Nirgundi is an Ayurvedic medicine made from the dried leaves of Vitex negundo (Family Verbenaceae), a large aromatic shrub or small tree up to 4.5 m in height, common throughout the country to an altitude of 1500 m in the outer Himalayas1. It is commonly known as Five-leaved chaste trees, which is a large family of herbs, shrubs, and trees, comprising about 75 genera and nearly 2500 species2.
Common names of Vitex Negundo include Nirgundi and Sindhuvara in Sanskrit. Nirgundi is already in clinical use in traditional systems of medicine including Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha for the management of pain, headache, inflammation, leukoderma, enlargement of spleen, rheumatoid arthritis, gonorrhoea, bronchitis, fever, cold and cough2. The leaves of V.negundo have been reported to possess pesticidal and antifungal properties2.
The Sanskrit word for Vitex negundo, a plant commonly known as nirgundi, carries a meaningful translation. ‘Nirgundi’ literally translates to ‘that which protects the body from diseases.’ This herb holds significance in Ayurvedic medicine, as it is mentioned in all of the Ayurvedic Samhitas, which are ancient texts that form the foundation of Ayurveda5.
Nirgundi contains at least 0.25 percent of negundoside and 1.0 percent of agnuside when assayed1. The following table contains the chemical components present in the Nirgundi plant:
Roots- Vitexin and isovitexi, vitexoside, negundin A, negundin B, 6-hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy)-3-hydroxymethyl-7-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-2-naphthaledehyde, 2β,3α-diacetoxyoleana-5,12-dien-28-oic acid.
Potential Uses of Nirgundi
The leaves of nirgundi have antibacterial, laxative, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, hypoglycaemic, and anti-inflammatory properties2. The roots, barks, and fruits too have medicinal properties. Roots of nirgundi are one of the ingredients of the herbal formulation called ‘Dashamularishta’, used in the management of colitis, dysentery, diarrhoea, flatulence, fever, vomiting, and colic2. The leaves contain alkaloid nisindine, flavonoids like flavones, luteolin-7-glycoside an essential oil, and constituents like vitamin C, and carotene that account for different biological actions2.
Did you know?
Nirgundi (Vitex negundo) is a medicinal plant with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. source: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Nirgundi has been used in traditional medicine to treat respiratory conditions such as asthma and bronchitis. source: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Research suggests that Nirgundi may have neuroprotective effects and could be beneficial for neurological disorders. source: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Benefits of Nirgundi
1. Benefits of Nirgundi for Infections
Nirgundi essential oil showed antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa2.
The phytoconstituents d-guaiene, germacrene D, and hexadecenoic acid found in nirgundi are responsible for this anti-bacterial activity2.
The leavd extracts possesses a new flavone glycoside, which has antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes2,3.
2. Benefits of Nirgundi for Pain
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The anti-inflammatory and pain suppressing activities of fresh leaves of nirgundi are attributed to prostaglandin synthesis inhibition2.
When tested in an animal model, the pain relieving activity of extract of V. negundo was compared with that of aspirin and meperidine.
The study concluded that the Nirgundi leaves showed strong analgesic activity and may be used as an adjuvant therapy with standard analgesics3.
3. Benefits of Nirgundi for Liver
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The extracts of V. negundo seeds decreased the serum levels of aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase3.
The alcoholic seed extract also showed protective action on the liver against Carbon-tetrachloride(CCL4)-induced liver toxicity3.
4. Benefits of Nirgundi for Arthritis
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The heated leaf is used for managing rheumatoid arthritis-related pain and sprains.
The oil prepared from the leaves can also be used3.
5. Benefits of Nirgundi for Lungs
Nirgundi root decoction can be used for managing bronchitis and asthma2,3.
6. Benefits of Nirgundi for Diabetes
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The leaf extracts of Vitex Negundo were reported for their anti-hyperglycemic activity in animals2,3.
7. Benefits of Nirgundi for Wounds
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Washing the wounds with nirgundi leaves extract can aid in cleaning infected ulcers3.
8. Benefits of Nirgundi for Skin
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Nirgundi leaf juice may be beneficial in managing bacterial and parasitic skin infections.
Nirgundi seeds are used to deal with skin diseases and leprosy4.
