Kidney cancer is becoming more common worldwide, with about 400,000 new cases each year and nearly 175,000 deaths1.
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located on either side of the vertebral column, in the back side of abdominal wall, with the right kidney placed slightly lower than the left due to the presence of the liver. Each kidney is partly protected by the lower ribs and surrounded by fat covering.
The kidneys filter waste products and extra water from the blood to produce urine, help regulate blood pressure, and signal the bone marrow to make red blood cells2.
Kidney cancer develops when cells in the kidney begin to grow uncontrollably3. This article focuses on the symptoms, possible kidney cancer causes/risk factors, and treatment options for kidney cancer, aiming to educate readers and support informed decision-making.
Kidney cancer is a disease that develops when abnormal cells in the kidneys begin to grow out of control. It usually appears as a solid tumour (lump) in one kidney, though in some cases, tumours can develop in both kidneys4. These tumours often start small but can grow larger and spread to other parts of the body, causing severe complications5.
The most common types of kidney cancer include4:
People with kidney cancer may have no symptoms or several symptoms. Some commonly observed kidney cancer symptoms are2:
Note: These signs can also be caused by many other conditions. Therefore, it is important to see a doctor if these symptoms appear.
Kidney cancer develops due to DNA damage, leading to uncontrolled cell growth, forming a tumour. While many factors do not directly cause kidney cancer, they can increase the likelihood of DNA damage in kidney cells, which may eventually lead to cancer6.
Key risk factors include:
There are four kidney cancer stages based on tumour size and its spread to other nearby areas5:
When kidney cancer is suspected, doctors use a combination of laboratory tests, imaging, and sometimes biopsy to confirm the diagnosis and plan treatment5.
Note: Liver function tests, serum calcium, and other tests may be done based on symptoms.
Kidney cancer and its treatment can lead to several complications affecting different organs and body functions5:
There are several treatment approaches for kidney cancer. Your doctor and care team will work with you to create a personalised plan, considering factors such as the stage of cancer, overall health, and personal preferences. This may include more than one type of kidney cancer treatment. Available treatment options include6:
If both kidneys are removed or are non-functional, dialysis or a kidney transplant may be required. Sometimes, radiation therapy is given after surgery (adjuvant therapy) to destroy any remaining cancer cells.
When surgery is not possible, other procedures such as the following can be used:
Note: Your kidney cancer treatment plan will outline the goals, options, possible side effects, and expected duration of therapy.
You can reduce your kidney cancer risk by making healthy lifestyle choices2,8:
See your doctor promptly if you notice any of the following5,6:
Remember, early evaluation can help detect kidney problems or cancer sooner, when treatment is more effective.
Kidney cancer is a serious condition, but early detection can significantly improve treatment outcomes.
Being aware of common kidney cancer symptoms and understanding personal risk factors can help in noticing problems sooner and taking preventive steps. Additionally, maintaining a healthy lifestyle by including a balanced diet, regular exercise, avoiding smoking, and attending routine health check-ups can significantly lower your risk.
Yes, however, this is rare. Wilms tumour is the most common type of kidney cancer in children, usually diagnosed before age 59.
Yes, kidney cancer is about twice as common in men as in women7.
Currently, there is no routine screening test for the general population10. High-risk individuals may benefit from regular imaging or genetic testing.
Some patients explore complementary approaches like meditation, yoga, or relaxation11. These may help manage symptoms and stress, but are not substitutes for conventional medical treatment.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Kidney stones are a common and painful problem that many people face. The pain can be sudden and intense, often starting in the lower back or side and moving toward the groin. For some, it can be so severe that they need to visit the hospital1. Other kidney stone symptoms may include nausea, blood in the urine, and difficulty urinating².
Kidney stones develop when minerals and salts in the urine become highly concentrated and crystallise, creating solid masses. While some stones pass without symptoms, others can obstruct urine flow, leading to intense pain, infection, or kidney damage. The number of people affected by kidney stones has been increasing steadily, largely due to factors such as inadequate hydration, poor dietary choices, and underlying metabolic disorders3. As a result, kidney stones treatment has become one of the most commonly sought services in urology¹.
Kidney stones are hard deposits that develop when minerals and salts in the urine become overly concentrated and crystallise. These crystals can bind together, forming stones within the kidneys. Some stones stay in the kidney without causing trouble, but others move into the ureter, the tube between the kidney and bladder. If a stone gets stuck there, it can block the flow of urine and cause a lot of pain.
Kidney stones can affect overall health by causing urinary tract infections, kidney damage, and repeated trips to the emergency room. They are one of the most common conditions treated in urology, and their occurrence has been increasing. If not properly managed, they often recur1.
Kidney stones are a common health issue across the world, affecting people of all ages. They occur more often in adults and are more common in men than in women. In developed countries, the lifetime prevalence of kidney stones has doubled in recent decades, now affecting approximately 11% of men and 7% of women. One major reason for this is not drinking enough water, which makes the urine more concentrated and allows crystals to form1.
In regions like India, kidney stones affect nearly 12% of the population, especially in tropical and semi-arid areas. Factors such as a hot climate, rising temperatures, and dietary habits play a major role in the rising incidence of kidney stones. With rising rates of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes, the risk continues to grow3.
There are different types of kidney stones, each with distinct causes and characteristics, as follows:
People with kidney stones can experience a wide range of symptoms, from no signs at all to severe pain and, sometimes, serious complications.
Kidney stones form when minerals and other substances in urine become highly concentrated, leading to crystal formation. If you’ve ever wondered about the reasons for kidney stones occurrence, these are some of the most common ones4,8:
Several lifestyle, metabolic, and medical factors can increase the risk of kidney stones, including4:
If not treated properly, kidney stones can cause a variety of short- and long-term health problems. While some stones resolve on their own, others may lead to serious complications requiring urgent care, such as4:
To diagnose kidney stones, doctors use a combination of laboratory tests and imaging techniques.
The following laboratory tests may be recommended to check for kidney stones4:
Common imaging methods used for diagnosing kidney stones include4:
Treatment for kidney stones depends on their size, location, and whether they are causing symptoms or complications. The following options are commonly used to treat kidney stones, depending on the size of the stones and the severity of discomfort.
You may be able to avoid having kidney stones with some lifestyle changes. Here’s how you can lower the risk of developing stones in the future4:
If you or your child experience any of the following symptoms, it may indicate the presence of a kidney stone4:
It’s important to consult with a doctor promptly if4:
In these cases, early medical attention can help avoid complications like urinary blockage, kidney infection, or long-term kidney damage. Timely diagnosis and treatment also improve the chances of passing the stone naturally and reduce the risk of future episodes.
Kidney stones form when minerals build up in the urine and can cause intense pain, nausea, or blood in the urine. They are increasingly common, especially in hot climates or among people with inadequate hydration. Common kidney stone causes include low fluid intake, high salt or protein diets, and certain medical conditions like obesity or urinary infections. While small stones may pass on their own, larger ones might block urine flow or lead to infections, requiring urgent care. Diagnosis is usually based on imaging and lab tests and treatment may range from supportive care to procedures as advised by a doctor. Hydration, diet, and follow-up care can help avoid the recurrence of kidney stones. Early medical attention is key to avoiding complications.
Most kidney stones are made of calcium, typically in the form of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate. Other types include stones made from uric acid, struvite (linked to infections), or cystine, a rare amino acid that builds up due to a genetic condition4.
Yes, children can also develop kidney stones. Unlike adults, who often experience flank pain, children may show different symptoms such as irritability, excessive crying, vomiting, or fever4.
Imaging helps identify the presence, size, and location of the stone. While ultrasound is preferred for children and pregnant women due to no radiation, CT scans offer the most accurate detection across all stone types4.
If your symptoms include severe pain, fever, chills, nausea, or problems urinating, it could be a sign of complications like infection or kidney blockage. In such cases, urgent medical care is necessary4.
Hospital treatment is not always necessary. Many small stones may pass naturally with supportive care like fluids and pain management. However, large stones or those causing severe symptoms may require medical procedures or hospitalisation4.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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The blood inside our body is free-flowing. It travels through our blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) to supply oxygen and nutrients to every corner of our body. Apart from this, cells in the blood actively work to protect you from physical harm as well, by forming blood clots when needed. These clots can also be formed abnormally if there is a problem in the blood flow or due to underlying medical conditions.
When these clots are formed in the deep veins of your body, the condition is called Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), which could be potentially harmful or even fatal. This condition occurs mostly in your pelvis (hip) region, calves or thighs, but with timely diagnosis and a treatment plan recommended by your doctor, including home-based care, it can be managed effectively. Read on to learn more about DVT treatment at home so you can get a better understanding about the condition.
The blood moves through all parts of our body. When it moves through our legs, sometimes it slows down and clots (thrombus formation) in the deep veins of our body. This is called Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) or venous thrombus.
In some cases, these clots are harmless. They can be mildly painful but may not be life-threatening. However, if the clot remains in place for too long, it can damage the vein and disrupt normal blood flow.
In other cases, when these clots break up, they form clumps and travel through the veins to other parts of the body. These clumps could either block the narrow veins or travel along with the bloodstream. By doing so, they may even cause fatal complications in the parts where they accumulate. One such rare but serious complication is called pulmonary embolism, where clusters of the travelling venous thrombus restrict the blood flow to the lungs1.
It is because of these risks, it’s critical to start DVT treatment even at the first signs like swelling, warmth, or pain in the legs. Following your doctor’s guidance and beginning deep vein thrombosis treatment at home can help prevent complications and get better outcomes.
Deep Vein Thrombosis or DVT was generally considered a rarity among Asians compared to Caucasians. Though studies regarding the prevalence are sparse, a handful of studies show that there is a 3.7% – 17% prevalence of DVT among Indians.
However, upon recent revelations, DVT is believed to be undertreated and even underdiagnosed in many cases in India, even on par with several Western countries2.
The study9 states that DVT complications lead to more deaths than accidents in the USA. Contrarily, in India, not only is the DVT diagnosis poor, but the testing for deep vein thrombosis is made difficult by symptoms that are clinically silent among the DVT patients.
To Summarize
While DVT starts to appear in your legs or body, it can be disheartening to start the treatment for thrombosis. However, understanding the causes beforehand can be key in preventing DVT through medication or better yet, deep vein thrombosis home treatment.
While it has been declared that slow blood flow and clotting can lead to early-stage DVT in the leg, there are several other causes to look out for and manage from the beginning itself.
Complications from surgery could lead to post-surgery blood clots, which in turn could become DVT complications. However, the bigger risk is the inactivity that follows the surgery, which could lead to slower blood flow and clotting.
It is usually recommended to start a DVT diagnosis as soon as you face a recent trauma or injury. This is because an injury is generally followed by inactivity that you need to recover post-injury.
When there is an injury or infection to the vein, look out for symptoms of DVT in the leg. This is because blood forms clots as a protective mechanism against the infection. These clots could then develop into DVT, which would require medication or deep vein thrombosis home treatment.
To Summarize
Deep Vein Thrombosis treatment at home, when done alongside prescribed medication, is possible and manageable. However, in order to start the treatment process, you need to detect the DVT signs and symptoms in their earlier stages.
You should seek medical care immediately when DVT leads to a pulmonary embolism – a condition affecting your lungs. Here are the warning signs you may come across:
Upon any noticeable symptoms given above, ensure that you contact your doctor immediately before trying deep vein thrombosis treatment at home or any DVT natural treatments.
DVT complications are harder to manage when left untreated, even after noticing the symptoms of DVT in the leg or other parts of your body. Here is how the condition could escalate if untreated:
In order to avoid or reduce the complications that arise from thrombosis, preventing DVT through proactive diagnosis, medication and deep vein thrombosis home treatment are necessary.
To Summarize
Deep vein thrombosis is a common condition found in several Western countries. Some studies11 show that it is not as prevalent in India. Irrespective of how common the condition is, several medical treatments for thrombosis are available for you to try, along with the deep vein thrombosis home treatment.
If you suspect or have been diagnosed with DVT, there are careful procedures to help manage the condition. While there are experts to guide you through your exact needs, going into the treatment for thrombosis with as much information as possible can ease any anxiety and help you prepare better.
You may be asked about any recent surgeries, noticeable clots or leg pain and additional medications you take. They might suggest ultrasound tests to get clarity on the blood clotting leg symptoms and their escalations.
