Total Protein Test

The total protein test measures the levels of major proteins, mainly plasma proteins, present in the blood.

Plasma proteins are produced by the liver and secreted into the bloodstream. These proteins help maintain fluid balance, immune function, clotting, and transport various substances, such as nutrients, medications, and supplements, throughout the body.

The total protein test provides a comprehensive assessment of your liver and kidney health by measuring plasma protein parameters, such as albumin protein, globulin protein, and the albumin/globulin ratio.

The total protein test is used to monitor liver and kidney function and help detect nutritional deficiencies. It also helps evaluate underlying autoimmune conditions or chronic infections in the body.

It may be included as part of a comprehensive metabolic panel in your routine health check-up, or your doctor may order it for you, if required.

The following symptoms may prompt a total protein test:

• Fatigue or weakness
• Frequent urination
• Jaundice
• Unexplained weight loss
• Swelling in the abdomen, legs, or feet
• Nausea and vomiting
• Brittle nails
• Hair loss or dry skin
• Reduced immunity

You should consider getting this test if you fall under the following groups:

• Chronic conditions like diabetes or high blood pressure
• Family history of liver or kidney disease
• Pregnant women
• Gastrointestinal problems
• Autoimmune disorders

The total protein test is often part of a routine health check-up and is included in a comprehensive metabolic panel.

• For routine check-ups or healthy individuals, this test is recommended once a year.
• For monitoring liver or kidney conditions or for high-risk groups, such as people with diabetes, high blood pressure, your doctor may recommend this test every 3 to 6 months.
• For pregnant women with no other medical conditions, it is recommended once every trimester.

The total protein test helps detect various possible conditions, such as:

• Liver conditions - helps in the detection of liver cirrhosis or hepatitis
• Kidney disorders - helps in the diagnosis of kidney dysfunction or nephrotic syndrome
• Autoimmune disorders - coeliac disease, Crohn's disease
• Blood disorders - such as multiple myeloma, or leukaemia
• Chronic infections or inflammation - due to HIV, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C infection
• Malnutrition - a poor diet or malabsorption leads to low protein levels in the blood
• Dehydration - causes high protein levels in the blood

What to Expect Before the Test

No fasting is usually required for the test. However, if this test is part of a wider panel, overnight fasting may be required. Consult your doctor for any special instructions before the test.

Note: Always inform your doctor about any medications or supplements you are taking before the test, as they can interfere with test results.

What to Expect During Sample Collection

A blood sample is required for this test. It is collected using the routine blood sample collection procedure explained below:

• An elastic band is tied around the upper arm for increased blood flow in the veins.
• A needle is inserted into a vein in the inner arm, and blood is drawn out.
• A bandage is placed over the puncture site to stop bleeding.

What to Expect After the Test

You may feel dizzy for a few seconds after sample collection. Sit and relax for recovery.

Note: Consult your doctor if you notice anything unusual, such as persistent bleeding, a rash, or pain at the puncture site.

A total protein test measures four parameters:

• Total protein in the blood - It measures the total proteins in the blood and is indicative of hypoproteinemia (low protein) or hyperproteinemia (high protein).
• Albumin protein - Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein in the blood and helps maintain fluid balance by preventing leakage of fluid from blood vessels. It is indicated as hypoalbuminemia or hyperalbuminemia.
• Globulin - Globulin protein in blood is responsible for immune function. It is indicated as hyperglobulinemia or hypoglobulinemia.
• Albumin/globulin ratio in the blood - It is an important ratio to consider, which is almost equal to 1. If the ratio is less than or more than 1, it is suggestive of liver/ kidney disorders, plasma cell disorders, etc.

Normal serum protein levels can vary with age. Refer to the table below to understand normal ranges:

In adults and the elderly population

Note: Normal values and reference ranges of the test may vary depending on the technology used for testing. Please refer to the ranges mentioned in the report and consult a doctor to understand the interpretation of lab reports.

Disclaimer: This table shows the potential association of total protein levels with the above conditions, but one should not reach any conclusion or diagnosis without a doctor’s guidance.

Potential Risks and Complications

The total protein test is performed using a safe, routine blood sample collection procedure with little to no risk. Consult your doctor if you notice anything unusual, such as persistent bleeding, pain, or a rash at the puncture site.

Understanding Test Limitations

The following factors can affect total protein test results:

• Hydration levels can affect protein levels.
• The test is non-specific and cannot diagnose a condition on its own.
• Inaccurate procedure or equipment can affect results.
• Illnesses or medications can affect results.

• Liver function test - Measure all enzymes and proteins formed by the liver to assess liver function.
• Serum albumin test - Measures the albumin levels in the blood to assess liver and kidney health.
• Protein electrophoresis - Identifies abnormalities in protein fractions and helps detect monoclonal gammopathies and certain protein disorders.
• Urine protein test - Measures protein excretion in the urine to assess kidney function.
• CRP [C- reactive protein] test - Measures inflammation in the body.
• Kidney function test - Assesses of kidney health and function.