The nasal airway plays a vital role in both breathing and smell. In addition to allowing respiration, the nose and sinuses (air-filled spaces around the nose) help condition inhaled air by humidifying and filtering it, while also trapping harmful particles1.
This natural defence system is especially important in newborns, who rely mainly on nasal breathing during their first few months of life. Any obstruction of the nasal passages at this stage can therefore lead to significant issues, including breathing difficulty, sleep disturbances, feeding problems, and a higher risk of conditions such as obstructive apnoea1.
In infants and children, nasal obstruction and a runny nose are most commonly caused by viral upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), allergic reactions, or neonatal rhinitis. Since babies cannot blow their noses effectively, the accumulation of mucus can worsen discomfort and respiratory distress1,2.
To relieve this, nasal drops or sprays are commonly recommended1,2.They are safe, gentle, and effective in easing congestion, but their correct and careful use is essential. Therefore, through this guide, we aim to help parents understand the different types of nasal drops available for babies, their uses, and important safety tips.
Nasal drops or sprays are liquid formulations designed to be placed directly into the nasal cavity to help relieve a blocked or stuffy nose. They are usually water-based (aqueous) solutions or suspensions and may contain active ingredients or simple saline1,3.
Both nasal drops and sprays are used to relieve nasal congestion, dryness, or allergies but the difference lies in how they are delivered3:
Saline nasal drops in particular are gentle, drug-free, and safe, making them a preferred choice for babies. They help loosen mucus, clear nasal passages, and improve breathing, which supports more comfortable feeding and sleeping1,2.
Nasal drops or sprays are packaged in single-use or multi-use containers. They are often equipped with droppers or nozzles to ensure safe and accurate dosing3.
Nasal drops for kids can be either simple saline or medicated formulations, depending on the purpose:
Another option is nasal sprays; however, these are generally used in older children.
Disclaimer: Always consult your paediatrician before using medicated nasal drops or sprays for children. Even with saline drops or sprays, it is best to check with your doctor, especially for newborns and infants, to ensure proper use and safety.
Doctors may recommend nasal drops for babies and nasal sprays for kids in the following situations:
Note: Saline nasal drops for babies do not cure the underlying illness, but they help relieve congestion and make breathing, feeding, and sleeping more comfortable.
Using nasal drops correctly helps ensure they work safely and effectively. Follow these steps when using a nasal drop/spray for your child10,12:
Note: Always be gentle with newborns and infants. Avoid forcing the head back or inserting the dropper deep into the nostril.
The safe use of nasal drops in newborns, infants, and children depends on following the correct dosage and frequency. Moreover, every child is different, and the right amount may vary depending on age, weight, and medical condition.
Therefore, even if the recommended saline nasal drops dosage for babies is mentioned on the product packaging, parents should always follow their paediatrician’s instructions rather than relying on general guidance.
Key point: Always consult your paediatrician for the correct type, dosage, and frequency of nasal drops or sprays for your child. Remember, safe handling and proper use are just as important as the medicine itself.
Nasal drops and sprays are generally safe, especially saline ones, but rarely some side effects may occur, particularly with medicated drops:
Here are some tips to help you use nasal drops and sprays safely for your baby:
While nasal drops and sprays are generally safe and helpful, parents should consult a paediatrician if any of the following occur:
Saline nasal drops and sprays are a safe, gentle, and effective way to relieve nasal congestion in babies and children. They help loosen and clear mucus, ease nasal blockage, and make breathing more comfortable (especially during colds, allergies, or dryness).
When used correctly, nasal drops are highly safe and well-tolerated. However, it is important for parents to follow the right dosage, handling, and frequency, and to seek medical advice before using medicated drops or sprays.
Remember, with proper use and guidance from your paediatrician, nasal drops can provide valuable relief, support restful sleep and feeding, and help little ones recover more comfortably and quickly.
It is possible, but not always practical. For safety and effectiveness, it is usually easier when the baby is slightly upright or lying down with the head gently tilted back. This position helps the drops spread properly and reduces the risk of choking or discomfort11,12.
Saline drops are usually safe and can be used 2 to 3 times a day, which can be increased up to 6 times or as directed on the packaging. Always follow your paediatrician’s advice and avoid overuse13.
Yes, saline nasal sprays are generally safe for toddlers (usually above 2 years). However, medicated sprays should only be used if prescribed by a doctor16.
Saline drops are drug-free and rarely cause side effects. In some cases, babies may briefly sneeze or feel mild irritation, but this usually passes quickly11.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Blue Baby Syndrome is a condition where an infant’s skin, lips, or nails appear bluish because the blood cannot carry enough oxygen. This can happen from birth (congenital) or develop later (acquired) in life. In this condition, haemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying part of red blood cells) gets converted into methaemoglobin, which cannot deliver oxygen efficiently to the tissues and leads to the bluish skin colour. Babies under six months are especially vulnerable to this because their organ systems are still developing.
It is important for parents to understand this condition because early detection can prevent serious complications such as breathing difficulties or loss of consciousness. If left untreated, reduced oxygen supply to the brain and other vital organs can quickly make the condition life-threatening. By knowing the warning signs, causes, and available treatments, parents can respond quickly and ensure their baby receives the right care1,2.
Blue Baby Syndrome, also called infant methemoglobinemia, happens when a baby’s blood cannot carry enough oxygen to the body. This is because normal haemoglobin in red blood cells changes into methaemoglobin, which cannot transport oxygen like regular haemoglobin does. Even if the baby is breathing normally, the body’s tissues and organs may not get enough oxygen. In healthy blood, haemoglobin picks up oxygen from the lungs and carries it to all parts of the body. In Blue Baby Syndrome, some haemoglobin becomes methaemoglobin and loses its ability to carry oxygen. Babies are more sensitive to this because their red blood cells are still developing, and they have lower levels of certain enzymes that can convert methaemoglobin back into normal haemoglobin.
When enough haemoglobin is affected, the body receives less oxygen than it needs. This is why the lips, skin, and sometimes nails can turn blue or purple. The colour change is a sign that oxygen delivery is reduced, which can affect important organs like the brain and heart if it continues for too long. The main issue in Blue Baby Syndrome is not with breathing itself but with the blood’s ability to carry oxygen properly. This can affect organs such as the brain and heart if oxygen delivery remains low for a long period1,3.
Since Blue Baby Syndrome carries serious risks, we need to understand what causes it and address it early to prevent serious problems for the baby.
Blue Baby Syndrome is caused by various factors, and each cause plays a role in reducing the amount of oxygen reaching the baby’s body. These are:
Blue Baby Syndrome in infants is mainly caused by congenital heart defect, where a baby is born with a heart problem. This means the heart did not form normally before birth. Because of this, oxygen-rich blood and oxygen-poor blood may mix, or less blood may reach the lungs to pick up oxygen. Both situations lower the amount of oxygen reaching the body. A common example is Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). This includes four heart issues together:
These changes reduce oxygen delivery and can make the baby’s skin look bluish1.
Another important reason babies can get Blue Baby Syndrome is when drinking water has too many nitrates. These come naturally from rain, plants, or animal waste, but the main problem is from chemical fertilisers, manure, or human and industrial waste. When there is too much nitrate, it can seep into wells, especially in villages where people use well water for drinking or making baby formula. If a baby drinks formula made with this water, the nitrates can change into nitrites, which stop the blood from carrying oxygen properly. Babies are more at risk because their blood had more affinity towards nitrates, their bodies are small, their digestive systems and enzymes are still developing, and they cannot handle this change well. Since nitrate contamination is not visible, the only way to know if water is safe is by testing it regularly3,4.
Breathing problems can also cause Blue Baby Syndrome because they stop enough oxygen from reaching the blood. Some babies are born with blocked airways, such as choanal atresia (back of the nose is closed), Pierre Robin sequence (small jaw pushes the tongue back), laryngomalacia (soft voice box that collapses while breathing), tracheal stenosis (narrow windpipe), vocal cord paralysis (voice box does not move), or vascular rings (blood vessels pressing on the windpipe). Lung problems like pneumonia (lung infection), lung malformations (abnormal lung growth), underdeveloped lungs or conditions like Respiratory Distress Syndrome can also reduce oxygen saturation. Unlike nitrates, these problems do not change the blood itself but make it harder for oxygen to reach the blood, causing the baby to look blue5.
When the baby is born with a weak or missing enzyme called CYB5R or with a special type of haemoglobin called haemoglobin M, these changes stop the blood from carrying enough oxygen. In one form, only the red blood cells are affected, while in a more serious form, all the body’s cells are affected. Because the blood cannot deliver enough oxygen, the baby’s body may not get enough oxygen for normal functioning6.
These conditions lower the amount of oxygen reaching the baby’s body. As a result, certain signs and changes in the skin, lips, and nails often appear, which help identify Blue Baby Syndrome.
Symptoms of Blue Baby Syndrome can appear in different ways depending on how much oxygen the baby’s blood is carrying. Normally, only a tiny part of the blood has methaemoglobin, about 1%. If this increases, the blood cannot carry enough oxygen, and the baby starts showing signs like:
Even a small rise in methaemoglobin can make the baby’s skin look bluish, which is called cyanosis. Cyanosis can occur when methaemoglobin reaches 1.5 g/dL compared to 5 g/dL of normal deoxygenated haemoglobin, showing the body is not getting enough oxygen1,7.