To Summarize
Medications and treatment for any condition could seem daunting. However, there are several deep vein thrombosis home remedies and changes you can begin with to take active steps towards managing the condition. Make sure to consult a doctor first and follow these deep vein thrombosis home remedies only after a doctor’s advice.
Blood thinners and thrombolytics are also called anticoagulants. They may not completely destroy the clots, but they can prevent the formation of new clots.
These are special preventative stockings created to fit around your calves and legs perfectly. They create pressure to push the blood flow up to the rest of your body, especially to your lungs and heart. This pressure is specifically made to prevent the blood from pooling and clotting around your calves.
Since these are stockings designed to add pressure, it is advisable to wear them as soon as you wake up in the morning, before you make any major movements. Putting on lotion before wearing the stockings also reduces skin irritation or friction.
Keeping your legs in an elevated position while sitting or sleeping will help prevent the blood from pooling into a clot and allow the blood to flow to your lungs and heart.
Idleness could speed up the risk of developing DVT. It is important to stay active by taking frequent walks every day to increase blood flow. Avoid sitting for prolonged periods – take scheduled breaks to stretch your legs and move them around. This is one of the most important DVT natural treatments you can take up.
This is specifically important if you are obese as well, as obesity is a risk factor for developing DVT.
It is vital to make healthy dietary changes to keep DVT under control. A typical DVT diet should comprise of:
Smoking causes problems in blood circulation to your lungs and increases the risk of blood clotting as well. It is important that you quit the smoking habit to take control of DVT, along with other health concerns6.
Especially when travelling long distances that involve sitting, so as to ensure your blood circulation is not cut off or clots are not formed easily.
Regarding oral contraceptives that contain oestrogen or any medication you’re taking, which may complicate the treatment of DVT.
To Summarize
It could feel alienating to experience DVT. However, you’re not alone. Here is a collection of stories from real experiences with deep vein thrombosis. These stories are aimed at helping you understand what it feels like to go through DVT and to realise that you have what it takes in preventing DVT and to bring it under control, just like these people did!
“In 2016, when I came home from a 9-hour journey, I suddenly felt uneasy and weak. My daughter asked whether I would need a glass of water but before she could bring me water, I started sweating heavily, tilted backwards and fainted. My daughter immediately called an ambulance and I was admitted to the emergency ward. Once there, I communicated to the healthcare team that I had previously had a blood clot, so I was tested for blood clots. The tests confirmed the presence of blood clots in my lungs.” – Beena
Since the diagnosis, Beena has been on anticoagulant medication for her pulmonary embolism. This is one of the most common DVT complications. Here are her suggestions on how she is coping with the condition:
“I have been dealing with deep vein thrombosis for more than 50 years. I have it in both legs in the groin area. It was diagnosed with it after my lower back surgery. I worked as a manager of an electronic parts distribution company for over 28 years. I am now retired and have been for the past 22 years. I will be 82 years of age this coming October.“ – Jonah
Jonah states that he feels like he has never been inhibited by DVT to lead a relatively normal, fulfilling life. Here are a few ways he has kept the condition under control all these years:
“During my 7-day hospital stay, it was found that I have a genetic susceptibility to clotting, through some tests. I am homozygous for the Factor V Leiden mutation7. This condition and oral contraceptives must have likely been responsible for my clotting episode. Today, I take blood thinners and will mostly do so for the rest of my life. Luckily, I am doing well now. I feel extremely glad to have survived my clotting episode, and I seem to have the condition under control.” – Kishore
Takeaways from Kishore’s journey with DVT are:
“In October 2017, I was 29 and pregnant with my second child. During the eighth week, I had severe morning sickness and vomiting more than five times a day. Everything else seemed normal. However, one day, I experienced a dull pain on my right side near my rib cage. I thought it must be from having slept in an awkward position. But, as the day went on, the pain grew severe and my breathing became short and fast. I took a CT scan and the results showed multiple pulmonary blood clots in the lungs and right-sided pulmonary infarction, a condition where an artery to the lung gets blocked and part of the lung gets damaged. I had to stay in the hospital for 9 days.” – Manasa
Since the episode, Manasa was experiencing anxiety but has started feeling her “body start to heal”, as she looked back at the incident with gratitude for modern medicine and experienced doctors.
Based on her personal experience, here are a few tips for treating Deep vein thrombosis in pregnancy:
DVT treatment in pregnancy can be nerve-racking. Keeping a sense of humour can get you through the anxiety of the incidents.
To Summarize
While medical treatment is recommended, you can supplement it with home remedies by including the following in your diet and routine:
– Ginger
– Pepper cayenne
– Cinnamon
– Garlic cloves
– Food rich in Vitamin D3
– Food rich in Omega 3
– Lifestyle changes such as frequent exercise, movement, quitting smoking and frequent diagnosis as well.
The Deep vein thrombosis symptoms include:
– Swelling in your legs
– Pain in your legs
– Warm skin
– Discolouration of the skin (usually bluish-red)
Walking is recommended for people with DVT, as it increases blood circulation in your legs. Inactivity can easily form blood clots, hence walking, especially while inactive for long periods of time, can help suppress the symptoms of DVT.
Watch out for the following signs to identify if you have a blood clot:
– Pulled muscles
– Cramping in your legs
– Soreness or inflammation
– Discolouration or redness in your leg
– Tightness around the affected area
These are the following steps to perform a DVT test at home:
– Extend the leg you suspect has clotting or vein damage.
– Slowly raise your leg to 10 degrees higher. You can take the help of someone to do the same.
– As your legs are extended and flexed, ask someone to press around your legs, especially your calves and knees for any feelings of soreness, pain or tenderness.
If you experience any of the above, book a consultation with a doctor or get diagnosed online through experts.
Foods to avoid when diagnosed with DVT are:
– Unhealthy fats
– Unsaturated foods
– Unhealthy levels of sodium
– Sugary food
– Processed foods
Ans: A study8 found that coffee can increase the risk of blood clots in your body, especially during exercise. It does not, however, damage the protein that could break down the blood clots.
These are the foods that dissolve blood clots:
– Ginger
– Cinnamon
– Ginkgo Biloba
– Grape seed extract
– Turmeric
– Garlic cloves
– Vitamin D3 and E rich foods
Ans: Although women are 5 times more likely to get diagnosed with Deep vein thrombosis in pregnancy, it usually does not affect the baby unless there are serious complications.
DVT can occur at any age. However, the risk factors such as pregnancies, surgeries, inactivity, injury to the leg, smoking and cancer treatment, can increase the risk of developing DVT.
Ans: Medical treatment for DVT should be carefully administered only after consultation with your doctor, as there are risks of complications. Among the known painkillers, Paracetamol is a safer option that the doctor might suggest with your other DVT medications. You may do research on the effectiveness of painkillers for your condition but never self medicate.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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As a new parent, it is only natural that you are worried about your child and their health. When they fall sick or hurt themselves, you rush to their side immediately. With a condition like Tetralogy of Fallot, a congenital heart defect, it may at first sound alarming to hear and with good reason. However, learning what this condition is and knowing about the various treatment options to manage this can help relieve some of the worries that you may have felt initially.
Congenital heart diseases are defects in the heart that can occur in the baby before birth. There are many types of congenital diseases. Tetralogy of Fallot is one such condition that affects the blood flow in the heart. One common sign of this condition is that a baby’s skin may appear bluish. Babies diagnosed with tetralogy of fallot usually require immediate treatment to prevent further complications.
While this can seem daunting, understanding the diagnosis and various prevention and treatment methods can help relieve the stress and anxiety around the condition. Keep reading to learn more about Tetralogy of Fallot in babies.
Tetralogy of Fallot is a rare heart condition that is caused by four different but related heart defects that can occur during birth[1]. Together, these defects can cause an increase of deoxygenated blood in the baby’s bloodstream.
Four conditions that together cause Tetralogy of Fallot are:
Because of this, children and infants who suffer from this defect may have slightly blue-tinged skin. This is also why the Tetralogy of Fallot is a cyanotic heart defect – cyanosis refers to the blue discolouration of the skin.
Tetralogy of Fallot is often diagnosed at infancy or soon after. However, in some cases, this condition might not be detected until the baby reaches adulthood.
Tetralogy of Fallot is shown to occur in around 3-5 out of 10,000 live births globally[2]. While this heart defect was first identified over 120 years ago, its exact cause is yet to be known. Approximately 15% of individuals suffering from Tetralogy of Fallot have certain genetic abnormalities related to other birth defects.
In India, around 4 out of 1,000 babies are born with congenital heart defects. Tetralogy of Fallot accounts for 7% to 32% of these cases.
A study conducted on 819 patients who have undergone Tetralogy of Fallot repair surgery between the ages of 10, 20 and 30 years showed survival rates of 95.8%, 92.7% and 90.5%.
Children who have been diagnosed with Tetralogy of Fallot usually need to go for regular checkups with a cardiologist for the rest of their lives. They may also have some lifestyle restrictions in order to prevent complications arising in the future. In some cases, multiple surgeries may also be required to treat this cyanotic heart defect.
Tetralogy of Fallot can be fatal if not treated properly and quickly enough. Some complications of tetralogy of fallot include bacterial and viral heart infections, arrhythmias or irregular heartbeat issues, blood clots, heart failure and in the worst cases, death.
This is why, in most cases, corrective surgery is performed within the first year after birth to prevent complications from developing later on.
Key Takeaways
The signs of Tetralogy of Fallot are visible a few weeks after birth. The symptoms may also vary based on the intensity of the condition. An early diagnosis of Tetralogy of Fallot can help your child get treated in time and avoid future complications. The symptoms of tetralogy of fallot in Indian infants include:
Babies who have been diagnosed with tetralogy of fallot may sometimes experience sudden bluish discolouration in their skin, lips or nails. This is usually accompanied by crying, discomfort or agitation. These episodes are called tet spells (also called hypoxic spell or cyanotic spell) and they occur due to a sudden drop in blood-oxygen levels (i.e. Hypoxia). Tet spells occur more commonly in infants between the ages of 2 and 4 months.
It’s best to seek medical assistance immediately if your baby is:
If you notice your child is having a tet spell or is generally turning blue, a quick first aid would be to lay your child on the side and lift his/her knees up against the chest. This can temporarily help increase the blood flow to the lungs.
Key Takeaways
Tetralogy of Fallot in babies usually occurs in the pregnancy stage when the baby’s heart is being developed. While the actual causes of tetralogy of fallot are unknown, the condition comprises of 4 main heart defects:
As mentioned briefly earlier, the exact cause of tetralogy of fallot remains unknown. However, there are a few factors that can put your child at risk of developing this cyanotic heart defect. They include:
A viral illness, such as rubella, during pregnancy has been associated with the Tetralogy of Fallot.[7] If you think you have a viral infection while pregnant, it’s best to seek medical attention at the earliest.
Proper diet and nutrition are necessary when pregnant to ensure a healthy pregnancy term for you and your child in order to prevent congenital heart defects like tetralogy of fallot in your baby. Therefore, if you are pregnant or are planning a pregnancy, do seek the advice of your gynaecologist for your dietary requirements throughout your pregnancy.
Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can cause problems for your unborn baby and should be avoided at all costs.
Mothers older than 35 years old have an increased risk of conceiving babies with various birth defects, including heart conditions such as the Tetralogy of Fallot.
If any of the parents have a history of Tetralogy of Fallot, the child may be at risk of developing the same[8]. In such cases, it is always better to have a detailed ultrasound of the child’s heart in its early stages. If any abnormality or defect is noticed in your child, consult with your doctors and get Tetralogy of Fallot treatment at the earliest.
Tetralogy of Fallot may develop in babies with Down’s syndrome or DiGeorge syndrome.
Key Takeaways
If your doctor suspects your child may have a congenital heart defect, he/she may perform various diagnostic tests based on the symptoms your child may be showing. Some of the tests that the doctor may perform to rule out a tetralogy of fallot diagnosis include:
During pregnancy, the baby’s heart is one of the first organs that start to develop and so tetralogy of fallot in a baby can be detected as early as 8 weeks into the pregnancy through fetal Echocardiography, which is not easily available and requires expertise[3].
