Table of Contents<\/p>\nToggle<\/span><\/path><\/svg><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label>Introduction<\/a><\/li>What is Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?<\/a><\/li>What Causes Chronic Kidney Disease?<\/a><\/li>What Are the Risk Factors?<\/a><\/li>Signs and Symptoms<\/a><\/li>Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease<\/a><\/li>Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease<\/a><\/li>Complications<\/a><\/li>Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment<\/a><\/li>Symptom Management and Prevention Strategies<\/a><\/li>Living with CKD<\/a><\/li>When to See a Doctor?<\/a><\/li>Conclusion<\/a><\/li>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<\/a><\/li>References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<\/span>Introduction<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nOur kidneys play a significant role in filtering waste and excess fluids from the body. But when their function is affected for a long period of time, it results in a condition known as Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nCKD is found to affect about 13.4% of individuals across the world. What makes these statistics even more alarming is the fact that most of these people are unaware of this condition until later stages, with around 4-7 million people requiring kidney replacement therapy2<\/sup><\/a>. CKD is a silent killer, with no obvious symptoms until there is significant damage. This is the reason why awareness and early detection is crucial. If left unnoticed CKD can progress into kidney failure, heart disease or even death.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What is Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCKD is a condition where the kidneys get damaged over time, leading to poor blood filtration. Due to kidney damage, there is an accumulation of toxic waste and extra fluids, which may result in high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, and early death. People who have CKD or are at risk of developing it can work with their health care providers to take measures that help safeguard kidney health1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Causes Chronic Kidney Disease?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCKD can develop in anyone regardless of age. It develops when an underlying illness or condition reduces kidney function, leading to progressive damage over months or years.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nChronic kidney disease causes:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\nMajor causes\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDiabetes (caused due to high blood sugar)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHigh Blood Pressure\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSecondary causes\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAcute Kidney Disease (sudden but usually reversible decline in kidney function)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nKidney stones with complications\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAutoimmune Disorders (body\u2019s immune system attacks its own cells)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLupus (body\u2019s immune system attacks its own tissues)\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nGood pasture\u2019s disease\/ anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (body\u2019s immune system makes antibodies that attack the kidneys)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nGlomerular disease\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMembranous nephropathy (protein loss due to immune attacks on glomerulus)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFocal segmental glomerulosclerosis (scarring of glomerulus)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nIgA nephropathy (kidney inflammation due to IgA deposits)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nIgA vasculitis (blood vessel inflammation due to IgA deposits)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHepatorenal syndrome (kidney damage due to liver disease)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCardiorenal syndrome (kidney damage due to heart disease)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMetabolic syndrome (a group of conditions like obesity, high blood pressure etc that increase the probability of kidney disease)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPolycystic kidney disease (genetic disorder causing fluid-filled cysts to grow in the kidneys)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nRare genetic conditions\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAlport syndrome (genetic disorder affecting the glomerulus)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUromodulin associated kidney disease (abnormal protein made in kidneys that stress and damage the kidney cells)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nRenal artery stenosis (narrowing of kidney blood supply)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSevere obesity (excess weight straining the kidneys)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSickle cell disease (abnormal red blood cells)3<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Are the Risk Factors?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCertain conditions increase your risk of getting CKD. These include:\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nOld age1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMisuse of painkillers1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSmoking1<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nBeing Black, Native American, or Asian American1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDiabetes4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHigh blood pressure4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHeart (cardiovascular) disease4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nObesity4<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nFamily history of kidney disease4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAcute Kidney Failure <\/sup>(if severe)\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Signs and Symptoms<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nSigns and symptoms appear gradually when kidney damage advances slowly. Declining kidney function may lead to fluid retention, accumulation of waste in the body, or disturbances in electrolyte balance5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>Show Full Article<\/button><\/div>\n\n\n\n\nEarly-stage symptoms: <\/strong>The initial symptoms are very subtle and very similar to several other conditions. Possible early symptoms include:\u00a0\n\nReduced appetite\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFatigue\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHeadache\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDry, itchy skin\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNausea\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nWeight loss\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nLate-stage symptoms:<\/strong> As the kidney function gradually declines, further several symptoms appear such as:\u00a0\n\nTrouble focusing, drowsiness, or confusion\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nEasy bruising or bloody stool\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nShortness of breath\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnusually dark\/pale skin\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone pain\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNumb feeling in hands and feet\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFrequent hiccups\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAmenorrhea (absence of menstrual cycle)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDifficulty sleeping\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nVomiting\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSleep problems\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSwelling in the limbs\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExcessive thirst\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nOdour in breath\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nChronic kidney disease (CKD) happens when the kidneys are damaged and can\u2019t clean the blood properly.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nDoctors usually use two main tests to check kidney health:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nBlood test: <\/strong>Kidney function tests<\/strong><\/a> are used to assess how well the kidneys are working. These include parameters like6<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0\n\nestimated Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nSerum Creatinine<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nTotal protein and albumin<\/strong><\/a>1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCalcium, Phosphorus and other electrolytes1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nUrine test: <\/strong>urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR<\/span><\/strong>)<\/a>, which checks if protein is leaking into the urine6<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImaging studies<\/strong>:\u00a0\n\nUltrasound<\/strong>: shows size, scarring or presence of cysts, poor blood flow or obstructions1<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nCT scan<\/strong>: shows detailed anatomy1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nRenal Angiography<\/strong>: shows vasculature of kidneys, helps in detecting blockages1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nRenal scan<\/strong>: A small quantity of radioactive material is used to see kidney anatomy and function1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nTo confirm CKD, these tests are repeated to show that kidney damage is long-term, lasting at least three months.