Other common signs may include
Detecting signs early and restoring oxygen can help prevent serious complications in the baby.
Blue baby syndrome cannot be confirmed just by looking at a baby’s skin colour. A proper medical check-up is needed. Doctors begin with a physical examination (a careful body check-up), checking the baby’s skin, lips, and tongue for bluish colour. They also listen to the heart and lungs (breathing organs) and look for signs of trouble such as rapid breathing (very fast breathing), nasal flaring (widening of the nose while breathing), or chest retractions (chest pulling in while breathing). These help them understand if the problem is linked to the heart, lungs, or blood1,3.
Doctors may use a pulse oximeter (a small clip device put on finger or toe) to measure oxygen in the blood. If oxygen is low, they may order an arterial blood gas (ABG) test (a blood test to check oxygen and carbon dioxide levels). If methemoglobinemia is suspected, it can be detected by ABG along with other special tests like co-oximetry (a test that measures different forms of haemoglobin) or a direct methaemoglobin test can confirm it.
When heart defects are suspected, doctors may suggest a chest X-ray (picture of chest), electrocardiogram/ECG (a test to check heartbeats), or echocardiogram (heart scan using sound waves). These tests show how the heart is working and whether blood is flowing normally1,6.
It is important to remember that only a doctor can confirm the diagnosis. Parents should seek care quickly if their child shows blueness or breathing problems.
The treatment of blue baby syndrome depends on the underlying issue (main reason for the blueness). Doctors carefully assess the cause of the problem and then decide on the safest treatment.
When the blueness is due to a heart defect (a problem in the structure of the heart), babies may be given medicines like prostaglandins (medicines that help keep certain blood vessels open) soon after birth. This allows more oxygen-rich blood to reach the body. Many babies will also require oxygen therapy (extra oxygen supply through a mask or tube) to improve breathing. In most cases, surgery (an operation to repair the heart problem) is needed during infancy so the baby’s heart can pump blood effectively1,3.
If blue baby syndrome is caused due to nitrate poisoning (exposure to contaminated water or food), the treatment is different. The main medicine used is methylene blue (a hospital injection that helps blood carry oxygen properly again). In cases where methylene blue cannot be used, such as in babies with G6PD deficiency or those who react badly to the medicine, vitamin C (ascorbic acid) can help lower methaemoglobin and restore normal oxygen levels in the blood. Babies usually recover quickly once this is given. In mild cases, removing the contaminated source of water or food is often enough, as the blood slowly returns to normal within a few days1,3,10.
For babies with lung problems causing cyanosis (bluish skin or lips), doctors may help the baby breathe using assisted ventilation if there is trouble breathing. Oxygen can be given through a nasal tube (nasal cannula) or a small hood over the head. The oxygen amount is carefully controlled to keep blood oxygen at a safe level (around 90–95%).5 In very severe cases, rarely, doctors may use treatments such as exchange transfusion (replacing some of the baby’s blood with healthy blood) or provide high-flow oxygen (a stronger supply of oxygen in emergencies). These are only done in a hospital under strict medical supervision1,3.
It is very important to remember that treatment is always chosen carefully for each baby’s condition. Parents should never attempt home remedies or give medicines on their own. Only trained doctors can decide the correct treatment and ensure the baby’s safety.
Blue baby syndrome may be prevented by safe water use, careful feeding, and proper maternal care during pregnancy. These measures help lower the chance of the condition in infants.
Formula for babies should be prepared only with water tested safe for nitrates. Private wells need yearly testing for nitrates and other impurities. If nitrate levels are higher than 10 mg/L, the water is unsafe for preparing infant formula or food4,11. In such cases, it is safer to use bottled water, public water supply, or deeper wells that usually have lower nitrate levels. Boiling water does not remove nitrates and may make the problem worse by concentrating them2,4.
Regular check-ups during pregnancy may help to find early risk for blue baby syndrome, like heart problems. Folic acid tablets help in the baby’s brain and heart growth. Smoking, alcohol and second-hand smoke reduce oxygen for the baby. Rubella vaccine before pregnancy lowers the chance of a baby’s heart defect. Good sugar control in the mother with diabetes also reduces the risk of the blue baby problem1.
Following the above-mentioned can provide initial protection against blue baby syndrome. Parents also need to recognise warning signs in the baby and take them to the doctor on time.
Blue baby syndrome can become serious quickly, so recognising warning signs is very important.
When these warning signs appear, parents should not delay taking the baby to a doctor1,3.
Also Read: Super Easy Yoga Poses for Kids to Try at Home
Blue baby syndrome is rare but can become serious fast. Understanding causes like heart problems, nitrate in water, blood or lung issues helps parents take care. Using safe water for formula, and proper care during pregnancy can lower the risk. Yet, it’s important to watch out for warning signs like blue skin, hard breathing, or excessive sleepiness if a child is unwell. Parents should take the baby to a doctor immediately when these signs appear so the baby can get the right treatment in hospital and stay safe. Being aware and following the care measures properly can help prevent serious problems and protect your baby’s health.
It mostly comes from nitrate in drinking water. These nitrates change to nitrites inside the body and block oxygen in the blood. This lowers oxygen supply and makes baby’s skin turn bluish or greyish3,4.
Blue baby syndrome is rarely caused by drugs. The main medicine responsible is dapsone. Others that can sometimes lead to it include benzocaine, nitrate-containing solutions, and certain strong antibiotics. These medicines change the blood’s iron from working (ferrous) to non-working (ferric), reducing oxygen and making the baby appear blue12,13.
No specific blood type by itself causes a baby to turn blue. A baby may appear bluish if there is Rh incompatibility, when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive baby. This can lead to haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) and low oxygen, making the skin, lips, or nails look blue. However, this blood type-related Rh incompatibility does not lead to blue baby syndrome, which usually refers to babies who are blue due to heart problems or other oxygen-related conditions5.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Yoga is an ancient practice that combines gentle movements, breathing exercises, and mindfulness to enhance both physical and mental well-being1,2. For kids, this ancient practice can be a fun and playful way to stay active.
Practising yoga regularly helps children improve their flexibility, balance, and coordination. Beyond the physical benefits of yoga for kids, it also supports concentration, relaxation, and energy management (skills that are especially valuable for their growth and daily activities)3.
Therefore, as parents, you can feel assured that this guide introduces only simple, safe, and enjoyable yoga asanas for kids to try at home. The goal is to make yoga a fun habit that nurtures both body and mind.
Childhood, known in Sanskrit as Balyavastha, is a period of learning, curiosity, and imagination. In ancient times, children lived in Gurukuls where yoga was part of daily life, helping them develop discipline, focus, and resilience. Today, children often lack this structured environment and face numerous distractions (such as technology, media, and busy lifestyles) that can cause stress or restlessness. Yoga provides a way to restore balance, nurturing both the body and mind4. Here are some benefits of yoga for kids:
Important: Yoga is a wonderful addition to a healthy lifestyle, but it should not replace medical care or professional advice.
Introducing yoga to children is about making the practice simple, playful, and safe. Since childhood is a time of rapid growth (physically, mentally, and emotionally), yoga should be taught in a safe environment with a soft mat and constant adult supervision.
Yoga for children aged 3 to 10 years8:
Yoga for children above 10 years8:
Note: Girls should avoid strenuous yoga during menstruation and instead practice relaxation techniques.
Yoga practices instil important life values such as discipline (Yama), self-care (Niyama), calmness, and self-awareness. They encourage children to choose healthy habits and positive attitudes, which guide them toward growth and independence4. Parents can help their children practice daily using these simple yoga steps for kids9:
Benefits: Improves posture, strengthens legs, stretches shoulders, and may support height growth.
Benefits: Builds balance, focus, and leg strength.
Benefits: Strengthens arms, shoulders, and legs; stretches spine.
Benefits: Improves flexibility, strengthens legs, and enhances concentration.
Benefits: Makes the spine flexible, relieves stiffness, and supports digestion.
Benefits: Calms the mind, reduces stress, and improves memory and focus.
Benefits: Strengthens the back, opens the chest, and relieves fatigue.
Benefits: Improves flexibility, strengthens spine, energises body.
Benefits: Strengthens the back, improves digestion, and relieves anxiety.
Benefits: Relieves stress, improves focus, and relaxes the mind and body.
Note: Children should always practice yoga under adult supervision, and if needed, with the guidance of a trained yoga professional to ensure safety and proper technique.
Yoga can be a wonderful experience for kids when it feels playful and enjoyable. Here are some tips to help parents while encouraging yoga poses for kids:
By making yoga asanas for kids enjoyable, storytelling-based, and non-competitive, parents and teachers can help kids see yoga not just as exercise but also as a joyful way to live with balance, confidence, and inner peace.
Also Read: Stomach Pain in Kids: Causes, Home Remedies, and Treatment Options
While yoga is safe and beneficial for children, it is important to follow a few precautions to make the practice enjoyable and risk-free2,8:
Note: Yoga should always be practised on an empty or light stomach and under the guidance of a trained teacher. If a child feels discomfort, stop immediately and provide attention or medical help if necessary.
Also Read: Baby Weight Gain Foods & Growth Tips Every Parent Should Know
Yoga is a wonderful way for children to stay active, healthy, and calm while having fun. It not only supports physical growth through better strength, flexibility, and balance but also helps kids develop focus, emotional control, and relaxation skills.