An early diagnosis of a congenital heart defect like tetralogy of fallot can go a long way in managing the condition effectively in the future. During your appointment, it’s best to let your doctor know about:
Tetralogy of Fallot is a condition that usually requires surgical treatment at the earliest after birth. Post diagnosis, you may be:
Key Takeaways
If and when tetralogy of fallot is detected in your child, the doctor may suggest any of the following treatment options based on the symptoms and the severity of the condition:
Through this surgery, the functioning of the right ventricle is restored. Due to this, it eventually goes back to its normal thickness. The blood-oxygen level also increases.
In this surgery, a temporary tube, known as a shunt, is placed between the main artery, aorta and the pulmonary artery so that oxygen-rich and deoxygenated blood can circulate between the right side of the heart and either lung. When the doctor feels your baby is ready for intracardiac repair, the shunt is then removed during the procedure.
After surgery, your child will be taken to the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) or Cardiac Surgical Unit (CSU). Your child’s healthcare provider may:
Your child’s healthcare provider will monitor several parameters as part of the recovery:
Possible complications, include:
People who have had surgery to repair tetralogy fallot usually require lifelong care with a cardiologist to monitor the functioning of the heart and for any complications that may arise. Therefore, effective management of Tetralogy of Fallot may include frequent visits to the doctor, undergoing imaging tests and other diagnostic tests to evaluate the progress of treatment and also certain lifestyle and activity restrictions to prevent worsening of the condition.
Key Takeaways
If you are a pregnant woman or one who is planning a pregnancy, your doctor may recommend a few lifestyle changes to help lower the risk of your baby developing tetralogy of fallot in the womb. These include:
Being sick can lead to complications during pregnancy that may put the baby at risk. Expecting mothers need to be wary about contracting rubella (german measles), an infection that can put your child at risk of developing congenital heart disease. Here are some ways you can lower your risk:
During pregnancy, a woman must refrain from drinking alcohol and smoking in order to protect herself and her baby from serious health problems[4]. Heavy exposure to environmental pollutants such as cigarette smoke may increase blood pressure for both the mother and foetus, which can be dangerous for them throughout their lives. Other causes of high blood pressure include stress, lack of physical activity and being obese.
Eating a healthy diet and staying active during pregnancy is the best thing you can do for your baby. Not only do you give birth to healthier babies but it can also put both moms-to-be and their children on a better path toward long-term health.
The hormone changes, body aches and pains can all contribute to a lack of restful sleep. Pregnant women who do not get enough quality sleep may be more likely to:
Therefore, being stress-free and enjoying your pregnancy as much as possible can go a long way in protecting your baby’s health as well. If you seem to be struggling with your mental health during pregnancy, seeking the support of your friends and family or even a qualified counsellor can help you cope with the anxieties around this stage of life.
Post-treatment, the doctor may recommend certain lifestyle changes to help effectively manage tetralogy of fallot in your child. They include:
Adults with congenital heart defects would also have lifestyle restrictions and may need counselling around:
Friends and family members can provide emotional support to the expectant mother. They can help encourage and ease stressors around pregnancy while also providing the physical help the mother requires during pregnancy and even after birth.
If you’re struggling with your mental health during pregnancy or after birth, attending counselling sessions with a qualified mental health therapist can also help relieve the stresses and anxieties surrounding this stage of life. Mental health therapists are trained to listen without judgment and can offer practical solutions to help: Make your pregnancy a safe and enjoyable experience mentally and physically, ease worries and fears around your child’s overall health.
Sometimes, knowing that you are not alone in your struggle can go a long way in building courage and confidence within yourself. Joining a support group of new mothers can help give you a platform to voice your concerns and also receive encouragement around your child’s health.
It is a very rare condition, so it can be difficult for parents to know what Tetralogy of Fallot symptoms they should be concerned about. Therefore, increasing your knowledge and understanding about congenital heart defects can help you be well prepared mentally and physically for what may come.
While tracking the progress of your child’s health is crucial from a medical standpoint, it can also somewhat serve as a motivator, especially when you see how far your child has come. Seeing how your child is growing can also give you a positive feeling and ease your worries around battling the condition over time.
Key Takeaways
Also Read: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
Tetralogy of Fallot can be corrected with an open-heart surgery either immediately after birth or during infancy. At times, adults or teenagers who have Tetralogy of Fallot repaired in childhood may need additional surgery to correct any heart issues that may have developed over time.
The exact reason why the Tetralogy of Fallot develops is not always understood. Every year, around 1 % of babies born in the world suffer from congenital heart defects. Approximately 10% of these babies are diagnosed with the Tetralogy of Fallot. It is generally detected a couple of weeks or months after birth. Furthermore, the prevalence of TOF is considered to be around 1 in 3,000 live births.
After proper cardiac surgery, children with Tetralogy of Fallot have good survival chances with a great quality of life. Approximately 75% of infants who have gone through the repair surgery during infancy will survive well. A healthy lifestyle and regular follow-up are important factors that determine the survival of these patients.
Tetralogy of Fallot surgery generally takes around five to six hours. However, the preparation and recovery process further adds a couple of hours. The child is taken to the cardiothoracic operating room and the surgery is performed under general anaesthesia. After the procedure, the baby will be shifted to the cardiothoracic intensive recovery unit. The baby is likely to spend several days in this unit.
The main treatment options for tetralogy of fallot include intracardiac repair and temporary shunt surgery. They both are open-heart surgeries aimed at repairing heart defects and increasing the flow of blood to the lungs. Sometimes, children may require multiple surgeries to manage tetralogy of fallot complications. Your child’s doctor would be able to advise you on the right treatment procedure required for the child.
Tetralogy of Fallot occurs when the heart cannot develop properly within the eight weeks of fetal growth. The disorder can occur due to genetic as well as environmental factors. For a majority of babies with Tetralogy of Fallot, no genetic cause was identified. Some of them may have other defects or health issues with TOF associated with a genetic syndrome.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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An aneurysm (bulging of a blood vessel) can be a frightening problem to have. Fortunately, thanks to advancements in the field of medicine, there are new procedures for abdominal aortic aneurysm treatment that are often life-saving. Abdominal aortic aneurysms affect the aorta, one of the largest arteries in the body. Any damage to the aorta can be dangerous and needs to be dealt with immediately.
It can sometimes be difficult to spot the condition in the initial stages, but there are a set of symptoms one can be mindful of. Learn about the diagnosis and treatment methods for Abdominal aortic aneurysms recommended by experts.
An aneurysm is a bulge that forms on an artery wall. It usually forms due to three common reasons:
Your aorta runs through the centre of your body from your chest to your abdomen, similar to your spine. Along its length, it can be split into two sections: the thoracic aorta, which runs the length of your chest and the abdominal aorta, which is behind your abdomen. An aneurysm that forms on the walls of the abdominal aorta is known as an abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Research has indicated that abdominal aneurysms are more common in older people. Over 60% of abdominal aortic aneurysms happen in people who are over 75 years old[2], and those with hypertension and smoking habits are more likely to get it. Abdominal aortic aneurysms are less common in women, who account for roughly 25% of all cases.
Once detected, it may be possible to treat the aneurysm using surgery, depending on the circumstances. It is important to deal with the aneurysm before it ruptures, as a ruptured aneurysm can cause heavy internal bleeding that can be fatal. However, aneurysms can show no initial symptoms, and in such cases, doctors may prefer to do medical monitoring until there is a risk of rupture.
To Summarize
The key factor when it comes to treatment for an abdominal aortic aneurysm is to detect it before it can rupture. There are a few warning signs you should pay attention to and some routine check-ups that can help to find it before it becomes a problem.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm symptoms vary from person to person, depending on the location and size of the aneurysm. Some people may have absolutely no symptoms, while others can have one or many of the following abdominal aortic aneurysm symptoms:
If you’ve got two or more of the above symptoms, it may be a good idea to get yourself checked. Since aneurysms can present with very few symptoms, paying attention to the combination of abdominal aortic aneurysm symptoms can help you detect it early and put yourself at ease.
The larger an aneurysm becomes, the more likely you will feel the symptoms, but the likelihood of a ruptured aortic aneurysm increases with its size.
Aneurysms are more likely to rupture once they become larger than 5.5 cm. However, aneurysms can grow without causing symptoms or distress. Therefore, it is difficult to say when symptoms will present. Instead of looking for symptoms, it is better to get routine checkups once a year to make sure you are not at risk[4].
In case of an emergency, you should call an ambulance and describe the symptoms that the patient is having. A ruptured aneurysm can cause internal bleeding and a heavy drop in blood pressure. Therefore, it is crucial to get the patient to a hospital with emergency services and a blood bank. If you are able to safely transport the patient, then it is vital to take them immediately to a medical facility. Keep an eye on the patient’s blood pressure with a BP home monitor and note down the readings if possible. This may be able to help the doctors evaluate the situation and plan their next step.
An aneurysm is a bulging or ballooning of blood vessels that have grown at a weak spot in the walls of an artery. A ruptured aortic aneurysm is therefore likely to cause a lot of blood loss in a short period of time.
A ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm is among the most lethal surgical emergencies with a mortality rate of around 45-60% and can go up to 90% in case of delayed transit or elderly people. This is why it is important to detect and apply for treatment before the risk of rupturing becomes too high.
A ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm can cause clots to be released into the bloodstream. If these clots make their way to the heart or block arteries, then there is a significant risk of a heart attack.
A ruptured aortic aneurysm causes large quantities of blood to go out of the cardiovascular system. The loss of blood can cause kidney injury when the kidneys do not get enough blood from the heart.
To Summarize
An aneurysm is created by a weakness in the wall of the arteries. The weakness could be caused by any of the following reasons:
High blood pressure has been shown to increase the risk of damage to your blood vessels. This damage creates weaknesses in the artery walls and increases the risk of an aneurysm forming. The most common causes of high blood pressure include smoking, stress, lack of physical activity, and being obese.
Diseases that affect the blood vessels may cause damage to the arterial walls. This damage causes weaknesses in the walls, which creates an opportunity for aneurysms to form.
Weaknesses in the artery walls can also be caused by injury. If you have been in any accidents, especially where your body has been pierced or severely injured, it is a good idea to get a checkup after a few months or a year to see if any aneurysms have developed.
Infections damage the cells of the body. If an infection adjacent to the aorta spreads and damages the blood vessel, it can cause a weakness in the arterial wall where an aneurysm can grow.
Of all the factors that can cause an aneurysm, this is the one that we have the most control over. Atherosclerosis is a hardening of the arteries with a plaque that is formed by fats and cholesterol. This buildup of plaque is usually caused by a lack of physical activity and a poor diet that has high levels of sodium (salt), cholesterol and unsaturated fats. Atherosclerosis increases your blood pressure and the risk of clots forming in your blood. Atherosclerosis prevention involves adopting lifestyle changes like quitting smoking, staying physically active, managing stress and following the diet chart for heart patients.
A healthy lifestyle is one of the best ways to reduce the risk of disease and ailments. Whether an aneurysm develops or not is difficult to control, but you can reduce your risk significantly by improving your lifestyle.
A balanced diet is built around heart-healthy foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dairy and lean meats[5]. It is important to avoid processed foods and grains, especially the kind you find in fast food and junk foods.
According to WHO, adults should restrict their salt intake to less than 5 grams a day, and adults who have hypertension or an increased risk of cardiovascular disease should reduce their salt intake to less than 2.5 grams a day.
Here’s a list of foods that you should eat and those you should avoid. It is important to note that dietary restrictions vary greatly from person to person based on individual health needs. It is suggested to consult your doctor and nutritionist to understand the best diet plan for yourself.
| Food Types | Foods to Eat | Foods to Avoid |
| Leafy Greens | Lettuce, spinach, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, broccoli | —– |
| Vegetables | Low glycemic index vegetables – green peas, tomatoes, cucumber, beans, brinjal, capsicum | High glycemic index veggies – Potato, sweet potato, beetroot, carrots |
| Fruits | Berries, oranges, apples, papaya, guava | High glycemic index fruits – Bananas, mangoes, grapes and dates |
| Nuts | Almonds, walnuts, macadamia nuts, pistachios | Salted nut mixture or too many nuts in one serving |
| Seeds | Flax seeds, fenugreek seeds (methi), sunflower seeds, hemp seeds, chia seeds | — |
| Dairy | Low-fat yoghurt, toned/skim milk, cheese | Flavoured yoghurt, cream, mayonnaise, sandwich spreads, salad dressings |
| Meats | Lean meats – grilled fish, chicken breast | Processed red meats, Deep-fried meat |
| Eggs | Egg whites | Yolk of the egg |
| Grains | Quinoa, multi-grain bread, buckwheat, oats, barley, rye | White bread, white rice |
| Oils | Sunflower oil, canola oil, peanut oil, olive oil, ghee, sesame oil in limited quantity | Hydrogenated oils found in deep-fried foods like chips, french fries, packaged snacks, coconut oil, margarine, vegetable shortening, butter |
| Beverages | Fresh fruit and vegetable smoothies without sugar – preferably those that have a low glycemic index, buttermilk, lime water | Sodas and packaged juices |
Smoking and drinking alcohol can cause atherosclerosis over a period of time. This can lead to hypertension and an increased risk of damage to the blood vessels.