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCKD is classified into five stages based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by CKD EPI formula, and into three stages based on the level of albuminuria7<\/sup><\/a>. Table 1 explains the stages of CKD based on eGFR and table 2 explains the stages of CKD based on albuminuria levels.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nStage of CKD\u00a0<\/td>eGFR result\u00a0<\/td>Interpretation\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 1\u00a0<\/td>90 or higher\u00a0<\/td>Mild kidney damage; kidneys function normally\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 2\u00a0<\/td>60-89\u00a0<\/td>Mild damage; kidneys still function normally.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 3a\u00a0<\/td>45-59\u00a0<\/td>Mild to moderate damage; kidney function is reduced.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 3b\u00a0<\/td>30-44\u00a0<\/td>Moderate to severe damage; the kidneys function below normal.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 4\u00a0<\/td>15-29\u00a0<\/td>Severe damage; kidneys are nearly nonfunctional.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 5\u00a0<\/td>Less than 15\u00a0<\/td>Most severe damage; the kidneys are very close to failing or have stopped functioning.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\nTable 1:\u00a0 Chronic Kidney Disease stages based on eGFR value6<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nCategory\u00a0<\/td>Albuminuria level\u00a0<\/td>Interpretation\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>A1\u00a0<\/td><30 mg\/g or <3 mg\/mmol\u00a0<\/td>Kidneys are functioning well or only slightly affected.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>A2\u00a0<\/td>30\u2013300 mg\/g or 3\u201330 mg\/mmol\u00a0<\/td>Indicates kidney damage; requires closer monitoring and management.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>A3\u00a0<\/td>>300 mg\/g or >30 mg\/mmol\u00a0<\/td>Significant kidney damage; high risk of kidney failure and heart disease.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\nTable 2: Chronic Kidney Disease stages based on Albuminuria6<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nKnowing the CKD stage helps to:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nEstimate how quickly the disease might progress\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnderstand the risk of complications, such as heart disease\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPlan the most suitable treatment options\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Complications<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nWhen kidneys fail to function correctly, they cause problems throughout the body, including8<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHypertension: <\/strong>Usually poorly maintained. Speeds up the CKD progression\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSalt and fluid imbalance:<\/strong> very common in stages 3 to 5. Causes oedema, hypertension, and thickening of heart valves.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHyperkalaemia (excess potassium in blood)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMetabolic acidosis: <\/strong>acid buildup as a result of reduced excretion.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHyperphosphatemia (excess phosphorus in blood)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAnaemia: <\/strong>Due to low erythropoietin\/ iron\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCardiovascular disease:<\/strong> can lead to thickened heart muscles, valve problems, and calcium deposit in blood vessels.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUremic symptoms:<\/strong> loss of appetite, fatigue, muscle degradation, itching, nausea, restlessness (in legs), poor sleep and sexual problems.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAlthough CKD has no cure, the symptoms can be managed through treatments and slow the progression. The approach depends on the disease stage.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n1. Lifestyle changes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\nQuit smoking8<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nEat a balanced, low salt diet8<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExercise regularly8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nLimit alcohol8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nMaintain a healthy weight8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nAvoid NSAIDS unless prescribed8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n2. Medications to manage<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\nBlood pressure:<\/strong> Drugs like ACE inhibitors, ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers), Beta-blockers, Calcium channel blockers are used to keep blood pressure under control
Our kidneys play a significant role in filtering waste and excess fluids from the body. But when their function is affected for a long period of time, it results in a condition known as Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nCKD is found to affect about 13.4% of individuals across the world. What makes these statistics even more alarming is the fact that most of these people are unaware of this condition until later stages, with around 4-7 million people requiring kidney replacement therapy2<\/sup><\/a>. CKD is a silent killer, with no obvious symptoms until there is significant damage. This is the reason why awareness and early detection is crucial. If left unnoticed CKD can progress into kidney failure, heart disease or even death.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What is Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCKD is a condition where the kidneys get damaged over time, leading to poor blood filtration. Due to kidney damage, there is an accumulation of toxic waste and extra fluids, which may result in high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, and early death. People who have CKD or are at risk of developing it can work with their health care providers to take measures that help safeguard kidney health1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Causes Chronic Kidney Disease?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCKD can develop in anyone regardless of age. It develops when an underlying illness or condition reduces kidney function, leading to progressive damage over months or years.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nChronic kidney disease causes:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\nMajor causes\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDiabetes (caused due to high blood sugar)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHigh Blood Pressure\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSecondary causes\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAcute Kidney Disease (sudden but usually reversible decline in kidney function)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nKidney stones with complications\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAutoimmune Disorders (body\u2019s immune system attacks its own cells)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLupus (body\u2019s immune system attacks its own tissues)\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nGood pasture\u2019s disease\/ anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (body\u2019s immune system makes antibodies that attack the kidneys)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nGlomerular disease\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMembranous nephropathy (protein loss due to immune attacks on glomerulus)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFocal segmental glomerulosclerosis (scarring of glomerulus)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nIgA nephropathy (kidney inflammation due to IgA deposits)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nIgA vasculitis (blood vessel inflammation due to IgA deposits)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHepatorenal syndrome (kidney damage due to liver disease)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCardiorenal syndrome (kidney damage due to heart disease)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMetabolic syndrome (a group of conditions like obesity, high blood pressure etc that increase the probability of kidney disease)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPolycystic kidney disease (genetic disorder causing fluid-filled cysts to grow in the kidneys)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nRare genetic conditions\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAlport syndrome (genetic disorder affecting the glomerulus)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUromodulin associated kidney disease (abnormal protein made in kidneys that stress and damage the kidney cells)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nRenal artery stenosis (narrowing of kidney blood supply)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSevere obesity (excess weight straining the kidneys)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSickle cell disease (abnormal red blood cells)3<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Are the Risk Factors?