Therefore, practising yoga together at home can become a joyful family activity, strengthening bonds while encouraging healthy habits. It is also important to keep in mind that parents do not need to aim for perfect yoga poses for kids; the key is to keep sessions safe, playful and consistent. Yoga can easily become a part of a child’s daily routine, offering lifelong benefits for both body and mind with a little patience and creativity.
Any age is a good age to start yoga. Even toddlers can start by kicking and stretching and kids as young as 3 years can do simple, playful poses. However, structured practice is more suitable from around age 10 and above8.
Yes, yoga is safe and healthy when age-appropriate poses are chosen and practised under adult supervision. It supports physical fitness, emotional balance, and overall well-being1,10.
Yes, breathing exercises and mindful movements in yoga help children calm their minds, which can improve focus, attention span, and learning2,10.
A soft yoga mat is enough2. No special equipment is required, just comfortable clothing and a safe space.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Breast cancer is a disease where the cells and tissues in the breast change and grow out of control1. This extra growth can form a lump called a tumour. If the tumour keeps growing, it can spread to nearby breast tissue, reach the lymph nodes, and move to other parts of the body2. Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women, after skin cancer3.
Getting diagnosed early often leads to more effective treatment. In most cases, screening tests like mammograms can detect breast cancer even before a lump forms. Around 99 in 100 women survive 5 years or more when breast cancer is caught early. Survival drops to about 87 in 100 if it spreads nearby, and to about 33 in 100 if it spreads further4,5. After diagnosis, doctors choose treatment by looking at how advanced the cancer is, what signals the cancer cells show (like hormones or HER2), and the person’s overall health. Treatment may include surgery, radiation, or medicines2.
In this blog, we will see what breast cancer is, its types, early signs, and how to lower the risk or manage it.
The breast is an organ in the front of the chest that makes milk after childbirth. It is more developed in women, while in men it stays smaller6.
Breast cancer happens when cells in the breast grow out of control. It usually begins in the milk ducts (tiny tubes that carry milk) or in the lobules (glands that make milk). Sometimes the cancer stays in place, but if it spreads into nearby tissue, it can grow and move to other parts of the body. If the cancer cells stay inside the duct, it is called ductal carcinoma in situ. If they break through the duct wall and spread into nearby tissue, it is called invasive ductal carcinoma. Sometimes, cancer can also begin in the lobules. When it spreads from the lobules into nearby tissue, it is called invasive lobular carcinoma7,9.
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, affecting about 2.3 million women each year. In India, it accounts for about 1 in 8 cancer cases, with around 1.6 lakh women diagnosed in 2020. Breast cancer survival rates depend on how early it is found and treated; about 66 out of 100 women in India live at least five years after diagnosis10,12.
The reasons for breast cancer could be due to hereditary or lifestyle-related factors.
Other causes of breast cancer are:
The modifiable risk factors of breast cancer are:
There are different types of breast cancer and they vary in tumour behaviour, grade, and treatment response.
Breast cancer is also divided into different subtypes depending on certain proteins called receptors. These include oestrogen and progesterone receptors and another called HER2. Some breast cancers use these proteins to grow faster.
Breast cancer is divided into 5 stages based on how much the cancer has grown and its spread to other parts.
Doctors use the TNM system to decide the cancer stage. T stands for the size of the tumour, N shows if lymph nodes have cancer, and M indicates whether the cancer has spread to distant parts.
The higher the stage, the more advanced the cancer is. Staging the cancer helps to formulate the best treatment plan and predict how likely it is that the patient will recover. It also helps track how the cancer changes over time during breast cancer treatment and predict the outcomes18.
Many individuals who have breast cancer don’t show symptoms in the early stage, so how to identify breast cancer? You can check for lumps in the breasts yourself or get them checked during regular checkups or screening from a doctor. Symptoms may be seen only when the cancer grows or spreads.
The common signs and symptoms of early and advanced breast cancer are:
The table below gives more clarity on breast cancer symptoms in early and advanced stages19,20.
| Symptoms | Early Stage | Advanced Stage |
| Lump or thickening in breast | Yes | Yes |
| Skin changes (redness, dimpling) | Yes | Yes |
| Nipple changes (pain, discharge) | Yes | Yes |
| Swollen lymph nodes | No | Yes |
| Breast pain | Rare | Yes |
| Bone pain or aches | No | Yes (bone involvement) |
| Weight loss or tiredness | No | Yes (liver involvement) |
| Shortness of breath or cough | No | Yes (lung involvement) |
| Headache or vision changes | No | Yes (brain involvement) |
Breast cancer can be checked by different methods. You can check your breasts for changes yourself, or a doctor can do a breast examination to feel for any lumps or unusual signs.
If you notice any changes in these areas, see a doctor promptly so that even small changes can be checked thoroughly.
This is done by a doctor who will gently feel and check the breasts and underarms for any lumps or unusual signs. They carefully look for anything different in the breast like changes in size, shape, or texture23.
There are certain screening tests available to check for breast cancer, as below:
Besides exams done by you or your doctor, there are imaging tests that can give a clearer picture of breast cancer.
The type of screening required for breast cancer depends on your medical condition and risks, as the doctor advises. It is recommended that women aged 40 to 74 years with average breast cancer risk get a mammogram every 2 years. Those who have risks like BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation, or have had chest radiation at a young age, need more frequent screening as advised by the doctor21,23.
The treatment of breast cancer depends on the stage of breast cancer. No two patients are exactly the same, and treatment and responses to treatment can vary a lot.
Around the world, about 92 out of 100 women live at least 5 years after being diagnosed with breast cancer. In India, the numbers are lower because many women find out late or don’t get full treatment.
If breast cancer is found early and before it spreads to other parts, the survival rate increases. Therefore, regular checks and timely screening for women at increased risk can help find cancer early. In India, many women do not get routine mammograms, so doctors mainly use careful breast exams and special imaging tests to detect cancer early and make it easier to treat24,26.
There are various treatment options for breast cancer, the choice of which depends on the type of breast cancer and its stage, as follows:
Some patients may receive a combination of therapies to improve their chances of recovery. When breast cancer is diagnosed early, treatment can be planned to get the best outcome and help prevent cancer from coming back2,8.
Breast cancer cannot be completely prevented, but healthy lifestyle choices and certain measures may help lower the risk. These include:
You must see a doctor if you have any of these signs, which could possibly indicate breast cancer:
Breast cancer can be managed well if found in the early stages. Knowing the early signs and acting promptly helps early detection and treatment initiation. Many types of breast cancer respond well to advanced medicines, especially when diagnosed early, leading to better outcomes and improved recovery.
Most people don’t show any early signs of breast cancer. As the cancer grows, you might feel a lump in the breast. Other signs include changes in breast size or shape, nipple redness or sores, skin dimpling, swelling in the armpit, or persistent breast pain not related to periods8,27.
Breast cancer is diagnosed by checking the breast for lumps or changes, getting imaging tests like mammograms, and confirming with a biopsy27.
Some types of breast cancer are hereditary. The BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which control cell growth, can undergo mutations causing cancer. The child can get cancer if it is passed from parents, but not everyone with this gene will develop cancer12.
You cannot completely prevent breast cancer, but healthy eating, exercise, and limiting alcohol use can lower the risk. High-risk individuals can talk to a doctor about hormone therapy or surgery to reduce cancer risk27.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Obesity is a rising global health concern. Global reports show that hundreds of millions of adults have been affected in recent decades. These numbers indicate the magnitude of obesity, which is medically defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of more than or equal to 30 kg/m² in adults. It is a significant lifestyle-related risk factor as obesity increases the odds of osteoarthritis, cardiovascular disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease ([MASLD], a liver condition associated with overweight and diabetes), among many other life-threatening diseases.
With obesity becoming a major health issue, there is a growing interest in new treatment options. Zepbound (tirzepatide) and Wegovy (semaglutide) are two medicines that have come under the spotlight recently. Wegovy is FDA- and EMA-approved at 2.4 mg weekly for chronic weight management. Zepbound is FDA-approved for obesity (in 2023), but availability and approval may differ across countries (not yet EMA-approved as of 2025). They are both GLP-1 receptor agonists (a substance that acts like the natural human GLP-1 hormone and turns on a receptor in the body). Zepbound is a dual GLP-1/GIP agonist, while Wegovy is a GLP-1 agonist1.
Wegovy and Zepbound are the brand names of medicines approved for chronic weight management. Wegovy contains semaglutide and Zepbound contains tirzepatide. Both are injectables used along with a calorie-deficient diet and regular exercise. The FDA had earlier approved semaglutide and tirzepatide for T2D under the brand names Ozempic and Mounjaro, respectively2,3.
| Brand name | Generic name | Pronunciation | Manufacturer | Approved uses |
| Wegovy | Semaglutide | Wee-GOH-vee | Novo Nordisk | For weight management in obese/overweight people (lower risk of cardiovascular problems) |
| Zepbound | tirzepatide | ZEPH-bownd | Eli Lily and company | For weight management in obese/overweight people Obstructive sleep apnoea |
Table 1: Overview on Wegovy and Zepbound
Wegovy’s active ingredient, semaglutide, works as a GLP-1 receptor agonist. It lowers blood sugar and promotes weight management by activating GLP-1 receptors in the gut, pancreas, and brain, as follows.