Keeping an eye on your blood pressure can help you find out if you have hypertension and allows you to implement corrective measures before it becomes a problem. A blood pressure monitor at home can make it really easy to check your blood pressure and keep track of your lifestyle.
According to WHO, a lack of physical activity is one of the leading causes of conditions like diabetes, hypertension and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.
WHO recommends at least 150 minutes of exercise a week to manage the risk of lifestyle diseases like diabetes and hypertension. Brisk walking for 25 – 40 minutes a day can improve your overall health significantly[6].
To Summarize
Fortunately, there are several ways to diagnose and apply for treatment of an abdominal aortic aneurysm in India. Your doctor might start with:
Getting examined by a doctor can help you detect a variety of medical issues before they become problems. A proper physical exam can give the doctor an indication of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, which can be confirmed with additional testing.
Your doctor might also ask you for a detailed medical history as that can be very helpful when diagnosing abdominal aortic aneurysms. Details of previous diseases and injuries which could have damaged blood vessels can help your doctor evaluate the necessary treatment option for your condition.
There are several ways of checking for an aneurysm that are non-invasive and quite accurate. However, each situation is different and requires an appropriate approach. Some tests are done to check the risk of an aneurysm, while some are done to confirm whether or not you have one. They include:
| Type of Test | How it is done | What does the doctor check for? |
| Blood tests | A sample of blood is drawn through a needle inserted into a vein. | High levels of cholesterol and triglyceridesAbnormal readings on your red blood cell parameters |
| Abdominal ultrasound | Non-invasive test.An ultrasound wand is pressed against the abdomen that, through sound waves, creates a picture of the abdomen on a monitor. | Abnormalities in the blood flow in the abdomen |
| CT Scan | Uses small amounts of radiation to generate cross-section images of the inside of the body.You will be asked to lie on a table and will be passed through a tunnel-like machine.Sometimes, a dye will be injected for the doctor to get a better view of your blood vessels. | Structure and abnormalities in the aortaSize and shape of the aneurysm |
| MRI | Uses computer-generated radio waves to create images of the insides of the body.More detailed than a CT scan.More expensive than a CT scan.You will be asked to lie on a table and will be passed through a tunnel-like machine. | Structure and abnormalities in the aortaSize and shape of the aneurysm |
| Angiography | Type of X-ray used to evaluate blood vessels.A catheter containing special dye is inserted via an artery to the blood vessels.Images of blood vessels are captured for further evaluation. | Blood flow through the cardiovascular systemAbnormalities in blood vessels or blockage |
They are usually done to assess your risk of aneurysms. High levels of cholesterol and triglycerides as well as abnormal readings on your red blood cell parameters can indicate atherosclerosis, which is a risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysms.
Your doctor might do an ultrasound to get a view inside the abdomen to check for an abdominal aortic aneurysm. The test is conducted by pressing an ultrasound wand against your abdomen, which creates sound waves in your body and generates a sonar picture of how the blood flows through the aorta. The picture shows up live on a monitor so that the doctor or ultrasound technician can understand what’s going on. This is a non-invasive way of diagnosing abdominal aortic aneurysms without causing patients any distress.
Commonly known as a CT scan, a computed tomography imaging scan uses X-rays to make cross-section images of the inside of the body. It is capable of creating clear images of the aorta and measuring both the size and shape of an aneurysm.
During the CT scan, you will be asked to lie as still as possible on a table that moves into a tunnel-like machine. Depending on the situation, contrast dye is injected into your blood to make it easier to see the blood vessels. After the scanning is complete, you will be taken out of the tunnel and the technicians or the doctors will examine the imaging to see if you have an aneurysm or any other abnormalities in your body.
CT scans use small amounts of radiation, which are safe for most people, but if you are pregnant, the doctor is likely to recommend that you take an MRI scan instead. Certain contrast dyes can cause negative reactions in some patients. However, these are rare occurrences.
Magnetic resonance imaging scanning, known more popularly as the MRI scan, is a method that uses computer-generated radio waves and a magnetic field that bounces off of the water molecules and fat cells in your body. It provides more detailed imaging than a CT scan but is usually more expensive.
Similar to the CT scan, you will be asked to lie down on a table and you will go into a tunnel where the scan happens. If you have a pacemaker or any other medical implants, make sure the doctors or technicians are aware of it before you enter the MRI machine. The sound inside the tunnel during the scan is quite loud, so you may want to wear earplugs to drown out the sound and keep yourself calm while you lie still to get a good scan.
X-rays do not provide a clear picture of the blood vessels, so a contrast dye is injected into the bloodstream to make the blood vessels appear more clearly on the imaging. X-ray imaging created using angiography are known as angiograms. During this process, a catheter is inserted into an artery through which the contrast dye is fed into the blood vessels.
The angiography is concluded when there are enough images to see clearly how the blood flows through the cardiovascular system. Any detours or abnormalities in the blood flow are investigated to check for aneurysms. It typically takes between half an hour to 2 hours to complete an angiography and there are usually no side effects. Some people may react negatively to certain contrast dyes.
Consult your doctor and get a risk assessment for abdominal aortic aneurysms. It is recommended for people who are over 65 years to be screened once every 2 or 3 years.
If your risk factors are significant, your doctor is likely to recommend an ultrasound exam to check the abdominal artery for any abnormalities[7].
To Summarize
There are several options for aneurysm repair and abdominal aortic aneurysm treatment in India. Here’s what you need to know about the various methods:
Typically, aortic aneurysm surgery is avoided until the aneurysm reaches a size of around 5.5 cm. Exceptions to this are when there is a higher risk of rupture or if the aneurysm is growing at a quick pace. Pain or discomfort due to the aneurysm is another reason to proceed to a surgical route for treatment.
This is the most commonly used surgical procedure in the treatment for an abdominal aortic aneurysm. In this procedure, the surgeon inserts a thin, flexible catheter into the leg and guides it through the cardiovascular system into the abdominal aorta.
How is it done?
This procedure is fairly effective, but it may not be an option in cases where there are complications with the treatment for an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Even after the repair of the aneurysm, it is important to be vigilant and get regular imaging tests to ensure that the graft is securely in place and that the aneurysm isn’t leaking.
This is a more comprehensive solution in treatment, but because it is an open abdominal surgery with certain risks, your doctor will only recommend it in situations where it is appropriate.
How is it done?
In this procedure, the damaged part of the abdominal artery is removed and replaced with a graft. The graft treats the artery and allows the aneurysm to be cut out completely. The major drawback of this surgery is the recovery time, which can be more than a month, depending on the circumstances.
Both endovascular repair and abdominal surgery are excellent treatments for an abdominal aortic aneurysm with similar success rates[8].
Until there are symptoms or significant risk of a ruptured aortic aneurysm, doctors prefer to avoid conducting a surgical repair of aneurysms and instead keep an eye on the aneurysm through regular checkups and imaging tests. Aneurysms that are small and not growing quickly are not considered dangerous and the focus in these cases is on managing blood pressure and other risk factors.
Medical monitoring of an aneurysm involves around 2-3 ultrasound imaging tests a year after the diagnosis and routine checkups to monitor blood pressure. Consult your doctor to find out how to best manage any symptoms and risks specific to your condition.
If the doctor recommends aortic aneurysm treatment without surgery, here’s what you can do to lower the risk of a ruptured aortic aneurysm along with medical monitoring.
Lifting heavy objects and vigorous physical exercise can cause your blood pressure to increase for a short period of time and create pressure on your abdomen when your muscles contract. Both these factors increase the risk of a ruptured aortic aneurysm, so it is best to exercise in a light and controlled manner. Consult your doctor to find out what you should avoid based on the location and size of your aneurysm.
When you are stressed, your body secretes a hormone called cortisol, which elevates your blood pressure. By reducing and managing the stress in your life, you will be actively lowering the risk of a ruptured AAA.
Going to therapy or counselling or even following a self-help book with mental health techniques can go a long way towards lowering your blood pressure.
Adopting a heart-healthy diet is one of the best ways to manage your blood pressure and lipid profile. By reducing your consumption of processed foods, fried foods, sugars and salt, your blood pressure can be managed very effectively even without medication. You can also follow the diet chart for heart patients after consulting a dietician.
While you make changes to your lifestyle, it is also a good idea to monitor your blood pressure regularly to see if it is getting closer to normal. If your blood pressure is elevated or in a hypertensive stage despite your efforts to control it, consult your doctor to find out how to manage it through other methods.
In conclusion, diagnosing abdominal aortic aneurysms before they rupture is the key to successfully treating or managing the condition. In a majority of cases, treatment for an abdominal aortic aneurysm is successful and patients go on to live normally without compromising their quality of life.
To Summarize
Also Read: Ventricular Septal Defect Treatment in India
Blood tests are used as a screening method for the risks of an aneurysm. Certain markers in your bloo,d working along with your blood pressure, can indicate to a doctor that you should try an imaging test to see if you’ve got an aneurysm.
People over the age of 65 should get checked for an aneurysm at least once and then more regularly, depending on the recommendations of a doctor. Those with a high risk of developing aneurysms due to factors such as age, obesity, hypertension, smoking, drinking and genetic conditions should get screened to assess risk and then get tested if a doctor recommends it.
The warning signs of an aneurysm can vary from person to person but the most commonly noted symptoms of an unruptured aneurysm are as follows:
– Shortness of breath
– Deep pain in the abdomen or belly area
– Back pain
– Fatigue and dizziness
– Feeling of pulsations in the abdomen region
After an open abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery, you may need over a month to heal completely. An endovascular repair procedure, on the other hand, takes significantly less time and aside from avoiding strenuous physical activity and certain foods, you should be able to function normally in a short time as recommended by your doctor or surgeon.
After open abdominal aortic surgery, you will need to rest and recover for a month or maybe more. Once you have fully healed from the surgical wounds, you should be able to live a normal life. Consult your doctor to understand how the surgery will affect you specifically.
Treatments for an abdominal aortic aneurysm in most cases are very effective and many patients go on to live a good quality life post-surgery. Endovascular repair is a very effective treatment, but it does not remove the aneurysm from the arterial wall. Open abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery removes the aneurysm completely and addresses the weakness in the arterial wall. After the recovery period, you will be able to live a completely normal life.
When an aneurysm reaches around 5.5 cm in size, it may become necessary to treat it through surgery. Aortic aneurysm surgery may also be needed if the aneurysm is growing too fast or if your doctor decides that the risk of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm is high.
Aortic aneurysm treatment without surgery is essentially the management of blood pressure combined with routine screening and imaging tests. Many aneurysms end up being harmless and do not have any negative effect on the patient. However, it is important to keep an eye on it to make sure any risk of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm is addressed on time.
If the aneurysm is detected before it ruptures, then the chances of survival are good, depending on the location and size of the aneurysm. Getting the right kind of treatment in time can help you make a full recovery.
Ruptured aneurysms are surgical emergencies with a mortality rate of around 90%. Even with quick response times and rushing the patient to the hospital, the rupture of a major artery causes rapid internal bleeding that can cause the body’s systems to fail before emergency operative treatment can be administered.
Avoid all processed foods and fast foods and reduce your salt intake. Your diet must restrict unsaturated fats, cholesterol and excess sodium, all of which are contributors to atherosclerosis, high blood pressure and most cardiovascular diseases.
Examples – Food made from maida (refined wheat flour), white bread, white rice, french fries, pickle, deep-fried chicken.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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After the brain, the human eye is one of the most complex organs in the body. Did you know your eye contains over 2 million working parts that allow you to see in perfect detail? While your eyes are also one of the fastest self-healing body parts, unfortunately, it is still prone to damage as an effect of other conditions such as Diabetic Retinopathy (DR).