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCertain conditions increase your risk of getting CKD. These include:\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nOld age1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMisuse of painkillers1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSmoking1<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nBeing Black, Native American, or Asian American1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDiabetes4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHigh blood pressure4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHeart (cardiovascular) disease4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nObesity4<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nFamily history of kidney disease4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAcute Kidney Failure <\/sup>(if severe)\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Signs and Symptoms<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nSigns and symptoms appear gradually when kidney damage advances slowly. Declining kidney function may lead to fluid retention, accumulation of waste in the body, or disturbances in electrolyte balance5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>Show Full Article<\/button><\/div>\n\n\n\n\nEarly-stage symptoms: <\/strong>The initial symptoms are very subtle and very similar to several other conditions. Possible early symptoms include:\u00a0\n\nReduced appetite\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFatigue\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHeadache\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDry, itchy skin\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNausea\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nWeight loss\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nLate-stage symptoms:<\/strong> As the kidney function gradually declines, further several symptoms appear such as:\u00a0\n\nTrouble focusing, drowsiness, or confusion\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nEasy bruising or bloody stool\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nShortness of breath\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnusually dark\/pale skin\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone pain\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNumb feeling in hands and feet\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFrequent hiccups\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAmenorrhea (absence of menstrual cycle)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDifficulty sleeping\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nVomiting\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSleep problems\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSwelling in the limbs\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExcessive thirst\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nOdour in breath\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nChronic kidney disease (CKD) happens when the kidneys are damaged and can\u2019t clean the blood properly.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nDoctors usually use two main tests to check kidney health:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nBlood test: <\/strong>Kidney function tests<\/strong><\/a> are used to assess how well the kidneys are working. These include parameters like6<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0\n\nestimated Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nSerum Creatinine<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nTotal protein and albumin<\/strong><\/a>1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCalcium, Phosphorus and other electrolytes1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nUrine test: <\/strong>urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR<\/span><\/strong>)<\/a>, which checks if protein is leaking into the urine6<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImaging studies<\/strong>:\u00a0\n\nUltrasound<\/strong>: shows size, scarring or presence of cysts, poor blood flow or obstructions1<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nCT scan<\/strong>: shows detailed anatomy1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nRenal Angiography<\/strong>: shows vasculature of kidneys, helps in detecting blockages1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nRenal scan<\/strong>: A small quantity of radioactive material is used to see kidney anatomy and function1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nTo confirm CKD, these tests are repeated to show that kidney damage is long-term, lasting at least three months.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCKD is classified into five stages based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by CKD EPI formula, and into three stages based on the level of albuminuria7<\/sup><\/a>. Table 1 explains the stages of CKD based on eGFR and table 2 explains the stages of CKD based on albuminuria levels.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nStage of CKD\u00a0<\/td>eGFR result\u00a0<\/td>Interpretation\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 1\u00a0<\/td>90 or higher\u00a0<\/td>Mild kidney damage; kidneys function normally\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 2\u00a0<\/td>60-89\u00a0<\/td>Mild damage; kidneys still function normally.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 3a\u00a0<\/td>45-59\u00a0<\/td>Mild to moderate damage; kidney function is reduced.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 3b\u00a0<\/td>30-44\u00a0<\/td>Moderate to severe damage; the kidneys function below normal.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 4\u00a0<\/td>15-29\u00a0<\/td>Severe damage; kidneys are nearly nonfunctional.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 5\u00a0<\/td>Less than 15\u00a0<\/td>Most severe damage; the kidneys are very close to failing or have stopped functioning.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\nTable 1:\u00a0 Chronic Kidney Disease stages based on eGFR value6<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nCategory\u00a0<\/td>Albuminuria level\u00a0<\/td>Interpretation\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>A1\u00a0<\/td><30 mg\/g or <3 mg\/mmol\u00a0<\/td>Kidneys are functioning well or only slightly affected.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>A2\u00a0<\/td>30\u2013300 mg\/g or 3\u201330 mg\/mmol\u00a0<\/td>Indicates kidney damage; requires closer monitoring and management.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>A3\u00a0<\/td>>300 mg\/g or >30 mg\/mmol\u00a0<\/td>Significant kidney damage; high risk of kidney failure and heart disease.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\nTable 2: Chronic Kidney Disease stages based on Albuminuria6<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nKnowing the CKD stage helps to:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nEstimate how quickly the disease might progress\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnderstand the risk of complications, such as heart disease\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPlan the most suitable treatment options\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Complications<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nWhen kidneys fail to function correctly, they cause problems throughout the body, including8<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHypertension: <\/strong>Usually poorly maintained. Speeds up the CKD progression\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSalt and fluid imbalance:<\/strong> very common in stages 3 to 5. Causes oedema, hypertension, and thickening of heart valves.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHyperkalaemia (excess potassium in blood)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMetabolic acidosis: <\/strong>acid buildup as a result of reduced excretion.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHyperphosphatemia (excess phosphorus in blood)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAnaemia: <\/strong>Due to low erythropoietin\/ iron\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCardiovascular disease:<\/strong> can lead to thickened heart muscles, valve problems, and calcium deposit in blood vessels.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUremic symptoms:<\/strong> loss of appetite, fatigue, muscle degradation, itching, nausea, restlessness (in legs), poor sleep and sexual problems.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAlthough CKD has no cure, the symptoms can be managed through treatments and slow the progression. The approach depends on the disease stage.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n1. Lifestyle changes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\nQuit smoking8<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nEat a balanced, low salt diet8<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExercise regularly8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nLimit alcohol8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nMaintain a healthy weight8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nAvoid NSAIDS unless prescribed8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n2. Medications to manage<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\nBlood pressure:<\/strong> Drugs like ACE inhibitors, ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers), Beta-blockers, Calcium channel blockers are used to keep blood pressure under control