The active ingredient in Zepbound, tirzepatide, is a dual agonist that activates both GLP-1 and GIP receptors.
How the medicines affect appetite, satiety (feeling full), and metabolism:
GLP-1 agonists like semaglutide and dual agonists like tirzepatide reduce hunger, help to maintain the feeling of being full last longer, and steady blood sugar. They curb appetite through their effect on the brain, slow digestion to boost satiety, and improve insulin balance in the pancreas, thus improving weight control, blood sugar regulation, and metabolic parameters (e.g., lipids, insulin sensitivity, and liver fat reduction). Clinical trials (e.g., SURMOUNT-1 vs STEP) show that tirzepatide generally achieves greater weight loss than semaglutide (~20% vs ~15% body weight) at highest doses3,4.
| Weeks | Dosage |
| 1-4 | 0.25 mg per week |
| 5-8 | 0.5 mg per week |
| 9-12 | 1 mg per week |
| 13-16 | 1.7 mg per week |
| 17 onward | 2.4 mg per week (maintenance dose) |
Table 2: Dose escalation schedule
| Weeks | Dosage |
| 1-4 | 2.5 mg per week |
| 5-8 | 5 mg per week |
| 9-12 | 7.5 mg per week |
| 13-16 | 10 mg per week |
| 17-20 | 12.5 mg per week |
| 21 onward | 15 mg per week (maintenance dose) |
Table 3: Dose escalation schedule
Evidence from clinical trials: In large clinical trials (STEP trials for semaglutide and SURMOUNT for tirzepatide), adults with overweight or obesity were treated with either Wegovy (semaglutide, up to 2.4 mg weekly) or Zepbound (tirzepatide, up to 10–15 mg weekly). Both medicines supported significant weight management, but participants taking the highest doses of Zepbound tended to lose more weight than those on Wegovy. This benefit was seen in people with and without diabetes. Zepbound had slightly higher rates of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea than Wegovy, particularly during dose escalation.
Apart from clinical trials, some real-world retrospective cohort studies (like one study published in JAMA 2023) also compared the two drugs. These showed similar patterns, but because they relied on clinic records, the data wasn’t perfect. Parameters like the exact timing of weigh-ins, side effect tracking, and patient motivation weren’t always clear, and the participants did not fully represent the whole U.S.
In the trials, participants with type 2 diabetes had separate, dedicated trials (STEP 2 for Wegovy, SURMOUNT-2 for Zepbound). People with depression could still participate, unless their condition was severe or unstable7.
Average percentage weight loss comparison
| Patient group | Semaglutide (0.5 mg, T2D dose) | Tirzepatide (5 mg, T2D dose) | Semaglutide (2.4 mg, obesity dose) | Tirzepatide (10 mg, obesity dose) |
| With T2D | Around 58% lost at least 5% of weight | Around 69% lost at least 5% of weight | Around 73% lost at least 5% of weight | Around 82% lost at least 5% of weight |
| Without T2D | Too few patients on these lower doses to measure reliably | Too few patients on these lower doses to measure reliably | Around 92% lost at least 5% of weight | Around 96% lost at least 5% of weight |
Table 4: Average percentage weight loss comparison
T2D = Type 2 diabetes
The side effects associated with Wegovy are discussed in Table 5.
| Side effects | Description | Precaution |
| Thyroid tumours | Risk observed in animals; uncertain in humans | Do not administer in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma/multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2; pay attention to neck swelling or hoarseness |
| Pancreatitis | Inflammation of pancreas | Stop usage if suspected; do not proceed if diagnosed with pancreatitis |
| Gallbladder disease | Higher risk of gallstones and gallbladder infection | Check for gallbladder problems if symptoms occur. |
| Low blood sugar | More common in people with type 2 diabetes. | Monitor glucose and adjust other diabetes medications |
| Kidney injury | Due to dehydration from vomiting/diarrhoea | Stay hydrated and monitor kidney function |
| Allergic reactions | Anaphylaxis, swelling (rare but serious) | Discontinue usage if reaction occurs and avoid if there is a history of allergy to semaglutide. |
| Eye problems | May worsen diabetic retinopathy (eye condition caused by diabetes) in some patients | Monitor vision, especially if history of retinopathy |
| Increased heart rate | Small rise in resting heart rate reported | Monitor heart rate; stop if persistent increase |
| Suicidal thoughts | Mood changes or suicidal behaviour possible | Monitor mental health; avoid in patients with history of suicidal tendencies |
| Immunogenicity | About 3% of patients developed anti-drug antibodies, with 1.6% persistent; no impact on weight management, drug levels, or side effects was observed. | – |
Table 5: Wegovy side effects (less common but serious risks)
Other side effects of Zepbound are discussed in Table 6.
| Side effect | Description |
| Gastrointestinal | Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, mostly mild/moderate; sometimes causes dehydration or low blood pressure |
| Acute kidney disease | Rare, sometimes linked to gastrointestinal issues or dehydration |
| Gallbladder disease | Cholecystitis and gallbladder events were slightly higher |
| Pancreatitis | Low incidence, mild increases in amylase/lipase |
| Hypoglycaemia | Lower blood sugar levels when used with insulin or other medicines that increase insulin levels |
| Eye problems | May worsen diabetic retinopathy in some patients |
| Psychiatric disorders | Mood changes or suicidal behaviour possible |
| Increase in heart rate | Small rise in resting heart rate reported |
| Immunogenicity | 64.5% patients developed antibodies, and some had hypersensitivity or injection site reactions |
Table 6: Zepbound side effects (less common but serious risks)
Both Zepbound and Wegovy have similar side effects but with slight variation. Below is a table comparing side effects of both weight management drugs5,6.
| Side effect | Zepbound | Wegovy |
| Gastrointestinal | Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, flatulence, reflux, fatigue, dizziness | Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, fatigue, dizziness, flatulence, reflux, gastroesophageal reflux disease, hair loss |
| Kidney injury | Rare; sometimes linked to gastrointestinal issues/dehydration | Due to dehydration from vomiting/diarrhoea |
| Gallbladder disease | Slightly higher risk of gallstones/cholecystitis | Higher risk of gallstones and gallbladder infection |
| Pancreatitis | Low incidence, mild amylase/lipase increase | Inflammation of pancreas |
| Hypoglycaemia | Lower blood sugar levels when used with insulin or other medicines that increase insulin levels | More common in type 2 diabetes |
| Eye problems | May worsen diabetic retinopathy | May worsen diabetic retinopathy |
| Psychiatric disorders | Mood changes, suicidal behaviour possible | Suicidal thoughts or mood changes possible |
| Heart rate | Small rise reported | Small rise reported |
| Immunogenicity/ Allergic reactions | 64.5% developed antibodies; some hypersensitivity/injection site reactions | 2.9% had confirmed anti-drug antibodies |
| Thyroid C-cell Tumours | Risk observed in animals; uncertain in humans; avoid in medullary thyroid carcinoma/multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 patients | Risk observed in animals; uncertain in humans; avoid in medullary thyroid carcinoma/multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 patients |
Table 7: Comparison between side effects of Wegovy and Zepbound
Call the doctor in case of:
Most side effects get better with time. Follow the doctor’s plan and check in regularly for optimum results.
Many people living with obesity also deal with other health conditions, so choosing a medication that addresses more than one issue can improve overall health and reduce the need for multiple treatments. Wegovy has been shown to lower the risk of heart attack and stroke and may also support certain liver conditions. It may also be the preferred medicine in individuals at high risk of T2D.1,2 Zepbound, on the other hand, can help improve obstructive sleep apnoea, a condition where breathing repeatedly stops during sleep6. For this reason, it is important to consider not only how much weight can be lost but also the added health benefits each treatment may provide.
The following table lists the eligibility criteria for both Wegovy and Zepbound5,6:
| Categories | Wegovy | Zepbound |
| Age group | Adults (18 years or older) and adolescents ≥12 years | Adults |
| The drug can be prescribed to | Adults with overweight and ≥1 comorbidity and adolescents ≥12 yrs with obesity | Adults with overweight and ≥1 comorbidity |
| Other purposes | Reduce risk of cardiovascular events | Treat moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnoea |
| Safety warnings | Do not use with other semaglutide-containing products or any GLP-1 receptor agonist | Do not use with other tirzepatide-containing products or any GLP-1 receptor agonist |
| Contraindications | Personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma People with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2 Allergic reaction to semaglutide. | Personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma People with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2 Allergic reaction to tirzepatide. |
Table 8: Eligibility for Wegovy and Zepbound
Wegovy is available in pharmacies across India (imported)from the end of June 2025, but Zepbound has not yet been introduced in India. Below is the price list of Wegovy across different doses.
| Dose | Monthly price (Rs) | Price per dose (Rs) |
| 0.25 mg | Rs 17,345 | Rs 4,366 |
| 0.50 mg | Rs 17,345 | Rs 4,366 |
| 1.00 mg | Rs 17,345 | Rs 4,366 |
| 1.75 mg | Rs 24,280 | Rs 6,070 |
| 2.40 mg | Rs 26,015 | Rs 6,503 |
Table 9: cost per dose for Wegovy (imported)
Wegovy and Zepbound are both promising medicines used to manage overweight and obesity. The key difference is that while both act on GLP-1 receptors, Zepbound also targets GIP receptors. The choice between them depends entirely on a patient’s health needs. It is advisable to research both medicines and consult a doctor before making a decision. Regular check-ups and monitoring of symptoms are vital. It is important to remember that there is no solution that may fit everyone. What works best often depends on health history, side effect tolerance, availability, and cost.
