Table of Contents<\/p>\nToggle<\/span><\/path><\/svg><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label>Introduction<\/a><\/li>What Is Congenital Rubella Syndrome?<\/a><\/li>How Does Congenital Rubella Syndrome Occur?<\/a><\/li>Causes of Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/a><\/li>Symptoms of Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/a><\/li>How Is Congenital Rubella Syndrome Diagnosed?<\/a><\/li>Treatment of Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/a><\/li>Complications of Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/a><\/li>Prevention Tips for Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/a><\/li>Why Is Rubella Vaccination Important?<\/a><\/li>When Should You Consult a\u00a0Doctor?<\/a><\/li>Conclusion<\/a><\/li>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<\/a><\/li>References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n \n <\/span>\n \n <\/a>\n<\/span>Introduction<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nRubella, often\u00a0known as\u00a0German measles, is\u00a0usually a mild viral infection in adults, but it can seriously affect a developing baby during pregnancy1<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0In this article, we will discuss\u00a0congenital rubella syndrome, including its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment options, and prevention methods.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Is Congenital Rubella Syndrome?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCongenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is a condition in which a baby develops multiple health problems after rubella virus infection during pregnancy. Rubella is a contagious disease that spreads through respiratory droplets. It\u00a0mainly affects\u00a0children and young adults. The infection can also pass from the mother to the developing baby through the placenta, especially if the mother becomes infected during the first few months of pregnancy1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\nThe infection can interfere with the normal development of the baby\u2019s organs, leading to problems with the eyes, ears, heart, brain, and other parts of the body1<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0The severity of CRS depends on the stage of pregnancy at which infection occurs and how early the baby is exposed to the virus. If the mother is infected early in pregnancy, particularly during the first trimester, the baby is more likely to develop CRS2<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Does Congenital Rubella Syndrome Occur?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCRS occurs when the rubella virus passes from a pregnant woman to her developing baby during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester.\u00a0The infection develops stepwise as shown below:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMaternal Infection:<\/strong>\u00a0A pregnant woman can get rubella by contact with an infected person, who spreads the virus through coughs and sneezes1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nSpread of the Virus in the Body:<\/strong>\u00a0The virus infects the mother\u2019s respiratory tract, including the nose and throat. It then enters the bloodstream and multiplies in lymphoid tissues.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTransmission to the Baby:<\/strong>\u00a0As the virus spreads throughout the mother\u2019s body, it can reach different organs, including the placenta (the organ that supplies oxygen and nutrients to the developing baby). From there, it can pass to the developing baby.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImpact on Baby\u2019s Development:<\/strong>\u00a0The virus enters the baby\u2019s bloodstream and may affect the development of different organs, such as the heart, eyes, ears, and brain, increasing the risk of birth defects.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBaby Born with CRS:<\/strong>\u00a0Depending on when the infection happened and how severely the baby was\u00a0impacted, the newborn may develop hearing loss, eyesight issues, heart defects, developmental delays, or other health complications3<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Causes of Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe main cause of CRS is infection\u00a0with the rubella virus\u00a0during pregnancy\u00a0and\u00a0passing of the virus\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0developing baby. Factors that increase the risk\u00a0of maternal infection\u00a0include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nLack of Immunity:<\/strong>\u00a0Women who have not developed immunity, either because they were not vaccinated or have never had rubella, may be more susceptible to infection.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to Infected Individuals:<\/strong>\u00a0Close contact with a person who has rubella can increase the chance of getting the infection1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nDelayed Vaccination:<\/strong>\u00a0Women who do not receive the\u00a0appropriate rubella\u00a0vaccination before becoming pregnant are at risk of infection1<\/a>,4<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>Show Full Article<\/button><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Symptoms of Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe symptoms of CRS can vary from one baby to another. Some symptoms are present at birth, while others appear later in life3<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0The most common\u00a0CRS\u00a0symptoms\u00a0include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHearing loss\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nVision problems3<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nHeart defects\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLow birth weight5<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDevelopmental delays and learning difficulties3<\/a>,5<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nEnlarged liver and spleen\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nReduced platelet count5<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nYellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice<\/a><\/strong>)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSleeping more than usual3<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nSkin rash<\/a><\/strong> (at birth)5<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nPurple or red spots on the skin (purpura)6<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSmall head size5<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Congenital Rubella Syndrome Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCRS is usually diagnosed\u00a0in the baby\u00a0using more than one test or procedure. The following are the most common ones recommended by doctors:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMedical History:\u00a0<\/strong>The doctor will enquire whether the mother had a rubella infection, a rash or fever, or was exposed to rubella while pregnant1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nPhysical Examination of the Baby:<\/strong>\u00a0The baby is checked for signs of CRS, such as hearing loss, heart problems present at birth, congenital glaucoma, purpura, jaundice, cataracts,\u00a0inflammation of the brain and surrounding tissues (meningoencephalitis), and other related findings6<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nRubella IgM Antibody Test<\/strong><\/a>:\u00a0<\/strong>The doctor might recommend this test to detect the IgM antibody,\u00a0which is produced by the baby\u2019s body against the rubella virus. These antibodies can remain detectable for up to 6 months after birth. Since IgM antibodies do not cross the placenta, their presence in a newborn usually\u00a0indicates\u00a0the infection. However, the test results should be interpreted along with RT-PCR results, the baby\u2019s symptoms, and any history of rubella exposure, as there is a chance of the result being false-positive7<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nRubella IgG Antibody Test<\/a>:<\/strong>\u00a0The doctor may recommend this test in suspected CRS cases to detect rubella-specific IgG antibodies.\u00a0A single IgG test cannot\u00a0confirm CRS because these\u00a0antibodies\u00a0may have\u00a0passed from the mother to the baby\u00a0during pregnancy.\u00a0The doctor may recommend serial IgG\u00a0testing to look for persistently high antibody levels. However, the results are read\u00a0along with the baby\u2019s symptoms and other tests, such as the RT-PCR\u00a0test7<\/a>,8<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nRubella RT-PCR Test:\u00a0<\/strong>The doctor might recommend this test in suspected CRS cases. Both respiratory (such as throat) samples and urine samples\u00a0are collected\u00a0for accuracy. RT-PCR is\u00a0very useful\u00a0when IgM or IgG test results are unclear.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nOther Tests:<\/strong>\u00a0The doctor might also recommend hearing tests, eye examinations, heart imaging (echocardiogram), and brain imaging to\u00a0identify\u00a0complications associated with CRS8<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nNote:<\/strong>\u00a0RT-PCR is most\u00a0accurate\u00a0when performed early in the baby\u2019s life because the amount of virus decreases over time.