CKD is found to affect about 13.4% of individuals across the world. What makes these statistics even more alarming is the fact that most of these people are unaware of this condition until later stages, with around 4-7 million people requiring kidney replacement therapy2<\/sup><\/a>. CKD is a silent killer, with no obvious symptoms until there is significant damage. This is the reason why awareness and early detection is crucial. If left unnoticed CKD can progress into kidney failure, heart disease or even death.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What is Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCKD is a condition where the kidneys get damaged over time, leading to poor blood filtration. Due to kidney damage, there is an accumulation of toxic waste and extra fluids, which may result in high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, and early death. People who have CKD or are at risk of developing it can work with their health care providers to take measures that help safeguard kidney health1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Causes Chronic Kidney Disease?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCKD can develop in anyone regardless of age. It develops when an underlying illness or condition reduces kidney function, leading to progressive damage over months or years.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nChronic kidney disease causes:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\nMajor causes\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDiabetes (caused due to high blood sugar)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHigh Blood Pressure\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSecondary causes\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAcute Kidney Disease (sudden but usually reversible decline in kidney function)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nKidney stones with complications\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAutoimmune Disorders (body\u2019s immune system attacks its own cells)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLupus (body\u2019s immune system attacks its own tissues)\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nGood pasture\u2019s disease\/ anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (body\u2019s immune system makes antibodies that attack the kidneys)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nGlomerular disease\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMembranous nephropathy (protein loss due to immune attacks on glomerulus)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFocal segmental glomerulosclerosis (scarring of glomerulus)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nIgA nephropathy (kidney inflammation due to IgA deposits)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nIgA vasculitis (blood vessel inflammation due to IgA deposits)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHepatorenal syndrome (kidney damage due to liver disease)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCardiorenal syndrome (kidney damage due to heart disease)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMetabolic syndrome (a group of conditions like obesity, high blood pressure etc that increase the probability of kidney disease)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPolycystic kidney disease (genetic disorder causing fluid-filled cysts to grow in the kidneys)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nRare genetic conditions\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAlport syndrome (genetic disorder affecting the glomerulus)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUromodulin associated kidney disease (abnormal protein made in kidneys that stress and damage the kidney cells)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nRenal artery stenosis (narrowing of kidney blood supply)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSevere obesity (excess weight straining the kidneys)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSickle cell disease (abnormal red blood cells)3<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Are the Risk Factors?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCertain conditions increase your risk of getting CKD. These include:\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nOld age1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMisuse of painkillers1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSmoking1<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nBeing Black, Native American, or Asian American1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDiabetes4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHigh blood pressure4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHeart (cardiovascular) disease4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nObesity4<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nFamily history of kidney disease4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAcute Kidney Failure <\/sup>(if severe)\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Signs and Symptoms<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nSigns and symptoms appear gradually when kidney damage advances slowly. Declining kidney function may lead to fluid retention, accumulation of waste in the body, or disturbances in electrolyte balance5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>Show Full Article<\/button><\/div>\n\n\n\n\nEarly-stage symptoms: <\/strong>The initial symptoms are very subtle and very similar to several other conditions. Possible early symptoms include:\u00a0\n\nReduced appetite\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFatigue\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHeadache\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDry, itchy skin\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNausea\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nWeight loss\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nLate-stage symptoms:<\/strong> As the kidney function gradually declines, further several symptoms appear such as:\u00a0\n\nTrouble focusing, drowsiness, or confusion\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nEasy bruising or bloody stool\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nShortness of breath\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnusually dark\/pale skin\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone pain\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNumb feeling in hands and feet\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFrequent hiccups\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAmenorrhea (absence of menstrual cycle)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDifficulty sleeping\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nVomiting\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSleep problems\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSwelling in the limbs\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExcessive thirst\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nOdour in breath\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nChronic kidney disease (CKD) happens when the kidneys are damaged and can\u2019t clean the blood properly.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nDoctors usually use two main tests to check kidney health:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nBlood test: <\/strong>Kidney function tests<\/strong><\/a> are used to assess how well the kidneys are working. These include parameters like6<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0\n\nestimated Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nSerum Creatinine<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nTotal protein and albumin<\/strong><\/a>1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCalcium, Phosphorus and other electrolytes1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nUrine test: <\/strong>urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR<\/span><\/strong>)<\/a>, which checks if protein is leaking into the urine6<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImaging studies<\/strong>:\u00a0\n\nUltrasound<\/strong>: shows size, scarring or presence of cysts, poor blood flow or obstructions1<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nCT scan<\/strong>: shows detailed anatomy1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nRenal Angiography<\/strong>: shows vasculature of kidneys, helps in detecting blockages1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nRenal scan<\/strong>: A small quantity of radioactive material is used to see kidney anatomy and function1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nTo confirm CKD, these tests are repeated to show that kidney damage is long-term, lasting at least three months.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCKD is classified into five stages based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by CKD EPI formula, and into three stages based on the level of albuminuria7<\/sup><\/a>. Table 1 explains the stages of CKD based on eGFR and table 2 explains the stages of CKD based on albuminuria levels.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nStage of CKD\u00a0<\/td>eGFR result\u00a0<\/td>Interpretation\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 1\u00a0<\/td>90 or higher\u00a0<\/td>Mild kidney damage; kidneys function normally\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 2\u00a0<\/td>60-89\u00a0<\/td>Mild damage; kidneys still function normally.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 3a\u00a0<\/td>45-59\u00a0<\/td>Mild to moderate damage; kidney function is reduced.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 3b\u00a0<\/td>30-44\u00a0<\/td>Moderate to severe damage; the kidneys function below normal.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 4\u00a0<\/td>15-29\u00a0<\/td>Severe damage; kidneys are nearly nonfunctional.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 5\u00a0<\/td>Less than 15\u00a0<\/td>Most severe damage; the kidneys are very close to failing or have stopped functioning.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\nTable 1:\u00a0 Chronic Kidney Disease stages based on eGFR value6<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nCategory\u00a0<\/td>Albuminuria level\u00a0<\/td>Interpretation\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>A1\u00a0<\/td><30 mg\/g or <3 mg\/mmol\u00a0<\/td>Kidneys are functioning well or only slightly affected.