, Oloyede PO, Temiloluwa Fayemi, et al. Recent Advances and Therapeutic Benefits of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Agonists in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders. Cureus [Internet]. 2024 Oct 21;16(10). Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11579408/
Singh G, Krauthamer M, Bjalme-Evans M. Wegovy (semaglutide): a new weight loss drug for chronic weight management. Journal of Investigative Medicine [Internet]. 2023 May 25;70(1):jim-2021-001952. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8717485/
Bergmann NC, Davies MJ, Lingvay I, Knop FK. Semaglutide for the treatment of overweight and obesity: A review. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism [Internet]. 2022 Oct 18;25(1). Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10092086/
Patoulias D, Popovic DS, Stoian AP, Janez A, Sahebkar A, Rizzo M. Effect of semaglutide versus other glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on cardio-metabolic risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of head-to-head, phase 3, randomized controlled trials. Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications [Internet]. 2023 Jun 7;37(8):108529. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37301063/
Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. The New England Journal of Medicine [Internet]. 2021 Feb 10;384(11):989–1002. Available from: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2032183
Ryan DH, Lingvay I, Deanfield J, Kahn SE, Barros E, Burguera B, et al. Long-term weight loss effects of semaglutide in obesity without diabetes in the SELECT trial. Nature Medicine [Internet]. 2024 May 13;30(30):1–9. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-02996-7
Ghusn W, De la Rosa A, Sacoto D, Cifuentes L, Campos A, Feris F, et al. Weight Loss Outcomes Associated With Semaglutide Treatment for Patients With Overweight or Obesity. JAMA Network Open [Internet]. 2022 Sep 19;5(9):e2231982. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9486455/
Wilding JPH. Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism [Internet]. 2022 May 19;24(8):1553–64. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35441470/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Bakuchi: Uses, Benefits, Dosage & Side Effects
Introduction
Bakuchi (Psoralea corylifolia) is a plant known for its medicinal value and grown in different parts of the world with tropical and sub-tropical climatic conditions. While Bakuchi or Babchi is its trade name, the plant is called by various names in India. These are:
Babchi or Bavanchi in Hindi
Anindavi, Kamboji or Avalguja in Sanskrit
Baukuchi in Kannada
Bhavanji in Telugu
Bavachi in Gujarati
Bavachya in Marathi
Karkokil in Malayalam
Karpokarisi in Tamil
Babechi in Urdu.
The plant is used in traditional medicine to prepare medicines for various illnesses. It can be consumed or applied superficially for managing skin conditions. Its roots, leaves, stems and seeds are useful to prepare medications for skin diseases, and has been used commonly in ayurveda for management of leprosy (that is why it is called ‘Kushtanashini’ or leprosy destroyer). Not just ayurveda, Bakuchi is also an important component used in Korean and Chinese medicine1.
In this blog, we will discuss in detail about the proposed therapeutic properties and benefits of Bakuchi. We will also explore how it is used and the potential side effects it may have.
Uses of Bakuchi in Traditional Medicine
Some effects of Bakuchi that make it a suitable candidate to prepare ayurvedic medications include:
The antibacterial property of the plant is beneficial for skin diseases caused due to Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermis and even leprosy2.
Anti-inflammatory effect of Bakuchi is beneficial for skin ailments like leukoderma and dermatitis3. This also makes it helpful to manage respiratory illnesses like asthma and cough4.
The plant’s seeds can be used as an antidote to snake venom and scorpion sting due to its anticoagulant effect4.
The other property of the plant is its positive effect on reproductive health. It has estrogenic properties and can also act as an aphrodisiac5,6.
The bone forming property of the plant is helpful to manage bone disorders7.
Animal studies have shown that the plant has hepatoprotective properties useful in managing fatty liver disorder8.
The plant also has anti-tumor properties, which inhibit the multiplication of certain types of cancer cells as per some animal studies9.
In another animal study, its seed extracts showed antihelminthic properties against Ascaridia galli, an intestinal parasite of poultry10.
