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By Dr. Akash N. Shah +2 more
Table of Contents
More than 100 million people are living with diabetes in India [1]. Managing diabetes requires a disciplined lifestyle around diet, exercise and glucose monitoring in addition to prescribed medications. Uncontrolled blood sugar levels can put the person at risk of serious complications like heart disease, kidney disease, eye disease and more.
One of the most critical complications of diabetes is heart disease, which we will discuss in depth in this article.
Diabetes and heart disease are two medical conditions that everyone is wary of. They are strongly interrelated as one often increases the risk of the other. Most of us know the importance of controlling and monitoring blood sugar and blood pressure levels for our overall well-being.
This step becomes all the more important if you are diagnosed with diabetes or if you have a family history of heart ailments, as unregulated blood sugar and blood pressure levels increase the risk of heart disease and diabetes.
However, the good news is that you can control and reduce the risk of heart disease and diabetes through simple methods such as eating a heart-healthy diet, performing exercises and regular testing. Staying fit and active and regularly taking your medicines prescribed by your doctor can help keep your heart healthy and control your diabetes.
To understand the relationship between heart disease and diabetes, let’s first explore what diabetes is and the role of the cardiovascular system.
Diabetes is a chronic disease that is caused by excessive levels of sugar in your blood. This condition occurs when the body is unable to produce insulin, unable to use the insulin that is being produced or has both these conditions simultaneously.
Our bodies get sugar from the food we eat, which is then converted into energy to keep the body going. The pancreas produces a hormone called insulin, which transports the sugar to the cells and ensures the body has enough energy. This system fails to work properly among people with diabetes because their bodies cannot produce enough insulin or because they are unable to use the insulin that is produced.
There are three main types of diabetes:
The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, consists of the heart and blood vessels that are responsible for the transportation of blood from the heart to all parts of the body and return it back to the heart. The heart acts as a pumping device each time it beats and it pumps the blood into the blood vessels, which then circulate it to the rest of the body.
The three main types of blood vessels are arteries, veins and capillaries. The cardiovascular system’s primary functions are to transport blood, oxygen and nutrients to all the organs and tissues in the body and to get rid of carbon dioxide. Having a well-functioning cardiovascular system is essential for your health and to avoid heart ailments.
We know that there is a correlation between heart disease and diabetes. People with untreated diabetes are at a greater risk of getting heart ailments because diabetes can have a severe impact on your blood vessels. Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to damage to autonomic nerve fibres that regulate the heart and blood vessels, causing abnormalities in heart rate and the health of blood vessels[2].
The other common cause of heart disease among people with diabetes is atherosclerosis. This is a form of cardiovascular disease where plaque (which consists mainly of fat and cholesterol) deposits and may obstruct the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart. The plaque build-up causes the arteries to harden and narrows and damages them. This, in turn, restricts the flow of blood to your heart and could lead to a heart attack. The build-up could occur in the arteries across the body. You could suffer a stroke when the blood flow to the brain gets affected, while poor blood flow to your limbs could lead to peripheral vascular disease.
It has been seen that if sugar levels in the blood, blood pressure and lipid profile (HDL, LDL, triglycerides) are kept in check, there are way lesser chances of cardiovascular diseases in people with diabetes. In medical terms, it means keeping your ABCs in check (A1c, blood pressure and cholesterol). This can go a long way in maintaining your heart health.
Diabetes and heart disease can largely be controlled by ensuring you are not overweight. Dropping a few extra kilos will make you feel lighter and reduce the strain on the heart. Losing belly fat can lower your risk of high blood pressure and heart disease.
Talk to your doctor/nutritionist to understand a healthy diet plan. A balance of healthy carbs, proteins, fibres and good fats is usually recommended along with regular physical activity. You can opt for lean protein sources such as soya beans, lean meat, tofu and eggs. Make sure you stay away from highly processed foods such as chips, cookies, and fast food, and try to avoid sugary beverages.
When it comes to exercise, some of the best exercises for a healthy heart include any form of aerobic exercise such as walking, running, cycling, swimming or sports such as tennis and football. These activities cause your heart to pump more blood and will help strengthen your heart, reducing the risk of high blood pressure. Maintaining an active lifestyle has multiple benefits. It can help you lose some extra weight and would also help you keep your diabetes in control as it will make the body more receptive to insulin.