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>A2\u00a0<\/td>30\u2013300 mg\/g or 3\u201330 mg\/mmol\u00a0<\/td>Indicates kidney damage; requires closer monitoring and management.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>A3\u00a0<\/td>>300 mg\/g or >30 mg\/mmol\u00a0<\/td>Significant kidney damage; high risk of kidney failure and heart disease.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\nTable 2: Chronic Kidney Disease stages based on Albuminuria6<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nKnowing the CKD stage helps to:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nEstimate how quickly the disease might progress\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnderstand the risk of complications, such as heart disease\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPlan the most suitable treatment options\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Complications<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nWhen kidneys fail to function correctly, they cause problems throughout the body, including8<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHypertension: <\/strong>Usually poorly maintained. Speeds up the CKD progression\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSalt and fluid imbalance:<\/strong> very common in stages 3 to 5. Causes oedema, hypertension, and thickening of heart valves.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHyperkalaemia (excess potassium in blood)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMetabolic acidosis: <\/strong>acid buildup as a result of reduced excretion.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHyperphosphatemia (excess phosphorus in blood)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAnaemia: <\/strong>Due to low erythropoietin\/ iron\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCardiovascular disease:<\/strong> can lead to thickened heart muscles, valve problems, and calcium deposit in blood vessels.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUremic symptoms:<\/strong> loss of appetite, fatigue, muscle degradation, itching, nausea, restlessness (in legs), poor sleep and sexual problems.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAlthough CKD has no cure, the symptoms can be managed through treatments and slow the progression. The approach depends on the disease stage.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n1. Lifestyle changes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\nQuit smoking8<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nEat a balanced, low salt diet8<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExercise regularly8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nLimit alcohol8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nMaintain a healthy weight8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nAvoid NSAIDS unless prescribed8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n2. Medications to manage<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\nBlood pressure:<\/strong> Drugs like ACE inhibitors, ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers), Beta-blockers, Calcium channel blockers are used to keep blood pressure under control
CKD is a condition where the kidneys get damaged over time, leading to poor blood filtration. Due to kidney damage, there is an accumulation of toxic waste and extra fluids, which may result in high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, and early death. People who have CKD or are at risk of developing it can work with their health care providers to take measures that help safeguard kidney health1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Causes Chronic Kidney Disease?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCKD can develop in anyone regardless of age. It develops when an underlying illness or condition reduces kidney function, leading to progressive damage over months or years.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nChronic kidney disease causes:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\nMajor causes\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDiabetes (caused due to high blood sugar)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHigh Blood Pressure\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSecondary causes\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAcute Kidney Disease (sudden but usually reversible decline in kidney function)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nKidney stones with complications\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAutoimmune Disorders (body\u2019s immune system attacks its own cells)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLupus (body\u2019s immune system attacks its own tissues)\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nGood pasture\u2019s disease\/ anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (body\u2019s immune system makes antibodies that attack the kidneys)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nGlomerular disease\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMembranous nephropathy (protein loss due to immune attacks on glomerulus)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFocal segmental glomerulosclerosis (scarring of glomerulus)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nIgA nephropathy (kidney inflammation due to IgA deposits)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nIgA vasculitis (blood vessel inflammation due to IgA deposits)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHepatorenal syndrome (kidney damage due to liver disease)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCardiorenal syndrome (kidney damage due to heart disease)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMetabolic syndrome (a group of conditions like obesity, high blood pressure etc that increase the probability of kidney disease)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPolycystic kidney disease (genetic disorder causing fluid-filled cysts to grow in the kidneys)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nRare genetic conditions\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAlport syndrome (genetic disorder affecting the glomerulus)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUromodulin associated kidney disease (abnormal protein made in kidneys that stress and damage the kidney cells)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nRenal artery stenosis (narrowing of kidney blood supply)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSevere obesity (excess weight straining the kidneys)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSickle cell disease (abnormal red blood cells)3<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Are the Risk Factors?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCertain conditions increase your risk of getting CKD. These include:\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nOld age1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMisuse of painkillers1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSmoking1<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nBeing Black, Native American, or Asian American1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDiabetes4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHigh blood pressure4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHeart (cardiovascular) disease4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nObesity4<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nFamily history of kidney disease4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAcute Kidney Failure <\/sup>(if severe)\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Signs and Symptoms<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nSigns and symptoms appear gradually when kidney damage advances slowly. Declining kidney function may lead to fluid retention, accumulation of waste in the body, or disturbances in electrolyte balance5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>Show Full Article<\/button><\/div>\n\n\n\n\nEarly-stage symptoms: <\/strong>The initial symptoms are very subtle and very similar to several other conditions. Possible early symptoms include:\u00a0\n\nReduced appetite\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFatigue\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHeadache\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDry, itchy skin\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNausea\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nWeight loss\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nLate-stage symptoms:<\/strong> As the kidney function gradually declines, further several symptoms appear such as:\u00a0\n\nTrouble focusing, drowsiness, or confusion\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nEasy bruising or bloody stool\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nShortness of breath\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnusually dark\/pale skin\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone pain\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNumb feeling in hands and feet\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFrequent hiccups\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAmenorrhea (absence of menstrual cycle)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDifficulty sleeping\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nVomiting\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSleep problems\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSwelling in the limbs\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExcessive thirst\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nOdour in breath\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nChronic kidney disease (CKD) happens when the kidneys are damaged and can\u2019t clean the blood properly.