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Risk Assessment
Presence of Rh incompatibility in pregnant women and newborn babies
Overview
Anti D Titre test is done to diagnose Rh incompatibility in pregnant women. It is also recommended if the doctor suspects an ABO incompatibility reaction in the patients. Apart from that, it is done to identify antibodies in red blood cells. Hence, the test detects antibodies in Rh-negative mothers and even infants in some cases.
The Anti D Titre test measures the presence of an Anti D antibody in the pregnant woman’s serum or the newborn. The doctor will recommend this test once you are pregnant. If you are RhD negative, then your blood will be checked for antibodies. This is because they destroy the positive RhD blood cells. You can be exposed to the antibodies during your pregnancy if your child has RhD-positive blood.
If no antibodies are found in your blood, you will have to undergo the Anti D Titre test after 28 weeks of your pregnancy. Also, you will be given an injection of a medication called Anti-D immunoglobulin. This will reduce the risk of your baby developing rhesus disease.
If the antibodies are detected in your blood during pregnancy, there is a risk of your baby having rhesus disease. After the Anti D Titre test diagnosis, you will be monitored more frequently than usual during pregnancy.
In certain cases, the doctor will also ask to check the father’s blood type, if you have RhD-negative blood. This is done to ensure that your baby is not at risk of rhesus disease. This is only possible if the father and mother both have RhD-negative blood.
The baby’s genetic information is available through the mother’s blood, and thus, the Anti D Titre test is a blood test. It is possible to get a reliable result in the first 11 to 12 weeks of the pregnancy as the baby is not at much risk from the antibodies.
The doctor will ask you to undergo an Anti D Titre test procedure if they suspect that your blood differs from your baby’s blood in some way. The difference between the types of blood is known as the RhD factor. It is a name given to the special protein attached to the red blood cells. On average, 85% of people have the RhD factor while the other 15% of people don’t. People who have RhD factors in the blood are called ‘RhD Positive’ while those who don’t are called ‘RhD Negative’.
During pregnancy, the blood cells from the RhD-positive baby can travel to the bloodstream of RhD Negative mother. If this happens, her body will react to the D antigen in the baby’s blood, considering it a foreign substance and producing the antibodies.
The presence of antibodies in the bloodstream can cause a lot of complications during pregnancy. It can lead to impending or even miscarriage. Apart from that, it can lead to vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, ectopic pregnancy or even termination of the pregnancy.
An Anti D Titre test is prescribed to almost every pregnant woman. It helps understand the amount of antibodies present in the blood. The Anti D Titre profile test helps diagnose rhesus disease in the child or mother during pregnancy.
The rhesus incompatibility is preventable if the doctor ensures to get the mother’s Anti D Titre profile test done.
Other Names of Anti D Titre Test
- RhD Negative Test
- RhD Positive Test
- RhD Antibody Test
What does the Anti D Titre test detect/measure, and who is this prescribed for?
The Anti D Titre profile test measures the presence of Anti D antibodies in a pregnant women’s serum and the newborn child.
Rh incompatibility is dangerous as it attacks the baby’s immune system. Apart from that, some other complications can occur during the pregnancy.
The antibody formation starts when blood transfusions happen, or the foetal blood enters the mother’s circulation.
The following complication can occur during pregnancy because of the same:
- Miscarriages, Ectopic pregnancies and Terminations
- Bleeding during pregnancy
- Either vaginal or caesarean delivery of the baby
- Injury to the stomach area during pregnancy
A woman that is Rh-negative is usually at risk for Rh incompatibility when she is pregnant. Rh incompatibility is possible if the father of the baby is Rh-positive.
Following a diagnosis, your doctor will give you RhIG (Anti D immunoglobulin injection) at specific times during pregnancy to prevent Rh incompatibility.
Ranges
The normal result of the test should be a titre value of greater than 1:4 for both men and women of any age.
Test Result Interpretation
Rh incompatibility is detected with a simple blood test. It is a routine procedure, and the doctors will do this test in your first trimester. It will be done earlier if you have vaginal bleeding.
If the results of the Anti D Titre tests are abnormal, then your baby is at risk. It will not affect you, but your baby might have hemolytic anaemia. It destroys the baby’s red blood cells faster than they are replaced. The effects of this anaemia can range from mild to severe. It can lead to liver disease, heart failure and jaundice.
In mild cases, you might not need treatment. However, in severe cases, the baby might receive blood transfusions through the umbilical cord. This process helps replace the baby’s red blood cells. Babies with jaundice and large amounts of bilirubin in the blood might be treated with special lights to reduce the bilirubin levels.
Rh incompatibility can be prevented with proper medication and treatment after careful analysis of the results of the Anti D Titre profile test. Make sure to get this one done during your pregnancy.
Sample Type
The results of an Anti D Titre test are based on the analysis of the blood sample.
Test Preparation
The Anti D Titre test is a blood test that does not require any fasting or special preparations. However, inform your doctor if you are taking any medicines or have any allergies. Based on that, the doctor will give you further instructions. The usual way to collect a blood sample is by drawing it from one’s veins. The vein is usually the most prominent one in the forearm of a person. The Anti D Titre test procedure will last for 5 minutes only.
Test Inclusions: What Parameters Are Included?
The test takes into account the amount of antibodies present in the blood of the mother. It also measures whether the red blood cells of the mother and the baby differ in the form of Rh-positive or Rh-negative.
How Frequently Should You Take This Test?
You should take an Anti D Titre profile test in the first 11 to 12 weeks of your pregnancy. If you test negative for the antibody test, you will have to take another test after 28 weeks of your pregnancy. Also, if your baby is RhD positive, your doctor will take another blood sample from you after the birth of your baby. The blood sample will be taken after 2 hours of the birth of the baby. This is to monitor your condition and make sure that you are given adequate quantities of Anti-D after the birth of your baby.
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