Note: People diagnosed with heart disease should consult their doctor before starting any exercise, yoga, etc.
Following the medication prescribed by your doctor is vital to control the possible impact of heart disease and diabetes. Ensure you follow your medication plan and maintain a medicine tracker or a journal to stay on track. Follow up regularly with your doctor for routine health checkups.
Smoking can increase the risk of heart disease and diabetes. Smoking narrows your blood vessels and restricts blood flow, thereby adding undue stress on the heart. Since we know that smoking and alcohol intake increase the risk of diabetes and heart attack, it is essential to stop smoking and quit alcohol at the earliest. If quitting at once is too hard, then you can try to control your smoking and gradually scale it down. You can also speak to your doctor about different methods of quitting smoking, such as using nicotine patches, gums, therapy or other suitable alternatives.
For people with diabetes who are suffering from heart diseases, uncontrolled blood sugar levels and unhealthy diet and lifestyle can lead to worsening of heart disease, which if not managed timely by medications, may require surgical interventions.
Having seen in detail how diabetes affects the heart and the link between heart disease and diabetes, you must take good care of your heart, especially when you have diabetes. Staying healthy, maintaining a healthy heart diet plan and keeping fit by pursuing activities such as yoga for a healthy heart will serve as a big boost in the long run. Some of the ways you can prevent diabetes from progressing to heart disease are:
As a rule of thumb, you must regularly monitor your blood pressure and blood sugar levels if you are diabetic. Monitoring blood pressure at home is fairly simple and all you need is a BP monitoring machine, which is commonly available in medical stores. It can help keep track of your treatment and help your doctor adjust the medicine dosage. Regular checks will also make you accountable to yourself and aid in motivating you to keep your blood pressure and blood sugar levels under control.
You must regularly check your lipid profile to ensure they are under control. This test measures your total cholesterol, the amount of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides in your blood. Keeping your LDL and triglyceride levels under control is very important in preventing high blood pressure and heart ailments.
Your diet plays a crucial role in your heart health and overall well-being. Along with managing your blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar levels, you need to make sure you also pay attention to your food, sleep and stress management.
Ensure you follow a healthy heart diet plan that is rich in fibrous foods and whole grains. You can also include foods that control high blood pressure, such as carrots, broccoli, pumpkin seeds and pistachios, spinach, berries and citrus fruits[3].
It is vital that you get a good 7-8 hours of sleep to help your body recover and function properly[3]. Maintaining a proper sleep cycle and getting enough sleep will boost your mood, make you feel energetic, and help you manage stress better. Studies have shown an increased risk of heart diseases in people with poor quality sleep or irregular routine.
Living with diabetes and heart disease can be very difficult, but it is crucial that you stay positive and try to remain optimistic. Indulge in any sort of physical activity. Regular exercise can boost your self-esteem and reduce stress. Even 10 minutes of brisk walking can increase mental alertness and energy. Quitting smoking and drinking can help in improving mood and relieving anxiety and depression. Practice self-care routine and learn relaxation techniques, meditation and yoga for better health[3]. You can try doing things that make you happy, such as gardening, painting, starting a stamp collection and the like and see if it makes you feel good. You can also join a support group and find solace among people going through something similar to what you are going through. Another option would be to seek professional advice and help from a therapist.
Quick Summary
Diabetes and heart disease go hand in hand. People with uncontrolled diabetes are more prone to heart attacks. Therefore, people should be made aware of the proper protocol to follow in case of a heart attack. Heart attack occurs when the muscles of the heart do not have adequate blood supply[4]. The scary part is that a diabetic heart attack could be a silent one – you won’t even know you’re having a heart attack! You may feel something abnormal like heartburn or slight discomfort or pain but it won’t show as anything significant.
Diabetes is known to affect various parts of the body, including the nervous system. Cardiac autonomic dysfunction is the main culprit in patients with diabetes mellitus, contributing to the painless nature of heart attack, which involves pain receptors, afferent neurons, or higher brain areas which are responsible for the sensation of pain and discomfort during a heart attack[5].