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nDoctors usually use two main tests to check kidney health:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nBlood test: <\/strong>Kidney function tests<\/strong><\/a> are used to assess how well the kidneys are working. These include parameters like6<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0\n\nestimated Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nSerum Creatinine<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nTotal protein and albumin<\/strong><\/a>1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCalcium, Phosphorus and other electrolytes1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nUrine test: <\/strong>urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR<\/span><\/strong>)<\/a>, which checks if protein is leaking into the urine6<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImaging studies<\/strong>:\u00a0\n\nUltrasound<\/strong>: shows size, scarring or presence of cysts, poor blood flow or obstructions1<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nCT scan<\/strong>: shows detailed anatomy1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nRenal Angiography<\/strong>: shows vasculature of kidneys, helps in detecting blockages1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nRenal scan<\/strong>: A small quantity of radioactive material is used to see kidney anatomy and function1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nTo confirm CKD, these tests are repeated to show that kidney damage is long-term, lasting at least three months.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCKD is classified into five stages based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by CKD EPI formula, and into three stages based on the level of albuminuria7<\/sup><\/a>. Table 1 explains the stages of CKD based on eGFR and table 2 explains the stages of CKD based on albuminuria levels.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nStage of CKD\u00a0<\/td>eGFR result\u00a0<\/td>Interpretation\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 1\u00a0<\/td>90 or higher\u00a0<\/td>Mild kidney damage; kidneys function normally\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 2\u00a0<\/td>60-89\u00a0<\/td>Mild damage; kidneys still function normally.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 3a\u00a0<\/td>45-59\u00a0<\/td>Mild to moderate damage; kidney function is reduced.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 3b\u00a0<\/td>30-44\u00a0<\/td>Moderate to severe damage; the kidneys function below normal.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 4\u00a0<\/td>15-29\u00a0<\/td>Severe damage; kidneys are nearly nonfunctional.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 5\u00a0<\/td>Less than 15\u00a0<\/td>Most severe damage; the kidneys are very close to failing or have stopped functioning.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\nTable 1:\u00a0 Chronic Kidney Disease stages based on eGFR value6<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nCategory\u00a0<\/td>Albuminuria level\u00a0<\/td>Interpretation\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>A1\u00a0<\/td><30 mg\/g or <3 mg\/mmol\u00a0<\/td>Kidneys are functioning well or only slightly affected.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>A2\u00a0<\/td>30\u2013300 mg\/g or 3\u201330 mg\/mmol\u00a0<\/td>Indicates kidney damage; requires closer monitoring and management.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>A3\u00a0<\/td>>300 mg\/g or >30 mg\/mmol\u00a0<\/td>Significant kidney damage; high risk of kidney failure and heart disease.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\nTable 2: Chronic Kidney Disease stages based on Albuminuria6<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nKnowing the CKD stage helps to:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nEstimate how quickly the disease might progress\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnderstand the risk of complications, such as heart disease\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPlan the most suitable treatment options\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Complications<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nWhen kidneys fail to function correctly, they cause problems throughout the body, including8<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHypertension: <\/strong>Usually poorly maintained. Speeds up the CKD progression\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSalt and fluid imbalance:<\/strong> very common in stages 3 to 5. Causes oedema, hypertension, and thickening of heart valves.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHyperkalaemia (excess potassium in blood)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMetabolic acidosis: <\/strong>acid buildup as a result of reduced excretion.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHyperphosphatemia (excess phosphorus in blood)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAnaemia: <\/strong>Due to low erythropoietin\/ iron\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCardiovascular disease:<\/strong> can lead to thickened heart muscles, valve problems, and calcium deposit in blood vessels.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUremic symptoms:<\/strong> loss of appetite, fatigue, muscle degradation, itching, nausea, restlessness (in legs), poor sleep and sexual problems.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAlthough CKD has no cure, the symptoms can be managed through treatments and slow the progression. The approach depends on the disease stage.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n1. Lifestyle changes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\nQuit smoking8<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nEat a balanced, low salt diet8<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExercise regularly8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nLimit alcohol8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nMaintain a healthy weight8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nAvoid NSAIDS unless prescribed8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n2. Medications to manage<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\nBlood pressure:<\/strong> Drugs like ACE inhibitors, ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers), Beta-blockers, Calcium channel blockers are used to keep blood pressure under control
CKD can develop in anyone regardless of age. It develops when an underlying illness or condition reduces kidney function, leading to progressive damage over months or years.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Certain conditions increase your risk of getting CKD. These include:\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Signs and symptoms appear gradually when kidney damage advances slowly. Declining kidney function may lead to fluid retention, accumulation of waste in the body, or disturbances in electrolyte balance5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>Show Full Article<\/button><\/div>\n\n\n\n\nEarly-stage symptoms: <\/strong>The initial symptoms are very subtle and very similar to several other conditions. Possible early symptoms include:\u00a0\n\nReduced appetite\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFatigue\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHeadache\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDry, itchy skin\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNausea\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nWeight loss\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nLate-stage symptoms:<\/strong> As the kidney function gradually declines, further several symptoms appear such as:\u00a0\n\nTrouble focusing, drowsiness, or confusion\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nEasy bruising or bloody stool\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nShortness of breath\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnusually dark\/pale skin\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone pain\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNumb feeling in hands and feet\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFrequent hiccups\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAmenorrhea (absence of menstrual cycle)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDifficulty sleeping\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nVomiting\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSleep problems\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSwelling in the limbs\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExcessive thirst\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nOdour in breath\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nChronic kidney disease (CKD) happens when the kidneys are damaged and can\u2019t clean the blood properly.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nDoctors usually use two main tests to check kidney health:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nBlood test: <\/strong>Kidney function tests<\/strong><\/a> are used to assess how well the kidneys are working. These include parameters like6<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0\n\nestimated Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nSerum Creatinine<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nTotal protein and albumin<\/strong><\/a>1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCalcium, Phosphorus and other electrolytes1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nUrine test: <\/strong>urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR<\/span><\/strong>)<\/a>, which checks if protein is leaking into the urine6<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImaging studies<\/strong>:\u00a0\n\nUltrasound<\/strong>: shows size, scarring or presence of cysts, poor blood flow or obstructions1<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nCT scan<\/strong>: shows detailed anatomy1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nRenal Angiography<\/strong>: shows vasculature of kidneys, helps in detecting blockages1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nRenal scan<\/strong>: A small quantity of radioactive material is used to see kidney anatomy and function1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nTo confirm CKD, these tests are repeated to show that kidney damage is long-term, lasting at least three months.