According to a recent survey conducted by the Union Health Ministry, over 17% of Indians who previously had diabetes developed diabetic retinopathy, with 3.6% of instances being potentially sight threatening [1]. Another study found that 10.4% of people in rural areas had diabetes, and around 10.3% had diabetic retinopathy[2].
Without proper diabetic retinopathy treatment, especially in the more severe cases, the individual is likely to suffer from complete vision loss.
Getting the right treatment is important, especially when it is caught at an early stage. In this article, we are going to look at what is diabetic retinopathy, the symptoms and causes and finally, the treatment for diabetic retinopathy. Let’s look at what diabetic retinopathy is.
Diabetic Retinopathy occurs when blood vessels in the retina (the light-sensitive tissue behind the eye) become damaged. Diabetic retinopathy is a common eye problem in diabetes that may occur in anyone with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Retinopathy generally occurs as a result of untreated, uncontrolled or undiagnosed diabetes. While diabetic retinopathy in India is more common in males than females, if you have been dealing with any form of diabetes for a long period of time, it is best to consult an eye doctor to check for diabetic retinopathy.
There are two types of diabetic retinopathy – Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).
These diabetic retinopathy types depend on how much the condition has advanced. We will explore these diabetic retinopathy stages in further detail in section 3.
Diabetic retinopathy is an eye problem in diabetes that is usually caused by high blood sugar levels in the body over a long period of time[3]. The excess sugar in the blood eventually causes damage to the very blood vessels that supply blood to the retina.
The retina, as we know, is a light-sensitive tissue in the back of the eye that functions to convert images into nerve impulses that the brain can process. In diabetic retinopathy, these blood vessels get blocked, in turn weakening the blood supply to the retina. This decrease in blood flow can cause the growth of newer but abnormal blood vessels that can leak blood and fluid and create scar tissue in the retina, causing it to tear or detach. This leads to vision impairment and eventually blindness if left untreated.
While prolonged Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes is one of the most commonly found diabetic retinopathy causes in India today, some other diabetic retinopathy risk factors include:
Keeping your blood sugar levels in check with a proper diabetes diet plan, exercise, and doctor-prescribed medicines can help slow the development of the condition. In many cases, surgical or invasive treatment is needed only if your condition is severe.
Abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina, if left untreated, can cause complications leading to serious vision problems. Some common complications of diabetic retinopathy include:
Diabetic retinopathy in India, although an increasingly common diabetes eye problem, can be treated and prevented by getting regular eye tests, managing blood sugar levels and intervening early as soon as mild symptoms show up. It is advised to consult a good ophthalmologist from time to time who will be able to give you the right advice on diabetic retinopathy management and prevention.
To Summarize
Diabetic retinopathy is a diabetic eye problem that is caused by damage to the blood vessels in the retina. Many may show little to no symptoms in the early stages of the condition. However, as the condition progresses, some diabetic retinopathy symptoms emerge, such as:
Diabetic retinopathy usually affects both eyes[4].
When these diabetic retinopathy symptoms appear, they mostly appear in both the eyes and are a sign to take immediate action towards the right treatment. If you currently have diabetes, it is advised to schedule an annual eye exam irrespective of the state of your vision for a person who does not have diabetic retinopathy changes. For someone who already has established diabetic retinopathy, more frequent doctor visits are required[5].If you notice any changes in your eyesight or anything unusual with your vision, please consult an eye specialist (ophthalmologist) without delay.
Screening recommendations for patients with diabetes with no complaint of eye problems
| Type of diabetes | Eye Examination by an Ophthalmologist |
| Type 1 diabetes | Within 5 years of onset of diabetes, followed by annual routine eye check-ups. |
| Type 2 diabetes | At the time of diagnosis of diabetes, annual routine eye check-ups. |
| Women with preexisting diabetes planning pregnancy or if already pregnant. | Before planning a pregnancy or in the first trimester if already pregnant. |
| Women with gestational diabetes | An eye examination is not required during pregnancy if there is no problem with eyesight. |
However, if you do happen to experience common diabetic retinopathy signs like a sudden vision change, blurriness or dark spots in your vision, consult with your eye doctor at the earliest to prevent further complications.
To Summarize
Diabetic retinopathy tends to progress in 4 stages from a non-proliferative state to a proliferative state. This is also called grades of diabetic retinopathy. If not arrested with the treatment, it can be dangerous. Let’s explore the 4 stages in more detail:
This is the earliest diabetic retinopathy stage in which there is a balloon-like deformation in the blood vessels of the retina called microaneurysms.
This is the second grade of diabetic retinopathy. As the condition begins to progress, the main blood vessels that provide blood supply to your retina start to swell and alter in shape. They become partially blocked and unable to function properly, affecting the appearance of the retina. Fluid can leak from blood vessels to the retina. Part of it (macula) is responsible for focussing images and can cause the macula to swell up due to fluid leakage and causes blurring or sometimes loss of vision.
| STAGES OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY In Uncontrolled Diabetes | |||||
| Time Frame in Years | 0 | 3 to 5 | 5 to 10 | 10 to 15 | More than 15 |
| Stages of DR | Normal Eye | Stage 1Mild Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy | Stage 2Moderate Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy | Stage 3Severe Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy | Stage 4Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy |
| Onset of Diabetes | → | → | → | → | |
| Changes in Retina | No Retinopathy | A few small bulges in the blood vessels | A few small bulges in the blood vesselsSpots of blood leakageDeposits of cholesterol | Larger spots of blood leakageIrregular beading in veinsGrowth of new vessels at optic diskBlockage of blood vessels | Beading in veinsGrowth of new blood vessels elsewhere in retinaClouding of visionComplete vision loss |
In this third diabetic retinopathy stage, multiple retinal blood vessels get blocked, cutting off blood supply to the retina, which then signals the secretion of special proteins responsible for the formation of new blood vessels.
This is the 4th and most advanced or critical diabetic retinopathy stage. In this stage, new blood vessels grow along the surface of the retina and then spill over into the vitreous humor, the clear, jelly-like substance in the eyeball. Blood and fluid can leak out of these fragile new blood vessels, causing abnormalities in your vision (vitreous haemorrhage). Scar tissue begins to form that can cause retinal tears or detachment of the retina entirely. If left untreated, this can lead to permanent vision loss.
Patients may not even experience any noticeable symptoms in the first two stages of this diabetic retinopathy classification. However, early detection is key in easy diabetic retinopathy management. By scheduling regular eye examinations with your eye doctor, you can closely monitor the progression of the condition and prevent it from worsening by medication or lifestyle changes. The pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy can be due to many factors, and if severe, your ophthalmologist will also be able to recommend the right treatment needed to reverse the damage.
To Summarize
Since the condition may start off small and then progress in severity, screening for diabetic retinopathy may involve a few basic tests; then, if needed, your doctor may move on to some more comprehensive eye exams. Here are a few ways diabetic retinopathy is diagnosed in India:
This is usually the first test that a doctor may conduct as part of the diabetic retinopathy diagnosis. A vision test is conducted to check for any unusual changes in vision – both near vision and distance vision. Since diabetic retinopathy symptoms may be absent for many during the early stages of the condition, to rule out the presence of diabetic retinopathy, the doctor may suggest eye dilation.
This diagnostic test is a common eye exam conducted to check for any abnormalities inside of the eye. As part of the dilated eye exam, your doctor will give you special eye drops and request that you keep your eyes closed for the recommended duration of time (usually 30 to 45 minutes). These eye drops make your pupils dilated or open wider, allowing your eye doctor to get a clearer look of the inside of your eye with the help of their viewing instruments.
In this diabetic retinopathy diagnosis test, a special dye will be injected into a vein, usually in your arm. The dye travels along your blood vessels and reaches your eyes. It can be pictured through a special camera. This will allow your eye doctor to monitor how the blood flows in your eye. Then, with the help of a special camera, photographs will be taken of your eye to determine if any vessels are showing blockage, tears or leaks. It can also help to identify the formation of abnormal blood vessels in that region.
The Optical Coherence Tomography test is an imaging test that makes use of light waves to capture cross-section images of your retina. You will be asked to sit in front of the OCT device while resting your head on a support. The machine will then scan your eye and produce images of your retina. Screening for diabetic retinopathy using this process will take up to 10 minutes. If your eyes are dilated, it’s normal to experience light sensitivity for a few hours post-exam. Through this diagnostic test, your eye doctor will be able to see each of the layers of your retina and measure its thickness. Through the OCT test, doctors will be able to detect the presence of diabetic eye problems as well as glaucoma, swelling of the macula and other eye-related conditions.
To Summarize
Also Read: Mounjaro (Injection): Uses, Side Effects, Dosage, and How It Works
Diabetic retinopathy treatment in India is prescribed by an ophthalmologist according to the stage and severity of the condition. Diabetic retinopathy, if left untreated, has the potential to cause irreversible vision loss, and therefore, early detection and diagnosis is key for a full recovery.
If doctors start to see some mild diabetic retinopathy signs, they may recommend medication such as special diabetic retinopathy eye drops or oral medication supplemented with lifestyle changes such as diet and physical exercise to manage your blood sugar. Some other treatments may be prescribed if the condition has developed to its 2nd or 3rd stage. They include:
Medications will be prescribed to keep your blood sugar, blood pressure and lipid levels in normal range.
Eye injection that helps in retinopathy is the anti-VEGF (anti-vascular endothelial growth factor) injection. This is a medicine that suppresses the action of the growth factor responsible for the formation of new blood vessels in your eyes. It thus helps to reduce the worsening of the condition.
Depending on the severity of diabetic retinopathy, your eye doctor may recommend steroid-based injections that help reduce inflammation and swelling[5].
This diabetic retinopathy treatment has two types: focal laser surgery and scatter laser surgery.
A vitrectomy, as the name suggests, is a type of invasive eye surgery that is done to remove blood that has leaked. This type of treatment is recommended when patients are in the proliferative or the most advanced stage of diabetic retinopathy. When blood from the new blood vessels leaks fluid or blood into the vitreous cavity, it can cloud your vision partially or even completely, depending on the amount of leakage. This eye surgery works to remove the leaked blood as well as scar tissue and even some of the vitreous gel to help the patient see clearer. Simultaneously, any retinal movement, tears or detachment can also be corrected. After the procedure, it would normally take around 2 – 4 weeks for the patient to resume their day-to-day activities.
To Summarize
Also Read: Mounjaro vs Zepbound: Differences, Uses, Side Effects & More
Diabetic retinopathy prevention starts with managing diabetes or your blood sugar levels. If you have been diagnosed with diabetes, it is important that you consult an endocrinologist or a diabetes specialist to help you keep your blood glucose levels in check. While high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels may also increase your chances of developing diabetic retinopathy, your doctor may recommend these prevention tips to help keep the condition at bay:
It is important to keep a regular check on your blood sugar levels to assure that your medications, exercise and diet plan are working well and your diabetes is under control. In case you observe a rise or fall in your blood glucose levels beyond the normal range, you can consult your doctor immediately, and the dose of your diabetes medications can be changed as per the need. Keeping an eye on your blood sugar levels will help reduce the chances of developing complications like diabetic retinopathy.
There are various devices called glucometers available in the market which can make it easy and convenient for you to check your blood sugar levels at home.
It is important to take your diabetes medications on time as prescribed by your doctor. Lowering your blood sugar levels not only helps with preventing diabetic retinopathy, but if you have diabetic retinopathy, it helps in drastically slowing down its progression.
Smoking should be avoided at all costs for diabetics in general. They pose overall harm to the body and directly impact one’s blood sugar levels.
Consuming a diet for diabetes is one of the first and the most common diabetic retinopathy prevention tips that a doctor is likely to suggest if you have been diagnosed with diabetes. In your diet for diabetes, it is advised to exclude processed foods, fried foods, sweets, sugary drinks, high-sugar fruits and naturally starchy vegetables. These food elements generally tend to spike blood sugar levels instantly. Instead, include foods that have a low glycemic index, such as oats, millet, leafy vegetables and legumes, lentils, foods rich in protein like paneer, chicken, eggs and fish and healthy fats like avocado, mixed nuts, etc.