You should watch for the following symptoms of diabetic nerve damage and not ignore these signs.
Watch out for these early signs to prevent a silent heart attack:
To Summarize
While living with diabetes is not a difficult task, it might get out of hand if we do not take proper care of ourselves. If sugar levels in the blood are not curbed through a healthy diet plan, exercises and medication, it leads to further health complications like heart disease. So, if you are diabetic, apart from monitoring your blood sugar, regular heart check-ups are also recommended to ensure you are not at risk of developing a heart condition. Different types of heart diseases, unfortunately, still remain the top reason for health complications and death among men and women worldwide and the risks grow manifold if you are diabetic. Regular heart check-ups help detect even the slightest abnormalities early and reduce the chances of further complications. Therefore, you can get the necessary treatment quickly to improve your overall health.
Other than routine measurement of blood pressure and pulse, Here are a few diagnostic tests your doctor might recommend to evaluate heart function:
ECG, or an electrocardiogram, is a test that records the electrical activity of your heart. An electrocardiogram is a painless, non-invasive way to help diagnose many common heart problems in people of all ages. Electrocardiograms may be used to detect the following:
It is recommended to do an ECG test under the guidance of your doctor if you have any of the following symptoms:
2D Echocardiography or 2D Echo of the heart is a test in which an ultrasound technique is used to evaluate the structure and function of the heart. It creates images of the various parts of the heart using ultrasound vibrations and makes it easy to check for damages, structural changes, and blood flow rate. This test is suggested by doctors to check any of the following heart conditions:
TMT or stress test is conducted to unmask an underlying heart disease. Usually, when we get an ECG done, the patient is rested and will not always complain of any discomfort. In a stress test, a patient is asked to walk or jog on the treadmill and his heart rate is calculated at this time. Changes in the electrical activity of the heart are also monitored[7]. The test shows how your heart reacts to different levels of exercise. Taken at an interval, this test can also show the improvement or deterioration of a patient’s heart function.
Cardiac markers are substances that are released into the blood, and they are measured through tests to determine heart health. Tests for cardiac biomarkers can also be used to help determine a person’s risk of having these conditions or to help monitor and manage someone with suspected acute coronary syndrome and cardiac ischemia. Some different biomarker tests are:
Even as a healthy person we don’t always know what is happening inside our bodies. So it is advisable that you have a full-body check-up once or twice every year. But if you have been diagnosed with diseases like diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, etc., you need to go for a bi-yearly health check-up. Consult your doctor because they will be the best people to guide you through the entire diagnosis and treatment process.
To Summarize
Anyone with diabetes is prone to heart ailments, but the risk increases greatly if you are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The combination of uncontrolled type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure can be lethal and is known to significantly increase the risk of heart attack and stroke.
High blood pressure is a condition that is commonly found among people with type 2 diabetes. Some of the contributing factors to the connection between type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure include obesity, lack of physical activity, a diet that is high in fat or salt, and chronic inflammation.
Type 2 diabetes arises from insulin resistance, where the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. When accompanied by high blood pressure, which forces the heart to pump blood with greater pressure through the vessels, it can be extremely dangerous.
The combination of type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure could lead to life-altering diseases such as heart attack or stroke and also increase the risk of getting diabetes-related diseases such as kidney failure and diabetic retinopathy, which affects your vision.
Unregulated high blood pressure can pose further complications, such as speeding up the arrival of age-related ailments such as dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.
Closely monitoring and controlling your blood pressure is vital to reduce the risk of heart disease and diabetes.
When your blood pressure is measured, the result is shown in a fraction-like format with one number on the top and one at the bottom (eg: 120/80 millimetres of mercury (mm Hg)). The number on the top is your systolic pressure, which is the pressure in your arteries when your heart squeezes and pumps blood. The number on the bottom is called diastolic pressure, which is your blood pressure when the heart relaxes.
Blood pressure may be categorised as follows:
Your doctor may help you understand the target blood pressure you should maintain based on your age and other medical conditions.