The plant has demonstrated neuroprotective activity and thus can help manage nerve degeneration diseases like Alzheimers11.
The plant also has antioxidant, analgesic, antidiabetic and antidiarrheal activity12.
There are several applications of Bakuchi in ayurveda, and initial research has also shown its health beneficial properties. Yet further large-scale human trials are needed to corroborate these findings.
I recently read an article that says, due to its Keshya quality, Bakuchi churna may help with hair growth and reduce dandruff when administered topically in Ayurveda. From my perspective, the use of Bakuchi churna should be done for awesome, long tresses. The quality and lustre of hair may also get enhanced. Grey hairs might also reduce with its regular use14.
Although Bakuchi has been used for several purposes, here are its five important benefits:
1. Benefits of Bakuchi for Skin Diseases
Bakuchi seeds have been used to deal with various skin diseases. It is commonly used to manage leucoderma, a condition of discolouration of the skin3.
Bakuchi can be used for managing psoriasis and itching associated with the condition4.
Bakuchi can also be consumed to deal with leprosy6.
The oil from the seeds is used to deal with Tinea versicolor, scabies and ringworm12.
2. Anti-cancer Activity of Bakuchi
Bakuchi extract is found to be effective in destroying cancer cells of osteosarcoma and breast cancer7,11.
3. Benefits of Bakuchi for Dental & Bone Disorders
The extract from the roots of the Bakuchi plant can manage various dental disorders like dental carries.
In addition to this, it is beneficial for dealing with osteoporosis and bone fractures as it can boost bone calcification7.
4. Benefits of Bakuchi for Reproductive & Urinary Problems
Bakuchi extracts are used as an aphrodisiac. It is also used to treat incontinence in men, frequent urination, premature ejaculation and impotence.
The seed extract helps to soothe the symptoms of abnormal uterine bleeding and menstrual disorders in women5,6.
5. Benefits of Bakuchi for Gastrointestinal Disorders
The powder from the seed extract is used to relieve the symptoms of constipation, manage parasitic intestinal infections, and improve appetite.
The leaves can be used to make medicines to manage diarrhoea, and fruits are good to deal with piles and nausea6,12.
While there are several health benefits of Bakuchi, consuming in moderation is key. Discuss with your doctor before including this in your routine, especially of you have any medical conditions.
In this 5G era, we constantly struggle to walk parallel to the fast-growing world. But with this, stress and anxiety has become a common complaint. From my experience, Bakuchi may do wonders for our minds and overall health! I recently read an article which suggests that Bakuchi may have antidepressant qualities. Bakuchi is believed to lower the plasma levels of the neurotransmitters adrenaline and norepinephrine, eventually decreasing stress levels15.
The Bakuchi plant is used to manage different kinds of diseases. For some conditions like skin infections or chronic skin diseases, it can be mixed along with agents like karanji oil or buttermilk and applied. For others, it can be consumed systemically.
Your Ayurvedic physician will prescribe you the right form and dosage as per your health condition.
From my observations, occurence of diabetes may be avoided with the use of Bakuchi. According to the studies15, the ethanol seed extract of Bakuchi exhibits both anti-diabetic and antioxidant effects. They are believed to boost plasma insulin and liver glycogen levels while decreasing plasma cholesterol and blood sugar levels.
Bakuchi is a powerful herb that has several potential health benefits and supports overall wellness. However, it’s best to use it with proper guidance to avoid any side effects. Consult an ayurvedic practitioner for the right form and dose. With careful use, Bakuchi can be a great natural remedy.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What are the precautions to be followed while using Bakuchi churna?
Ayurvedic practitioners may tell you to avoid using pickles, fish and curd while using Bakuchi churna to manage vitiligo. However, the precautions may vary based on your condition. You ayurvedic physician can guide you best on this.
Is Bakuchi useful in male infertility therapy?