\u00a0If\u00a0the test is negative but\u00a0CRS\u00a0is still suspected, the doctor may recommend\u00a0further evaluation or\u00a0repeat testing,\u00a0if\u00a0appropriate.\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Treatment of Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nBecause\u00a0CRS has no cure9<\/a><\/sup>,\u00a0treatment usually focuses on managing symptoms, preventing complications, and supporting healthy growth and development. The following are common\u00a0CRS\u00a0treatment\u00a0approaches suggested by doctors for different conditions:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHeart Defects:<\/strong>\u00a0Treatment may include medicines, catheter-based procedures, or surgery in severe cases, depending on the type and severity of the defect and the baby\u2019s overall condition10<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nHearing Loss:<\/strong>\u00a0Hearing aids, cochlear implants (when\u00a0appropriate), and speech therapy (to help improve communication)11<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nEye Problems:<\/strong>\u00a0Surgery for conditions such as cataracts, glaucoma, etc12<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nDevelopmental Delays:\u00a0<\/strong>Early intervention, including physical therapy, occupational therapy (which helps improve daily living skills), and speech therapy to support a child\u2019s development and improve everyday functioning6<\/a>,13<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nRegular Follow-Ups:<\/strong>\u00a0Ongoing check-ups to help\u00a0monitor\u00a0children with CRS for delayed or progressive health problems and allow early identification and management of complications14<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Complications of Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCRS can lead to several long-term health problems that affect the heart, eyes, ears, brain, and other organs, such as:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPermanent hearing loss (hearing impairment)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nVision problems such as cataracts, glaucoma, or retinal problems (contributing to long-term vision difficulties)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSeizures\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nIntellectual disability (some children may have long-term difficulties with learning, thinking, and problem-solving)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDelayed physical and mental development\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHepatitis (liver inflammation)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHepatosplenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone abnormalities or damage\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDiabetes\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nThyroid disorders\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProgressive rubella panencephalitis (a\u00a0rare condition where rubella infection causes ongoing brain inflammation)3<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Prevention Tips for Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nCRS is a preventable condition. The following measures can help reduce the risk:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nGet vaccines such as the\u00a0measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR)\u00a0before\u00a0getting pregnant to protect against rubella infection1<\/a>,5<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nVaccinate children and infants to help reduce the spread of the disease to pregnant women15<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCheck immunity status, especially for women who are planning to become pregnant, to\u00a0determine\u00a0whether they have adequate protection against rubella before conceiving15<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nAvoid close contact with anyone who has rubella or related symptoms.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPractise good hand hygiene to reduce the spread of infections.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInform the doctor\u00a0immediately\u00a0in case of being exposed to rubella during pregnancy.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Why Is Rubella Vaccination Important?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nRubella vaccination<\/a><\/strong> is the best protection against rubella infection and CRS. It lowers the chance of infection in women of reproductive age and helps protect babies from rubella-related complications during pregnancy by supporting immunity against the virus1<\/a>,14<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0Vaccine-induced immunity is usually lifelong14<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0Widespread vaccination<\/a><\/strong> can also reduce new cases and limit the spread of rubella, which helps prevent CRS.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nWomen who are not immune should receive the rubella vaccine before becoming pregnant1<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0The vaccine is not advised during pregnancy because it\u00a0contains\u00a0a live, weakened virus. It is recommended to wait at least 4 weeks after receiving the rubella vaccine before trying to conceive9<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>When Should You Consult a\u00a0Doctor?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nConsult a doctor<\/a><\/strong> in the following situations:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPregnant and suspected exposure to rubella\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDevelop a rash, fever, or swollen glands during pregnancy1<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nPlanning to get pregnant and unsure about the immunity status\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nA newborn has symptoms such as hearing problems, not responding to sounds, vision problems, jaundice, low birth weight, developmental issues, or a purple skin rash3<\/a>,5<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nEarly medical evaluation can support\u00a0timely\u00a0diagnosis, management, and long-term care.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Rubella, often\u00a0known as\u00a0German measles, is\u00a0usually a mild viral infection in adults, but it can seriously affect a developing baby during pregnancy1<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0In this article, we will discuss\u00a0congenital rubella syndrome, including its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment options, and prevention methods.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Is Congenital Rubella Syndrome?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCongenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is a condition in which a baby develops multiple health problems after rubella virus infection during pregnancy. Rubella is a contagious disease that spreads through respiratory droplets. It\u00a0mainly affects\u00a0children and young adults. The infection can also pass from the mother to the developing baby through the placenta, especially if the mother becomes infected during the first few months of pregnancy1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\nThe infection can interfere with the normal development of the baby\u2019s organs, leading to problems with the eyes, ears, heart, brain, and other parts of the body1<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0The severity of CRS depends on the stage of pregnancy at which infection occurs and how early the baby is exposed to the virus. If the mother is infected early in pregnancy, particularly during the first trimester, the baby is more likely to develop CRS2<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Does Congenital Rubella Syndrome Occur?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCRS occurs when the rubella virus passes from a pregnant woman to her developing baby during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester.\u00a0The infection develops stepwise as shown below:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMaternal Infection:<\/strong>\u00a0A pregnant woman can get rubella by contact with an infected person, who spreads the virus through coughs and sneezes1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nSpread of the Virus in the Body:<\/strong>\u00a0The virus infects the mother\u2019s respiratory tract, including the nose and throat. It then enters the bloodstream and multiplies in lymphoid tissues.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTransmission to the Baby:<\/strong>\u00a0As the virus spreads throughout the mother\u2019s body, it can reach different organs, including the placenta (the organ that supplies oxygen and nutrients to the developing baby). From there, it can pass to the developing baby.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImpact on Baby\u2019s Development:<\/strong>\u00a0The virus enters the baby\u2019s bloodstream and may affect the development of different organs, such as the heart, eyes, ears, and brain, increasing the risk of birth defects.