Blood pressure is the force that your heart uses to pump blood around the body. High blood pressure or hypertension does not have any explicit symptoms as such. You could have high blood pressure and you would not know about it unless you take a regular test or monitor blood pressure at home. However, you could experience the following symptoms if you have severe hypertension:
If you notice any of these symptoms, then you must consult your doctor at the earliest. Early diagnosis of high blood pressure can help in avoiding serious complications such as heart attack or stroke. Timely intervention and treatment can reduce the impact of heart disease and diabetes.
High blood pressure, especially if you are dealing with diabetes, is not something to be ignored. It is crucial to seek a doctor’s advice and strictly follow the treatment plan that is prescribed. If high blood pressure is left undiagnosed or untreated, it can lead to these three major health complications:
According to ACOG guidelines, “gestational hypertension” is diagnosed when a pregnant woman has a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 140 mmHg or higher and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 90 mmHg or higher, occurring after 20 weeks of gestation with previously normal blood pressure, while “chronic/preexisting hypertension” is defined as a blood pressure reading of SBP ≥140 mmHg and DBP ≥90 mmHg detected before 20 weeks of gestation[8].
However, some pregnant women with gestational diabetes also develop preeclampsia. Most women with gestational hypertension have only a small increase in blood pressure. But, some women develop severe hypertension (defined as systolic blood pressure of 160 mm Hg or higher and/or diastolic blood pressure of 110 mm Hg or higher). These women are at risk of very serious complications. Untreated preeclampsia can have a severe impact on the mother and the baby and could cause the mother to have seizures[8].
Some of the symptoms of preeclampsia are nausea or vomiting in the later stages of your pregnancy, having trouble breathing, unusual swelling in your hands and face, constant headaches and pain in your upper abdomen. If you experience any of these symptoms, make sure you get medical attention at the earliest.
The best way to manage and control high blood pressure during pregnancy is by keeping up with your routine visits to the doctor, regularly taking your blood pressure medicines, staying active, avoiding obesity by getting more physical activity, following a nutritious diet and by staying away from smoking and alcohol.
It is very important that you manage high blood pressure, especially if you are diabetic, to reduce the risk of heart disease and diabetes. Diabetes and high blood pressure is a dangerous combination that can cause serious long-term complications and you must make active lifestyle changes, along with appropriate medications, to ensure your safety[3].
If you have diabetes and high blood pressure, then some of the major things you must avoid are smoking, drinking alcohol and eating a lot of salt. Also, stay as far away as you can from sugary drinks and processed fatty foods. Make sure you also lead a healthy and active lifestyle, follow your medication plan and take regular tests.
| Managing High Blood Pressure When You’re Diabetic | |
| Dos | Don’ts |
| Monitor and control your blood sugar levels | Not following your medication plan |
| Eat a balanced diet and stay hydrated | Smoking and alcohol |
| Exercise to shed the extra kilos | Processed foods, sugary drinks and diets generally rich in sodium |
| Lead an active lifestyle | A sedentary lifestyle |
| Find ways to manage stress and anxiety | Eating out as much as possible |
| Get 7 – 8 hours of sleep per day | An irregular sleep pattern |
It can be tough for you to see your loved one deal with diabetes and high blood pressure, but as a caregiver, it is essential that you remain positive because your support and energy can make things easier for them. Make sure you offer them your unwavering support and offer them your assistance in whatever capacity needed.
You need to ensure they follow the best practices that will aid in their diabetes and high blood pressure treatment. Now that you know the irrefutable link between heart disease and diabetes, you need to see to it that your loved one undergoes regular testing, makes periodic visits to the doctor and follows their medication plan.
It is important for them to eat well and stay fit, and you can help them make these lifestyle changes by adopting a few of them yourself. For example, you can join them in adding foods that control high blood pressure to your diet, like citrus fruits, berries, spinach, etc. and make the process easier. Another way you could help them remain fit is by creating a common fitness plan where both of you either walk, run, swim or work out together for 30 minutes every day.
These small changes from your side can go a long way in helping them feel better and positive.
To Summarize
People diagnosed with diabetes are at great risk of developing dislipidemia (abnormal levels of blood fats). Cholesterol is a wax-like substance found in your blood that plays an essential role in building healthy cells, in the formation of cell membranes and the production of vitamin D and other important hormones. However, high levels of LDL cholesterol can prove to be harmful because it sharply increases the risk of heart disease.
