Table of Contents<\/p>\nToggle<\/span><\/path><\/svg><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label>Introduction<\/a><\/li>What is Haemolytic Anaemia?<\/a><\/li>Types of Haemolytic Anaemia<\/a><\/li>Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn<\/a><\/li>What Causes Haemolytic Anaemia?<\/a><\/li>Symptoms of Haemolytic Anaemia<\/a><\/li>How Chronic Haemolysis Affects the Body?<\/a><\/li>Red Flag Triggers to Avoid<\/a><\/li>How Is Haemolytic Anaemia Diagnosed?<\/a><\/li>Treatment Options for Haemolytic Anaemia<\/a><\/li>Prevention Tips for Haemolytic Anaemia<\/a><\/li>When Should You See a Doctor?<\/a><\/li>Conclusion<\/a><\/li>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<\/a><\/li>References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n \n <\/span>\n \n <\/a>\n<\/span>Introduction<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nFeeling unusually tired, weak, pale, or short of breath even after resting can be worrying, especially when there is no clear reason. Sometimes, these symptoms may be linked to anaemia, a condition in which the blood cannot carry enough oxygen around the body1<\/sup><\/a>. Around 1.9 billion people worldwide are affected by anaemia2<\/sup><\/a>. This article explains haemolytic anaemia in simple terms, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and when to seek medical help.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What is Haemolytic Anaemia?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAnaemia<\/strong><\/a> means the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells (RBCs) to carry oxygen well. Haemolytic anaemia is a type of anaemia that happens when RBCs are destroyed faster than the bone marrow can make new ones. RBCs carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body3<\/sup><\/a>. When too many RBCs break down too early, the body may not get enough oxygen. This can cause symptoms such as tiredness, weakness, dizziness, or shortness of breath4<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nHaemolytic anaemia can start suddenly or develop slowly over time. Some people have mild symptoms, while others may need urgent care. The seriousness depends on the cause and how quickly RBCs are being destroyed5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nDid You Know?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHealthy RBCs usually live for about 120 days before being naturally replaced. In haemolytic anaemia, RBCs are destroyed too early3<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHaemolytic anaemia can be inherited or acquired during a person\u2019s lifetime5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nThe condition can occur in people of any age, from newborns to adults6<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Types of Haemolytic Anaemia<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nHaemolytic anaemia is usually grouped into two main types:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n1. Inherited Haemolytic Anaemia<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThis type is present from birth and is passed down through families. It happens because of changes in genes that affect RBCs. Examples include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nSickle cell disease: <\/strong>RBCs become sickle-shaped instead of disc-shaped. This can make them break apart faster and sometimes block blood flow5<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nThalassaemia:<\/strong> The body makes less haemoglobin than it needs. Haemoglobin is the protein in RBCs that carries oxygen. This can cause RBCs to be destroyed faster5<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>8<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHereditary spherocytosis: <\/strong>RBCs become round instead of disc-shaped. This makes them less flexible and more likely to be removed by the spleen6<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>9<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nGlucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency:<\/strong> In this inherited condition, RBCs do not have enough of an enzyme called G6PD, which helps protect them from damage. Certain medicines, infections, or foods such as fava beans can trigger RBCs to break down quickly in some people10<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n2. Acquired Haemolytic Anaemia<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nDevelops after birth. People are not born with it; instead, healthy RBCs are destroyed because of another medical condition or an external trigger.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAutoimmune haemolytic anaemia:<\/strong> The immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the body\u2019s own RBCs, causing anaemia11<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMicroangiopathic haemolytic anaemia: <\/strong>In this condition, RBCs are damaged as they pass through very small blood vessels. This may happen in serious conditions such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, which can cause small blood clots, or haemolytic uremic syndrome, which can affect the kidneys and blood vessels12<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nParoxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria (PNH):\u00a0 <\/sup><\/strong>a complement-mediated form of acquired haemolytic anaemia. A rare, acquired condition in which RBCs lack certain protective proteins on their surface, making them vulnerable to being destroyed by part of the immune system called the complement system21<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMedicine-induced haemolytic anaemia:<\/strong> Certain medicines can trigger RBC destruction in some people and contribute to anaemia1<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInfection-related haemolytic anaemia: <\/strong>Certain bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections can damage RBCs1<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nHaemolytic disease of the newborn happens when a mother\u2019s immune system produces antibodies against her baby\u2019s red blood cells, usually because of a blood group mismatch between them (most often involving the Rh factor or ABO blood groups). These antibodies can cross the placenta and cause the baby\u2019s RBCs to break down faster than normal, leading to anaemia and jaundice in the newborn25<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>Show Full Article<\/button><\/div>\n\n\n\nDoctors can often screen for this risk during pregnancy through routine blood group and antibody testing, and preventive treatment (such as Rh immunoglobulin) may be given to at-risk mothers to reduce the chance of this happening in future pregnancies. After birth, affected babies are monitored closely and may need treatment such as phototherapy or, in more severe cases, a blood transfusion.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Causes Haemolytic Anaemia?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe cause of haemolytic anaemia depends on whether it is inherited or develops later in life. Common causes and triggers include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nInherited blood conditions5<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImmune system problems\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProblems with haemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein inside RBCs\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCertain infections\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain toxins, chemicals or medicines\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProblems with proteins that help RBCs keep their shape and strength\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood transfusion from an unmatched donor\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFormation of blood clots in small blood vessels\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDamaged or artificial heart valves that harm RBCs1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone marrow conditions that make it harder for the body to replace lost RBCs5<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Symptoms of Haemolytic Anaemia<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nMild haemolytic anaemia may not cause noticeable symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nUnusual weakness or tiredness (more after exercise)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTrouble concentrating or thinking clearly\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFast or racing heartbeats\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnusual headaches3<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDark-coloured urine13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nSymptoms that indicate a more severe condition include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPale skin or yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice)1<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>7<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSwelling of the hands and feet with pain7<\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTongue soreness\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nShortness of breath<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nEnlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAbdominal pain (due to an enlarged spleen)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDizziness\/light-headedness when standing5<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Chronic Haemolysis Affects the Body<\/strong>?