The safest step is to consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any decision. A doctor can assess medical history, existing health conditions, and long-term goals to recommend the most suitable treatment.
In the comparison of Wegovy vs Zepbound weight loss, both semaglutide and tirzepatide led to significant reductions, with tirzepatide showing greater results at 3, 6, and 9 months. The study included real patients, but results may not be exact because side effects weren’t fully tracked, weight was only measured at doctor visits, and the patients may not represent everyone7.
Both medicines can cause stomach problems, gallbladder issues, and rare serious risks, but Wegovy is linked to fewer immune reactions and injection site problems than Zepbound. The decision must be made after thorough counselling with a doctor5,6.
Yes, both drugs can be taken long-term. Studies have shown sustained weight management and metabolic benefits over years with an acceptable safety profile. However, ongoing monitoring by a doctor is important to manage side effects and ensure continued safety14,15.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Are you wondering about the Ozempic vs Wegovy difference? While they both contain the same ingredient (semaglutide), these two drugs have been prescribed by doctors for different uses.
Ozempic may be prescribed by your doctor to aid in management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus while Wegovy may be prescribed to help with weight management1,2.
In this blog, we will explore the uses, dosing, side effects, mechanism, cost and the results of Ozempic vs Wegovy.
Wegovy and Ozempic have gained immense popularity over the years. Though both contain the same key ingredient, semaglutide, they have been approved and marketed under separate brand names for different purposes. Ozempic was developed first with the goal of management of type 2 diabetes mellitus while Wegovy was developed to help in weight management1,2,3.
This table shows the Wegovy vs Ozempic comparison to understand the key differences in the uses and doses available1,2:
| Ozempic | Wegovy | |
| Approval Year | 20173 | 20213 |
| Key Ingredient | Semaglutide | Semaglutide |
| Primary Use | Management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus and may help to reduce the risk of heart diseases in these individuals. | Chronic weight management in individuals who are obese or overweight and suffer from any weight related comorbidity such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, etc4. |
| Doses and Forms Available | 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg Available as pre-filled injection pen with multiple doses. | 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 1.74 mg, 2.4 mg Available as pre-filled injection for single use only. |
Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) receptor agonist, is approved by the FDA as 2 separate medications – Wegovy and Ozempic5.
Wegovy has been approved by FDA along with strict diet and physical activity mainly for chronic weight management in1,5:
Ozempic has been approved by FDA mainly for2,5:
However, it is also prescribed off-label for weight management.
While their indications differ, both medications may improve metabolic health and may help in weight management as well. Because they contain the same active ingredient, both these medications share many benefits, such as reducing insulin resistance, lowering inflammation, and potentially decreasing the risk of complications related to obesity and cardiovascular disease1,2,5.
Both Wegovy and Ozempic are generally administered as subcutaneous injections or as advised by your doctor. However, their approved uses, dose escalation schedules, and maximum doses differ.
Both medications are generally injected subcutaneously into the abdomen, thigh, or upper arm or as advised by your doctor. Your doctor will recommend that you take the medication once weekly, preferably at the same time each week1,2.
When we consider the Wegovy vs Ozempic dose, Wegovy is available in 5 different pens containing the prescribed doses of semaglutide (0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 1.7 mg, and 2 mg)1,6. Ozempic is available in pre-filled pen semaglutide dosages of 0.25 mg (for initiating treatment and not for sugar control), 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg.
The differences in the Wegovy vs Ozempic dose in adults is as follows1,2:
| Starting Dose | Maximum Dose | Maintenance | |
| Wegovy | 0.25 mg / week | 2.4 mg / week | 1.7 mg or 2.4 mg / week |
| Ozempic | 0.25 mg / week | 2 mg / week | 0.5 mg or 1 mg or 2 mg / week |
If a dose of either of the medication is missed, it can be taken within 5 days. If beyond 5 days, the missed dose can be skipped. It’s ideal to consult the doctor for best advice on skipped dosages of medicines1,2.
Semaglutide injection must always be used as directed and at the dose recommended by doctor.
Side effects of both Wegovy and Ozempic are usually similar.
Common ones include7:
Serious side effects may include7,8:
If you face any of these symptoms, it is important to consult your doctor and seek immediate medical care.
Both Wegovy and Ozempic contain the same active drug semaglutide. Semaglutide has been extensively studied in individuals with type 2 diabetes and obesity. It has shown significant reductions in HbA1c levels in several studies. In the SUSTAIN clinical trial program, the average HbA1c reductions ranged from 1.45% to 1.55%, depending on the dose (0.5 mg to 1 mg weekly). The trial also demonstrated its benefit for weight loss5,9.
Another study, the STEP trial, established the effectiveness of semaglutide for weight loss at a dose of 2.5mg with a mean reduction in body weight by about 15% after 68 weeks10. Moreover, these trials also showed improvements in cardiometabolic health, including reductions in waist circumference, blood pressure, and lipid levels.
When comparing Wegovy vs Ozempic for weight loss, there are no studies directly assessing the same. Although, a metanalysis of latest weight loss drugs showed that individuals who took 2.4 mg of semaglutide lost more weight than those who took 1 mg of semaglutide11, which is the usual maintenance dose of Wegovy.
Thus, it can be summarized that the effects of Ozempic and Wegovy overlap. Both of these can lower blood sugar, manage weight, and improve cardiovascular outcomes, though the degree of benefit varies with the dose and target population. Generally, Ozempic is primarily chosen for patients with type 2 diabetes where glucose control is central, while Wegovy is the primary choice in obese or overweight individuals seeking chronic weight loss.
When we look at the Ozempic vs Wegovy cost in the U.S., Ozempic, primarily indicated for type 2 diabetes, costs around $936/month, while Wegovy, primarily indicated for chronic weight management, is priced at $1,349/month. However, these medications are much cheaper in Europe, these drugs are significantly cheaper. Their high cost and effectiveness have kept them in global headlines12.
Until recently, Wegovy was not available in India, though oral semaglutide (Rybelsus) was being used for management of diabetes. However, in June 2025, Novo Nordisk officially launched Wegovy in India as a once-weekly injectable for weight loss. Ozempic is still not approved in India, though the semaglutide molecule is available in oral form13.
Wegovy in India is priced from ₹17,345 to ₹26,015/month depending on the dose you require13. This is lower than global prices but still high for most patients. Moreover, most Indian health insurance policies do not cover weight management medications unless they are prescribed for conditions like type 2 diabetes. Hence, you should expect out-of-pocket expenses for Wegovy. Global demand for GLP‑1 medications has led to supply shortages, affecting availability in India too14.
In Ozempic vs Wegovy ingredients, both medications share the same primary ingredient, semaglutide, however, the excipients may differ. In Wegovy, phenol content is not used as inactive ingredients which is present in Ozempic.
Both medications act through the same mechanism, as they belong to the class known as GLP-1 receptor agonists. GLP-1 is a natural hormone in the body that helps regulate blood sugar and appetite. Semaglutide mimics the action of this hormone. By slowing down the emptying of food from the stomach, semaglutide makes you feel full for longer, which helps reduce food intake. At the same time, it improves how the body responds to insulin, keeping blood sugar levels more stable5,7.
Before starting Wegovy or Ozempic, a doctor must always be consulted. Any relevant medical and family history and the current health status should be disclosed to ensure safe and effective use. The following should be discussed with a doctor before using semaglutide7:
Wegovy and Ozempic may also react with certain medications such as5:
Always follow your doctor’s instructions closely as regular communication with your doctor helps reduce risks and ensures the best results.
Though both medications contain the same active ingredient semaglutide, they are prescribed for different purposes. While Wegovy is indicated for chronic weight management with or without diabetes, Ozempic is primarily approved for managing type 2 diabetes1,2. As the results may take time to show, its best to continue with the one prescribed by your doctor based on your needs.
However, you may sometimes need to switch medications due to supply shortages, insurance coverage issues, or access limitations that make one medication more available than the other. In such cases, it is important to consult your doctor. Although Wegovy and Ozempic share the same active ingredient, their dosing schedules and maximum dosages differ. Hence, it is always recommended that you consult your doctor to understand the dosing equivalence of new medication for best results1,2.
Moreover, self-switching or overlapping treatments can lead to serious side effects or reduced effectiveness. Therefore, always follow your doctor’s instructions and take the medicine as prescribed1,2.
Wegovy and Ozempic are both semaglutide-based medications but are prescribed for different purposes. Wegovy is mainly prescribed for chronic weight management, while Ozempic is mainly prescribed for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Though both medications contain the same ingredient, their dosing, approvals, and availability differ, making medical guidance essential when choosing or switching between them. If you are considering either medication, always consult your doctor to ensure the safest and most effective option for your health needs.
Wegovy and Ozempic are prescription medications both containing the same active ingredient semaglutide, however, their inactive ingredients can vary. Although both medications are FDA-approved, Wegovy is approved mainly for chronic weight management, while Ozempic is indicated for blood sugar control in type 2 diabetes1,2.
