Last updated on January 10, 2022

Content By: Dr. Nikita Toshi BDS, Assistant Manager (Medical Review), Dr. Ritu Budania MBBS, MD (Pharmacology) Head, Medical Affairs

Last updated on January 10, 2022

Overview


This article discusses in detail the structure and function of heart and its role in the human body. When your hand is clenched into a fist, it is approximately the size of your heart. The most vital organ of our body is located in the centre of the chest and slightly to the left of the breastbone.


Since heart disease is very common and usually quiet until it strikes, it is important to be aware of the factors that put your heart in danger. Numerous risk factors for coronary heart disease are controllable. By implementing lifestyle changes, you can reduce your risk of cardiac diseases.


Overview


This article discusses in detail the structure and function of heart and its role in the human body. When your hand is clenched into a fist, it is approximately the size of your heart. The most vital organ of our body is located in the centre of the chest and slightly to the left of the breastbone.


Since heart disease is very common and usually quiet until it strikes, it is important to be aware of the factors that put your heart in danger. Numerous risk factors for coronary heart disease are controllable. By implementing lifestyle changes, you can reduce your risk of cardiac diseases.


Written by

Dr. Nikita Toshi

BDS, Assistant Manager (Medical Review)

Reviewed by

Dr. Ritu Budania

MBBS, MD (Pharmacology) Head, Medical Affairs

Where is the heart located?

The heart is located in the middle of your chest, between the lungs and under the rib cage slightly to the left of the sternum (breastbone). The primary function of the heart is to pump blood and supply oxygen and nutrients to your cells. The heart consists of four chambers – two upper chambers called the right and left atria and two lower sections called the right and left ventricles. There are valves between the upper and lower chambers that ensure blood flows only in a single direction through your heart.

How big is the heart?

A thorough understanding of the shape and size of the heart is essential to understanding the structure and function of the heart. The size of your heart is almost the same as the size of your clenched fist. Men have larger hearts than women. Athletes engaged in high-intensity training tend to have larger hearts, too. The heart weighs in the range of 7 and 15 ounces (200 to 425 grams). By the end of a long life, an individual’s heart might have extended and contracted more than 3.5 multiple times, which is a sign of the normal working of the human heart.

The double-layered covering called the pericardium surrounds the heart like a sac. It consists of 2 layers. The external layer is fibrous in nature and is called the parietal layer and the internal layer is smooth and is called the visceral layer. The pericardium provides mechanical protection for the heart and the large blood vessels and helps in reducing the friction between the heart and the surrounding structures.

In a Nutshell
    • The heart is split into four sections – two upper chambers referred to as the right and left atria and two lower chambers referred to as the right and left ventricles.
    • Between the atria and ventricles, valves guarantee that blood flows through your heart in a single direction.
    • The heart weighs between 7 and 15 ounces (200 and 425 grams) and is about the size of your clenched fist.

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Four chambers, layers of the heart wall and valves constitute the human heart and are responsible for the systematic functioning of the circulatory system. Read on to find out more about each of these parts of the heart.

Different Layers of the Heart Wall

Three layers of tissue form the heart wall namely:

  • Epicardium – the external layer
  • Myocardium – the centre layer
  • Endocardium – the innermost layer 

Together, these three layers play a significant role in the normal working of the human heart.

The 4 Chambers of your Heart

The heart is divided into four chambers, namely:

  • Right upper chamber – Right atrium
  • Right lower chamber – Right ventricle 
  • Left upper chamber – Left atrium 
  • Left lower chamber – Left ventricle 

The atria, which are thin-walled chambers, receive blood from the veins and pump it to the ventricles. The ventricles, which are thick-walled chambers, pump the blood out of the heart. The atria and ventricles are connected together by valves which ensure that blood flows only in one direction inside the heart.

The wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart is called the septum. The left side of the heart receives oxygen-rich blood from the pulmonary veins (the only veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart) and pumps it into the aorta (the largest artery), while the right part of the heart receives low-oxygen blood directly from the the largest vein or the vena cava and transports it to the lungs via the pulmonary veins.

Valves of the Heart - How do they help with blood flow?

The heart valves act like gates at the chamber openings, they open and close to allow blood to flow through the chambers. Their main function is to ensure that blood flows only in one direction through the heart.

The atrioventricular (AV) valves are located between your upper and lower heart chambers. They include:

  • Tricuspid valve – This valve opens to facilitate blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricles.
  • Mitral valve – This valve opens to allow blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

Semilunar (SL) valves, which are located between the ventricles and the arteries that emerge from the heart, consist of: 

  • Aortic valve – This valve manages the blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta. 
  • Pulmonary valve – This valve opens to allow blood to flow from the right ventricle to your pulmonary artery.

For a healthy functioning of valves, it is important that:

  • The valve is properly formed and flexible.
  • The valves are able to open fully so that the blood can pass through without any obstruction.
  • The valves are able to shut tightly so that the leakage of blood back into the heart chambers does not occur.
How does the blood flow in and out of the heart?