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBaby Born with CRS:<\/strong>\u00a0Depending on when the infection happened and how severely the baby was\u00a0impacted, the newborn may develop hearing loss, eyesight issues, heart defects, developmental delays, or other health complications3<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Causes of Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe main cause of CRS is infection\u00a0with the rubella virus\u00a0during pregnancy\u00a0and\u00a0passing of the virus\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0developing baby. Factors that increase the risk\u00a0of maternal infection\u00a0include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nLack of Immunity:<\/strong>\u00a0Women who have not developed immunity, either because they were not vaccinated or have never had rubella, may be more susceptible to infection.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to Infected Individuals:<\/strong>\u00a0Close contact with a person who has rubella can increase the chance of getting the infection1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nDelayed Vaccination:<\/strong>\u00a0Women who do not receive the\u00a0appropriate rubella\u00a0vaccination before becoming pregnant are at risk of infection1<\/a>,4<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>Show Full Article<\/button><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Symptoms of Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe symptoms of CRS can vary from one baby to another. Some symptoms are present at birth, while others appear later in life3<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0The most common\u00a0CRS\u00a0symptoms\u00a0include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHearing loss\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nVision problems3<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nHeart defects\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLow birth weight5<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDevelopmental delays and learning difficulties3<\/a>,5<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nEnlarged liver and spleen\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nReduced platelet count5<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nYellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice<\/a><\/strong>)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSleeping more than usual3<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nSkin rash<\/a><\/strong> (at birth)5<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nPurple or red spots on the skin (purpura)6<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSmall head size5<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Congenital Rubella Syndrome Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCRS is usually diagnosed\u00a0in the baby\u00a0using more than one test or procedure. The following are the most common ones recommended by doctors:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMedical History:\u00a0<\/strong>The doctor will enquire whether the mother had a rubella infection, a rash or fever, or was exposed to rubella while pregnant1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nPhysical Examination of the Baby:<\/strong>\u00a0The baby is checked for signs of CRS, such as hearing loss, heart problems present at birth, congenital glaucoma, purpura, jaundice, cataracts,\u00a0inflammation of the brain and surrounding tissues (meningoencephalitis), and other related findings6<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nRubella IgM Antibody Test<\/strong><\/a>:\u00a0<\/strong>The doctor might recommend this test to detect the IgM antibody,\u00a0which is produced by the baby\u2019s body against the rubella virus. These antibodies can remain detectable for up to 6 months after birth. Since IgM antibodies do not cross the placenta, their presence in a newborn usually\u00a0indicates\u00a0the infection. However, the test results should be interpreted along with RT-PCR results, the baby\u2019s symptoms, and any history of rubella exposure, as there is a chance of the result being false-positive7<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nRubella IgG Antibody Test<\/a>:<\/strong>\u00a0The doctor may recommend this test in suspected CRS cases to detect rubella-specific IgG antibodies.\u00a0A single IgG test cannot\u00a0confirm CRS because these\u00a0antibodies\u00a0may have\u00a0passed from the mother to the baby\u00a0during pregnancy.\u00a0The doctor may recommend serial IgG\u00a0testing to look for persistently high antibody levels. However, the results are read\u00a0along with the baby\u2019s symptoms and other tests, such as the RT-PCR\u00a0test7<\/a>,8<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nRubella RT-PCR Test:\u00a0<\/strong>The doctor might recommend this test in suspected CRS cases. Both respiratory (such as throat) samples and urine samples\u00a0are collected\u00a0for accuracy. RT-PCR is\u00a0very useful\u00a0when IgM or IgG test results are unclear.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nOther Tests:<\/strong>\u00a0The doctor might also recommend hearing tests, eye examinations, heart imaging (echocardiogram), and brain imaging to\u00a0identify\u00a0complications associated with CRS8<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nNote:<\/strong>\u00a0RT-PCR is most\u00a0accurate\u00a0when performed early in the baby\u2019s life because the amount of virus decreases over time.\u00a0If\u00a0the test is negative but\u00a0CRS\u00a0is still suspected, the doctor may recommend\u00a0further evaluation or\u00a0repeat testing,\u00a0if\u00a0appropriate.\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Treatment of Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nBecause\u00a0CRS has no cure9<\/a><\/sup>,\u00a0treatment usually focuses on managing symptoms, preventing complications, and supporting healthy growth and development. The following are common\u00a0CRS\u00a0treatment\u00a0approaches suggested by doctors for different conditions:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHeart Defects:<\/strong>\u00a0Treatment may include medicines, catheter-based procedures, or surgery in severe cases, depending on the type and severity of the defect and the baby\u2019s overall condition10<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nHearing Loss:<\/strong>\u00a0Hearing aids, cochlear implants (when\u00a0appropriate), and speech therapy (to help improve communication)11<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nEye Problems:<\/strong>\u00a0Surgery for conditions such as cataracts, glaucoma, etc12<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nDevelopmental Delays:\u00a0<\/strong>Early intervention, including physical therapy, occupational therapy (which helps improve daily living skills), and speech therapy to support a child\u2019s development and improve everyday functioning6<\/a>,13<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nRegular Follow-Ups:<\/strong>\u00a0Ongoing check-ups to help\u00a0monitor\u00a0children with CRS for delayed or progressive health problems and allow early identification and management of complications14<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Complications of Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCRS can lead to several long-term health problems that affect the heart, eyes, ears, brain, and other organs, such as:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPermanent hearing loss (hearing impairment)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nVision problems such as cataracts, glaucoma, or retinal problems (contributing to long-term vision difficulties)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSeizures\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nIntellectual disability (some children may have long-term difficulties with learning, thinking, and problem-solving)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDelayed physical and mental development\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHepatitis (liver inflammation)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHepatosplenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone abnormalities or damage\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDiabetes\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nThyroid disorders\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProgressive rubella panencephalitis (a\u00a0rare condition where rubella infection causes ongoing brain inflammation)3<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Prevention Tips for Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nCRS is a preventable condition. The following measures can help reduce the risk:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nGet vaccines such as the\u00a0measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR)\u00a0before\u00a0getting pregnant to protect against rubella infection1<\/a>,5<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nVaccinate children and infants to help reduce the spread of the disease to pregnant women15<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCheck immunity status, especially for women who are planning to become pregnant, to\u00a0determine\u00a0whether they have adequate protection against rubella before conceiving15<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nAvoid close contact with anyone who has rubella or related symptoms.