Yes, the fruit of Bakuchi has aphrodisiac properties and is used to prevent premature ejaculation and impotence in traditional medicine. However, it’s best to discuss these issues with a doctor before resorting to home remedies like Bakuchi.
What is bakuchiol?
Bakuchiol is a chemical compound found in the seeds and leaves of the Bakuchi plant. It has the properties of retinol so can act as the functional equivalent of retinol, and be used in skincare products.
Is bakuchiol good for skin?
Yes, bakuchiol is good for skin as it is like retinol in its function and can restore the elasticity and firmness of the skin. In addition to this, it can also manage wrinkles, pigmentation and decrease the photodamage of the skin.
Mj A, Singh TR, Patgiri BJ. Antimicrobial activity of different dosage forms of Bakuchi (Psoralea corylifolia Linn.) taila, an Ayurvedic formulation. Int J Ayurvedic Med. 2015;6(3):232-6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283355494_
Shamsi S, Shamsi S. Psoralea corylifolia Babchi: A popular herb of Unani, Ayurvedic and Chinese system of medicine for Vitiligo. International Journal of Herbal Medicine. 2019;7(4):51-5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351838777_
Alam F, Khan GN, Asad MHHB. Psoralea corylifolia L: Ethnobotanical, biological, and chemical aspects: A review. Phytother Res. 2018;32(4):597-615 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29243333/
Chauhan NS, Sharma V, Dixit VK, Thakur M. A review on plants used for improvement of sexual performance and virility. BioMed research international. 2014;2014(1):868062. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4151601/
Kim SC, Gu DR, Yang H, Lee A, Ha H. Polysaccharides from Psoralea corylifolia seeds suppress osteoclastogenesis and alleviate osteoporosis. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2025 May 20:144423. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014181302504975X
Hong Y, Choi SI, Hong E, Kim GH. Psoralea corylifolia L. extract ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in free-fatty-acid-incubated HEPG2 cells and in high-fat diet-fed mice. J Food Sci. 2020;85(7):2216-2226. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32579753/
Manju S. Anticancer Potential of Psoralea Corylifolia L. Ethanol Extract: Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis Mechanisms, and Gene Expression Analysis In Mcf7 Breast Cancer Cells Via qPCR. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research. 2024;6(6):1-8 https://www.ijfmr.com/papers/2024/6/30208.pdf
Ranjan S, Kushwaha NS, Trivedi S, Tiwari N, Khan S. The Effect of Psoralea corylifolia (Babchi) on Neuronal Apoptosis Induced by Palmitate in PC12 Cells and its Role in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review. Pharmacognosy Magazine. 2024;21(1):7-26. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09731296241243132
Yang A, Kong L, You Z, et al. A review of Psoralea corylifolia L.: a valuable plant with profound biological significance. Front Pharmacol. 2025;15:1521040. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39902075/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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Bhumi Amla: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects & More!
Introduction
Bhumi Amla (Phyllanthus niruri) is a small annual herb that is native to tropical regions, such as Southern India, South East Asia, and China, and the Amazon rainforest. It grows up to 30-40 cm in height. It has alternate and oblong leaves that are 7-12 cm long, with tiny greenish-white solitary flowers that do not have petals1.
This herb belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family and has a wide range of uses. The extract of this plant is widely used around the world for conditions including bronchitis, urinary issues, anaemia, leprosy, and asthma2.
For jaundice, whole plant juice is advised. Fresh milk combined with powdered roots can also be taken in the morning as it may help in the treatment of jaundice.
Whole plant juice is used for treating menorrhoea, gonorrhoea, leucorrhoea, and other urinary problems.
The leaves can be mashed with salt and used as a topical treatment for skin ailments.
For chest pain and diabetes, the plant decoction proves quite beneficial.
Ulcers may be treated with a decoction of leaves or roots.
Wounds and ulcers are treated using a mixture of the plant’s dried powder and gruel water.