Cholesterol is attached to the proteins in your blood. The combination of cholesterol and proteins is called a lipoprotein. The two main types of cholesterol are:
There is a third type of blood fat called triglycerides. The triglycerides in the blood store unused calories and release them when needed to provide your body with energy. After a meal, our bodies convert the calories that we do not need for immediate use into triglycerides, which are then stored in fat cells. The triglycerides in the blood are usually released in between meals when the body needs energy.
You are prone to have high triglycerides if your diet consists of a lot of high-carbohydrate foods and if you regularly eat more calories than you burn. Which essentially means you do not follow a balanced diet or get enough exercise.
Some of the effects of high triglycerides include the hardening and narrowing of your arteries, which then restricts the blood supply to your heart. High triglycerides contribute to a higher risk of heart disease and stroke
People with diabetes need to monitor their triglycerides because it can cause further damage to their bodies. Having high triglycerides is also a risk factor for type 2 diabetes or prediabetes.
You can control the level of triglycerides in the blood by exercising regularly, avoiding refined carbohydrates and sugar, choosing healthier sources of fat and limiting your alcohol intake.
Good fat or unsaturated fat is a healthy fat that your body requires daily. They differ from saturated fats by having fewer hydrogen atoms bonded to their carbon chains. Healthy fats are liquid at room temperature, not solid.
Foods high in good fats include vegetable oils like olive oil, sunflower oil, canola oil, nuts, seeds and fish.
A balanced diet is extremely important in order to curb your blood sugar levels. But no two diets are alike. So calorie intake and fat intake also differ from person to person. But your good fat daily intake should be approx 7% of your daily calorie intake.
On the other hand, bad fat, also called trans fats, even when consumed in small amounts, can be detrimental to your health. It leads to weight gain, blocking of the arteries and increased risk of contracting other diseases.
Foods like fatty cuts of meat, hard cheese like cheddar, butter, cream, chocolate and cookies and some savoury snacks are known to contain trans fat and need to be either completely eliminated or consumed in extreme moderation for those with diabetes.
High levels of blood sugar always have adverse effects on your health. It is associated with a plethora of health complications, including cholesterol abnormalities. One of the most common factors of diabetes is insulin resistance and this also causes an abnormal cholesterol profile in the body. Diabetes often lowers good cholesterol in the body (HDL) and raises bad cholesterol levels with triglycerides and LDL. This, in turn, can affect your heart and increase your chances of having a heart attack or stroke.
Cholesterol and diabetes together could pose some serious issues and make you prone to heart ailments and stroke. You can stay safe by regularly taking a test for cholesterol levels to ensure they remain within the normal range. In otherwise healthy individuals, an LDL level below 100 mg/dL is considered ideal, while a reading between 130 – 159 is considered moderately high, and anything over 160 is a cause of concern.
A lipid profile is a panel of tests that the doctor prescribes to measure the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. The lipid profile measures lipids, which are fats and fatty substances. Lipids include cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The amount of fatty deposits or plaques can lead to narrowed or blocked arteries.
A lipid profile is basically a blood test, and the results are derived from the sample of blood from a vein.
So as we have established, the lipid profile test ascertains the amount of cholesterol in the blood along with different forms of fat. If your blood report shows that your cholesterol levels are below 200 mg/dL, it is good. But if you are way above this range, it can lead to heart diseases.
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is considered bad cholesterol. In general, LDL results are as follows:
One of the most important aspects you should look for in this report is triglycerides. These fats are linked to heart disease and diabetes. If you have high triglycerides, your total cholesterol and LDL levels may also be high.
Also, one must note that treatment targets may vary as per the individual’s underlying medical conditions.
If cholesterol levels are high and are left uncontrolled and untreated for a long time, it can lead to several fatal heart conditions such as heart failure, heart attack and cardiac arrest. The main risk from high cholesterol is that it makes the arteries narrow and can even build up walls in the arteries. This prevents blood from reaching the heart and can lead to cardiovascular diseases and even an irreversible heart attack. Therefore, it is essential if you are diabetic to do regular heart check-ups and find ways to reduce your risk of developing heart disease.