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPractise good hand hygiene to reduce the spread of infections.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInform the doctor\u00a0immediately\u00a0in case of being exposed to rubella during pregnancy.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Why Is Rubella Vaccination Important?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nRubella vaccination<\/a><\/strong> is the best protection against rubella infection and CRS. It lowers the chance of infection in women of reproductive age and helps protect babies from rubella-related complications during pregnancy by supporting immunity against the virus1<\/a>,14<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0Vaccine-induced immunity is usually lifelong14<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0Widespread vaccination<\/a><\/strong> can also reduce new cases and limit the spread of rubella, which helps prevent CRS.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nWomen who are not immune should receive the rubella vaccine before becoming pregnant1<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0The vaccine is not advised during pregnancy because it\u00a0contains\u00a0a live, weakened virus. It is recommended to wait at least 4 weeks after receiving the rubella vaccine before trying to conceive9<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>When Should You Consult a\u00a0Doctor?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nConsult a doctor<\/a><\/strong> in the following situations:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPregnant and suspected exposure to rubella\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDevelop a rash, fever, or swollen glands during pregnancy1<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nPlanning to get pregnant and unsure about the immunity status\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nA newborn has symptoms such as hearing problems, not responding to sounds, vision problems, jaundice, low birth weight, developmental issues, or a purple skin rash3<\/a>,5<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nEarly medical evaluation can support\u00a0timely\u00a0diagnosis, management, and long-term care.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is a condition in which a baby develops multiple health problems after rubella virus infection during pregnancy. Rubella is a contagious disease that spreads through respiratory droplets. It\u00a0mainly affects\u00a0children and young adults. The infection can also pass from the mother to the developing baby through the placenta, especially if the mother becomes infected during the first few months of pregnancy1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\nThe infection can interfere with the normal development of the baby\u2019s organs, leading to problems with the eyes, ears, heart, brain, and other parts of the body1<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0The severity of CRS depends on the stage of pregnancy at which infection occurs and how early the baby is exposed to the virus. If the mother is infected early in pregnancy, particularly during the first trimester, the baby is more likely to develop CRS2<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Does Congenital Rubella Syndrome Occur?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCRS occurs when the rubella virus passes from a pregnant woman to her developing baby during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester.\u00a0The infection develops stepwise as shown below:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMaternal Infection:<\/strong>\u00a0A pregnant woman can get rubella by contact with an infected person, who spreads the virus through coughs and sneezes1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nSpread of the Virus in the Body:<\/strong>\u00a0The virus infects the mother\u2019s respiratory tract, including the nose and throat. It then enters the bloodstream and multiplies in lymphoid tissues.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTransmission to the Baby:<\/strong>\u00a0As the virus spreads throughout the mother\u2019s body, it can reach different organs, including the placenta (the organ that supplies oxygen and nutrients to the developing baby). From there, it can pass to the developing baby.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImpact on Baby\u2019s Development:<\/strong>\u00a0The virus enters the baby\u2019s bloodstream and may affect the development of different organs, such as the heart, eyes, ears, and brain, increasing the risk of birth defects.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBaby Born with CRS:<\/strong>\u00a0Depending on when the infection happened and how severely the baby was\u00a0impacted, the newborn may develop hearing loss, eyesight issues, heart defects, developmental delays, or other health complications3<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Causes of Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe main cause of CRS is infection\u00a0with the rubella virus\u00a0during pregnancy\u00a0and\u00a0passing of the virus\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0developing baby. Factors that increase the risk\u00a0of maternal infection\u00a0include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nLack of Immunity:<\/strong>\u00a0Women who have not developed immunity, either because they were not vaccinated or have never had rubella, may be more susceptible to infection.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to Infected Individuals:<\/strong>\u00a0Close contact with a person who has rubella can increase the chance of getting the infection1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nDelayed Vaccination:<\/strong>\u00a0Women who do not receive the\u00a0appropriate rubella\u00a0vaccination before becoming pregnant are at risk of infection1<\/a>,4<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>Show Full Article<\/button><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Symptoms of Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe symptoms of CRS can vary from one baby to another. Some symptoms are present at birth, while others appear later in life3<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0The most common\u00a0CRS\u00a0symptoms\u00a0include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHearing loss\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nVision problems3<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nHeart defects\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLow birth weight5<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDevelopmental delays and learning difficulties3<\/a>,5<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nEnlarged liver and spleen\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nReduced platelet count5<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nYellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice<\/a><\/strong>)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSleeping more than usual3<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nSkin rash<\/a><\/strong> (at birth)5<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nPurple or red spots on the skin (purpura)6<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSmall head size5<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Congenital Rubella Syndrome Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCRS is usually diagnosed\u00a0in the baby\u00a0using more than one test or procedure. The following are the most common ones recommended by doctors:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMedical History:\u00a0<\/strong>The doctor will enquire whether the mother had a rubella infection, a rash or fever, or was exposed to rubella while pregnant1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nPhysical Examination of the Baby:<\/strong>\u00a0The baby is checked for signs of CRS, such as hearing loss, heart problems present at birth, congenital glaucoma, purpura, jaundice, cataracts,\u00a0inflammation of the brain and surrounding tissues (meningoencephalitis), and other related findings6<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nRubella IgM Antibody Test<\/strong><\/a>:\u00a0<\/strong>The doctor might recommend this test to detect the IgM antibody,\u00a0which is produced by the baby\u2019s body against the rubella virus. These antibodies can remain detectable for up to 6 months after birth. Since IgM antibodies do not cross the placenta, their presence in a newborn usually\u00a0indicates\u00a0the infection. However, the test results should be interpreted along with RT-PCR results, the baby\u2019s symptoms, and any history of rubella exposure, as there is a chance of the result being false-positive7<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nRubella IgG Antibody Test<\/a>:<\/strong>\u00a0The doctor may recommend this test in suspected CRS cases to detect rubella-specific IgG antibodies.\u00a0A single IgG test cannot\u00a0confirm CRS because these\u00a0antibodies\u00a0may have\u00a0passed from the mother to the baby\u00a0during pregnancy.