This plant’s extract has been traditionally used for hepatitis and may also help in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Bhumi amla is believed to possess anti-inflammatory, pain-relieving, antibacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, antioxidant, blood sugar-lowering, blood pressure-lowering, hepatoprotective, and kidney stone-inhibiting properties.
It is used as an ingredient in nearly 175 ayurvedic formulations, and the fruits of this plant are usually used to treat conditions like diarrhoea and haemorrhage.
It’s also used to make chyawanprash, face lotion, hair oil dye, and tooth powder, among other health and beauty products2.
Benefits of Bhumi Amla
Several human and animal studies have explored the medicinal effects of bhumi amla, including the following:
1. Benefits of Bhumi Amla Against HIV & Hepatitis B
Bhumi amla is thought to act against the hepatitis B virus in several ways, including stopping it from making copies of its genetic material, which may help slow the virus’s spread in the body.
Studies show that bhumi amla extract may help protect certain human cells from damage caused by both types of HIV at the doses tested4,5.
2. Bhumi Amla For Kidney Stones & Excess Uric Acid
The formation and growth of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidney is a common cause of urinary stones.
Bhumi amla extract may slow crystal growth, reduce their formation, and alter their shape and surface texture, which may lower the risk of kidney stones.
The extract is also given to individuals with hypercalcaemia (excess calcium levels) as it lowers urine calcium levels and to individuals with hyperuricaemia (excess uric acid levels) as it lowers uric acid levels4.
3. Anti-cancer Activity of Bhumi Amla
Bhumi amla has a strong potential for inhibiting cancer cell development and growth.
It is believed to have cytoprotective (protecting the cells) impact on normal cells and cytotoxic (toxic to the cells) effect on pre-neoplastic or neoplastic cells.
For example, the extract of bhumi amla extract was found to be harmful to liver and colon cancer cells in lab tests4,5.
4. Wound-healing & Anti-ulcer Properties of Bhumi Amla
According to a rat study6, the development of indomethacin-induced ulcers was significantly slowed when extracts of the herb were given orally.
Bhumi amla extract also prevents ethanol-induced stomach mucosal ulceration in rats and reverses the suppression of burn wound healing caused by dexamethasone.
Based on some research and my observations, Bhumi amla (P. niruri) might aid in improving antioxidant levels along with stimulant activity in mild-to-moderate alcoholic patients7.
Bhumi Amla can be used in many forms, such as juice, decoction, powder, and paste (topical application)2.
According to some studies8, Phyallanthus niruri (Bhumi amla) along with Emblica officinalis (Amla) and Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) have certain bioactive compounds (around 96) that might be potential COVID-19 microbial inhibitors.
In general, studies have not reported major side effects in humans. When consumed under the supervision of a healthcare practitioner, bhumi amla is likely safe. Here are a few precautions to be taken when taking bhumi amla:
Bhumi amla may help to reduce blood sugar levels. However, people with diabetes or hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar) and those taking blood sugar-altering medicines, herbs, or supplements should monitor their blood glucose levels.
Individuals with bleeding disorders or those taking medicines that may enhance the risk of bleeding should exercise caution as there is an increased risk of bleeding and your doctor may need to modify the medicine dosage.
Bhumi amla has been linked to a drop in blood pressure. Therefore, people who are using blood pressure-lowering medications should exercise caution4.
Precautions to Take When Taking Bhumi Amla
Use bhumi amla with caution if you:
Are driving or operating big machinery.
Have a liver condition.
Are taking diuretics, cholesterol-lowering medications, or immuno-modulators.
Avoid taking bhumi amla, unless specifically advised by a qualified healthcare professional, if you:
Are pregnant, breastfeeding, or wanting to conceive.
Have a known allergy or intolerance to it or other medicines from the Euphorbiaceae family.
Bhumi amla may cause anorexia, chills, diarrhoea, disturbed sleep, fatigue, dizziness, enlarged lymph nodes, hives, fever, headache, increased sodium, potassium, and chloride in the urine, increased urine volume, lung disease, joint pain, malaise (discomfort), skin prickling, muscle pain, nausea, rash, and sore mouth4.