Ozempic which contains semaglutide, a GLP1 receptor agonist, can lead to weight loss when used off-label. However, it should not be used to manage weight loss alone as it is FDA-approved for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is important to consult your doctor and take this medication as directed1,2,12.
Both medicines contain semaglutide but are approved for different purposes. While the maintenance dose of Wegovy is usually higher than Ozempic, it is primarily for weight management, while Ozempic is for diabetes. Consult your doctor to understand which medication will be most suitable for you1,2.
Though both medications can show adverse effects, studies have shown that the risk of gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea and vomiting increases with higher doses of semaglutide. Hence, if you are taking any of these medications and facing any side effects, it is best to consult your doctor as these side effects can be managed by gradually adjusting the dose of your medication15.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Diaper rash is not just a concern for babies. It can occur in adults too, and can be just as uncomfortable and frustrating. Adult diaper rash can occur due to several reasons such as incontinence (loss of urine or stool control), high moisture, or irritation to chemicals, and can get superimposed fungal (Candida albicans) or bacterial infections1.
Adult diaper rash is common, however, it is completely manageable with proper hygiene practices, topical creams, and antifungal or antibacterial treatment, though severe or chronic rashes may require medical attention1. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, effective treatments, and easy home remedies that may help to soothe the skin and prevent further rashes.
Adult diaper rash (or irritant contact dermatitis), is a simple term used for inflammation of skin that develops in areas covered by diapers, pads or incontinence briefs. While there can be a combination of factors causing this condition, it most commonly occurs when your skin is exposed to prolonged moisture due to contact with stool or urine for a long period of time (thus considered as a form of incontinence-associated dermatitis). This may lead to redness (erythema), maceration, soreness, itchiness, and erosion on your skin2. However, if you notice papules (bumps) or pustules (pus-filled boils) on your skin along with erythema and erosion, it may suggest a secondary fungal or bacterial infection which occurs as a complication to adult diaper rash2,3.
Studies4 have shown that approximately 50% of adults with faecal or both (faecal and urinary incontinence) show diaper rash within two weeks.
Are you wondering what causes diaper rash in adults? In adults what is commonly called diaper rash often represents irritant or allergic contact dermatitis. It mostly occurs in individuals with incontinence due to excessive contact of skin with urine or stool, causing breakdown of skin barrier from prolonged moisture contact or pH disruption of skin, leading to inflammation. Other contributing factors include1,2,5:
By understanding the common causes of diaper rash, you can take preventive steps and choose the right care to keep your skin healthy and comfortable1,5.
Diaper rash adult symptoms include1,5,7:
Recognising these symptoms early can help prevent the rash from worsening and ensure timely treatment.
To treat diaper rash effectively, you can follow these simple home remedies for diaper rash in adults which can be remembered with the pneumonic “ABCDE”8,9:
The area of your skin should be exposed to air as much as possible. Removing your diaper may minimise the friction and contact with moisture.
Application of creams that contain zinc oxide or petroleum may help to create a barrier between your skin and the diaper, serving as a protective layer and reducing contact with urine and stool.
The skin in contact with the diaper should be cleaned gently and thoroughly with water and gentle cleansers.
You should change your diaper frequently or as soon as it is soiled. This reduces the moisture on the skin which can lead to a diaper rash. Moreover, studies have shown that individuals using disposable, breathable and absorbable diapers are found to have a lesser incidence of diaper rash compared to reusable cloth diapers8.
Diaper rash can be prevented by following simple diaper hygiene techniques such as washing your hands before and after every diaper change, using a soft cloth for cleaning, avoiding the use of irritants (such as fragrances or alcohol) in cleaning agents, use of proper fitting diapers, and monitoring for secondary infections.
Antibiotics and antifungal medication may be prescribed by the doctor if infection is confirmed. Low potency topical corticosteroids (such as hydrocortisone 0.5%) may be considered in moderate to severe inflammation. Consult your doctor and use as directed with caution, especially if you have infected skin1.
By following the simple ABCDE steps, you can effectively reduce the risk of adult diaper rash and maintain healthy, comfortable skin8,9.
Diaper rashes caused by yeast or fungal infection (commonly Candida) need special care as they may not improve with simple measures. The classical sign of fungal infection by Candida albicans is bright red erythema with satellite pustules. This helps to distinguish it from irritant dermatitis. Its treatment focuses on keeping the area clean, reducing moisture, and using antifungal medicines1.
If your rash is severe, painful, or does not improve after a few days of antifungal application, your doctor may suggest oral antifungal medicines if needed to help relieve your symptoms1.
An untreated diaper rash can lead to1,2,5,7:
You are more likely to develop these complications if you have a weak immune system or if you suffer from any chronic health conditions1,5,7.
Simple tips that you can follow to reduce diaper rash adults symptoms include1,5,9:
Always monitor your skin for signs of redness and irritation and seek medical advice early to prevent any further complications.
Also Read: Top Balance Exercises for Seniors to Improve Stability
You should see a doctor if your rash is not showing any improvement with treatment after 2 to 3 days, or if your rash spreads to other regions of your body such as your arms, face, abdomen. If you develop a fever or notice any pimples, sores filled with pus or large bumps, it is best to consult your doctor and seek prompt medical care for your condition5.
Also Read: UTI in the Elderly: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Prevention
Adult diaper rash is a common yet manageable problem that can cause discomfort and irritation, if it is not treated in time. By recognizing the early signs, practicing good hygiene, and following simple care practices such as the “ABCDE” approach, you may effectively manage and reduce the risk of rashes.
In most cases, these steps are sufficient to relieve symptoms, but if the rash becomes severe, spreads to other areas, or does not improve within a few days, it is important to seek medical advice. Timely medical advice ensures proper treatment and prevents complications, keeping your skin healthy and comfortable.
Yes, taking antibiotics for a prolonged period of time can disrupt your normal skin and gut flora, thereby increasing your chances of developing fungal infections (such as Candida) that cause rashes. If you are on antibiotics and notice a rash developing, it is important to consult your doctor so that antifungal treatment can be considered10.
Stress does not directly cause diaper rash, but it can weaken your immune system and slow down healing. People under stress may also neglect proper hygiene or diaper care, which increases the risk of your rash worsening. Managing stress through relaxation techniques, exercise, or adequate rest can indirectly help the rash heal faster11.
Yes. Tight or synthetic fabrics such as nylon and polyester should be avoided as they tend to trap heat and moisture against the skin, which can worsen irritation. Loose-fitting, breathable clothing material is recommended as it allows air circulation and helps keep the diaper area dry, reducing friction and discomfort5.
The rash itself is not contagious, so it cannot spread from one person to another just by touch. However, if the rash is caused by a fungal infection (like Candida) or bacteria, those organisms may spread in shared environments or through improper hygiene. Good handwashing and proper diaper disposal reduce this risk12.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
Magnesium is an important mineral that may help the body in several processes, including producing energy, helping muscles move, and supporting nerves to send signals. It also helps control blood sugar and blood pressure. Most of the magnesium is stored in bones and muscles, and only a small amount circulates in the blood. Low magnesium levels in blood can cause muscle cramps, weakness, poor nerve function, and even serious heart problem1,2.
When magnesium levels drop, doctors may recommend the most suitable form of magnesium supplementation to meet individual needs. There are different types of magnesium supplements available, like magnesium oxide, citrate, chloride, lactate, and glycinate. Among these, magnesium glycinate is a well-absorbed form in which magnesium is bound to an amino acid called glycine. This combination not only improves absorption but also makes it gentler on the stomach, reducing the chance of digestive discomfort compared to other forms. Magnesium glycinate has been shown to be helpful for people experiencing stress, anxiety, sleep difficulties, or tiredness3,4.
In this blog, we will explore magnesium glycinate benefits, uses, side effects, and foods containing magnesium glycinate.
Magnesium glycinate is a nutritional supplement that provides the body with magnesium. In this form, magnesium is joined with glycine, a small building block of protein. Together, they form a stable compound called a chelate4,5. This may help the body absorb magnesium better, giving it high bioavailability. Bioavailability means the amount of magnesium the body can actually use after taking it6.
The amount absorbed may depend on many factors. Internal factors include age, overall health, and how much magnesium is already in the body. External factors include the dose, the type of food eaten with it, and the form of the supplement. Some suppliers of raw materials do not fully join magnesium with glycine. Instead, they may just mix magnesium carbonate or magnesium oxide with glycine and call it magnesium glycinate. This is only a dry mix of two separate compounds, with little or no actual bonding, so it is not the same as true magnesium glycinate. It is recommended to choose a high-quality, approved supplement with good formulation4,6.
Next, we will look at the benefits of magnesium glycinate.
Magnesium glycinate may be recommended when the body’s magnesium levels are low, or when magnesium from food is not enough5,7. It is considered useful for supporting various areas of health including:
Magnesium supplementation may play an important role in calming certain brain switches called NMDA receptors, which may become overactive when magnesium levels are low. It may also help relax blood vessels and aid in circulation to support healthy brain and nerve function4,8.
Magnesium supplementation, along with zinc, selenium, vitamin C, and vitamin E, may show positive effects in regulating blood sugar. It may help improve insulin sensitivity, keeping fasting sugar levels under control. It may also help maintain healthy cholesterol levels in people with diabetes and heart disease.
