Last updated: Jul 23, 2025Published on: Jun 10, 2025
Table of Contents
Introduction
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide1. It refers to a diverse group of more than 200 related viruses, some of which are considered low-risk (such as HPV 6 and 11) and others high-risk (such as HPV 16 and 18) due to their potential to cause cancer2.
In most cases, HPV infections go unnoticed and are eliminated by the body’s immune system, generally within 1 to 2 years. However, persistent infection with high-risk HPV types have been associated with precancerous lesions as well as genital and oropharyngeal cancers1. A study3 using the GLOBOCAN 2018 database of cancer found that HPV is responsible for around 690,000 cancer cases annually (620,000 in women and 70,000 in men).
To combat this burden, HPV vaccines have been developed that help prevent infection with both the low and the high-risk HPV types. This article explores what the HPV vaccine is, the recommended age and timing for vaccination, its importance in public health, and potential side effects, all aimed at increasing awareness and encouraging informed decision-making for better preventive care.
What is the HPV vaccine?
The HPV vaccine is a preventive (prophylactic) vaccine designed to protect against infection by the HPV4. There are three main HPV vaccine types: bivalent (protects against 2 HPV types), quadrivalent (protects against 4 HPV types), and nine-valent (protects against 9 HPV types), with the nine-valent vaccine offering the broadest protection against multiple cancer-causing HPV strains5,6.
HPV vaccines were introduced in 2006, and since then, these vaccines have been widely adopted into national immunization programs around the world, significantly reducing HPV infections and related diseases among vaccinated populations2.
The human papillomavirus vaccines are unique in that they were the first vaccines developed to protect against a STI by inducing systemic immunity that protects mucosal surfaces (such as the cervix, mouth, throat, and anus) without being applied directly to those areas.
And by doing so, they offer protection against high-risk HPV types that are responsible for HPV-associated cancers, as well as low-risk types that cause conditions like genital warts4.
When Should the HPV Vaccine Be Given?
The HPV vaccination program should ideally begin at an early age.
Recommended Schedule by Age
The HPV vaccine is advised for boys and girls between 9 and 14 years old, with the best time to begin being at ages 11 or 126,7.
Vaccinating at the recommended time helps build strong immunity before any exposure to the virus and plays a key role in reducing the spread of HPV and lowering the risk of related cancers. Early vaccinationworks best because it:
Triggers a stronger immune response in younger individuals7.
Reduces the risk of HPV-related cancers and diseases later in life6,7.
What if You Missed It?
If the vaccine wasn’t given during early adolescence, it’s still not too late. Catch-up vaccination is advised for males and females up to age 266.
Note: The HPV vaccine age limit generally extends up to 26 years, but adults aged 27 to 45 years may still consider getting vaccinated after consulting a doctor. While the benefit is lower in this age group, mainly because many adults may have already been exposed to HPV, some individuals might still benefit6.
How is the HPV Vaccine Given?
The HPV vaccine is usually given as an injection in the upper arm.8 The HPV vaccine schedule depends on the age at which the vaccination series is started and whether the person has any medical conditions affecting their immune system6,8.
The typical schedule is at 0, 1 to 2 months, and 6 months. This means the second dose is given 1 to 2 months after the first, and the third dose is given 6 months after the first6.
3. For older adults (over 26 years)
Vaccination is not routinely but can be taken after consulting with a doctor (schedule remains the same as above)8.
4. For people with weak immune systems (such as in HIV)
Three doses of the HPV vaccine are recommended for individuals with weakened immune systems (even if they begin as early as age 9)6.
The schedule is the same: 0, 1 to 2 months, and 6 months6.
Note: Following the recommended HPV vaccine schedule is important for people of all ages to ensure maximum protection against HPV and the diseases it can cause.
Benefits of Getting the HPV Vaccine
The HPV vaccine for men and women offers powerful protection against several serious health conditions in both males and females, making it one of the most important tools in preventing HPV-related diseases. Key benefits of HPV vaccine include:
Avoids HPV Transmission: Helps reduce the spread of HPV through sexual contact. However, it does not completely block transmission. Therefore, precaution is necessary.
Protects Against Genital Warts: The quadrivalent and nine-valent types provides protection against HPV types responsible for approximately 90% of genital warts9.
Protects Against Cervical Cancer: The HPV vaccine for women protects against HPV types that cause about 70% of cervical cancer cases9.
Reduces Risk of Other Cancers: Lowers the chance of developing anal, vulvar, vaginal, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers10.
Provides Long-Lasting Protection: Offers strong immunity that can last more than a decade with no need for booster doses11.
Boosts Herd Immunity: Widespread vaccination helps protect people who are unvaccinated or have weaker immune systems12.
Reduces Recurrence After Treatment: May lower the risk of HPV-related disease returning after treatment of cervical lesions13.
Improves Public Health: Contributes to lowering the overall burden of HPV-related diseases worldwide4,6.
Can You Take the HPV Vaccine if Already Sexually Active?