\u00a0The doctor may recommend serial IgG\u00a0testing to look for persistently high antibody levels. However, the results are read\u00a0along with the baby\u2019s symptoms and other tests, such as the RT-PCR\u00a0test7<\/a>,8<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nRubella RT-PCR Test:\u00a0<\/strong>The doctor might recommend this test in suspected CRS cases. Both respiratory (such as throat) samples and urine samples\u00a0are collected\u00a0for accuracy. RT-PCR is\u00a0very useful\u00a0when IgM or IgG test results are unclear.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nOther Tests:<\/strong>\u00a0The doctor might also recommend hearing tests, eye examinations, heart imaging (echocardiogram), and brain imaging to\u00a0identify\u00a0complications associated with CRS8<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nNote:<\/strong>\u00a0RT-PCR is most\u00a0accurate\u00a0when performed early in the baby\u2019s life because the amount of virus decreases over time.\u00a0If\u00a0the test is negative but\u00a0CRS\u00a0is still suspected, the doctor may recommend\u00a0further evaluation or\u00a0repeat testing,\u00a0if\u00a0appropriate.\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Treatment of Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nBecause\u00a0CRS has no cure9<\/a><\/sup>,\u00a0treatment usually focuses on managing symptoms, preventing complications, and supporting healthy growth and development. The following are common\u00a0CRS\u00a0treatment\u00a0approaches suggested by doctors for different conditions:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHeart Defects:<\/strong>\u00a0Treatment may include medicines, catheter-based procedures, or surgery in severe cases, depending on the type and severity of the defect and the baby\u2019s overall condition10<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nHearing Loss:<\/strong>\u00a0Hearing aids, cochlear implants (when\u00a0appropriate), and speech therapy (to help improve communication)11<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nEye Problems:<\/strong>\u00a0Surgery for conditions such as cataracts, glaucoma, etc12<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nDevelopmental Delays:\u00a0<\/strong>Early intervention, including physical therapy, occupational therapy (which helps improve daily living skills), and speech therapy to support a child\u2019s development and improve everyday functioning6<\/a>,13<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nRegular Follow-Ups:<\/strong>\u00a0Ongoing check-ups to help\u00a0monitor\u00a0children with CRS for delayed or progressive health problems and allow early identification and management of complications14<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Complications of Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCRS can lead to several long-term health problems that affect the heart, eyes, ears, brain, and other organs, such as:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPermanent hearing loss (hearing impairment)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nVision problems such as cataracts, glaucoma, or retinal problems (contributing to long-term vision difficulties)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSeizures\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nIntellectual disability (some children may have long-term difficulties with learning, thinking, and problem-solving)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDelayed physical and mental development\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHepatitis (liver inflammation)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHepatosplenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone abnormalities or damage\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDiabetes\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nThyroid disorders\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProgressive rubella panencephalitis (a\u00a0rare condition where rubella infection causes ongoing brain inflammation)3<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Prevention Tips for Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nCRS is a preventable condition. The following measures can help reduce the risk:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nGet vaccines such as the\u00a0measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR)\u00a0before\u00a0getting pregnant to protect against rubella infection1<\/a>,5<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nVaccinate children and infants to help reduce the spread of the disease to pregnant women15<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCheck immunity status, especially for women who are planning to become pregnant, to\u00a0determine\u00a0whether they have adequate protection against rubella before conceiving15<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nAvoid close contact with anyone who has rubella or related symptoms.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPractise good hand hygiene to reduce the spread of infections.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInform the doctor\u00a0immediately\u00a0in case of being exposed to rubella during pregnancy.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Why Is Rubella Vaccination Important?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nRubella vaccination<\/a><\/strong> is the best protection against rubella infection and CRS. It lowers the chance of infection in women of reproductive age and helps protect babies from rubella-related complications during pregnancy by supporting immunity against the virus1<\/a>,14<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0Vaccine-induced immunity is usually lifelong14<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0Widespread vaccination<\/a><\/strong> can also reduce new cases and limit the spread of rubella, which helps prevent CRS.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nWomen who are not immune should receive the rubella vaccine before becoming pregnant1<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0The vaccine is not advised during pregnancy because it\u00a0contains\u00a0a live, weakened virus. It is recommended to wait at least 4 weeks after receiving the rubella vaccine before trying to conceive9<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>When Should You Consult a\u00a0Doctor?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nConsult a doctor<\/a><\/strong> in the following situations:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPregnant and suspected exposure to rubella\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDevelop a rash, fever, or swollen glands during pregnancy1<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nPlanning to get pregnant and unsure about the immunity status\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nA newborn has symptoms such as hearing problems, not responding to sounds, vision problems, jaundice, low birth weight, developmental issues, or a purple skin rash3<\/a>,5<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nEarly medical evaluation can support\u00a0timely\u00a0diagnosis, management, and long-term care.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The infection can interfere with the normal development of the baby\u2019s organs, leading to problems with the eyes, ears, heart, brain, and other parts of the body1<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0The severity of CRS depends on the stage of pregnancy at which infection occurs and how early the baby is exposed to the virus. If the mother is infected early in pregnancy, particularly during the first trimester, the baby is more likely to develop CRS2<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Does Congenital Rubella Syndrome Occur?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCRS occurs when the rubella virus passes from a pregnant woman to her developing baby during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester.\u00a0The infection develops stepwise as shown below:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMaternal Infection:<\/strong>\u00a0A pregnant woman can get rubella by contact with an infected person, who spreads the virus through coughs and sneezes1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nSpread of the Virus in the Body:<\/strong>\u00a0The virus infects the mother\u2019s respiratory tract, including the nose and throat. It then enters the bloodstream and multiplies in lymphoid tissues.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTransmission to the Baby:<\/strong>\u00a0As the virus spreads throughout the mother\u2019s body, it can reach different organs, including the placenta (the organ that supplies oxygen and nutrients to the developing baby). From there, it can pass to the developing baby.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImpact on Baby\u2019s Development:<\/strong>\u00a0The virus enters the baby\u2019s bloodstream and may affect the development of different organs, such as the heart, eyes, ears, and brain, increasing the risk of birth defects.