9. Benefits of Nirgundi as an Antioxidant
The water-soluble constituents of Vitex negundo possess potent antioxidant activities.
Human studies might demonstrate its efficacy in humans2,3.
Nirgundi, a versatile plant, has an amazing mosquito-repellent quality! During the rainy season, the leaves of nirgundi are burned in a fire, that may create a smoky shield that keeps mosquitoes and insects away from both animals and humans5.
The following parts of the Nirgundi plant can be used:
Leaves: Nirgundi leaves can be boiled with water and the vapors can be inhaled. Nirgundi leaves can be ground to a paste and applied to the forehead to relieve headaches3.
Flowers: Flower extracts of Nirgundi may be used in the management of fever, diarrhoea, and liver complaints3.
Seeds: The seeds can be used with sugarcane or vinegar for the management of swellings. Powdered seeds can be used in the management of spermatorrhea and serve as an aphrodisiac when used along with dry ginger and milk4. The seeds can be made into a paste and used with salt and pepper for applying on fractures3.
Roots: Root powder, the tincture can be used for managing dysentery. The powdered root is used for anthelmintic properties. Root extract can be dissolved in tender coconut water for a week to suppress kidney problems3.
Fruit: The dried fruit powder can be taken orally with roasted common salt and warm water for dealing with menstrual disorders, urinary disorders, and indigestion3.
Your Ayurvedic physician will prescribe you the form and dose as per your needs.
Dry nirgundi leaves have a traditional use of being placed with stored woollen garments. This is because the leaves have properties that repel insects and worms, which may help protect the woollen items from damage5.
Nirgundi leaves can be used as powder, juice, extract, and paste. The primary process involves boiling or crushing the leaves for chemical extractions2.
Can I use Nirgundi leaves for my skin allergies?
The ethanolic extract of V. negundo showed antiallergic activity against mast cells and inhibited oedema (swelling)2,3. Thus, may be useful in dealing with skin allergies once large-scale human studies are done.
Can I use Nirgundi for fatty liver?
Nirgundi has shown and thus, may be used for its protective action on the liver as it prevents inflammation. The extract of seeds can be used to lower elevated liver enzymes and prevent liver damage2,4.
Can I use Nirgundi for chronic fever and body pain?
Nirgundi leaf extracts show high fever-reducing and pain-relieving activities. They may be useful for managing chronic fever and body pain once more human studies are available2,4.
Can I use Nirgundi for abdominal gas and distention?
Nirgundi has carminative action, which can help deal with gas and digestive problems. In addition, the decoction of juice from the leaves too may aid in managing digestive issues2,4.
Where to store the Nirgundi leaves or extract?
Nirgundi leaves should be stored in a dry airtight container, and they should be kept away from direct sunlight1.
References
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, 1st edition, Part I, Volume IX. Delhi (IN): Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homoeopathy. Monographs (Extracts). Nirgundi. Available from: https://www.ayurveda.hu/api/API-Vol-1.pdf
Kantesh M Basalingappa, Vinutha T, Gopenath TS, et.al. Medicinal Values and Pharmacological Activities of Vitex Negundo LInn. Journal of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020. II (1) 7579-7589. ISSN –2230-7346. Available from: https://www.jgtps.com/admin/uploads/ksM8L5.pdf
Disclaimer:The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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8 Powerful Ayurvedic Herbs With Their Great Benefits
Introduction
Ayurveda is an ancient Indian medical system. Ayurveda means the science or knowledge of life, where ‘Ayur’ means life and ‘Veda’ means knowledge.
The Ancient and Traditional practice of Ayurvedic is 5,000 years old and works on three basic three principles or doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha) and ayurveda practice is based on three classical texts – the Charaka Samhita, the Sushruta Samhita, and the Ashtanga Hridaya which were written in Sanskrit over 2,000 years ago and are collectively known as the Great Trilogy.
Ayurveda takes a holistic approach to health, focusing on lifestyle, diet, and natural substances. It is important to note that while Ayurveda is a recognised traditional system of healthcare in India, its treatments should be approached responsibly and under the guidance of qualified practitioners. Individuals are encouraged to consult registered medical professionals for the diagnosis and management of any medical condition1.