A diabetes diet is only effective when it is supplemented with regular exercise. Even 30 minutes of physical activity every day has shown to work wonders for many diabetic patients in improving blood sugar regulation. Consult a doctor to find the right exercises for you.
Stress and anxiety are often linked to high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels that can put you at risk of developing diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, if you are dealing with high stress and anxiety levels, your doctor may suggest some meditation or relaxation techniques like breathing exercises or yoga for diabetes to help prevent diabetic retinopathy from developing in the long run.
If you have diabetes, monitoring the condition of your eyes becomes essential in diabetic retinopathy prevention. Since it is easier to treat diabetic retinopathy if it’s detected early, your doctor may recommend you schedule regular eye examinations to monitor your eye health closely.
If you are pregnant with diabetes type 1 or type 2, your doctor may ask you to schedule a thorough eye examination in your first trimester to prevent any eye-related complications popping up during the course of your pregnancy. You can schedule an eye exam before planning pregnancy if you are diabetic.
In case you are a non-diabetic woman and develop gestational diabetes during pregnancy, you are at minimal risk of developing diabetic retinopathy and do not require an eye exam during pregnancy unless you notice any changes or abnormality in your vision. You can get an eye exam after delivery if your diabetes remains uncontrolled.
No matter what stage you may be in, with the right treatment, abnormalities in the eye or vision can be improved to a great extent. By constantly monitoring your eye health and finding proactive ways of keeping your blood glucose levels under control, diabetic retinopathy can be prevented in the long run.
Also Read: Diet for Gestational Diabetes: What to Eat & What to Avoid
The first stage of diabetic retinopathy is called mild nonproliferative retinopathy. It is also called background retinopathy. This is one of the earliest diabetic retinopathy stages where you may experience little to no symptoms. In this stage, the blood vessels in the retina start to change in shape. Some other small surrounding areas start to swell. In some cases, the swelling can result in some blood or fluid leaking into the retina. These are called microaneurysms and can cause mild vision changes. If you have been diagnosed with mild nonproliferative retinopathy, it is important to consult your doctor for ways or the recommended treatment with which you can prevent this condition from progressing. If you have been diagnosed with background retinopathy in both eyes, then there is a 25% chance that you will progress to the next stage in around 3 – 4 years.
With early detection and the right treatment, diabetic retinopathy can be reversed to an extent. The treatment outcome varies from person to person. It is advised to frequently follow up with your eye doctor, schedule regular diabetic retinopathy screening examinations and monitor your eye health closely to slow down its progression. Apart from this, maintaining normal blood sugar, blood pressure and cholesterol levels, along with a healthy diet, exercise, and sleep schedule for diabetes, can help ensure your eyes as well as your overall body stays healthy in the long run.
The progression of diabetic retinopathy depends on several factors such as the control of blood sugar levels, age, medical history, blood pressure readings, blood cholesterol levels, effect of medication or treatment, diet, exercise, etc. If diabetic retinopathy goes undiagnosed or untreated, it can progress faster than one that has been detected early and proactively managed. If you have been diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy in both eyes, there is a 25% likelihood (if left untreated) of the condition developing to the next stage in around 3 – 4 years. While it may take several years before diabetic retinopathy can dangerously threaten your vision, it is important that it is detected early in order to make a full recovery.
Yes, in many cases, if diabetic retinopathy is detected early enough, it can be cured. However, there is a variation in the response and treatment outcome from person to person. Diabetic retinopathy treatment options include diabetic medication, a low-sugar diet, physical exercise and in advanced stages, eye injections, laser treatments and eye surgery, which can definitely help in improving the eye condition.
Retinopathy may worsen during pregnancy, therefore, it is advisable that you should get a complete eye examination to check for any abnormalities indicating retinopathy before planning pregnancy. In case there are any signs of diabetic retinopathy, follow your doctor’s advice and start your treatment for the same. Plan your pregnancy once your doctor considers it safe.
Diabetic retinopathy in a pregnant patient is not a contraindication for natural vaginal birth. However, there are many more factors that govern the selection of birth type. Ultimately, your doctor is the best person to evaluate your condition and decide the type of birth suitable in your case.
The dilated eye examination is a simple procedure, which is performed routinely as a part of eye checkups. There is nothing to worry about but you may find the following tips useful. You may expect:
-A temporary blurring of your vision which may last for a few hours after the test (your doctor will inform you about the expected duration). It is advised that you should go with a companion if you are getting this test for the first time and avoid driving back after the test.
-You may experience an increased sensitivity to light, so don’t forget to carry your sunglasses.
-You should avoid straining your eyes by reading or screen work for the rest of the day.
Also called photocoagulation, this treatment aims to stop the leakage of blood or fluids in the eye. It is treated with a laser that stops the leaks from abnormal blood vessels. This session usually takes place in just one sitting, but the doctor’s analysis is recommended based on your condition.
A procedure to inject medications called vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors may be suggested by your doctor to improve your vision affected due to diabetic retinopathy. This treatment has shown good results in a number of patients. However, treatment options vary from patient to patient, and your ophthalmologist will recommend the best available treatment depending on your condition.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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Kidney stones are hard mineral and salt deposits that form in the kidneys and can travel through the urinary tract. They often cause intense pain, especially when they block the flow of urine or move through narrow passages like the ureter. While some stones may pass naturally in sometime with fluids, others can become lodged, grow too large, or lead to complications such as infections or kidney damage¹. In such cases, surgical procedures for kidney stone removal may be necessary.
Kidney stones affect over 12% of people globally, with high recurrence rates, making kidney stone removal surgery an important option for many². This article explains when kidney stone removal is needed and the options available to ensure safe and effective treatment.
Kidney stone surgery may be necessary when certain conditions prevent the stone from passing naturally or cause complications. Medical experts have identified the following key situations where active stone removal is recommended3:
The treatment of kidney stones includes several options depending on size, location, and complexity. Here are the 4 methods for kidney stone removal most commonly used today:
For small, uncomplicated stones, increased fluid intake, medications, or ESWL may help the stone pass naturally without surgery.
Table 1: Summary of Kidney Stone Removal Procedures4
| Procedure | Invasiveness | Best For | Notes |
| ESWL | Non-invasive | Stones <2 cm | Uses shock waves to break stones; may not work for all stone locations. |
| PNL | Minimally invasive surgery | Large or complex stones | Involves a small back incision; newer mini tools reduce risks |
| URS | Minimally invasive | Mid-size or failed ESWL cases | Uses scope and laser; high success, low risk |
| Open Surgery | Invasive | Special/complex cases | Rarely needed; laparoscopy preferred when possible |
Note: The choice of procedure depends on multiple factors including stone size and type, location, the patient’s anatomy, and previous treatment outcomes. Always consult a urologist to determine the most suitable and effective option for your condition.
Proper preparation is important for a safe and successful kidney stone surgery. This usually involves pre-operative testing, imaging, and sometimes medication adjustments. However, in certain situation special precautions need to be taken. Let’s have a look at these.
Special Considerations5:
Special Considerations5:
Kidney stone treatment varies depending on the size, location, and overall health. Understanding what to expect before, during, and after the procedure can help ease anxiety and support a smoother recovery.
After kidney stone removal, proper care is important for healing and preventing future stones5:
These are essential to ensure complete stone clearance and healing.
Recovery time depends on the treatment:
Like any other procedure, kidney stone removal surgery may have some risks and complications, including7,9,10:
Non-invasive procedures like shock wave lithotripsy are generally considered safe, and studies have shown that surgical procedures such as Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy have a higher risk of complications8.
Other possible complications of these procedures include7,9,10:
In some cases, additional surgery may be required to repair injuries or control bleeding if other treatments are not effective.
Although complications can occur, kidney stone surgery is generally safe, and your healthcare team will closely monitor you to manage any problems quickly.
Kidney stones can come back even after successful removal. In fact, for those who have already had a kidney stone, the risk of having another one is quite high, between 60 and 80 percent.
Though the reasons for stones returning are not fully clear, factors like climate, the mineral content in drinking water, diet, and genetics may play a role11. Recurrent kidney stones are one of the common risk factors for chronic kidney disease and end stage kidney disease requiring dialysis and transplant12. Especially for children with stone, special care is needed along with a proper evaluation for genetic and metabolic disorders11. Thus, preventing recurrence is important and requires appropriate investigation and management tailored to the individual needs, beyond just treating the acute pain.
Preventing kidney stones is possible with straightforward daily habits and targeted strategies. Here’s how you can significantly reduce your risk13:
Kidney stones don’t always require medical treatment, but there are times when you should seek help right away. Contact a doctor if you experience any of the following14:
Kidney stone pain is often described as one of the most severe types of pain, usually rated 9 or 10 out of 10. If you feel this type of pain, don’t wait, get medical help immediately.
Timely kidney stone removal is essential to prevent severe pain, infection, and kidney damage. Minimally invasive procedures effectively clear stones and restore urine flow, while proper recovery includes pain control, hydration, rest, and follow-up imaging to ensure all fragments are removed. Surgery alone doesn’t stop stones from coming back, so prevention is key. Drinking plenty of fluids, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, following a kidney-friendly diet, and taking prescribed medications help reduce recurrence risk. Early recognition of symptoms and prompt medical care improve outcomes and avoid serious complications. Combining timely treatment, careful recovery, and prevention strategies supports long-term kidney health and reduces the chance of future stones, helping patients maintain quality of life.
Kidney stones are hard crystalline structures that form in one or both of your kidneys when high levels of certain minerals are present in your urine. They can vary in size and may cause severe pain if they block the flow of urine1.
The pain starts when a stone moves into the tube (ureter) that carries urine from the kidney. This leads to a sharp, steady pain known as renal colic14.
About one-third of patients reach peak pain in 30 minutes or less. Most people seek medical help within two hours due to the intensity14.
Yes. Kidney stones can raise the risk of high blood pressure, heart disease, and kidney damage12.
People who have repeated infections, urinary tract problems, or certain genetic conditions are more at risk12.
Yes. This treatment clears stones in more than 90 out of 100 people. It works well even for medium-sized stones and is commonly used for stones in the upper part of the urinary tract7.
Not always, but it’s commonly placed to prevent swelling and aid healing. Sometimes it’s also placed before the procedure if there’s a blockage or infection7.
ESWL may be less effective than PCNL in clearing stones within three months. Patients treated with ESWL were less likely to achieve success than those treated with PCNL8.
ESWL probably leads to fewer complications than PCNL8.
Yes. Studies8 showed that hospital stay is shorter for patients undergoing ESWL compared to those having PCNL.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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A urinary tract infection (UTI) is the multiplication and proliferation of bacteria in the urinary tract. It can occur in any part of the tract like urethra(urethritis), bladder (cystitis), prostate (in males) (prostatitis) and even spread to the kidneys (pyelonephritis). UTIs are one of the most common infectious disease world-wide in community as well as health care setting1. UTI can occur from neonates to elderly. Approximately 50-60% of women report at least one attack of UTI in their lifetime. In men and children, UTI is comparatively less common and is usually associated with structural and functional abnormality of urinary tract needing further investigations2.
Kidney infection or Pyelonephritis, usually presenting with symptoms such as fever, chills, nausea, and pain3, can even cause septicaemia leading to death, particularly in elderly individuals4. Recurrent chronic pyelonephritis can also lead to kidney damage, hence it is important to detect and treat pyelonephritis early5. The right diagnosis and timely care can make all the difference in your recovery.
A kidney infection, also known as pyelonephritis, is a serious infection that causes inflammation in the kidneys. It typically starts as a lower urinary tract infection (UTI) and ascends from the bladder to the kidneys. Common bacteria like E. coli are often responsible, and currently many of these bacteria are becoming drug resistant.
Pyelonephritis can present with fever, back or flank pain, nausea, and frequent or painful urination. In some cases, the infection can spread through the bloodstream and may be associated with obstructions like kidney stones. If not treated promptly, it can lead to kidney damage, sepsis, or even death.
Pyelonephritis can be acute or chronic, with chronic cases leading to long-term scarring and kidney dysfunction3. Understanding its causes and early symptoms is crucial, as prompt treatment can prevent complications and preserve kidney health.
Kidney infections, or acute pyelonephritis, are a widespread complication of urinary tract infections, with an estimated 10.5 to 25.9 million cases occurring globally each year6.