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBaby Born with CRS:<\/strong>\u00a0Depending on when the infection happened and how severely the baby was\u00a0impacted, the newborn may develop hearing loss, eyesight issues, heart defects, developmental delays, or other health complications3<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Causes of Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe main cause of CRS is infection\u00a0with the rubella virus\u00a0during pregnancy\u00a0and\u00a0passing of the virus\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0developing baby. Factors that increase the risk\u00a0of maternal infection\u00a0include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nLack of Immunity:<\/strong>\u00a0Women who have not developed immunity, either because they were not vaccinated or have never had rubella, may be more susceptible to infection.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to Infected Individuals:<\/strong>\u00a0Close contact with a person who has rubella can increase the chance of getting the infection1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nDelayed Vaccination:<\/strong>\u00a0Women who do not receive the\u00a0appropriate rubella\u00a0vaccination before becoming pregnant are at risk of infection1<\/a>,4<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>Show Full Article<\/button><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Symptoms of Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe symptoms of CRS can vary from one baby to another. Some symptoms are present at birth, while others appear later in life3<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0The most common\u00a0CRS\u00a0symptoms\u00a0include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHearing loss\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nVision problems3<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nHeart defects\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLow birth weight5<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDevelopmental delays and learning difficulties3<\/a>,5<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nEnlarged liver and spleen\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nReduced platelet count5<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nYellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice<\/a><\/strong>)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSleeping more than usual3<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nSkin rash<\/a><\/strong> (at birth)5<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nPurple or red spots on the skin (purpura)6<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSmall head size5<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Congenital Rubella Syndrome Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCRS is usually diagnosed\u00a0in the baby\u00a0using more than one test or procedure. The following are the most common ones recommended by doctors:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMedical History:\u00a0<\/strong>The doctor will enquire whether the mother had a rubella infection, a rash or fever, or was exposed to rubella while pregnant1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nPhysical Examination of the Baby:<\/strong>\u00a0The baby is checked for signs of CRS, such as hearing loss, heart problems present at birth, congenital glaucoma, purpura, jaundice, cataracts,\u00a0inflammation of the brain and surrounding tissues (meningoencephalitis), and other related findings6<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nRubella IgM Antibody Test<\/strong><\/a>:\u00a0<\/strong>The doctor might recommend this test to detect the IgM antibody,\u00a0which is produced by the baby\u2019s body against the rubella virus. These antibodies can remain detectable for up to 6 months after birth. Since IgM antibodies do not cross the placenta, their presence in a newborn usually\u00a0indicates\u00a0the infection. However, the test results should be interpreted along with RT-PCR results, the baby\u2019s symptoms, and any history of rubella exposure, as there is a chance of the result being false-positive7<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nRubella IgG Antibody Test<\/a>:<\/strong>\u00a0The doctor may recommend this test in suspected CRS cases to detect rubella-specific IgG antibodies.\u00a0A single IgG test cannot\u00a0confirm CRS because these\u00a0antibodies\u00a0may have\u00a0passed from the mother to the baby\u00a0during pregnancy.\u00a0The doctor may recommend serial IgG\u00a0testing to look for persistently high antibody levels. However, the results are read\u00a0along with the baby\u2019s symptoms and other tests, such as the RT-PCR\u00a0test7<\/a>,8<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nRubella RT-PCR Test:\u00a0<\/strong>The doctor might recommend this test in suspected CRS cases. Both respiratory (such as throat) samples and urine samples\u00a0are collected\u00a0for accuracy. RT-PCR is\u00a0very useful\u00a0when IgM or IgG test results are unclear.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nOther Tests:<\/strong>\u00a0The doctor might also recommend hearing tests, eye examinations, heart imaging (echocardiogram), and brain imaging to\u00a0identify\u00a0complications associated with CRS8<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nNote:<\/strong>\u00a0RT-PCR is most\u00a0accurate\u00a0when performed early in the baby\u2019s life because the amount of virus decreases over time.\u00a0If\u00a0the test is negative but\u00a0CRS\u00a0is still suspected, the doctor may recommend\u00a0further evaluation or\u00a0repeat testing,\u00a0if\u00a0appropriate.\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Treatment of Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nBecause\u00a0CRS has no cure9<\/a><\/sup>,\u00a0treatment usually focuses on managing symptoms, preventing complications, and supporting healthy growth and development. The following are common\u00a0CRS\u00a0treatment\u00a0approaches suggested by doctors for different conditions:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHeart Defects:<\/strong>\u00a0Treatment may include medicines, catheter-based procedures, or surgery in severe cases, depending on the type and severity of the defect and the baby\u2019s overall condition10<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nHearing Loss:<\/strong>\u00a0Hearing aids, cochlear implants (when\u00a0appropriate), and speech therapy (to help improve communication)11<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nEye Problems:<\/strong>\u00a0Surgery for conditions such as cataracts, glaucoma, etc12<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nDevelopmental Delays:\u00a0<\/strong>Early intervention, including physical therapy, occupational therapy (which helps improve daily living skills), and speech therapy to support a child\u2019s development and improve everyday functioning6<\/a>,13<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nRegular Follow-Ups:<\/strong>\u00a0Ongoing check-ups to help\u00a0monitor\u00a0children with CRS for delayed or progressive health problems and allow early identification and management of complications14<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Complications of Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCRS can lead to several long-term health problems that affect the heart, eyes, ears, brain, and other organs, such as:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPermanent hearing loss (hearing impairment)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nVision problems such as cataracts, glaucoma, or retinal problems (contributing to long-term vision difficulties)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSeizures\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nIntellectual disability (some children may have long-term difficulties with learning, thinking, and problem-solving)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDelayed physical and mental development\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHepatitis (liver inflammation)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHepatosplenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone abnormalities or damage\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDiabetes\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nThyroid disorders\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProgressive rubella panencephalitis (a\u00a0rare condition where rubella infection causes ongoing brain inflammation)3<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Prevention Tips for Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nCRS is a preventable condition. The following measures can help reduce the risk:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nGet vaccines such as the\u00a0measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR)\u00a0before\u00a0getting pregnant to protect against rubella infection1<\/a>,5<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nVaccinate children and infants to help reduce the spread of the disease to pregnant women15<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCheck immunity status, especially for women who are planning to become pregnant, to\u00a0determine\u00a0whether they have adequate protection against rubella before conceiving15<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nAvoid close contact with anyone who has rubella or related symptoms.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPractise good hand hygiene to reduce the spread of infections.