Oxygen poor blood from the rest of the body flows into the right atrium of the heart through two large veins. Then, the blood flows into the right ventricle and is pumped into the pulmonary arteries present in the lungs. After collecting oxygen, the blood flows back to into the left atrium through the pulmonary veins and then to the left ventricle. The aorta, then onward, carries the fully oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

The myocardium (middle layer of the heart wall) is a functioning muscle that needs a non-stop supply of oxygen and nutrients to work efficiently. Therefore, the cardiovascular muscle has a large network of arteries, veins and capillaries to carry oxygen to the contracting cells and eliminate byproducts.

Understanding the electrical conduction system - What makes the heartbeat the way it does? 

Your heart’s electrical system controls the rhythm and pace of your heartbeat. It consists of:

  • Sinoatrial (SA) node – Referred to as the pacemaker of the heart, it sends electrical impulses that make your heartbeat. 
  • Atrioventricular (AV) node – Sends electrical impulses into the ventricles.

Your heart also has a network of electrical bundles and fibres that help in the conduction of electrical impulses well throughout the muscular structure of the

In a Nutshell
    • The heart wall’s outermost layer is the epicardium. The myocardium is the middle layer and the endocardium is the innermost layer, all of which contribute to the normal functioning of the human heart.
    • Blood flows across the different chambers of the heart and then –
    1. to lungs for oxygenation (pulmonary circulation) and
    2. to every part of the body (systemic circulation)
    • The valves ensure that the blood flows only in one direction.

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The heart is a strong organ located in the chest behind and slightly towards the left of the breastbone. The heart constantly works, pumping blood through the network of pipes (blood vessels), consisting of arteries, veins and capillaries. The heart and the blood vessels form the cardiovascular system. The right atrium and right ventricle are referred to as the right heart and the left chamber comprises the left atrium and left ventricle.

The heart plays the following roles in the human body:

Pumping oxygenated blood to other body parts

The human body is a network of blood vessels that is responsible for circulating blood to every cell of the body. Proper blood circulation helps organs function normally. The right side of the heart receives blood with lesser amounts of oxygen from the veins. It then pumps this blood to the lung and picks up oxygen. The left side of the heart receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it into the arteries, which then reaches other organs in the body. It is the function of arteries and veins to transport blood through this network.

Circulating hormones and other essential substances to different parts of the body

Human blood carries oxygen, hormones and nutrients that are required by the organs to function well. Apart from this, the blood pumped by the heart also carries carbon dioxide to the lungs, which allows them to breathe it out. The function of the heart valves is to help the blood flow in the right direction.

Receiving oxygen-poor blood and pumping to the lungs for oxygenation, transporting waste products from the body

Blood circulation takes place through two circuits in the heart. The first is called the pulmonary circuit (across the lungs) and the second is the systemic circuit (across the body). It is in the pulmonary circuit that the deoxygenated blood exits the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery and reaches the lungs. This blood returns as oxygenated blood to the heart through the pulmonary vein.

Maintaining blood pressure

Blood pressure originates as a result of the pumping action of the heart. It is a measurable force exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels. The vessels stretch in response to this force and the resultant contraction is pivotal in maintaining a normal blood flow through the vascular system.

In a Nutshell
    • The heart pumps oxygenated blood to other parts of the body. 
    • It also pumps out hormones and other essential substances to different parts of the body via the blood. 
    • Another primary function of the heart is to receive oxygen-poor blood and pump it to the lungs for oxygenation, transporting metabolic waste products from the body. 
    • It also plays a key role in maintaining blood pressure.

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What is blood? How does it help with keeping the body healthy?

Blood is a life-sustaining fluid that courses through the whole body. It transports the following to our body tissues:

  Nourishment

  Antibodies

  Hormones

  Electrolytes

  Heat

  Oxygen

Blood is also responsible for removing the following from body tissues:

  Waste matter

  Carbon dioxide

Blood Circulation Process: Signs of good circulation and signs of bad circulation

The circulatory system transports nutrients and oxygen to all the parts of the body. It consists of the heart, as well as the arteries, veins and capillaries that run throughout the body. The veins return blood to the heart. The function of arteries and veins is organized in a tree-like pattern: The “storage compartment” – the primary course (aorta) – branches into massive pipes that lead to smaller vessels. Finally, the smallest course is a collection of minuscule vessels. These are the various components of the circulatory system.

Two pathways come from the heart – pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.

In pulmonary circulation

The pulmonary artery is a major artery that emerges from the heart. It splits into two fundamental branches and carries blood from the heart to the lungs. In the lungs, the blood gets oxygen and drops off carbon dioxide. 

In systemic circulation

Next, the blood returns to the heart having received loads of oxygen from the lungs. So, now the oxygenated blood can be circulated throughout the body. The aorta is a major conduit that carries oxygenated blood.