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCKD is classified into five stages based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by CKD EPI formula, and into three stages based on the level of albuminuria7<\/sup><\/a>. Table 1 explains the stages of CKD based on eGFR and table 2 explains the stages of CKD based on albuminuria levels.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nStage of CKD\u00a0<\/td>eGFR result\u00a0<\/td>Interpretation\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 1\u00a0<\/td>90 or higher\u00a0<\/td>Mild kidney damage; kidneys function normally\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 2\u00a0<\/td>60-89\u00a0<\/td>Mild damage; kidneys still function normally.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 3a\u00a0<\/td>45-59\u00a0<\/td>Mild to moderate damage; kidney function is reduced.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 3b\u00a0<\/td>30-44\u00a0<\/td>Moderate to severe damage; the kidneys function below normal.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 4\u00a0<\/td>15-29\u00a0<\/td>Severe damage; kidneys are nearly nonfunctional.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 5\u00a0<\/td>Less than 15\u00a0<\/td>Most severe damage; the kidneys are very close to failing or have stopped functioning.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\nTable 1:\u00a0 Chronic Kidney Disease stages based on eGFR value6<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nCategory\u00a0<\/td>Albuminuria level\u00a0<\/td>Interpretation\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>A1\u00a0<\/td><30 mg\/g or <3 mg\/mmol\u00a0<\/td>Kidneys are functioning well or only slightly affected.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>A2\u00a0<\/td>30\u2013300 mg\/g or 3\u201330 mg\/mmol\u00a0<\/td>Indicates kidney damage; requires closer monitoring and management.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>A3\u00a0<\/td>>300 mg\/g or >30 mg\/mmol\u00a0<\/td>Significant kidney damage; high risk of kidney failure and heart disease.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\nTable 2: Chronic Kidney Disease stages based on Albuminuria6<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nKnowing the CKD stage helps to:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nEstimate how quickly the disease might progress\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnderstand the risk of complications, such as heart disease\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPlan the most suitable treatment options\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Complications<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nWhen kidneys fail to function correctly, they cause problems throughout the body, including8<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHypertension: <\/strong>Usually poorly maintained. Speeds up the CKD progression\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSalt and fluid imbalance:<\/strong> very common in stages 3 to 5. Causes oedema, hypertension, and thickening of heart valves.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHyperkalaemia (excess potassium in blood)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMetabolic acidosis: <\/strong>acid buildup as a result of reduced excretion.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHyperphosphatemia (excess phosphorus in blood)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAnaemia: <\/strong>Due to low erythropoietin\/ iron\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCardiovascular disease:<\/strong> can lead to thickened heart muscles, valve problems, and calcium deposit in blood vessels.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUremic symptoms:<\/strong> loss of appetite, fatigue, muscle degradation, itching, nausea, restlessness (in legs), poor sleep and sexual problems.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAlthough CKD has no cure, the symptoms can be managed through treatments and slow the progression. The approach depends on the disease stage.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n1. Lifestyle changes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\nQuit smoking8<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nEat a balanced, low salt diet8<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExercise regularly8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nLimit alcohol8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nMaintain a healthy weight8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nAvoid NSAIDS unless prescribed8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n2. Medications to manage<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\nBlood pressure:<\/strong> Drugs like ACE inhibitors, ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers), Beta-blockers, Calcium channel blockers are used to keep blood pressure under control
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) happens when the kidneys are damaged and can\u2019t clean the blood properly.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Doctors usually use two main tests to check kidney health:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
To confirm CKD, these tests are repeated to show that kidney damage is long-term, lasting at least three months.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
CKD is classified into five stages based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by CKD EPI formula, and into three stages based on the level of albuminuria7<\/sup><\/a>. Table 1 explains the stages of CKD based on eGFR and table 2 explains the stages of CKD based on albuminuria levels.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nStage of CKD\u00a0<\/td>eGFR result\u00a0<\/td>Interpretation\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 1\u00a0<\/td>90 or higher\u00a0<\/td>Mild kidney damage; kidneys function normally\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 2\u00a0<\/td>60-89\u00a0<\/td>Mild damage; kidneys still function normally.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 3a\u00a0<\/td>45-59\u00a0<\/td>Mild to moderate damage; kidney function is reduced.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 3b\u00a0<\/td>30-44\u00a0<\/td>Moderate to severe damage; the kidneys function below normal.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 4\u00a0<\/td>15-29\u00a0<\/td>Severe damage; kidneys are nearly nonfunctional.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>Stage 5\u00a0<\/td>Less than 15\u00a0<\/td>Most severe damage; the kidneys are very close to failing or have stopped functioning.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\nTable 1:\u00a0 Chronic Kidney Disease stages based on eGFR value6<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nCategory\u00a0<\/td>Albuminuria level\u00a0<\/td>Interpretation\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>A1\u00a0<\/td><30 mg\/g or <3 mg\/mmol\u00a0<\/td>Kidneys are functioning well or only slightly affected.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>A2\u00a0<\/td>30\u2013300 mg\/g or 3\u201330 mg\/mmol\u00a0<\/td>Indicates kidney damage; requires closer monitoring and management.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>A3\u00a0<\/td>>300 mg\/g or >30 mg\/mmol\u00a0<\/td>Significant kidney damage; high risk of kidney failure and heart disease.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\nTable 2: Chronic Kidney Disease stages based on Albuminuria6<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nKnowing the CKD stage helps to:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nEstimate how quickly the disease might progress\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnderstand the risk of complications, such as heart disease\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPlan the most suitable treatment options\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Complications<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nWhen kidneys fail to function correctly, they cause problems throughout the body, including8<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHypertension: <\/strong>Usually poorly maintained. Speeds up the CKD progression\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSalt and fluid imbalance:<\/strong> very common in stages 3 to 5. Causes oedema, hypertension, and thickening of heart valves.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHyperkalaemia (excess potassium in blood)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMetabolic acidosis: <\/strong>acid buildup as a result of reduced excretion.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHyperphosphatemia (excess phosphorus in blood)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAnaemia: <\/strong>Due to low erythropoietin\/ iron\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCardiovascular disease:<\/strong> can lead to thickened heart muscles, valve problems, and calcium deposit in blood vessels.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUremic symptoms:<\/strong> loss of appetite, fatigue, muscle degradation, itching, nausea, restlessness (in legs), poor sleep and sexual problems.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAlthough CKD has no cure, the symptoms can be managed through treatments and slow the progression. The approach depends on the disease stage.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n1. Lifestyle changes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\nQuit smoking8<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nEat a balanced, low salt diet8<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExercise regularly8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nLimit alcohol8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nMaintain a healthy weight8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nAvoid NSAIDS unless prescribed8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n2. Medications to manage<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\nBlood pressure:<\/strong> Drugs like ACE inhibitors, ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers), Beta-blockers, Calcium channel blockers are used to keep blood pressure under control