<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\nHigh-Output Cardiac Failure21<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPigment Gallstones\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAcute Kidney Injury\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nIron Overload (secondary Hemochromatosis)22<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAplastic Crisis\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Red Flag Triggers to Avoid<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nFor individuals with hereditary or acquired susceptibility, certain environmental triggers can rapidly induce a haemolytic crisis:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nFava Beans & certain drugs (G6PD deficiency): <\/strong>ingesting fava beans or medications like rasburicase, nitrofurantoin, or dapsone can cause oxidative stress and rapid haemolysis\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCold temperature exposure v(cold agglutinin disease):<\/strong> cold weather, unheated liquids, or cold shower can trigger agglutination in extremities.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInfection: <\/strong>viral illnesses (e.g.: Epstein-Barr Virus, Parvovirus B19) or bacterial infections can trigger immune reactivity or transient aplastic crisis24<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Haemolytic Anaemia Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nA doctor will ask about your symptoms, medical history, recent infections, medicines, blood transfusions, and any family history of blood disorders. They may also examine you for signs such as pale skin, yellowing of the eyes or skin, or an enlarged spleen. If haemolytic anaemia is suspected, blood and sometimes urine tests may be recommended. Common tests include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nComplete Blood Count<\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures different blood cells, including RBCs, as well as haemoglobin and haematocrit.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nReticulocyte Count Test<\/strong><\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures young RBCs, called reticulocytes. A high count can mean the body is working harder to replace RBCs that are being destroyed14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPeripheral Blood Smear<\/a>:<\/strong> In this test, the shape and appearance of RBCs are checked under a microscope. Changes in shape can help doctors look for certain types of anaemia15<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPyruvate Kinase Test<\/a>:<\/strong> This test checks for low levels of pyruvate kinase, an enzyme that helps RBCs work properly. Low levels may point to an inherited cause of haemolytic anaemia3<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBilirubin Test<\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures bilirubin, a substance made when RBCs break down. Higher bilirubin levels may be a sign that RBCs are being destroyed too quickly.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Test<\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures LDH, an enzyme released when cells are damaged. High LDH levels in the blood can be a sign of increased RBC breakdown.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSerum Haptoglobin Test<\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures Haptoglobin in blood because haptoglobin binds to free haemoglobin released during cell breakdown. Low haptoglobin levels can be a sign of increased RBC breakdown23<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDirect Antiglobulin Test (or Coombs Test<\/a>): <\/strong>This test checks whether immune system proteins are attached to RBCs. A positive result may suggest autoimmune haemolytic anaemia16<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Feeling unusually tired, weak, pale, or short of breath even after resting can be worrying, especially when there is no clear reason. Sometimes, these symptoms may be linked to anaemia, a condition in which the blood cannot carry enough oxygen around the body1<\/sup><\/a>. Around 1.9 billion people worldwide are affected by anaemia2<\/sup><\/a>. This article explains haemolytic anaemia in simple terms, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and when to seek medical help.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What is Haemolytic Anaemia?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAnaemia<\/strong><\/a> means the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells (RBCs) to carry oxygen well. Haemolytic anaemia is a type of anaemia that happens when RBCs are destroyed faster than the bone marrow can make new ones. RBCs carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body3<\/sup><\/a>. When too many RBCs break down too early, the body may not get enough oxygen. This can cause symptoms such as tiredness, weakness, dizziness, or shortness of breath4<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nHaemolytic anaemia can start suddenly or develop slowly over time. Some people have mild symptoms, while others may need urgent care. The seriousness depends on the cause and how quickly RBCs are being destroyed5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nDid You Know?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHealthy RBCs usually live for about 120 days before being naturally replaced. In haemolytic anaemia, RBCs are destroyed too early3<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHaemolytic anaemia can be inherited or acquired during a person\u2019s lifetime5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nThe condition can occur in people of any age, from newborns to adults6<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Types of Haemolytic Anaemia<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nHaemolytic anaemia is usually grouped into two main types:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n1. Inherited Haemolytic Anaemia<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThis type is present from birth and is passed down through families. It happens because of changes in genes that affect RBCs. Examples include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nSickle cell disease: <\/strong>RBCs become sickle-shaped instead of disc-shaped. This can make them break apart faster and sometimes block blood flow5<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nThalassaemia:<\/strong> The body makes less haemoglobin than it needs. Haemoglobin is the protein in RBCs that carries oxygen. This can cause RBCs to be destroyed faster5<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>8<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHereditary spherocytosis: <\/strong>RBCs become round instead of disc-shaped. This makes them less flexible and more likely to be removed by the spleen6<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>9<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nGlucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency:<\/strong> In this inherited condition, RBCs do not have enough of an enzyme called G6PD, which helps protect them from damage. Certain medicines, infections, or foods such as fava beans can trigger RBCs to break down quickly in some people10<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n2. Acquired Haemolytic Anaemia<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nDevelops after birth. People are not born with it; instead, healthy RBCs are destroyed because of another medical condition or an external trigger.