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInform the doctor\u00a0immediately\u00a0in case of being exposed to rubella during pregnancy.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Why Is Rubella Vaccination Important?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nRubella vaccination<\/a><\/strong> is the best protection against rubella infection and CRS. It lowers the chance of infection in women of reproductive age and helps protect babies from rubella-related complications during pregnancy by supporting immunity against the virus1<\/a>,14<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0Vaccine-induced immunity is usually lifelong14<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0Widespread vaccination<\/a><\/strong> can also reduce new cases and limit the spread of rubella, which helps prevent CRS.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nWomen who are not immune should receive the rubella vaccine before becoming pregnant1<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0The vaccine is not advised during pregnancy because it\u00a0contains\u00a0a live, weakened virus. It is recommended to wait at least 4 weeks after receiving the rubella vaccine before trying to conceive9<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>When Should You Consult a\u00a0Doctor?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nConsult a doctor<\/a><\/strong> in the following situations:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPregnant and suspected exposure to rubella\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDevelop a rash, fever, or swollen glands during pregnancy1<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nPlanning to get pregnant and unsure about the immunity status\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nA newborn has symptoms such as hearing problems, not responding to sounds, vision problems, jaundice, low birth weight, developmental issues, or a purple skin rash3<\/a>,5<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nEarly medical evaluation can support\u00a0timely\u00a0diagnosis, management, and long-term care.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
CRS occurs when the rubella virus passes from a pregnant woman to her developing baby during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester.\u00a0The infection develops stepwise as shown below:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The main cause of CRS is infection\u00a0with the rubella virus\u00a0during pregnancy\u00a0and\u00a0passing of the virus\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0developing baby. Factors that increase the risk\u00a0of maternal infection\u00a0include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The symptoms of CRS can vary from one baby to another. Some symptoms are present at birth, while others appear later in life3<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0The most common\u00a0CRS\u00a0symptoms\u00a0include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHearing loss\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nVision problems3<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nHeart defects\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLow birth weight5<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDevelopmental delays and learning difficulties3<\/a>,5<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nEnlarged liver and spleen\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nReduced platelet count5<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nYellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice<\/a><\/strong>)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSleeping more than usual3<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nSkin rash<\/a><\/strong> (at birth)5<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nPurple or red spots on the skin (purpura)6<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSmall head size5<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Congenital Rubella Syndrome Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCRS is usually diagnosed\u00a0in the baby\u00a0using more than one test or procedure. The following are the most common ones recommended by doctors:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMedical History:\u00a0<\/strong>The doctor will enquire whether the mother had a rubella infection, a rash or fever, or was exposed to rubella while pregnant1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nPhysical Examination of the Baby:<\/strong>\u00a0The baby is checked for signs of CRS, such as hearing loss, heart problems present at birth, congenital glaucoma, purpura, jaundice, cataracts,\u00a0inflammation of the brain and surrounding tissues (meningoencephalitis), and other related findings6<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nRubella IgM Antibody Test<\/strong><\/a>:\u00a0<\/strong>The doctor might recommend this test to detect the IgM antibody,\u00a0which is produced by the baby\u2019s body against the rubella virus. These antibodies can remain detectable for up to 6 months after birth. Since IgM antibodies do not cross the placenta, their presence in a newborn usually\u00a0indicates\u00a0the infection. However, the test results should be interpreted along with RT-PCR results, the baby\u2019s symptoms, and any history of rubella exposure, as there is a chance of the result being false-positive7<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nRubella IgG Antibody Test<\/a>:<\/strong>\u00a0The doctor may recommend this test in suspected CRS cases to detect rubella-specific IgG antibodies.\u00a0A single IgG test cannot\u00a0confirm CRS because these\u00a0antibodies\u00a0may have\u00a0passed from the mother to the baby\u00a0during pregnancy.\u00a0The doctor may recommend serial IgG\u00a0testing to look for persistently high antibody levels. However, the results are read\u00a0along with the baby\u2019s symptoms and other tests, such as the RT-PCR\u00a0test7<\/a>,8<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nRubella RT-PCR Test:\u00a0<\/strong>The doctor might recommend this test in suspected CRS cases. Both respiratory (such as throat) samples and urine samples\u00a0are collected\u00a0for accuracy. RT-PCR is\u00a0very useful\u00a0when IgM or IgG test results are unclear.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nOther Tests:<\/strong>\u00a0The doctor might also recommend hearing tests, eye examinations, heart imaging (echocardiogram), and brain imaging to\u00a0identify\u00a0complications associated with CRS8<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nNote:<\/strong>\u00a0RT-PCR is most\u00a0accurate\u00a0when performed early in the baby\u2019s life because the amount of virus decreases over time.\u00a0If\u00a0the test is negative but\u00a0CRS\u00a0is still suspected, the doctor may recommend\u00a0further evaluation or\u00a0repeat testing,\u00a0if\u00a0appropriate.\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Treatment of Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nBecause\u00a0CRS has no cure9<\/a><\/sup>,\u00a0treatment usually focuses on managing symptoms, preventing complications, and supporting healthy growth and development. The following are common\u00a0CRS\u00a0treatment\u00a0approaches suggested by doctors for different conditions:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHeart Defects:<\/strong>\u00a0Treatment may include medicines, catheter-based procedures, or surgery in severe cases, depending on the type and severity of the defect and the baby\u2019s overall condition10<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nHearing Loss:<\/strong>\u00a0Hearing aids, cochlear implants (when\u00a0appropriate), and speech therapy (to help improve communication)11<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nEye Problems:<\/strong>\u00a0Surgery for conditions such as cataracts, glaucoma, etc12<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nDevelopmental Delays:\u00a0<\/strong>Early intervention, including physical therapy, occupational therapy (which helps improve daily living skills), and speech therapy to support a child\u2019s development and improve everyday functioning6<\/a>,13<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nRegular Follow-Ups:<\/strong>\u00a0Ongoing check-ups to help\u00a0monitor\u00a0children with CRS for delayed or progressive health problems and allow early identification and management of complications14<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Complications of Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCRS can lead to several long-term health problems that affect the heart, eyes, ears, brain, and other organs, such as:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPermanent hearing loss (hearing impairment)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nVision problems such as cataracts, glaucoma, or retinal problems (contributing to long-term vision difficulties)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSeizures\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nIntellectual disability (some children may have long-term difficulties with learning, thinking, and problem-solving)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDelayed physical and mental