While the benefit of HPV vaccine is greatest when given before first sexual contact, you could still get the human papillomavirus vaccine, even if you are already sexually active. Studies show that it can still offer protection even if someone has already had sexual contact13,15.
It’s important to note that:
In individuals previously exposed to HPV, it’s effectiveness may be lower. Yet, the vaccine can help protect against other HPV types you haven’t encountered15.
Some evidence suggests that getting the HPV vaccine for women after treatment for cervical pre-cancer may reduce the risk of recurrence, although more research is needed to make it a formal recommendation in guidelines.
If you are sexually active and unsure about getting vaccinated, talk to your doctor to find out if the HPV vaccine is suitable for you. They may consider it on a case-by-case basis.
Who Should Not Get the HPV Vaccine?
While the HPV vaccine for men and women is safe and effective for most individuals, there are some situations where it should not be given or should be delayed. These include:
Anyone who has experienced a severe allergic reaction to a previous HPV vaccine dose or are allergic to any of its components should not receive the vaccine. For example, people with a known allergy to yeast should not receive the nine-valent HPV vaccine, as it is made using baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)5.
The HPV vaccine is not recommended during pregnancy. If a woman is found to be pregnant before completing the HPV vaccine series, the remaining doses should be delayed until after pregnancy5,16.However, if you receive the HPV vaccine and later discover you are pregnant, do not worry, there is no evidence of harm to the mother or baby. Keep in mind that accidental vaccination during pregnancy is not a cause for concern and is not a reason to consider abortion.
People with a moderate or severe illness (such as a high fever or serious infection) should wait until they recover before getting the vaccine16.
The HPV vaccine is generally safe and well-tolerated, with most side effects being mild and temporary. Common HPV vaccine side effects include5:
Pain, redness, or swelling at the site of vaccine administration.
Fever (a temperature of 100°F or higher).
Fainting, also known as syncope. However, this can happen after taking any vaccination.
Most of these mild side effects occur shortly after the vaccine is given and go away on their own within a few days. Additionally, to reduce the risk of injury, it’s recommended that individuals sit or lie down during the vaccine and remain in that position for at least 15 minutes afterward.
Note: Concerns about HPV vaccine side effects such as anaphylaxis or Guillain-Barré syndrome have been raised, but these events are found to be extremely rare to none. Overall, evidence shows that the vaccine’s benefits far outweigh the risks17.
While the HPV vaccine is very safe, there are times when it’s important to consult a doctor. Here’s when you should reach out:
If you experience a high fever (e.g., over 102°F or lasting more than 2 days), severe swelling, or any other HPV vaccine side effects (listed above)6.
If you miss a scheduled dose, contact your doctor to plan a catch-up dose.
If you become pregnant while receiving the vaccine series, talk to your doctor about postponing the remaining doses16.
If you have a weakened immune system or chronic illness, ask your doctor if any precautions are needed.
If you’re above 27 years old and unvaccinated, talk to your doctor about whether the vaccine is right for you6.
Conclusion
The human papillomavirus vaccine plays a crucial role in preventing cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases, significantly improving individual and public health. The benefits of the HPV vaccine include strong protection against cervical cancer, other HPV-related cancers, and genital warts, helping to improve long-term public health outcomes.
Timely HPV vaccination (ideally before exposure to the virus) is key to maximising its benefits. Additionally, open conversations with healthcare providers can help individuals make informed decisions and ensure more people are protected through vaccination.
No. The HPV vaccine is recommended for both boys and girls to prevent HPV-related diseases in all genders and reduce virus transmission6.
Can the HPV vaccine treat or cure an existing HPV infection?
No. The vaccine prevents new infections but does not treat existing HPV infections or related diseases.
My child is not sexually active. Can’t we wait to vaccinate?
It’s better to vaccinate early, before any exposure. Younger individuals also have a stronger immune response, and only two doses are needed if started before age 156,14.
Why should boys get the HPV vaccine if they don’t get cervical cancer?
HPV is responsible for causing other serious cancers in both men and women, such as anal, penile, and throat cancers. Therefore, vaccinating boys helps protect them and reduces HPV transmission10.
If I’ve already had HPV, do I still need the vaccine?
Yes. Natural infection does not create strong immunity. The HPV vaccine generates a much more effective antibody response14.
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Taumberger N, Joura EA, Arbyn M, Kyrgiou M, Sehouli J, Gultekin M. Myths and fake messages about human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination: answers from the ESGO Prevention Committee. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2022 Oct 3;32(10):1316-1320. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9554067/
Pruski D, Łagiedo-Żelazowska M, Millert-Kalińska S, Sikora J, Jach R, Przybylski M. Immunity after HPV Vaccination in Patients after Sexual Initiation. Vaccines (Basel). 2022 May 6;10(5):728. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/35632487/
Jentschke M, Kampers J, Becker J, Sibbertsen P, Hillemanns P. Prophylactic HPV vaccination after conization: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2020 Sep 22;38(41):6402-6409. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32762871/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Who Should NOT Get Vaccinated with these Vaccines? [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; [cited 2025 May 26]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/should-not-vacc.html
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