Table 1:\u00a0 Chronic Kidney Disease stages based on eGFR value6<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nCategory\u00a0<\/td>Albuminuria level\u00a0<\/td>Interpretation\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>A1\u00a0<\/td><30 mg\/g or <3 mg\/mmol\u00a0<\/td>Kidneys are functioning well or only slightly affected.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>A2\u00a0<\/td>30\u2013300 mg\/g or 3\u201330 mg\/mmol\u00a0<\/td>Indicates kidney damage; requires closer monitoring and management.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr>A3\u00a0<\/td>>300 mg\/g or >30 mg\/mmol\u00a0<\/td>Significant kidney damage; high risk of kidney failure and heart disease.\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\nTable 2: Chronic Kidney Disease stages based on Albuminuria6<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nKnowing the CKD stage helps to:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nEstimate how quickly the disease might progress\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnderstand the risk of complications, such as heart disease\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPlan the most suitable treatment options\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Complications<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nWhen kidneys fail to function correctly, they cause problems throughout the body, including8<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHypertension: <\/strong>Usually poorly maintained. Speeds up the CKD progression\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSalt and fluid imbalance:<\/strong> very common in stages 3 to 5. Causes oedema, hypertension, and thickening of heart valves.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHyperkalaemia (excess potassium in blood)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMetabolic acidosis: <\/strong>acid buildup as a result of reduced excretion.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHyperphosphatemia (excess phosphorus in blood)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAnaemia: <\/strong>Due to low erythropoietin\/ iron\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCardiovascular disease:<\/strong> can lead to thickened heart muscles, valve problems, and calcium deposit in blood vessels.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUremic symptoms:<\/strong> loss of appetite, fatigue, muscle degradation, itching, nausea, restlessness (in legs), poor sleep and sexual problems.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAlthough CKD has no cure, the symptoms can be managed through treatments and slow the progression. The approach depends on the disease stage.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n1. Lifestyle changes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\nQuit smoking8<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nEat a balanced, low salt diet8<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExercise regularly8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nLimit alcohol8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nMaintain a healthy weight8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nAvoid NSAIDS unless prescribed8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n2. Medications to manage<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\nBlood pressure:<\/strong> Drugs like ACE inhibitors, ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers), Beta-blockers, Calcium channel blockers are used to keep blood pressure under control
Table 2: Chronic Kidney Disease stages based on Albuminuria6<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nKnowing the CKD stage helps to:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nEstimate how quickly the disease might progress\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnderstand the risk of complications, such as heart disease\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPlan the most suitable treatment options\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Complications<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nWhen kidneys fail to function correctly, they cause problems throughout the body, including8<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHypertension: <\/strong>Usually poorly maintained. Speeds up the CKD progression\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSalt and fluid imbalance:<\/strong> very common in stages 3 to 5. Causes oedema, hypertension, and thickening of heart valves.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHyperkalaemia (excess potassium in blood)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMetabolic acidosis: <\/strong>acid buildup as a result of reduced excretion.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHyperphosphatemia (excess phosphorus in blood)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAnaemia: <\/strong>Due to low erythropoietin\/ iron\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCardiovascular disease:<\/strong> can lead to thickened heart muscles, valve problems, and calcium deposit in blood vessels.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUremic symptoms:<\/strong> loss of appetite, fatigue, muscle degradation, itching, nausea, restlessness (in legs), poor sleep and sexual problems.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAlthough CKD has no cure, the symptoms can be managed through treatments and slow the progression. The approach depends on the disease stage.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n1. Lifestyle changes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\nQuit smoking8<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nEat a balanced, low salt diet8<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExercise regularly8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nLimit alcohol8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nMaintain a healthy weight8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nAvoid NSAIDS unless prescribed8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n2. Medications to manage<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\nBlood pressure:<\/strong> Drugs like ACE inhibitors, ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers), Beta-blockers, Calcium channel blockers are used to keep blood pressure under control
Knowing the CKD stage helps to:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When kidneys fail to function correctly, they cause problems throughout the body, including8<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHypertension: <\/strong>Usually poorly maintained. Speeds up the CKD progression\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSalt and fluid imbalance:<\/strong> very common in stages 3 to 5. Causes oedema, hypertension, and thickening of heart valves.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHyperkalaemia (excess potassium in blood)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMetabolic acidosis: <\/strong>acid buildup as a result of reduced excretion.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHyperphosphatemia (excess phosphorus in blood)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAnaemia: <\/strong>Due to low erythropoietin\/ iron\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCardiovascular disease:<\/strong> can lead to thickened heart muscles, valve problems, and calcium deposit in blood vessels.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUremic symptoms:<\/strong> loss of appetite, fatigue, muscle degradation, itching, nausea, restlessness (in legs), poor sleep and sexual problems.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAlthough CKD has no cure, the symptoms can be managed through treatments and slow the progression. The approach depends on the disease stage.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n1. Lifestyle changes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\nQuit smoking8<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nEat a balanced, low salt diet8<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExercise regularly8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nLimit alcohol8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nMaintain a healthy weight8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nAvoid NSAIDS unless prescribed8<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n2. Medications to manage<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\nBlood pressure:<\/strong> Drugs like ACE inhibitors, ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers), Beta-blockers, Calcium channel blockers are used to keep blood pressure under control
Although CKD has no cure, the symptoms can be managed through treatments and slow the progression. The approach depends on the disease stage.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n