In India, 60 to 70 adult cases may be seen per year at a single tertiary care hospital. While females are more likely to be affected according to some research, males can also be significantly impacted, especially in older age groups. About three out of four patients have diabetes, and infections are often complicated, requiring hospital care, especially when drug-resistant bacteria are involved7.
The human urinary tract and urine are normally sterile. However, when pathogens invade the urinary tract and spread up to the kidneys, kidney infection or pyelonephritis can occur. While pathogens can enter through blood stream too, retrograde spread through the urinary tract is typically the most common route for kidney infections3.
Kidney infections are most often caused by bacteria, with E. coli being the commonest pathogen followed by K. pneumoniae. The bacteria usually spread from the gut and skin to the urinary tract and reach the kidneys. Certain fungal infections like candida may also sometimes cause kidney infections, particularly in patients with diabetes, ICU stays, or indwelling catheters. Viruses are a less common cause and usually affect those with weakened immunity3,5.
There are various host factors that prevent the invasion of pathogens in the urinary tract. However, some underlying conditions (discussed later) can disrupt these defences and increase the likelihood of getting kidney infections.
A kidney infection usually happens when bacteria or, less commonly, viruses or fungi reach the kidneys. Here are some of the most commonly identified mechanisms of infection of kidney:
| Cause | Mechanism |
| Ascending Infection | Bacteria travel up from bladder through ureters (commonest route) |
| Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) | Congenital reflux of urine into the kidneys in children |
| Hematogenous Spread | Bacteraemia in debilitated or immunocompromised individuals |
Table 1: Common Pathways and Mechanisms for Kidney Infections3
Certain individuals are more likely to develop kidney infections due to underlying health or lifestyle factors.
Here are some of the most commonly identified risk factors3:
Pyelonephritis symptoms can vary widely, especially across age groups.
Common Symptoms3:
Symptoms in Children and Older Adults3:
Other Signs to Watch For3:
If you notice these signs, it’s important to seek medical help quickly.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) and kidney infections affect different parts of the urinary system and can feel quite different. Knowing the key symptoms (see Table 2) can help you understand when it’s more serious and time to seek medical care.
| What’s Affected | Uncomplicated UTI8 | Kidney Infection (Acute Pyelonephritis)3 |
| Part of Body | Lower urinary tract – bladder and urethra | Upper urinary tract – kidneys |
| Common Symptoms | Burning while urination, frequent urge to urinate, pain in the lower stomach (suprapubic pain), sometimes blood in urine | Fever, flank pain (pain in your side or back), nausea, vomiting, anorexia |
| Serious Symptoms | Usually, no fever or severe illness | Often includes fever (over 103°F), chills, blood pressure or sepsis signs in severe cases |
| How It Feels to the Touch | Often normal; mild tenderness above the pubic bone (in some cases) | Pain when touching the side or back, near the kidneys; tenderness above the pubic bone may also occur |
| How Fast Symptoms Start | Gradual, over a couple of days | Rapidly over hours to a day |
| Older Adults & Children | Older adults may show non-specific signs like altered mental status | Elderly and children may present atypically with fever, altered sensorium, or feeding issues |
| How It’s Treated | Usually with oral antibiotics at home | Requires prompt, often more aggressive treatment; may need IV antibiotics or hospitalization |
Table 2: Comparison of UTI and Kidney Infection
Kidney infections can sometimes lead to serious health issues, especially if not treated properly or in time. Here are some of the known complications3:
To diagnose a kidney infection, healthcare professionals consider the patient’s medical history, symptoms, physical examination findings, and the results of laboratory and imaging tests. They may ask whether the patient has any conditions that increase the risk of kidney infections. In men, a digital rectal examination (DRE) may be performed to check for prostate enlargement, which can contribute to urinary tract infections9.
Laboratory tests typically include9:
Imaging tests may be used in certain cases and include9:
Kidney infections require prompt medical treatment to prevent complications10.
Pyelonephritis treatment typically involves antibiotics, supportive care, and, in some cases, hospitalization. Here are the most commonly used treatment methods:
Commonly used antibiotic groups include11:
In pregnant women, fluoroquinolones should not be used. Instead, doctors prefer beta-lactam antibiotics, along with regular checks to make sure the baby is safe.
Consult your doctor and do not self-medicate, early administration of antibiotics is important in cases of pyelonephritis. It is important to take all prescribed antibiotics, even if symptoms improve early. Not completing the full course can lead to antibiotic resistance, making future infections harder to treat10.
Here are some helpful tips to ease symptoms at home:
Supportive care at home can help relieve symptoms and aid recovery but always remember to use them as adjunct and never as alternate to prescribed medical treatment3.
Kidney infections often begin as bladder infections. Maintaining good daily habits and hygiene can reduce the risk10.
Here are some simple ways to help prevent kidney infections:
Kidney infections can become serious if not treated early. It’s important to recognize warning signs and seek medical attention when needed.
See a doctor right away if you notice3:
Watch for special signs in certain groups3:
It’s also important to get medical help if:
Prompt treatment can prevent serious complications like kidney damage or bloodstream infections.
Kidney infections, or pyelonephritis, occur when bacteria reach the kidneys, often starting from a lower urinary tract infection. They can cause fever, back pain, and nausea, and may become serious if left untreated. Risk factors include urinary obstruction, diabetes, pregnancy, and delayed treatment of UTIs. Diagnosis involves lab tests and imaging, while treatment usually includes antibiotics, pain relief, and in some cases, hospital care or surgical procedures to relieve obstruction.
Despite their severity, kidney infections are highly treatable with early medical attention. Timely diagnosis, completing prescribed antibiotics, staying hydrated, and following preventive hygiene can help ensure full recovery and lower the risk of recurrence. Early recognition and treatment are essential for a full recovery.
Yes. About 80% of people with uncomplicated UTI (lower urinary tract) can be treated at home with oral antibiotics, pain relievers, and rest. Your doctor can suggest the appropriate treatment for you. However, in complicated cases, hospital care may be needed3.
While most cases resolve well, severe infections, especially with sepsis or kidney abscess can be life-threatening, particularly in high-risk people like elderly diabetics. In such cases, the risk of death can be as high as 25%3.
Pregnant women face higher risks of premature delivery, kidney injury, and complications like serious infection or even foetal loss. Prompt treatment is critical for both mother and baby3.
You should be more cautious if you’re over 65, diabetic, have kidney problems, or use a catheter. These increase your risk of severe complications and poor outcomes3.
Yes. Recurrent infections may signal an underlying problem like kidney stones or anatomical abnormalities. If infections return soon after treatment, imaging, and specialist evaluation are advised3.
Cranberry contains proanthocyanidins that may stop bacteria from sticking to the urinary tract lining, helping prevent UTIs that can lead to kidney infections. That is they can be useful for prevention, not treatment13. However, research is still limited for this and it’s best to consult your doctor before resorting to any natural remedies.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof
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When we run, see a puppy wiggle its tail towards us, get a heartfelt compliment or even see a gift-wrapped box addressed to us, we can feel our chest thumping loudly. This is our heart beating tirelessly to keep us alive. The heart is a hard-working vital organ that works at pumping blood that contains oxygen and nutrients to the rest of our body.
When such a vital organ is affected, you should never take it lightly. Heart attacks and high blood pressure are common conditions that most of us are aware of. Because of this awareness, we can detect unhealthy patterns and symptoms and react almost immediately.
Heart cancer, on the other hand, is a rare condition with very little research around it. Though the heart rarely develops tumours, any cancerous developments in the lungs, kidneys, liver, pancreas or stomach may end up spreading to the heart as well.
As our heart is one of the most integral parts of our body and its functions, understanding even the rare conditions that may affect it, like heart cancer, is the key to maintaining a good heart and overall health.
The heart works tirelessly to pump blood to the rest of your body. It is an organ closely connected with your lungs, kidneys, liver, pancreas and stomach. Because they are so interconnected, a problem with one could affect the other. A rare but important occasion of this is the case of heart cancer.
Heart cancer is a condition where the cells of the heart become cancerous and cause damage to the structure and functioning of the heart. This is called primary heart cancer or primary cardiac tumour. As dangerous as it sounds, this is a very rare condition that has been cited to occur in only a handful of people in India. Only 2 out of 100,000 people are affected by primary heart cancer every year. This indicates how rare the cases of heart cancer are. It is also worth noting that only about 25% of the cases are potentially dangerous (malignant)1.
Most of these tumours migrate to the heart through affected neighbouring organs like the lungs or breasts. Cancer cells multiply and grow rapidly. However, once affected, a cardiac tumour can drastically change the blood flow and heart rhythms. This is precisely why it is important to stay informed and take regular heart checkups.
To Summarize:
Tumours are abnormal growths of body tissues and cells. Not all growths need to be alarming. Tumours can be anywhere from a small inconvenience that can be left alone, to a life-threatening cancer that needs immediate medical attention. The key to differentiating them is to stay educated and seek medical attention without delay.
Here are some major types of heart tumours:
Malignant is a term used to indicate the potential threat of a tumour. Malignant tumours are fast multiplying and spreading, especially to other organs. When it comes to heart cancer, some of the malignant tumours to keep watch for are:
Benign is a term used to describe potentially harmless tumours that do not spread to other organs. They grow at an unconcerned speed and tend to be unproblematic. It is still good to understand the benign tumours to rule out your worry:
Many of the heart cancers originate elsewhere. These are called extracardiac cancers. When the cancerous cells from these neighbouring organs develop at a fast rate, they can reach and damage other organs of the body, including the heart. Here are a few other cancers to test along with your heart check-up:
To Summarize
Our body contains all the vital organs we need to breathe, eat, move and function. Issues related to the heart and the lungs are particularly crucial and need to be addressed immediately. While we may not be able to explicitly monitor the health of any of our organs, it is important to watch out for any symptoms that may show us that we need a heart check-up.
Here are the common symptoms of heart cancer to closely look for:
As heart cancer is rare, it is hard to detect its development through the various heart cancer stages as well. However, immediate signals to visit the doctor are:
To Summarize
One of the most important steps in heart cancer treatment is to understand the causes of heart cancer. Understanding the risk factors can help with early intervention and even prevention.
While the direct heart cancer causes are unknown, there are several risk factors to watch out for:
To Summarize
Diagnosis of the different heart cancer stages is difficult, as the condition is so rare. However, most of the heart cancer causes and symptoms resemble those of other heart diseases, hence, the heart tumour treatment follows similar procedures:
ECG and Echocardiography are routine tests administered to identify problems with the functions of the heart. The test monitors the heart muscles, heartbeats, rhythms and valves to detect abnormalities.
ECG or EKG tests are also routine before commencing any cancer treatments, like cardiotoxic chemotherapy or heart tumour surgery.
Here are a few things they test for:
Detecting all of these symptoms through the test and undergoing the right treatment increases the heart cancer survival rate.
Computerised Tomography (CT) is also called a calcium-score screening heart scan. It is a test that identifies the accumulation of calcium deposits in the heart, which could indicate heart disease. This is usually done as a check-up before starting heart tumour surgery or cardiotoxic chemotherapy treatment. Early detection of any calcium deposits increases the heart cancer survival rate.
To prepare for the CT scan, you are recommended to:
The entire test is safe and lasts only a few minutes. Since CT scans are X-rays, they are not recommended for those who are pregnant.
Magnetic Resonance Imagining for the heart is a powerful tool that uses radio signals to chalk out the anatomy of the heart. This can give the doctors a clear vision of the structures, functions and overall organ health.
Here is how you can prepare for the MRI scan:
To Summarize
When it comes to cancer, chemotherapy and heart tumour surgery are the two most prescribed methods of heart cancer treatment. The treatment plan is decided by the doctor based on the parameters like:
There is no universally effective treatment for heart cancer, as it is a rare condition with limited research. However, surgical removal is often the first choice, especially if the tumour is localised and not located on the left side of the heart, which is typically associated with pain in the left chest, under the breast.
Here is how heart tumour surgery is carried out:
Benign tumours are harmless growths that may not be cancerous. They do not pose the threat of spreading to other organs. The type of heart tumours that are not symptomatic can just be monitored through ECG or echocardiograms every year. Surgery may not be necessary.
Some tumours that are spread out or split into multiple tumours can be removed through surgery. Tumours in potentially dangerous positions such as those inside the walls of the heart, although non-threatening, can be fully removed wherever possible.