The Role of Ayurvedic Herbs
Ayurvedic herbs are an integral part of the Ayurvedic medicine system. Since ancient times, these herbs have been used to help manage different diseases, promote mental clarity, boost immunity, and support healthy skin. In Ayurvedic practice, attention is given to the person as a whole, addressing the mind, body, and lifestyle rather than focusing solely on the symptoms of a condition. A wide range of herbs are used in Ayurveda to treat illnesses, with active ingredients derived from leaves, roots, flowers, and bark. These herbs are selected with the intention of promoting internal balance and supporting the body’s natural functions2.
Manjistha, for instance, may be beneficial in managing bone-related conditions. A 2020 study found that the root of Manjistha contains a compound that may be effective as a phytomedicine in the treatment of bone disorders16.
The Ayurvedic system offers a traditional, holistic approach to wellness, focusing on balance and overall health rather than isolated symptoms. Some of the benefits of ayurvedic herbs are as follows:
Supports the balance among the doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha), which is considered important for overall well-being in traditional Ayurvedic understanding3.
Considers the individual as a whole, and any supportive measures used are selected with the aim of promoting general health, not solely addressing isolated symptoms3.
Centres around lifestyle, diet, and plant-based preparations, and is considered by some to be gentler in its approach4.
Improves vitality and provides strength, in line with the system’s holistic philosophy4.
Emphasises maintaining internal balance, which is believed to help support the body’s natural defences4.
Some of the Best Ayurvedic Herbs
The following ayurvedic herbs have been traditionally valued for their various properties and uses over many years. Below is an overview of some commonly known herbs and their traditionally associated benefits:
1. Ashwagandha
Ashwagandha is a well-known herb in traditional Ayurvedic practice, used for various purposes over many centuries. The name ‘Ashwagandha’ is derived from Sanskrit, where ‘Ashva’ means horse and ‘Gandha’ means smell, suggesting, in traditional texts, the vitality and strength associated with a horse.
It is sometimes referred to as ‘Winter Cherry’ or ‘Indian Ginseng’, and is particularly noted in Ayurveda for its traditional association with supporting the body’s resilience and overall vitality. The roots of the Ashwagandha plant are commonly used in Ayurvedic preparations5. The benefits of Ashwagandha are as follows:
Ashwagandha is a versatile herb and is traditionally available in various forms, including powders, tablets, and liquid extracts. It may be taken with or without food, depending on individual preference and practitioner guidance.
Caution: The use of Ashwagandha during pregnancy is not generally recommended unless under the supervision of a qualified medical professional. Individuals with thyroid-related conditions, particularly hyperthyroidism, should seek advice from a healthcare practitioner before using Ashwagandha or related preparations.
2. Brahmi
Brahmi, also known as Bacopa monnieri, is a well-regarded herb in traditional Ayurvedic practice. It has been traditionally used for its association with supporting cognitive health and mental clarity. The plant’s leaves are considered particularly valued in Ayurvedic literature and are often used in various preparations
Brahmi is also noted in traditional sources for its natural antioxidant and soothing properties, which have contributed to its continued use over generations.
Below are some traditionally associated uses of Brahmi7:
Supports mental health and cognitive well-being
Helps improve memory, concentration, and learning
Helps with nervous system function
Helps reduce stress and depression
Can help calm the mind
May reduce the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (like hyperactivity).
Recognised for its antioxidant content, it may support general cellular health
Traditionally used in formulations aimed at promoting healthy skin and hair by supporting internal balance
3. Shatavari
Shatavari also known as ‘queen of herbs’. is a medicinal herb with many health benefits. The presence of saponins contributes to its antioxidant properties. Shatavari is traditionally associated with supporting immune function and female reproductive health, as described in classical Ayurvedic texts.
May be effective in alleviating respiratory symptoms
Helps relieve acidity symptoms
Helps with stomach and intestinal ulcers
Helps manage blood sugar levels
Helps with anti-aging changes in the skin
4. Liquorice
Liquorice has been used since ancient times in various traditional systems of medicine, including those of India, Greece, and Egypt. Owing to its naturally sweet flavour, it continues to be used in a range of preparations such as herbal teas, confectionery, capsules, and liquid extracts.
Neem has been mentioned extensively in classical Ayurvedic texts and is included in a large number of traditional formulations. It is often associated with supporting general hygiene, skin care, and internal balance in Ayurvedic practice11.