Magnesium is needed to convert vitamin D into its active form, helping the body absorb calcium and support parathyroid hormone activity. Supplementation with magnesium may contribute to bone health, especially when combined with vitamin D and calcium. It may also help lower bone turnover in elderly women after menopause.
Magnesium taken orally may act as a natural calcium channel blocker, which can help ease blood vessel tension, improve blood vessel function in the heart, and may even help control blood pressure in people with diabetes and heart disease.
Magnesium may help in muscle contraction. When levels are low, magnesium deficiency can cause muscle cramps. By restoring magnesium levels, muscle function may improve3,7.
Magnesium supplementation may reduce calcium oxalate crystal formation and decrease intestinal oxalate absorption, helping prevent kidney stone formation6.
Magnesium helps the body make serotonin, a chemical that affects mood and feelings of happiness. Magnesium supplementation may help calm the brain by slowing overactive signals and supporting relaxing signals (GABA agonist), which can make it easier to feel calm and sleep better, but these effects are not very strong or consistent3,7.
Magnesium glycinate may help protect the body from oxidative stress and help fight inflammation in the body owing to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties3,8.
An important benefit of magnesium glycinate is that it is a chelated form, where magnesium is bonded with glycine. It is well absorbed by the body, with some of it taken in as a small, complete unit called a dipeptide in the upper part of the small intestine. This special absorption makes it gentle on the stomach and an effective option compared to other types of magnesium supplements4,6.
Note: While initial studies have shown benefits of magnesium supplementation, further large-scale human-trials are needed to confirm these.
Magnesium glycinate may be used in the management of several health conditions including:
Thus, magnesium glycinate may be useful inmanaging magnesium deficiency and related health issues, and next we will see how it compares with other types of magnesium in effectiveness, absorption, and tolerance.
Magnesium supplements come in many forms, mainly divided into two types: inorganic or organic. Inorganic forms, like magnesium oxide, may provide a high amount of magnesium but may not be absorbed well in the gut. Organic forms, like magnesium citrate, may dissolve more easily and may be absorbed better1.
One important magnesium glycinate benefit is, it is one of the organic forms that is gentle on the gut and may usually cause fewer stomach issues or loose stools compared to some other forms. It has high bioavailability and is usually absorbed well in the gut14,15. Thus, it may be a suitable option for long-term use and for people with special needs, like after intestinal surgery (ileal resection), where absorption is affected13.
Other forms of magnesium may vary in absorption and effects:
Overall, magnesium glycinate may offer better absorption, higher bioavailability, and fewer digestive issues, and may be a well-tolerated choice compared to many other forms of magnesium.
Low magnesium may not always show clear signs, especially if the shortage is mild. However, when the deficiency becomes excessive, it may affect muscles, nerves, and the heart.
People with conditions like diabetes may be more likely to have low magnesium, and long-term deficiency may increase the risk of heart problems6,7.
Magnesium glycinate may be prescribed in different amounts depending on the situation. The recommended dose is mostly 200- 400mg of elemental magnesium per day, sometimes given in divided doses. At higher doses, side effects like diarrhoea may occur4.
The doctor may decide the exact dose based on your individual needs, condition, and health situation.
Magnesium glycinate is generally well tolerated, and side effects are uncommon. Some people may notice mild stomach issues at high doses of supplements, which can sometimes cause loose stools, nausea, or abdominal cramps. Very high levels may rarely lead to more serious issues like low blood pressure, extreme tiredness, or irregular heartbeat3,7. Other effects like sleep changes, headaches, dizziness, increased thirst, frequent urination, or joint pain are very rare or unlikely14,17.
When you experience these magnesium glycinate side effects, you need to pay attention and let your doctor know. Your doctor may adjust the dose or check for interactions with any medicines you are taking. The dose your doctor decides may depend on your health condition and what magnesium is prescribed for.
Foods do not naturally have magnesium glycinate, but many contain magnesium itself, which the body can use. Green leafy vegetables like spinach and kale, legumes such as beans and lentils, nuts including almonds and cashews, and seeds like pumpkin or chia are good sources. Whole grains, brown rice, soy products, and some dairy like milk and yogurt also provide magnesium. Certain breakfast cereals are fortified with magnesium to add extra amounts.
The amount of magnesium in foods can vary depending on how they are processed. For example, refined grains lose magnesium when the nutrient-rich parts are removed. Water can also contain magnesium, though levels vary by source. Eating a mix of these foods helps the body get enough magnesium to support normal functions.
Examples of magnesium-rich foods: spinach, kale, beans, lentils, almonds, cashews, pumpkin seeds, chia seeds, brown rice, oatmeal, milk, yoghurt, salmon, and avocado2,7.
Magnesium glycinate may be a helpful option when your body needs extra magnesium or food alone is not enough to meet the needs. It may be absorbed well, is gentle on the stomach, and suitable for long-term use in healthy adults with normal kidney function, or for special needs, like after intestinal surgery. People with kidney problems should use it with caution and under monitoring. Other forms of magnesium may work differently in absorption and tolerance. Your doctor may decide if magnesium glycinate is right for you, and the exact dose will depend on your health and what it is prescribed for.
Magnesium in forms like citrate, oxide, aspartate, and chloride are used to support healthy blood pressure. No single form is shown to be superior; dose and duration are more important. A daily intake of about 400-500 mg may be associated with blood pressure benefits. Among the types, magnesium citrate is absorbed well, oxide may sometimes upset the stomach, and magnesium glycinate is gentle and its use in high blood pressure is under research4,18.
Magnesium glycinate is not a sleeping pill. It may support relaxation and calm the nervous system, which can help with sleep in some people. Your doctor may decide if it is appropriate for your sleep needs3,7.
Magnesium glycinate may be used to reduce the frequency and severity of migraine headaches. It is well absorbed and gentle on digestion. Your doctor may advise if it is suitable for your situation and the correct dose4.
Magnesium glycinate may help regulate nerve signals in the brain, supporting calmness and normal function. It may help protect nerve cells and support overall brain activity4,8.
The best time to take magnesium glycinate depends on doctor guidance and the condition being treated. Some people may take it at different times, in divided doses, or after meals or at bedtime. Timing can vary and should follow individual recommendations16,18.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
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Flu or influenza is an infection caused by influenza viruses, typically the A, and B types. Influenza spreads easily and can affect people of any age, from children to the elderly1,2. While most of them recover within a few days, uncomplicated flu takes about 5–7 days to resolve, and tiredness or cough can last up to 2 weeks3.
Sometimes flu can lead to serious problems like pneumonia (directly caused by the flu, or by superimposed bacterial infection) and worsening of diseases like asthma, diabetes, and heart problems. Every year, millions of people get affected by flu worldwide, with many even needing hospital admission. Taking a flu shot is the most effective way to lower this risk. It not only helps prevent flu infection but also reduces the risk of complications and hospitalisation4,5.
While the benefits of the flu shot are clear, some people worry about what happens after the flu shot and whether they will get side effects. Like any vaccine, the flu shot may cause some side effects, but they are mostly mild and short-term6. In this blog, let’s see what the flu shot side effects are, how long they last, and simple ways to feel better.
There are three main types of influenza vaccines: the inactivated influenza vaccine, the live attenuated influenza vaccine and the recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV). The inactivated vaccine contains killed viruses and is given as an injection. The live attenuated vaccine is made from weakened viruses and is available as a nasal spray1,7. Recombinant vaccines, such as FluBlok, are newer vaccines made without using the flu virus or eggs, especially for people with egg allergies. These are available in some countries but are not common in India.
In India, the commonly used form is the inactivated influenza vaccine, which is administered as an injection into the arm muscle in adults, and into the thigh muscle in infants1,7. It is recommended for people at higher risk, such as children aged six months and older, adults over 65 years, pregnant women, healthcare workers, and people with chronic illnesses like asthma, diabetes, or heart disease1. It is not recommended for all adults, unlike in some countries such as the US, where vaccination is advised for everyone4.
When you get the flu shot, your body’s immune system is activated to produce protective antibodies against the flu virus. The antibodies are developed within 2 weeks after you get your flu shot. These antibodies are mainly responsible for the effectiveness of vaccines and protect children and adults from severe infection. When you get infected with flu, your body also produces antibodies, but this protection works only against the same type of flu and slowly fades away, especially because the flu virus keeps changing its form. In the same way, the antibodies produced by the vaccine gradually decline over time4,9. Therefore, it is recommended to get your flu shot yearly once before the flu season to protect yourself.
You can prepare yourself by following these simple things before you get a flu shot:
After getting the flu shot, it’s normal to experience mild soreness, pain, swelling or redness at the site of injection. Small children may become irritable and cry excessively. These signs are generally nothing to worry about and resolve soon on their own4,6.
Some individuals, especially adolescents, may have a fainting sensation during or after the vaccination, but this is mainly due to anxiety related to the injection process and not the side effects of injection per se. If you feel dizzy, you will be made to sit for 15-20 mins and monitored after the injection11.
There are some other minor or rarely major side effects that may occur after getting the flu shot. We’ll discuss these in detail in the following sections.
Flu shots are generally safe, but mild flu vaccine side effects may be seen.
Serious flu shot side effects are very rare. Only 1 to 2 people out of 1 million doses may have a severe allergic reaction seen as:
These reactions can sometimes start even after leaving the clinic or hospital15,16.