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAutoimmune haemolytic anaemia:<\/strong> The immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the body\u2019s own RBCs, causing anaemia11<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMicroangiopathic haemolytic anaemia: <\/strong>In this condition, RBCs are damaged as they pass through very small blood vessels. This may happen in serious conditions such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, which can cause small blood clots, or haemolytic uremic syndrome, which can affect the kidneys and blood vessels12<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nParoxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria (PNH):\u00a0 <\/sup><\/strong>a complement-mediated form of acquired haemolytic anaemia. A rare, acquired condition in which RBCs lack certain protective proteins on their surface, making them vulnerable to being destroyed by part of the immune system called the complement system21<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMedicine-induced haemolytic anaemia:<\/strong> Certain medicines can trigger RBC destruction in some people and contribute to anaemia1<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInfection-related haemolytic anaemia: <\/strong>Certain bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections can damage RBCs1<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nHaemolytic disease of the newborn happens when a mother\u2019s immune system produces antibodies against her baby\u2019s red blood cells, usually because of a blood group mismatch between them (most often involving the Rh factor or ABO blood groups). These antibodies can cross the placenta and cause the baby\u2019s RBCs to break down faster than normal, leading to anaemia and jaundice in the newborn25<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>Show Full Article<\/button><\/div>\n\n\n\nDoctors can often screen for this risk during pregnancy through routine blood group and antibody testing, and preventive treatment (such as Rh immunoglobulin) may be given to at-risk mothers to reduce the chance of this happening in future pregnancies. After birth, affected babies are monitored closely and may need treatment such as phototherapy or, in more severe cases, a blood transfusion.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Causes Haemolytic Anaemia?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe cause of haemolytic anaemia depends on whether it is inherited or develops later in life. Common causes and triggers include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nInherited blood conditions5<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImmune system problems\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProblems with haemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein inside RBCs\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCertain infections\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain toxins, chemicals or medicines\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProblems with proteins that help RBCs keep their shape and strength\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood transfusion from an unmatched donor\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFormation of blood clots in small blood vessels\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDamaged or artificial heart valves that harm RBCs1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone marrow conditions that make it harder for the body to replace lost RBCs5<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Symptoms of Haemolytic Anaemia<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nMild haemolytic anaemia may not cause noticeable symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nUnusual weakness or tiredness (more after exercise)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTrouble concentrating or thinking clearly\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFast or racing heartbeats\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnusual headaches3<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDark-coloured urine13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nSymptoms that indicate a more severe condition include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPale skin or yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice)1<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>7<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSwelling of the hands and feet with pain7<\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTongue soreness\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nShortness of breath<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nEnlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAbdominal pain (due to an enlarged spleen)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDizziness\/light-headedness when standing5<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Chronic Haemolysis Affects the Body<\/strong>?<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\nHigh-Output Cardiac Failure21<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPigment Gallstones\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAcute Kidney Injury\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nIron Overload (secondary Hemochromatosis)22<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAplastic Crisis\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Red Flag Triggers to Avoid<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nFor individuals with hereditary or acquired susceptibility, certain environmental triggers can rapidly induce a haemolytic crisis:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nFava Beans & certain drugs (G6PD deficiency): <\/strong>ingesting fava beans or medications like rasburicase, nitrofurantoin, or dapsone can cause oxidative stress and rapid haemolysis\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCold temperature exposure v(cold agglutinin disease):<\/strong> cold weather, unheated liquids, or cold shower can trigger agglutination in extremities.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInfection: <\/strong>viral illnesses (e.g.: Epstein-Barr Virus, Parvovirus B19) or bacterial infections can trigger immune reactivity or transient aplastic crisis24<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Haemolytic Anaemia Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nA doctor will ask about your symptoms, medical history, recent infections, medicines, blood transfusions, and any family history of blood disorders. They may also examine you for signs such as pale skin, yellowing of the eyes or skin, or an enlarged spleen. If haemolytic anaemia is suspected, blood and sometimes urine tests may be recommended. Common tests include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nComplete Blood Count<\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures different blood cells, including RBCs, as well as haemoglobin and haematocrit.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nReticulocyte Count Test<\/strong><\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures young RBCs, called reticulocytes. A high count can mean the body is working harder to replace RBCs that are being destroyed14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPeripheral Blood Smear<\/a>:<\/strong> In this test, the shape and appearance of RBCs are checked under a microscope. Changes in shape can help doctors look for certain types of anaemia15<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPyruvate Kinase Test<\/a>:<\/strong> This test checks for low levels of pyruvate kinase, an enzyme that helps RBCs work properly. Low levels may point to an inherited cause of haemolytic anaemia3<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBilirubin Test<\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures bilirubin, a substance made when RBCs break down. Higher bilirubin levels may be a sign that RBCs are being destroyed too quickly.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Test<\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures LDH, an enzyme released when cells are damaged. High LDH levels in the blood can be a sign of increased RBC breakdown.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSerum Haptoglobin Test<\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures Haptoglobin in blood because haptoglobin binds to free haemoglobin released during cell breakdown. Low haptoglobin levels can be a sign of increased RBC breakdown23<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDirect Antiglobulin Test (or Coombs Test<\/a>): <\/strong>This test checks whether immune system proteins are attached to RBCs. A positive result may suggest autoimmune haemolytic anaemia16<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Anaemia<\/strong><\/a> means the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells (RBCs) to carry oxygen well. Haemolytic anaemia is a type of anaemia that happens when RBCs are destroyed faster than the bone marrow can make new ones. RBCs carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body3<\/sup><\/a>. When too many RBCs break down too early, the body may not get enough oxygen. This can cause symptoms such as tiredness, weakness, dizziness, or shortness of breath4<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nHaemolytic anaemia can start suddenly or develop slowly over time. Some people have mild symptoms, while others may need urgent care. The seriousness depends on the cause and how quickly RBCs are being destroyed5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nDid You Know?