Malignant tumours are harmful. They multiply and spread rapidly to other organs as well. As the heart cancer symptoms are not easy to detect, many of the malignant tumours may not be fully removed surgically, as there is a possibility that it could aggravate the spread.
In these cases, other methods such as radiation therapy or cardiotoxic chemotherapy are suggested. Palliative centres are also an option for those looking for nursing and medical care to increase their heart cancer survival rate.
Malignant cancer has the potential to spread to other organs, causing secondary cancer. This phenomenon is called metastatic cancer. When this occurs, it may be at a stage where it cannot be removed surgically. In this case, radiotherapy or chemotherapy is suggested along with intensive palliative care.
In the case of the development of pericardial effusion, where there is a build-up of fluid around the heart (such as the lungs), pericardiocentesis will be carried out. This drains the fluid build-up, taking the pressure off the heart and breathing.
To Summarize
Cancer feels morbid, especially watching your loved ones battle it. However, through medication, home care and support, their journey with cancer can become a lot easier and manageable to cope with.
Heart cancer is a rare condition, however, once diagnosed, they might be faced with uncertainty and fear. It is important to know how to offer help for cancer patients and how to take care of cancer patients at home through this time.
Cancer can be a physically and emotionally taxing condition. With cardiac cancer, the patient may be going through the following physical experiences frequently:
Through all these symptoms, the patient may panic and fear the worst. They might even confuse breast pain with chest pain and mistake general tiredness with cancer-related fatigue. This is a very natural reaction from those diagnosed with cancer.
The most important way you can support them through the physical side effects is to have the necessary medications stocked up and take them to regular medical check-ups to monitor the progression of the tumour.
Mentally, they might be undergoing the following emotions while dealing with cancer and the various treatments:
In terms of dealing with these emotions, the most effective techniques to help them are:
When cancer has reached some of the later stages and spread to other organs, it could be terminal. In this case, the patient need not lose all hope or suffer without medical attention. Palliative care or hospice is a facility specifically constructed to help terminally ill patients. The kind of care they may provide are:
Palliative care workers are trained to deal with the emotional turbulence of those undergoing terminal cancer. They aim to provide pain relief, symptom management and psychological support. They are empathetic, active listeners with medical training to ensure your loved ones are comfortable and well attended to.
Heart cancer has great survival rates, along with an infrastructure of oncologists and cardiologists around the world to help treat it. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, etc., are scientifically designed to help ease you through the condition.
In spite of that, cancer is a daunting condition, yet with the right and timely identification and treatment, you can win over your condition and bring it under control.
To Summarize:
Heart cancer is a very rare condition. Like any other tumour, heart cancer can be of two types – benign and malignant.
-Benign cancer of the heart is localised and harmless. It can be removed through surgery.
-Malignant cancer is metastatic, which means that it spreads rapidly to other organs of the body. It may not be treatable if it spreads to a crucial part of the heart, such as the left atrium or walls.
In these conditions, though the survival rate drops, palliative care and chemotherapy can help make the condition more manageable.
There is no definite cure for heart cancer. However, even malignant cancers can be managed and brought under control to improve the chances of survival.
It is one of the rarest occurring cancers of the body. Although it affects only 2 out of 100,000 people each year, 80% of those diagnosed only develop benign tumours.
When someone is diagnosed with malignant heart cancer, the average survival period is for around 6 months without active treatment.
Through treatment, the patient may live more than a year as well.
Those diagnosed with benign heart cancer may live even beyond 10 – 15 years. However, this can vary greatly and depends on various other parameters like:
-Age of the patient
-The medical condition of the patient
-Type of cancer
-Size and extent of cancer
-Other factors like how early the condition was diagnosed and treated.
The heart is well protected from the other organs that might develop cancer. Even after exposure, the heart does not have cells that rapidly multiply and divide. Thus, the cells in the heart have a low chance of becoming cancerous.
Tumours in the heart can be removed through surgery. In case the tumour has spread throughout the heart or near the walls, surgery may not be prescribed, compared to radiation therapy or chemotherapy.
The rate of cell division and healing is very slow in the heart. For this reason, any damage to the heart cannot be fixed by natural metabolism or the immune system without medical procedures in place.
The following things happen when a heart tumour occurs:
-Breathlessness
-Chest pain
-Irregular heartbeats
-Coughing up blood
-Dizziness and nausea
-Heart murmurs
Myxoma is a benign tumour of the heart, usually in the atrium. They can be a few millimetres to a few centimetres long in size. They can be round or oval, clumped together on a lumpy surface.
It is hard to predict the growth of heart tumours. A yearly check-up through an echocardiogram is advised.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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Patent Ductus Arteriosus is a condition where the communication between the two main blood vessels leading from the heart does not close after birth. The ductus arteriosus, or the opening, is the normal part of a child’s circulatory system when the child is inside the womb, which closes right after birth. But if it remains open, the condition is termed Patent Ductus Arteriosus1.
On certain occasions, Patent Ductus Arteriosus does not require any treatment, but if left untreated, it will cause poorly oxygenated blood to flow in the wrong direction. Untreated, large patent ductus arteriosus can also cause heart failure, weaken the heart muscles and cause various other complications. A thorough understanding of the symptoms can facilitate an early diagnosis and more effective treatment. Several treatments for ductus arteriosus closure are available in India, and you must consult a doctor.
Read on to learn more about Patent Ductus Arteriosus symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment options.
The fetus’s blood doesn’t need to reach the lungs to be oxygenated before birth. Instead, the placenta facilitates gas exchange between the mother and fetus. The ductus arteriosus is a communication between the aorta (the heart’s major blood vessel) and the pulmonary artery (a blood vessel that carries oxygen-deficient blood from the heart to the lungs) that enables the blood to skip the circulation to the lungs. But when the child is born, the blood needs oxygen from the lungs, and the ductus arteriosus has to be closed. But if it remains open even after a few days of birth, it is called Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA).
In most babies with a normal heart, there will be no signs or symptoms of Patent Ductus Arteriosus because the PDA will shrink and then close on its own, and no treatment will be needed. But if it stays open for a long time, it will allow the oxygen-deficient blood to flow in the wrong direction.
If the PDA is large enough, it will surely cause some problems, and you need proper treatment to get relief from it. A small PDA that doesn’t close may also seal itself when the child is a year old.
PDA is a condition usually found in preterm infants, especially in 70% of the infants who are less than 28 weeks and 80% in 24 to 25 weeks of gestation2. This particular condition occurs in 15% to 37% of infants weighing less than 1750 grams at birth. These figures are high when compared with the incidences of 2/1000 newborns. Apart from India, symptoms of PDA were also found in infants globally. In the United States, about 3000 babies are diagnosed with this condition every year.
The natural closure of the ductus arteriosus takes place 2 or 3 days after birth. If it remains open even after that, it is referred to as patent ductus arteriosus. This condition occurs more in babies who are born way too early(premature) than in babies who are born at full term. Patent ductus arteriosus causes problems when the opening is large and is not treated correctly.
There are two types of patent ductus arteriosus: small PDA and large PDA. When a child has a large PDA, the extra blood flow becomes too much for the child’s heart to handle. This makes it a lot harder for them to breathe. This is mainly because PDA can increase the heart’s work, and the baby might have heart failure. When it comes to small PDA, the risk of developing heart failure is not that high. But if enough blood causes abnormal noises or a Patent Ductus Arteriosus murmur, and the PDA should be closed3.
Doctors can easily hear the patent ductus arteriosus murmur with the help of a stethoscope on a baby who has PDA. These symptoms for patent ductus arteriosus can also occur later in life due to increased blood flow into the lungs during the later years. The patent ductus arteriosus symptoms include pulmonary hypertension [high blood pressure within the blood vessels of the lungs], heart failure and heart rhythm abnormalities. Pulmonary hypertension treatment involves taking medications, or, in some cases, undergoing surgeries like atrial septostomy or lung transplant.
To Summarize
When it comes to the signs and symptoms of PDA, you will come across many of them. If you do encounter them in your child, you must immediately consult a doctor. Given below are a few of the patent ductus arteriosus symptoms:
You should consult the doctor when your child gets tired after eating or playing, does not gain proper weight, or becomes breathless when crying or eating. The doctor will check the type of issue your child is experiencing. Whether it’s a patent ductus arteriosus surgery or PDA medication, the doctor will offer the best treatment plan to help reduce symptoms of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in your child. You need to follow all the doctor’s instructions without delay.
To Summarize
The causes of PDA are unknown; it usually occurs during heart development. However, genetic factors and premature birth are known to play a role.
Experts are currently not aware of what causes PDA, but congenital heart issues like hypoplastic left heart syndrome (a heart defect found at birth that affects normal blood flow through the heart) can cause this condition. Genetics play a massive role here because PDA in newborns can occur due to the genetic disorder, Down Syndrome. Apart from that, babies suffering from Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (a breathing disorder that occurs in infants whose lungs are not yet fully formed) can also develop PDA4.
Premature birth is one of the leading causes of PDA. If you are child was born prematurely, there is a high chance that he or she might have this particular condition. Gettingialist and prepare accordingly.
The PDA heart defect comes with numerous risk factors, which include:
To Summarize
When it comes to patent ductus arteriosus diagnosis, there are several tests, which you can opt for. These tests will provide you with information about the type of PDA your baby is suffering from. Read on to learn more about diagnostic tests for patent ductus arteriosus.
The first step for patent ductus arteriosus management is to prepare for the diagnosis. You need to be well aware of the pre-appointment restrictions. When making an appointment with the doctor, ask whether or not you have to do anything in advance like restrict your and your child’s diet.
Apart from that, write down all the symptoms you and your child are experiencing. You must also list symptoms unrelated to PDA or another heart problem. When making preparations for the diagnosis, you must jot down all the main information, which includes a family history of heart problems.
You must also carry all copies of the past medical records, including past reports of imaging tests or surgeries. Along with that, you must also list down all the medications, supplements and vitamins which your child takes. Providing all the documents and information to the doctor will not just help you with the patent ductus arteriosus management. Still, it will also allow the doctor to conduct the right test on your child.
There are various treatment options available for PDA that can help reduce the symptoms of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in your child. These treatments include:
When you have PDA and have also had surgery as a child, you might be in danger of developing complications as an adult. For such reason, you must opt for life-long follow-up care, especially when you had corrective heart surgery. Follow-up care is just like periodic checkups. Otherwise, regular screening might also be required to detect any. You must discuss your care plan with the doctor and follow all their recommendations without fail.
To Summarize
Most of the PDA cases get diagnosed and treated right after the birth of the child. It’s pretty unusual for PDA to go unnoticed during adulthood, and if it does, this condition will cause many health issues.
If the openings are larger, it will cause many complications. Given below are a few of the complications that patent ductus arteriosus might lead to:
Precautions PDA children need to take to prevent complications [maintain good personal and oral hygiene, restricting specific exercises and physical activity]
Children who have the patent ductus arteriosus have to take precautions so that they can prevent further complications from occurring. Here are some of the preventive measures:
No way can surely prevent PDA from occurring in some babies. But in general, expectant mothers can follow some tips for a healthy baby and a comfortable pregnancy. These tips are:
The majority of the women who have PDA can handle pregnancy without any issues. But having large complications or defects like pulmonary hypertension and heart failure can increase the risk of complications during pregnancy. If you have a history of PDA or any other heart-related problem, you must consult your gynaecologist before planning pregnancy.
To Summarize
PDA or patent ductus arteriosus occurs mostly in premature babies. The condition can become worse if it’s left untreated. Excessive sweating, tiredness, bluish appearance of the skin, and palpitations are some of its symptoms. The outlook of the condition looks good when PDA is detected earlier and is treated with medications.
To Summarize
Certain birth factors, such as genetic factors and high altitude at birth, are known to increase the risk of developing patent ductus arteriosus in infants. However, there is no specific reason as to why PDA is a lot more common in females than males.
If PDA is left untreated, that condition can surely become life-threatening as it can cause heart failure, high blood pressure and even prove fatal.
A patient with PDA will experience symptoms like tiredness, pounding of the heart, rapid heart rate, and their skin might start turning blue.
In short, when PDA is diagnosed early, it becomes less risky because the patient receives proper medication and treatment.
With proper treatment and medication, a child can surely survive PDA and lead an everyday life.
Surgeries, treatments, and medications can help manage the condition better. But sometimes, PDA can shrink on its own and disappear completely without any treatment.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
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