Dear Reader,

Laughing disorder, often linked to Pseudobulbar Affect (PBA), is a condition characterized by sudden, uncontrollable episodes of laughing or crying that are disproportionate or inappropriate to the social context. 

PBA is caused by a disruption in the brain’s neural pathways that regulate emotional expression. This disruption can also occur due to neurological conditions such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or traumatic brain injury.

Patients with PBA experience episodes of involuntary emotional expression, which can be distressing and socially embarrassing. These episodes are not necessarily connected to the person’s actual emotional state and can occur without any apparent trigger. 

PBA is often underdiagnosed because its symptoms can be mistaken for mood disorders. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential for improving the quality of life for individuals affected by PBA. Patient education and counselling also play an important role. 

If your friend has relatable symptoms, he/she should consult a neurologist for a diagnosis of the underlying cause, and treatment may vary accordingly. Hope this helps!

Dear Reader,

To stay active during the monsoon season in India, consider these effective indoor exercise options:

1. Yoga: Practicing yoga can improve flexibility, strength, and mental well-being. It requires minimal space and equipment, making it a perfect option for indoors. 
2. Home Workouts: Perform bodyweight exercises such as squats, push-ups, lunges, and planks. These exercises are great for building strength and do not require equipment.
3. Dance Workouts: Dancing is a fun and effective way to stay fit and burn calories. Follow online dance workout videos to stay motivated and energized. Dance routines can improve cardiovascular health, coordination, and overall mood. This is a tried-and-tested method that always works for me. 
4. Zumba: Zumba combines dance and aerobic movements performed to energetic music. It’s a high-energy workout that can help burn calories, improve cardiovascular fitness, and boost your mood. You may also join virtual Zumba classes to enjoy this fun workout indoors. 
5. Skipping Rope: Skipping is an excellent cardio exercise that improves cardiovascular health and coordination. It’s also space-efficient and highly effective.
6. Pilates: Pilates focuses on core strength, flexibility, and overall body conditioning. Follow online classes to guide you through different routines.
7. Strength Training: For resistance training, use dumbbells, resistance bands, or household items like water bottles. This helps build muscle and boost metabolism.

Apart from these, choose stairs over lifts wherever possible, walk while you talk, and try to reduce your hours of sitting continuously. By incorporating these indoor exercises into your routine, you can stay active and avoid weight gain during the monsoon season.

Hope this helps.

Wish you good health.

Dear Reader,

I understand your concern. Climate of Mumbai is both hot and humid, increased humidity during monsoon season offers a favorable environment for the growth of fungi, bacteria and viruses. Apart from these, allergic problems may also present due to weather changes.

Here are a few tips that can help you prevent skin rashes during the monsoon in Mumbai:

1. Keep Skin Dry and Clean: Shower regularly and pat dry your skin, especially in sweaty areas. Talk to your doctor about using antibacterial and antifungal powders.
2. Wear Breathable Clothing: Choose loose, cotton fabrics to allow skin to breathe. Avoid tight, damp clothes. Dry your clothes well before wearing them. 
3. Maintain Personal Hygiene: Cut your nails short, maintain good hand hygiene. Wash your towels, pillow covers, socks, etc. frequently. Clean your makeup applicators at regular intervals and dry them well before storing.
4. Use Moisturizers and Sunscreen: Apply non-comedogenic, gel-based moisturisers and sunscreens. 
5. Avoid Scratching: Use anti-itch creams or aloe vera to soothe any irritation instead of scratching.
6. Care For Your Feet: Keep your feet clean and dry, change socks daily, wear open-toed shoes when possible, and use antifungal powders.
7. Use Mosquito Repellents: Stay safe from mosquito and insect bites. Wear full protective clothing and sleep under a mosquito net.
8. Stay Hydrated and Eat Healthily: Drink plenty of water and eat a balanced diet rich in vitamins and antioxidants.

These tips will help keep your skin healthy and rash-free during the monsoon. Skin rashes in your case can be due to fungal or bacterial infection or even skin allergy. Do not use any OTC cream or steroids on your own. You must visit a dermatologist for clinical examination, diagnosis and treatment of your problem. 

Hope this helps

Wish you good health.