The benefits of neem are as follows:
Neem has antiseptic, anti-microbial, and antifungal properties11.
Helps to reduce fever, especially malarial fever11.
Helps maintain oral hygiene and prevent dental caries and infections
Beneficial for the hair and helps to control dandruff.
Licorice root has been traditionally studied for its potential benefits in supporting oral hygiene. Some research17 suggests that compounds found in licorice may help in maintaining dental cleanliness and overall oral health. However, its use should be approached with caution and under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional.
Manjistha is particularly noted for its long-standing use in Ayurvedic practices related to circulatory and skin wellness12. The benefits of Manjistha are as follows;
Amala is highly regarded in Ayurvedic tradition as a nourishing and revitalising fruit. It has naturally occurring antioxidants and helps support the body’s internal balance. The benefits of amala are as follows13:
Supports immunity
May strengthen the heart
Beneficial for hair, skin, and eyes
May help reduce high blood sugar levels
May provide relief from acidity
Some studies18 suggest that Amla contains antioxidants and phytonutrients that may help support cognitive health. Its naturally high Vitamin C content is also believed to play a role in maintaining normal brain function.
Haritaki is known as the ‘king of herbs’ in Ayurveda. In traditional Ayurvedic belief, Haritaki is associated with promoting internal balance and supporting clarity of mind, vitality, and overall well-being. The benefits of Haritaki are as follows:
Strengthens the vital functions of the body, such as strong digestion14, nutrient absorption, and elimination.
Ayurveda offers a time-tested, holistic approach to health, rooted in balance and natural practices. When used under the guidance of qualified professionals, Ayurvedic herbs may support general well-being as part of a balanced lifestyle.
Shukla SD, Bhatnagar M, Khurana S. Critical evaluation of ayurvedic plants for stimulating intrinsic antioxidant response. Front Neurosci. 2012 Jul 26;6:112. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00112. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3405414/
Mills PJ, Peterson CT, Wilson KL, Pung MA, Patel S, Weiss L, Kshirsagar SG, Tanzi RE, Chopra D. Relationships among classifications of ayurvedic medicine diagnostics for imbalances and western measures of psychological states: An exploratory study. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2019 Jul-Sep;10(3):198-202. doi: 10.1016/j.jaim.2018.02.001. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6822152/
Patibandla S, Gallagher JJ, Patibandla L, Ansari AZ, Qazi S, Brown SF. Ayurvedic Herbal Medicines: A Literature Review of Their Applications in Female Reproductive Health. Cureus. 2024 Feb 29;16(2):e55240. doi: 10.7759/cureus.55240. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10981444/
Mikulska P, Malinowska M, Ignacyk M, Szustowski P, Nowak J, Pesta K, et al. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)-Current Research on the Health-Promoting Activities: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceutics. 2023 Mar 24;15(4):1057. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041057. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10147008/
Mathur D, Goyal K, Koul V, Anand A. The Molecular Links of Re-Emerging Therapy: A Review of Evidence of Brahmi (Bacopa monniera). Front Pharmacol. 2016 Mar 4;7:44. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00044. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4778428/
Alok S, Jain SK, Verma A, Kumar M, Mahor A, Sabharwal M. Plant profile, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari): A review. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2013 Jun;3(3):242–51. doi: 10.1016/S2222-1808(13)60049-3. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4027291/
Wahab S, Annadurai S, Abullais SS, Das G, Ahmad W, Ahmad MF, et al. Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice): A Comprehensive Review on Its Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, Clinical Evidence and Toxicology. Plants (Basel). 2021 Dec 14;10(12):2751. doi: 10.3390/plants10122751. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8703329/
Lai S, Shi L, Jiang Z, Lin Z. Glycyrrhizin treatment ameliorates post-traumatic stress disorder-like behaviours and restores circadian oscillation of intracranial serotonin. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2020 Jan;47(1):95-101. doi: 10.1111/1440-1681.13173. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31494960/
Ram TS, Srinivasulu B, Narayana A. Pragmatic usage of Haritaki (Terminalia chebula Retz): an Ayurvedic perspective vis-à-vis current practice. Int J Ayur Pharma Res. 2013;1(3):72–82. Available from: https://ijapr.in/index.php/ijapr/article/view/50
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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