Interaction With Other Drugs
Drug interactions of bhumi amla:
Bhumi amla may help to reduce blood sugar levels. People who take diabetes medications or insulin by mouth should be closely monitored by a skilled healthcare professional as they may need to adjust their medicines.
When combined with medications that raise the risk of bleeding, bhumi amla may increase the risk of bleeding.
Bhumi amla may lower blood pressure. Therefore, people who are using blood pressure-lowering medications should monitor their blood pressure regularly.
Bhumi amla may exacerbate the sleepiness caused by some medications and alcohol. Driving or operating machinery should be done with caution.
Bhumi amla may interact with drugs used to treat inflammation, pain, or wounds; drugs that affect immune function; drugs that harm the liver; drugs that increase urine output; drugs that inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor, or endothelin; drugs that mimic acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter); drugs that protect against radiation; drugs that treat cancer4.
Bhumi amla has been used in traditional systems of medicine for different health concerns. It has been valued for centuries as a natural aid for digestion, kidney health, and liver support. While it may offer certain benefits, it is best to use it under the guidance of a healthcare professional to ensure safety and suitability.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What are the therapeutic effects of Bhumi Amla?
Bhumi amla is believed to have many therapeutic properties, e.g., antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, antiviral, and diuretic4.
Can bhumi amla be taken daily?
Bhumi amla may be consumed in small amounts under the guidance of a qualified healthcare provider, but dosage and duration should be individualized based on your health condition.
What are the different names of bhumi amla?
Bhumi amla is named bhumyamalaki in Indian Ayurveda, dukong anak in Indonesia, chanca piedra or stone breaker in Spanish, sampa-sampalukan in Tagalog, and quebra-pedra in Portuguese. It’s also called gale of wind. Bhumi amla is known by a variety of names in India, including bahupatra, bhudhatra, ksetramali, or suksmaphala in Sanskrit, keezhar nelli in Malayalam, bhuianvala/ray avail in Marathi, bhui amla/noe in Bengali, nela nelli in Kannada, bhui avalae in Konka and Chalmeri in Hindi5.
Where does bhumi amla usually grow?
Bhumi amla is an annual herb that grows wild in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, and other Indian states after the first monsoon showers, and is also abundant in coastal areas. It typically appears by the second week of June, bearing fruit until mid-July or August, and remains in the wild until the rainy season ends. Under favourable conditions, it can survive until mid-winter4.
References
Bagalkotkar G, Sagineedu S, Saad M, Stanslas J. Phytochemicals from Phyllanthus niruri Linn. and their pharmacological properties: a review. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2006;58(12):1559-1570. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17331318/
Kaur N, Kaur B, Sirhindi G. Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Phyllanthus niruri L.: A Review. Phytotherapy Research. 2017;31(7):980-1004. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28512988/
Lee N, Khoo W, Adnan M, Mahalingam T, Fernandez A, Jeevaratnam K. The pharmacological potential of Phyllanthus niruri. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2016;68(8):953-969. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27283048/
Sowjanya K, Girish C, Bammigatti C, Prasanna Lakshmi NC. Efficacy of Phyllanthus niruri on improving liver functions in patients with alcoholic hepatitis: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Indian J Pharmacol. 2021 Nov-Dec;53(6):448-456. doi: 10.4103/ijp.IJP_540_20. PMID: 34975132; PMCID: PMC8764976. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8764976/
Murugesan S, Kottekad S, Crasta I, Sreevathsan S, Usharani D, Perumal MK, Mudliar SN. Targeting COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease through active phytocompounds of ayurvedic medicinal plants – Emblica officinalis (Amla), Phyllanthus niruri Linn. (Bhumi Amla) and Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) – A molecular docking and simulation study. Comput Biol Med. 2021 Sep;136:104683. doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104683. Epub 2021 Jul 24. PMID: 34329860; PMCID: PMC8302490. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8302490/
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