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHealthy RBCs usually live for about 120 days before being naturally replaced. In haemolytic anaemia, RBCs are destroyed too early3<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHaemolytic anaemia can be inherited or acquired during a person\u2019s lifetime5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nThe condition can occur in people of any age, from newborns to adults6<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Types of Haemolytic Anaemia<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nHaemolytic anaemia is usually grouped into two main types:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n1. Inherited Haemolytic Anaemia<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThis type is present from birth and is passed down through families. It happens because of changes in genes that affect RBCs. Examples include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nSickle cell disease: <\/strong>RBCs become sickle-shaped instead of disc-shaped. This can make them break apart faster and sometimes block blood flow5<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nThalassaemia:<\/strong> The body makes less haemoglobin than it needs. Haemoglobin is the protein in RBCs that carries oxygen. This can cause RBCs to be destroyed faster5<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>8<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHereditary spherocytosis: <\/strong>RBCs become round instead of disc-shaped. This makes them less flexible and more likely to be removed by the spleen6<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>9<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nGlucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency:<\/strong> In this inherited condition, RBCs do not have enough of an enzyme called G6PD, which helps protect them from damage. Certain medicines, infections, or foods such as fava beans can trigger RBCs to break down quickly in some people10<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n2. Acquired Haemolytic Anaemia<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nDevelops after birth. People are not born with it; instead, healthy RBCs are destroyed because of another medical condition or an external trigger.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAutoimmune haemolytic anaemia:<\/strong> The immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the body\u2019s own RBCs, causing anaemia11<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMicroangiopathic haemolytic anaemia: <\/strong>In this condition, RBCs are damaged as they pass through very small blood vessels. This may happen in serious conditions such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, which can cause small blood clots, or haemolytic uremic syndrome, which can affect the kidneys and blood vessels12<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nParoxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria (PNH):\u00a0 <\/sup><\/strong>a complement-mediated form of acquired haemolytic anaemia. A rare, acquired condition in which RBCs lack certain protective proteins on their surface, making them vulnerable to being destroyed by part of the immune system called the complement system21<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMedicine-induced haemolytic anaemia:<\/strong> Certain medicines can trigger RBC destruction in some people and contribute to anaemia1<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInfection-related haemolytic anaemia: <\/strong>Certain bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections can damage RBCs1<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nHaemolytic disease of the newborn happens when a mother\u2019s immune system produces antibodies against her baby\u2019s red blood cells, usually because of a blood group mismatch between them (most often involving the Rh factor or ABO blood groups). These antibodies can cross the placenta and cause the baby\u2019s RBCs to break down faster than normal, leading to anaemia and jaundice in the newborn25<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>Show Full Article<\/button><\/div>\n\n\n\nDoctors can often screen for this risk during pregnancy through routine blood group and antibody testing, and preventive treatment (such as Rh immunoglobulin) may be given to at-risk mothers to reduce the chance of this happening in future pregnancies. After birth, affected babies are monitored closely and may need treatment such as phototherapy or, in more severe cases, a blood transfusion.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Causes Haemolytic Anaemia?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe cause of haemolytic anaemia depends on whether it is inherited or develops later in life. Common causes and triggers include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nInherited blood conditions5<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImmune system problems\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProblems with haemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein inside RBCs\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCertain infections\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain toxins, chemicals or medicines\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProblems with proteins that help RBCs keep their shape and strength\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood transfusion from an unmatched donor\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFormation of blood clots in small blood vessels\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDamaged or artificial heart valves that harm RBCs1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone marrow conditions that make it harder for the body to replace lost RBCs5<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Symptoms of Haemolytic Anaemia<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nMild haemolytic anaemia may not cause noticeable symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nUnusual weakness or tiredness (more after exercise)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTrouble concentrating or thinking clearly\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFast or racing heartbeats\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnusual headaches3<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDark-coloured urine13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nSymptoms that indicate a more severe condition include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPale skin or yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice)1<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>7<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSwelling of the hands and feet with pain7<\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTongue soreness\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nShortness of breath<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nEnlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAbdominal pain (due to an enlarged spleen)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDizziness\/light-headedness when standing5<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Chronic Haemolysis Affects the Body<\/strong>?<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\nHigh-Output Cardiac Failure21<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPigment Gallstones\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAcute Kidney Injury\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nIron Overload (secondary Hemochromatosis)22<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAplastic Crisis\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Red Flag Triggers to Avoid<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nFor individuals with hereditary or acquired susceptibility, certain environmental triggers can rapidly induce a haemolytic crisis:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nFava Beans & certain drugs (G6PD deficiency): <\/strong>ingesting fava beans or medications like rasburicase, nitrofurantoin, or dapsone can cause oxidative stress and rapid haemolysis\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCold temperature exposure v(cold agglutinin disease):<\/strong> cold weather, unheated liquids, or cold shower can trigger agglutination in extremities.