If you have high cholesterol and diabetes, then your doctor will advise you to make a few changes in your food habits and ask you to get some regular exercise. Your doctor may also prescribe statins, which are medicines that are used to control and reduce cholesterol.
Just like how eating clean and working out helps in controlling blood sugar, the same two factors aid in lowering cholesterol as well. A well-balanced diet for cholesterol and diabetes would require you to have generous servings of fruits and vegetables and include sources of healthy fats such as nuts, avocado, flax seeds, fish and olive oil.
Make it a point to break a sweat and exercise regularly, as this could directly help reduce your cholesterol levels. Regular exercise can also help you lose extra weight and get rid of unhealthy fat in your body.
Prevention is better than cure. Having cholesterol and diabetes can take a toll on your body. Since people with diabetes have an increased risk of developing high cholesterol, here are some preventive measures you can take to avoid such a situation:
These changes to your lifestyle and diet can go a long way in reducing the risk of further complications. If you find it difficult to motivate yourself to exercise, then you can either find a workout partner or join a community gym and this would help you stay on track. If giving up smoking and alcohol is challenging, opt for alternatives such as chewing a stick of gum when you feel the urge to smoke and an alcoholic drink with a non-sugary beverage or fruit juice, and consistently work towards making yourself free from addictions.
When it comes to diet alterations, a proper diet for cholesterol and diabetes control will lay emphasis on quality nutrition from a wide variety of fruits and vegetables coupled with whole grains such as brown rice and oats. Stay as far away as you can from saturated fats and red meat and focus on heart-friendly fatty foods such as avocados, nuts, fish, olive oil and the like.
To Summarize
Also Read: Prediabetes Symptoms in Indian Patients
Some of the most common diabetes and heart disease symptoms are:
– Pain or pressure in the chest
– Having difficulty breathing
– Breaking into a cold sweat
– Sweaty or clammy hands
– Feeling light-headed and dizzy
– Nausea
– Pain in your shoulders, jaw or left arm
If you feel you have any of the above symptoms, then get medical attention immediately.
Uncontrolled Diabetes could lead to certain heart ailments. People with diabetes are at a greater risk of getting heart ailments because diabetes can severely damage your blood vessels and nerves regulating activities of the heart[3].
Diabetes and heart disease become life-threatening only when it is left uncontrolled. If you take the right steps to control diabetes and prevent high blood pressure, then you have a good chance of living a healthy life. Early detection is very important when it comes to diabetes as well as heart disease, as this will reduce the risk of diabetes and heart attack. Make sure you take your medicines regularly and keep a tab on your blood pressure and blood sugar levels.
People with diabetes can follow a few simple steps to keep their hearts healthy. This includes following a healthy heart diet plan that includes large quantities of fruits and vegetables and wholegrain foods. It is important that you restrict your salt and sugar intake and do not consume extremely fatty and processed foods, as these steps help in preventing high blood pressure. In combination with a healthy diet, you can also perform exercises for a healthy heart. This includes basic aerobic exercises such as walking, running, cycling and swimming.
If you want to know how to keep your heart healthy and strong, then this is it – a mix of diet and exercise is the best way for people with diabetes to keep their hearts in top shape.
A silent heart attack in diabetes is when you suffer a heart attack but feel no impact of it. You may feel heartburn or slight discomfort but nothing major. Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to a condition called neuropathy, which causes altered or reduced sensation in your body. You may not feel the pain during a silent heart attack, but it will take its toll on your body.
Walking will not reverse heart disease, but it can reduce the risk of heart disease. Any sort of aerobic exercise, such as walking, running, swimming or cycling, causes the heart to pump blood faster and helps in strengthening your heart. Aerobic exercises are the best exercises for a healthy heart. You can also practice yoga for a healthy heart.
Yes, your diet plays a very important role in controlling cholesterol and triglyceride levels in your blood. An ideal diet plan must include a large variety of fruits and vegetables and sources of heart-healthy fats such as nuts, avocados, fish and olive oil. Eating whole grains such as brown rice, lentils and oats will add more fibre to your diet and help in keeping your cholesterol levels in check.
A healthy diet can work wonders in controlling and reducing your cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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