What are some signs of bad blood circulation?

The signs of poor blood circulation in the body may present as:

  Tingling or numbness in hands and feet

  Cold hands or feet

  Swollen ankles and legs

  Loss of memory and difficulty in concentrating

  Issues with the digestion of food

  Fatigue

  Muscle cramps

  Changes in skin color

  Occurrence of ulcers

  Varicose veins

  If you are experiencing one or more of these symptoms, your blood circulation may need improvement. Consult a doctor to find out if you need to improve your blood circulation and the steps you can take in this direction. The best treatment for bad circulation depends upon the reason and issues in the function of arteries and veins.

What is blood coagulation?

Blood coagulation in simple terms means clotting. It is when the consistency of blood changes from liquid to a semi-solid state. Blood clotting is due to any accident or cuts in the human flesh. These clots are not harmful but helpful. Occasionally, a blood clot will form without a trigger (such as an injury or cut) which can be harmful and head to various complications.

You can undoubtedly forestall numerous heart illnesses by heart screening or making the previously mentioned lifestyle changes. Heart disease prevention is, in every situation, better compared to treatments!

In a Nutshell
    • The blood has the significant task of carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues. 
    • Tingling or numbness in hands and feet, cold hands or feet, swollen ankles and legs are a few signs of bad circulation.
    • Blood clotting is due to the circulating proteins (clotting factors) and platelets in the bloodstream that form an insoluble gel (clot), when triggered by an injury, hence preventing blood loss.

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What are 5 facts about the heart?

 Here are 5 interesting facts about the heart:

  • The normal heart’s size is like that of a clenched fist in a grown-up. 
  • Your heart pumps around 2,000 gallons of blood each day. 
  • An electrical framework controls the beat of your heart. It’s known as the cardiovascular conduction framework.
  • The structure and function of the heart are such that a healthy heart can keep beating in any event and even when it’s separated from the body (for some time).
How deep is your heart in your chest?

The human heart is located in the chest between the lungs under the protection of your rib cage and muscles of the chest region.

Which is the rarest blood group?

AB negative is the rarest blood group among the eight primary blood types.

What is the healthiest blood type?

Your health depends on a number of parameters – nutrition and lifestyle, genetics, psychosocial factors, environmental factors, etc. These parameters are common for all blood types. However, if you have Blood type O, you should be happy to know that studies have shown that this blood type has a lower risk of heart diseases and some cancers. However, there is no explanation for this observation.

Can damaged blood vessels heal?

Medical studies indicate that usually, blood vessels heal as a part of the wound healing process. The duration of wound healing depends on the severity of the injury, medical care and rest given. Diet chart for heart patients, hydration and supplements can also aid in the healing process.

What are the signs of poor blood circulation?

Given below are the signs of poor blood circulation

  • Skin discolouration
  • Throbbing or stinging pain in your limbs
  • Fatigue 
  • Muscle cramps
  • Varicose veins
  • Heaviness in legs and feet
  • Swollen legs and feet
  • Split skin
  • Ulcers
  • Discomfort in the pelvic region
  • Lack of hair growth on legs and feet
Which supplements heal blood vessels?

Vitamin B complex and vitamin C are essential for the healthy functioning of the blood vessels. However, all essential nutrients play a role in the repair and maintenance of the blood vessels.

Doctor's Section

Dr. Nikita Toshi
Dr. Nikita works with PharmEasy as a medical content writer. She completed her B.D.S. from Rama Dental College, Hospital and Research Center, Kanpur in 2013 with an excellent academic record. Holding a clinical experience of 7 years in dental practice, she has worked at Rameti Oral and Maxillofacial Centre, Allahabad as Associate Dental Surgeon and Raipur Institute of Medical Sciences as Junior Resident. Her clinical skills include bleaching, restorations, R.C.T, Re R.C.T., single visit R.C.T. and F.P.Ds, dental extractions, minor OT procedures, oral prophylaxis, curettage, root planing, and perio-splint. Dr. Nikita frequently speaks on dental health talks organized at schools and other institutes to help in raising awareness on dental health in society. She has also written a research paper published in a reputed journal.

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Dr. Ritu Budania
Dr. Ritu Budania heads PharmEasy’s medical content and catalogue management teams. She did her MBBS from Topiwala National Medical College, Mumbai; followed by post-graduation in MD Pharmacology from Government Medical College, Nagpur. She was awarded a bronze medal for topping the Maharashtra University of Health Sciences in her MD. She has six publications in international and national medical journals. She is also an esteemed industry speaker in the field of pharmacology and has been invited as chief guest/speaker in several medical / pharmacy colleges. She has also helped author the World Health Organisation’s document on ‘Desk View and Situation analysis of Clinical Trials in India’ and helped in signal detection activities for the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India. She holds expertise in medical writing, ethics, and GCP in biomedical research, advanced pharmacovigilance, and biostatistics.

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