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInfection: <\/strong>viral illnesses (e.g.: Epstein-Barr Virus, Parvovirus B19) or bacterial infections can trigger immune reactivity or transient aplastic crisis24<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Haemolytic Anaemia Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nA doctor will ask about your symptoms, medical history, recent infections, medicines, blood transfusions, and any family history of blood disorders. They may also examine you for signs such as pale skin, yellowing of the eyes or skin, or an enlarged spleen. If haemolytic anaemia is suspected, blood and sometimes urine tests may be recommended. Common tests include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nComplete Blood Count<\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures different blood cells, including RBCs, as well as haemoglobin and haematocrit.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nReticulocyte Count Test<\/strong><\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures young RBCs, called reticulocytes. A high count can mean the body is working harder to replace RBCs that are being destroyed14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPeripheral Blood Smear<\/a>:<\/strong> In this test, the shape and appearance of RBCs are checked under a microscope. Changes in shape can help doctors look for certain types of anaemia15<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPyruvate Kinase Test<\/a>:<\/strong> This test checks for low levels of pyruvate kinase, an enzyme that helps RBCs work properly. Low levels may point to an inherited cause of haemolytic anaemia3<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBilirubin Test<\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures bilirubin, a substance made when RBCs break down. Higher bilirubin levels may be a sign that RBCs are being destroyed too quickly.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Test<\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures LDH, an enzyme released when cells are damaged. High LDH levels in the blood can be a sign of increased RBC breakdown.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSerum Haptoglobin Test<\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures Haptoglobin in blood because haptoglobin binds to free haemoglobin released during cell breakdown. Low haptoglobin levels can be a sign of increased RBC breakdown23<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDirect Antiglobulin Test (or Coombs Test<\/a>): <\/strong>This test checks whether immune system proteins are attached to RBCs. A positive result may suggest autoimmune haemolytic anaemia16<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Haemolytic anaemia can start suddenly or develop slowly over time. Some people have mild symptoms, while others may need urgent care. The seriousness depends on the cause and how quickly RBCs are being destroyed5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nDid You Know?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHealthy RBCs usually live for about 120 days before being naturally replaced. In haemolytic anaemia, RBCs are destroyed too early3<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHaemolytic anaemia can be inherited or acquired during a person\u2019s lifetime5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nThe condition can occur in people of any age, from newborns to adults6<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Types of Haemolytic Anaemia<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nHaemolytic anaemia is usually grouped into two main types:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n1. Inherited Haemolytic Anaemia<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThis type is present from birth and is passed down through families. It happens because of changes in genes that affect RBCs. Examples include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nSickle cell disease: <\/strong>RBCs become sickle-shaped instead of disc-shaped. This can make them break apart faster and sometimes block blood flow5<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nThalassaemia:<\/strong> The body makes less haemoglobin than it needs. Haemoglobin is the protein in RBCs that carries oxygen. This can cause RBCs to be destroyed faster5<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>8<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHereditary spherocytosis: <\/strong>RBCs become round instead of disc-shaped. This makes them less flexible and more likely to be removed by the spleen6<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>9<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nGlucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency:<\/strong> In this inherited condition, RBCs do not have enough of an enzyme called G6PD, which helps protect them from damage. Certain medicines, infections, or foods such as fava beans can trigger RBCs to break down quickly in some people10<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n2. Acquired Haemolytic Anaemia<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nDevelops after birth. People are not born with it; instead, healthy RBCs are destroyed because of another medical condition or an external trigger.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAutoimmune haemolytic anaemia:<\/strong> The immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the body\u2019s own RBCs, causing anaemia11<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMicroangiopathic haemolytic anaemia: <\/strong>In this condition, RBCs are damaged as they pass through very small blood vessels. This may happen in serious conditions such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, which can cause small blood clots, or haemolytic uremic syndrome, which can affect the kidneys and blood vessels12<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nParoxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria (PNH):\u00a0 <\/sup><\/strong>a complement-mediated form of acquired haemolytic anaemia. A rare, acquired condition in which RBCs lack certain protective proteins on their surface, making them vulnerable to being destroyed by part of the immune system called the complement system21<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMedicine-induced haemolytic anaemia:<\/strong> Certain medicines can trigger RBC destruction in some people and contribute to anaemia1<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInfection-related haemolytic anaemia: <\/strong>Certain bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections can damage RBCs1<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nHaemolytic disease of the newborn happens when a mother\u2019s immune system produces antibodies against her baby\u2019s red blood cells, usually because of a blood group mismatch between them (most often involving the Rh factor or ABO blood groups). These antibodies can cross the placenta and cause the baby\u2019s RBCs to break down faster than normal, leading to anaemia and jaundice in the newborn25<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>Show Full Article<\/button><\/div>\n\n\n\nDoctors can often screen for this risk during pregnancy through routine blood group and antibody testing, and preventive treatment (such as Rh immunoglobulin) may be given to at-risk mothers to reduce the chance of this happening in future pregnancies. After birth, affected babies are monitored closely and may need treatment such as phototherapy or, in more severe cases, a blood transfusion.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Causes Haemolytic Anaemia?