In very rare cases, some people may have a risk of developing flu vaccine long-term side effects like Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) a few days or weeks after vaccination. GBS is a rare disorder where the immune system attacks the nerves, causing weakness and, in some cases, paralysis. However, the chance of getting GBS from the flu vaccine is extremely rare, about 1 to 2 people in every 1 million. This risk is much lower than getting GBS from catching the flu itself17.
Flu vaccines are made with viruses that are no longer active or with particles that mimic the flu virus, so they cannot cause flu directly. Instead, they help your body build an immune response and produce antibodies against flu6,9.
Sometimes, a person may still get flu after being vaccinated, but this is not because of the vaccine. It could happen if you are exposed to flu within 1–2 weeks after the shot, before your body develops full protection, or if you catch a flu strain not covered by the vaccine.
The nasal spray flu vaccine (not available in India) contains a weakened form of the virus. In rare cases, it may cause mild cold-like symptoms, but not true flu. This is not seen in other types of flu vaccines4,7.
In fact, it helps protect you and usually makes illness milder if you do get infected. Vaccinated people have a much lower risk of hospitalisation and death from flu.
Other reasons someone might get flu after vaccination include catching it before the body has finished building protection, facing a flu strain not covered by the vaccine, or the vaccine’s effect wearing off later in the season4,9.
Most flu shot side effects are mild, like pain at the injection site, headache, tiredness, and muscle pain, usually go away within 1 to 3 days. In some cases, soreness or swelling at the injection site may last up to 7 days14.
Some may develop mild allergic skin reactions, like hives, which settle within 24 hours. Rarely, delayed reactions like skin rashes are seen which may occur hours to several days after receiving the flu shot18.
Serious allergic reactions, such as angioedema (swelling of the face, lips, or throat) or anaphylaxis, occur within minutes to a few hours, but are very rare. With proper treatment, symptoms usually resolve within hours if not severe19,20.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an extremely rare flu vaccine long-term side effect that may occur 2 to 6 weeks after vaccination. Recovery may take months to years, depending on severity21,22.
The flu vaccine side effects can be managed by doing these simple things at home:
The flu vaccine may cause mild side effects, but these are very minor compared with the benefits. It protects against influenza virus infection and greatly lowers the risk of serious illness. While no vaccine gives 100% protection, people who get the flu after vaccination are far less likely to experience severe complications, hospitalizations and even prevents ICU admissions. This protection is especially important for high-risk groups such as children, pregnant women, older adults, and people with chronic conditions. Even if you get the flu after vaccination, it is usually milder when compared with those who are not vaccinated. This makes it important to get your yearly flu shot26,27.
You should see a doctor after a flu shot if pain or fever is not relieved by paracetamol, or if symptoms are severe, worsening, persistent, or causing concern. Seek medical advice if these symptoms last more than seven days. Seek urgent care immediately if you experience flu vaccine side effects like severe allergic reactions, including difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or throat, a rapid heartbeat, widespread rash, dizziness, or weakness16,25.
Flu shots are safe and effective, with side effects that are usually mild and short-term. They protect against flu infection, reduce the risk of complications, hospitalizations, and ICU admissions, and also protect high-risk groups such as children, pregnant women, older adults, and those with other long-term health conditions. Getting a flu vaccine every year can protect you and those around you, helping keep the community healthy throughout the flu season.
Yes, you can get a flu shot during pregnancy. It helps protect you from getting the flu, reduces the risk of hospitalization, and passes antibodies to your baby before birth28.
Yes, people over 60 can get stronger flu vaccines, such as the high-dose or adjuvanted flu vaccine, which boost the immune system and provide better protection than the regular flu shot. These vaccines also help reduce complications.
Yes, you need to get a flu shot every year because the influenza virus changes constantly. Annual vaccination prepares your body to fight the current type or strain of flu circulating that season.
For most adults, only one injection is needed. However, children aged 6 months to 9 years who are receiving the flu shot for the first time, and people who have undergone transplant or have special health conditions, may need two shots, spaced one month apart8.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.
The World Health Organisation defines fall as “an event which results in a person coming to rest inadvertently on the ground or floor or other lower level.” About 684,000 falls are reported each year worldwide involving all ages1. However, accidental falls are more common in the elderly (over the age of 65 years). An estimated 30% of the elderly population have one or more falls each year, increasing up to 50% in adults over 80 years, worldwide2. By 2050, there are expected to be about 200 crore (2 billion) people over the age of 60 years worldwide. In India, the percentage of elderly people is estimated to be 12.4% of the entire population by the end of 20263. About 10 lakh (1 million) elderly people die in India annually, and almost twice as many are injured due to accidental falls. About 10% of the elderly experience recurrent falls4. This can lead to increased health care costs, especially out-of-pocket expenses. Accidental falls in the elderly are fast becoming a major health concern, leading to mental health issues in them and impacting their quality of life5. Fall prevention in the elderly and management of related injuries is a critical challenge for health care personnel globally.
Although anyone can fall anytime, certain groups of people are at a higher risk of experiencing a fall, such as:
There is no one specific reason why the elderly fall. However, there are several factors which can increase the risk of falls and injury in the elderly. Some of these include:
Most falls are the result of a combination of one or more factors.
Symptoms such as dizziness or light-headedness often precede some accidental falls. Many accidental falls may not cause major injuries. However, it is best to watch out for the following symptoms after a fall that may lead to serious complications:
Contact your doctor immediately if you have any serious symptoms after a fall10,11.
There are no specific mandatory tests to be performed after a fall. However, doctors follow standard guidelines and may advise testing depending on the suspected cause of the fall, the type of injuries and your physical condition. These may include:
Treatment of falls in the elderly depends on the cause of the fall, the injuries caused by the fall and the physical condition. Broadly, they can be categorised as:
Every treatment should be tailored to each case, specifically involving multiple specialists like doctors, nurses, physiotherapists, social and community workers, etc. It is best to discuss the treatment options with your doctor13,14.
Although it may not be realistically possible to prevent falls completely, steps may be taken to reduce the chances of falling and fall-related injury in elderly. Fall prevention in the elderly requires a multidimensional approach, for example:
Besides medical or clinical interventions, lifestyle changes and exercise programs should be incorporated in routine. Environmental or home modifications may be required to make the surroundings safer13,15.
Let’s have a look at these in detail in the next section.
Making the elderly feel safe and building their confidence is of prime importance. Adopting certain lifestyle changes and following some safety guidelines can help reduce the risk of accidental falls, such as:
If you are attending to someone who has had a fall, call for an ambulance or emergency services if:
Many falls may cause only a slight injury or discomfort. However, if you do not recover from the mild symptoms within a couple of weeks, you should consult your doctor5,10. If you or someone around you is not feeling well or is uncomfortable after a fall, contact your doctor immediately. Seek medical help if you experience worsening of symptoms or developing new serious symptoms like:
Also Read: Pneumonia in the Elderly: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
Falls in elderly are common and can be dangerous. A single fall can lead to a domino effect of health issues ranging from minor injuries to prolonged hospitalisations, immobility, and loss of independence. Fortunately, avoiding a fall or reducing the chances of a fall is frequently possible with the certain proactive measures. Fall prevention in the elderly is achievable by adopting a multidimensional approach of early recognition and reduction of the risk factors, regular health check-ups, and making optimal lifestyle changes. The responsibility of fall prevention is shared by health care professionals, family members, caregivers, the elderly themselves, and the wider community. Together, with a multidisciplinary, holistic approach, our elderly can not only avoid falls, but also enjoy a life of dignity, independence, and vitality that they deserve in their golden years.
Also Read: Adult Diaper Rash: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Home Remedies
Doctors can assess your risk of falling with the help of STEADI (Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, and Injuries) protocol, which is developed by the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention in three stages:
-Screening: A detailed history of previous falls, medical conditions, and problems with movement, like unsteadiness, imbalance, etc
–Assessment: Your doctor can perform a series of tests to assess your fall risk. Ask your doctor if you want to know more about them.
–Intervention: By helping you to make decisions on your health and implement strategies to reduce fall risk19.
Depending on the force of the fall and how you fall, different parts of the body may be involved, such as bones, joints, muscles, nerves, ligaments, tendons, and blood vessels. A fall can cause fractures of the bones or inside the joints, dislocations, sprains, muscle pulls, nerve damage, cuts, and bruises3,15.
The recovery process is slow in the elderly. The recovery time depends on the nature of the fall, injuries caused and the physical condition of an individual. Minor injuries may take a few days to heal. Major injuries like fractures, brain injuries, etc, may take a few months to more than a year. Ask your doctor about the recovery plan and how long it might take in your specific case20.
Tai Chi is a type of exercise routine used in China. It involves several `poses´ that use body weight and gravity to improve balance and strength. Movements like twisting of the torso, shifting of weight, squatting, and controlling the posture help with cognitive improvement. Tai Chi exercises may reduce the risk of falls by improving balance and strength21,22.
Work under the supervision of a certified yoga teacher to learn `asanas´ or poses that improve balance and strength. Follow a simple yoga routine that is tailored to your fitness level and health conditions. To begin with, start with slow and simple exercises, gradually increasing in complexity to achieve the optimal benefits of yoga, and to reduce the risk of falls. Some such poses are:
Tree pose
Dancer pose
Crescent warrior pose
Warrior III pose
Side plank
Figure 4 pose
Upward and downward facing dog poses23,24.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