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe cause of haemolytic anaemia depends on whether it is inherited or develops later in life. Common causes and triggers include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nInherited blood conditions5<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImmune system problems\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProblems with haemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein inside RBCs\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCertain infections\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain toxins, chemicals or medicines\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProblems with proteins that help RBCs keep their shape and strength\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood transfusion from an unmatched donor\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFormation of blood clots in small blood vessels\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDamaged or artificial heart valves that harm RBCs1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone marrow conditions that make it harder for the body to replace lost RBCs5<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Symptoms of Haemolytic Anaemia<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nMild haemolytic anaemia may not cause noticeable symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nUnusual weakness or tiredness (more after exercise)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTrouble concentrating or thinking clearly\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFast or racing heartbeats\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnusual headaches3<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDark-coloured urine13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nSymptoms that indicate a more severe condition include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPale skin or yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice)1<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>7<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSwelling of the hands and feet with pain7<\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTongue soreness\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nShortness of breath<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nEnlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAbdominal pain (due to an enlarged spleen)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDizziness\/light-headedness when standing5<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Chronic Haemolysis Affects the Body<\/strong>?<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\nHigh-Output Cardiac Failure21<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPigment Gallstones\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAcute Kidney Injury\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nIron Overload (secondary Hemochromatosis)22<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAplastic Crisis\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Red Flag Triggers to Avoid<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nFor individuals with hereditary or acquired susceptibility, certain environmental triggers can rapidly induce a haemolytic crisis:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nFava Beans & certain drugs (G6PD deficiency): <\/strong>ingesting fava beans or medications like rasburicase, nitrofurantoin, or dapsone can cause oxidative stress and rapid haemolysis\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCold temperature exposure v(cold agglutinin disease):<\/strong> cold weather, unheated liquids, or cold shower can trigger agglutination in extremities.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInfection: <\/strong>viral illnesses (e.g.: Epstein-Barr Virus, Parvovirus B19) or bacterial infections can trigger immune reactivity or transient aplastic crisis24<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Haemolytic Anaemia Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nA doctor will ask about your symptoms, medical history, recent infections, medicines, blood transfusions, and any family history of blood disorders. They may also examine you for signs such as pale skin, yellowing of the eyes or skin, or an enlarged spleen. If haemolytic anaemia is suspected, blood and sometimes urine tests may be recommended. Common tests include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nComplete Blood Count<\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures different blood cells, including RBCs, as well as haemoglobin and haematocrit.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nReticulocyte Count Test<\/strong><\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures young RBCs, called reticulocytes. A high count can mean the body is working harder to replace RBCs that are being destroyed14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPeripheral Blood Smear<\/a>:<\/strong> In this test, the shape and appearance of RBCs are checked under a microscope. Changes in shape can help doctors look for certain types of anaemia15<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPyruvate Kinase Test<\/a>:<\/strong> This test checks for low levels of pyruvate kinase, an enzyme that helps RBCs work properly. Low levels may point to an inherited cause of haemolytic anaemia3<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBilirubin Test<\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures bilirubin, a substance made when RBCs break down. Higher bilirubin levels may be a sign that RBCs are being destroyed too quickly.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Test<\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures LDH, an enzyme released when cells are damaged. High LDH levels in the blood can be a sign of increased RBC breakdown.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSerum Haptoglobin Test<\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures Haptoglobin in blood because haptoglobin binds to free haemoglobin released during cell breakdown. Low haptoglobin levels can be a sign of increased RBC breakdown23<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDirect Antiglobulin Test (or Coombs Test<\/a>): <\/strong>This test checks whether immune system proteins are attached to RBCs. A positive result may suggest autoimmune haemolytic anaemia16<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Did You Know?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHealthy RBCs usually live for about 120 days before being naturally replaced. In haemolytic anaemia, RBCs are destroyed too early3<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHaemolytic anaemia can be inherited or acquired during a person\u2019s lifetime5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nThe condition can occur in people of any age, from newborns to adults6<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Types of Haemolytic Anaemia<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nHaemolytic anaemia is usually grouped into two main types:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n1. Inherited Haemolytic Anaemia<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThis type is present from birth and is passed down through families. It happens because of changes in genes that affect RBCs. Examples include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nSickle cell disease: <\/strong>RBCs become sickle-shaped instead of disc-shaped. This can make them break apart faster and sometimes block blood flow5<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nThalassaemia:<\/strong> The body makes less haemoglobin than it needs. Haemoglobin is the protein in RBCs that carries oxygen. This can cause RBCs to be destroyed faster5<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>8<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHereditary spherocytosis: <\/strong>RBCs become round instead of disc-shaped. This makes them less flexible and more likely to be removed by the spleen6<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>9<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nGlucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency:<\/strong> In this inherited condition, RBCs do not have enough of an enzyme called G6PD, which helps protect them from damage. Certain medicines, infections, or foods such as fava beans can trigger RBCs to break down quickly in some people10<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n2. Acquired Haemolytic Anaemia<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nDevelops after birth. People are not born with it; instead, healthy RBCs are destroyed because of another medical condition or an external trigger.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAutoimmune haemolytic anaemia:<\/strong> The immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the body\u2019s own RBCs, causing anaemia11<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMicroangiopathic haemolytic anaemia: <\/strong>In this condition, RBCs are damaged as they pass through very small blood vessels. This may happen in serious conditions such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, which can cause small blood clots, or haemolytic uremic syndrome, which can affect the kidneys and blood vessels12<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nParoxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria (PNH):\u00a0 <\/sup><\/strong>a complement-mediated form of acquired haemolytic anaemia. A rare, acquired condition in which RBCs lack certain protective proteins on their surface, making them vulnerable to being destroyed by part of the immune system called the complement system21<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMedicine-induced haemolytic anaemia:<\/strong> Certain medicines can trigger RBC destruction in some people and contribute to anaemia1<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInfection-related haemolytic anaemia: <\/strong>Certain bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections can damage RBCs1<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nHaemolytic disease of the newborn happens when a mother\u2019s immune system produces antibodies against her baby\u2019s red blood cells, usually because of a blood group mismatch between them (most often involving the Rh factor or ABO blood groups). These antibodies can cross the placenta and cause the baby\u2019s RBCs to break down faster than normal, leading to anaemia and jaundice in the newborn25<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>Show Full Article<\/button><\/div>\n\n\n\nDoctors can often screen for this risk during pregnancy through routine blood group and antibody testing, and preventive treatment (such as Rh immunoglobulin) may be given to at-risk mothers to reduce the chance of this happening in future pregnancies. After birth, affected babies are monitored closely and may need treatment such as phototherapy or, in more severe cases, a blood transfusion.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Causes Haemolytic Anaemia?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe cause of haemolytic anaemia depends on whether it is inherited or develops later in life. Common causes and triggers include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nInherited blood conditions5<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImmune system problems\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProblems with haemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein inside RBCs\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCertain infections\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain toxins, chemicals or medicines\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProblems with proteins that help RBCs keep their shape and strength\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood transfusion from an unmatched donor\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFormation of blood clots in small blood vessels\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDamaged or artificial heart valves that harm RBCs1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone marrow conditions that make it harder for the body to replace lost RBCs5<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Symptoms of Haemolytic Anaemia<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nMild haemolytic anaemia may not cause noticeable symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nUnusual weakness or tiredness (more after exercise)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTrouble concentrating or thinking clearly\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFast or racing heartbeats\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnusual headaches3<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDark-coloured urine13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nSymptoms that indicate a more severe condition include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPale skin or yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice)1<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>7<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSwelling of the hands and feet with pain7<\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTongue soreness\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nShortness of breath<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nEnlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAbdominal pain (due to an enlarged spleen)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDizziness\/light-headedness when standing5<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Chronic Haemolysis Affects the Body<\/strong>?<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\nHigh-Output Cardiac Failure21<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPigment Gallstones\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAcute Kidney Injury\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nIron Overload (secondary Hemochromatosis)22<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAplastic Crisis\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Red Flag Triggers to Avoid<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nFor individuals with hereditary or acquired susceptibility, certain environmental triggers can rapidly induce a haemolytic crisis:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nFava Beans & certain drugs (G6PD deficiency): <\/strong>ingesting fava beans or medications like rasburicase, nitrofurantoin, or dapsone can cause oxidative stress and rapid haemolysis\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCold temperature exposure v(cold agglutinin disease):<\/strong> cold weather, unheated liquids, or cold shower can trigger agglutination in extremities.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInfection: <\/strong>viral illnesses (e.g.: Epstein-Barr Virus, Parvovirus B19) or bacterial infections can trigger immune reactivity or transient aplastic crisis24<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Haemolytic Anaemia Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nA doctor will ask about your symptoms, medical history, recent infections, medicines, blood transfusions, and any family history of blood disorders. They may also examine you for signs such as pale skin, yellowing of the eyes or skin, or an enlarged spleen. If haemolytic anaemia is suspected, blood and sometimes urine tests may be recommended. Common tests include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nComplete Blood Count<\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures different blood cells, including RBCs, as well as haemoglobin and haematocrit.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nReticulocyte Count Test<\/strong><\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures young RBCs, called reticulocytes. A high count can mean the body is working harder to replace RBCs that are being destroyed14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPeripheral Blood Smear<\/a>:<\/strong> In this test, the shape and appearance of RBCs are checked under a microscope. Changes in shape can help doctors look for certain types of anaemia15<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPyruvate Kinase Test<\/a>:<\/strong> This test checks for low levels of pyruvate kinase, an enzyme that helps RBCs work properly. Low levels may point to an inherited cause of haemolytic anaemia3<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBilirubin Test<\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures bilirubin, a substance made when RBCs break down. Higher bilirubin levels may be a sign that RBCs are being destroyed too quickly.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Test<\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures LDH, an enzyme released when cells are damaged. High LDH levels in the blood can be a sign of increased RBC breakdown.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSerum Haptoglobin Test<\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures Haptoglobin in blood because haptoglobin binds to free haemoglobin released during cell breakdown. Low haptoglobin levels can be a sign of increased RBC breakdown23<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDirect Antiglobulin Test (or Coombs Test<\/a>): <\/strong>This test checks whether immune system proteins are attached to RBCs. A positive result may suggest autoimmune haemolytic anaemia16<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Haemolytic anaemia is usually grouped into two main types:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
This type is present from birth and is passed down through families. It happens because of changes in genes that affect RBCs. Examples include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Develops after birth. People are not born with it; instead, healthy RBCs are destroyed because of another medical condition or an external trigger.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Haemolytic disease of the newborn happens when a mother\u2019s immune system produces antibodies against her baby\u2019s red blood cells, usually because of a blood group mismatch between them (most often involving the Rh factor or ABO blood groups). These antibodies can cross the placenta and cause the baby\u2019s RBCs to break down faster than normal, leading to anaemia and jaundice in the newborn25<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>Show Full Article<\/button><\/div>\n\n\n\nDoctors can often screen for this risk during pregnancy through routine blood group and antibody testing, and preventive treatment (such as Rh immunoglobulin) may be given to at-risk mothers to reduce the chance of this happening in future pregnancies. After birth, affected babies are monitored closely and may need treatment such as phototherapy or, in more severe cases, a blood transfusion.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Causes Haemolytic Anaemia?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe cause of haemolytic anaemia depends on whether it is inherited or develops later in life. Common causes and triggers include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nInherited blood conditions5<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImmune system problems\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProblems with haemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein inside RBCs\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCertain infections\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain toxins, chemicals or medicines\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProblems with proteins that help RBCs keep their shape and strength\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood transfusion from an unmatched donor\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFormation of blood clots in small blood vessels\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDamaged or artificial heart valves that harm RBCs1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone marrow conditions that make it harder for the body to replace lost RBCs5<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Symptoms of Haemolytic Anaemia<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nMild haemolytic anaemia may not cause noticeable symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nUnusual weakness or tiredness (more after exercise)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTrouble concentrating or thinking clearly\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFast or racing heartbeats\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnusual headaches3<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDark-coloured urine13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nSymptoms that indicate a more severe condition include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPale skin or yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice)1<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>7<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSwelling of the hands and feet with pain7<\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTongue soreness\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nShortness of breath<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\nEnlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAbdominal pain (due to an enlarged spleen)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDizziness\/light-headedness when standing5<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Chronic Haemolysis Affects the Body<\/strong>?<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\nHigh-Output Cardiac Failure21<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPigment Gallstones\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAcute Kidney Injury\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nIron Overload (secondary Hemochromatosis)22<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAplastic Crisis\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Red Flag Triggers to Avoid<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nFor individuals with hereditary or acquired susceptibility, certain environmental triggers can rapidly induce a haemolytic crisis:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nFava Beans & certain drugs (G6PD deficiency): <\/strong>ingesting fava beans or medications like rasburicase, nitrofurantoin, or dapsone can cause oxidative stress and rapid haemolysis\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCold temperature exposure v(cold agglutinin disease):<\/strong> cold weather, unheated liquids, or cold shower can trigger agglutination in extremities.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInfection: <\/strong>viral illnesses (e.g.: Epstein-Barr Virus, Parvovirus B19) or bacterial infections can trigger immune reactivity or transient aplastic crisis24<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Haemolytic Anaemia Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nA doctor will ask about your symptoms, medical history, recent infections, medicines, blood transfusions, and any family history of blood disorders. They may also examine you for signs such as pale skin, yellowing of the eyes or skin, or an enlarged spleen. If haemolytic anaemia is suspected, blood and sometimes urine tests may be recommended. Common tests include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nComplete Blood Count<\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures different blood cells, including RBCs, as well as haemoglobin and haematocrit.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nReticulocyte Count Test<\/strong><\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures young RBCs, called reticulocytes. A high count can mean the body is working harder to replace RBCs that are being destroyed14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPeripheral Blood Smear<\/a>:<\/strong> In this test, the shape and appearance of RBCs are checked under a microscope. Changes in shape can help doctors look for certain types of anaemia15<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPyruvate Kinase Test<\/a>:<\/strong> This test checks for low levels of pyruvate kinase, an enzyme that helps RBCs work properly. Low levels may point to an inherited cause of haemolytic anaemia3<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBilirubin Test<\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures bilirubin, a substance made when RBCs break down. Higher bilirubin levels may be a sign that RBCs are being destroyed too quickly.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Test<\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures LDH, an enzyme released when cells are damaged. High LDH levels in the blood can be a sign of increased RBC breakdown.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSerum Haptoglobin Test<\/a>:<\/strong> This test measures Haptoglobin in blood because haptoglobin binds to free haemoglobin released during cell breakdown. Low haptoglobin levels can be a sign of increased RBC breakdown23<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDirect Antiglobulin Test (or Coombs Test<\/a>): <\/strong>This test checks whether immune system proteins are attached to RBCs. A positive result may suggest autoimmune haemolytic anaemia16<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Doctors can often screen for this risk during pregnancy through routine blood group and antibody testing, and preventive treatment (such as Rh immunoglobulin) may be given to at-risk mothers to reduce the chance of this happening in future pregnancies. After birth, affected babies are monitored closely and may need treatment such as phototherapy or, in more severe cases, a blood transfusion.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The cause of haemolytic anaemia depends on whether it is inherited or develops later in life. Common causes and triggers include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mild haemolytic anaemia may not cause noticeable symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Symptoms that indicate a more severe condition include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For individuals with hereditary or acquired susceptibility, certain environmental triggers can rapidly induce a haemolytic crisis:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A doctor will ask about your symptoms, medical history, recent infections, medicines, blood transfusions, and any family history of blood disorders. They may also examine you for signs such as pale skin, yellowing of the eyes or skin, or an enlarged spleen. If haemolytic anaemia is suspected, blood and sometimes urine tests may be recommended. Common tests include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n