development\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHepatitis (liver inflammation)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHepatosplenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone abnormalities or damage\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDiabetes\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nThyroid disorders\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProgressive rubella panencephalitis (a\u00a0rare condition where rubella infection causes ongoing brain inflammation)3<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Prevention Tips for Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nCRS is a preventable condition. The following measures can help reduce the risk:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nGet vaccines such as the\u00a0measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR)\u00a0before\u00a0getting pregnant to protect against rubella infection1<\/a>,5<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nVaccinate children and infants to help reduce the spread of the disease to pregnant women15<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCheck immunity status, especially for women who are planning to become pregnant, to\u00a0determine\u00a0whether they have adequate protection against rubella before conceiving15<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nAvoid close contact with anyone who has rubella or related symptoms.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPractise good hand hygiene to reduce the spread of infections.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInform the doctor\u00a0immediately\u00a0in case of being exposed to rubella during pregnancy.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Why Is Rubella Vaccination Important?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nRubella vaccination<\/a><\/strong> is the best protection against rubella infection and CRS. It lowers the chance of infection in women of reproductive age and helps protect babies from rubella-related complications during pregnancy by supporting immunity against the virus1<\/a>,14<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0Vaccine-induced immunity is usually lifelong14<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0Widespread vaccination<\/a><\/strong> can also reduce new cases and limit the spread of rubella, which helps prevent CRS.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nWomen who are not immune should receive the rubella vaccine before becoming pregnant1<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0The vaccine is not advised during pregnancy because it\u00a0contains\u00a0a live, weakened virus. It is recommended to wait at least 4 weeks after receiving the rubella vaccine before trying to conceive9<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>When Should You Consult a\u00a0Doctor?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nConsult a doctor<\/a><\/strong> in the following situations:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPregnant and suspected exposure to rubella\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDevelop a rash, fever, or swollen glands during pregnancy1<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nPlanning to get pregnant and unsure about the immunity status\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nA newborn has symptoms such as hearing problems, not responding to sounds, vision problems, jaundice, low birth weight, developmental issues, or a purple skin rash3<\/a>,5<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nEarly medical evaluation can support\u00a0timely\u00a0diagnosis, management, and long-term care.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
CRS is usually diagnosed\u00a0in the baby\u00a0using more than one test or procedure. The following are the most common ones recommended by doctors:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Note:<\/strong>\u00a0RT-PCR is most\u00a0accurate\u00a0when performed early in the baby\u2019s life because the amount of virus decreases over time.\u00a0If\u00a0the test is negative but\u00a0CRS\u00a0is still suspected, the doctor may recommend\u00a0further evaluation or\u00a0repeat testing,\u00a0if\u00a0appropriate.\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Treatment of Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nBecause\u00a0CRS has no cure9<\/a><\/sup>,\u00a0treatment usually focuses on managing symptoms, preventing complications, and supporting healthy growth and development. The following are common\u00a0CRS\u00a0treatment\u00a0approaches suggested by doctors for different conditions:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHeart Defects:<\/strong>\u00a0Treatment may include medicines, catheter-based procedures, or surgery in severe cases, depending on the type and severity of the defect and the baby\u2019s overall condition10<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nHearing Loss:<\/strong>\u00a0Hearing aids, cochlear implants (when\u00a0appropriate), and speech therapy (to help improve communication)11<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nEye Problems:<\/strong>\u00a0Surgery for conditions such as cataracts, glaucoma, etc12<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nDevelopmental Delays:\u00a0<\/strong>Early intervention, including physical therapy, occupational therapy (which helps improve daily living skills), and speech therapy to support a child\u2019s development and improve everyday functioning6<\/a>,13<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nRegular Follow-Ups:<\/strong>\u00a0Ongoing check-ups to help\u00a0monitor\u00a0children with CRS for delayed or progressive health problems and allow early identification and management of complications14<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Complications of Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCRS can lead to several long-term health problems that affect the heart, eyes, ears, brain, and other organs, such as:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPermanent hearing loss (hearing impairment)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nVision problems such as cataracts, glaucoma, or retinal problems (contributing to long-term vision difficulties)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSeizures\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nIntellectual disability (some children may have long-term difficulties with learning, thinking, and problem-solving)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDelayed physical and mental development\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHepatitis (liver inflammation)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHepatosplenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone abnormalities or damage\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDiabetes\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nThyroid disorders\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProgressive rubella panencephalitis (a\u00a0rare condition where rubella infection causes ongoing brain inflammation)3<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Prevention Tips for Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nCRS is a preventable condition. The following measures can help reduce the risk:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nGet vaccines such as the\u00a0measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR)\u00a0before\u00a0getting pregnant to protect against rubella infection1<\/a>,5<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nVaccinate children and infants to help reduce the spread of the disease to pregnant women15<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCheck immunity status, especially for women who are planning to become pregnant, to\u00a0determine\u00a0whether they have adequate protection against rubella before conceiving15<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nAvoid close contact with anyone who has rubella or related symptoms.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPractise good hand hygiene to reduce the spread of infections.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInform the doctor\u00a0immediately\u00a0in case of being exposed to rubella during pregnancy.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Why Is Rubella Vaccination Important?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nRubella vaccination<\/a><\/strong> is the best protection against rubella infection and CRS. It lowers the chance of infection in women of reproductive age and helps protect babies from rubella-related complications during pregnancy by supporting immunity against the virus1<\/a>,14<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0Vaccine-induced immunity is usually lifelong14<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0Widespread vaccination<\/a><\/strong> can also reduce new cases and limit the spread of rubella, which helps prevent CRS.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nWomen who are not immune should receive the rubella vaccine before becoming pregnant1<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0The vaccine is not advised during pregnancy because it\u00a0contains\u00a0a live, weakened virus. It is recommended to wait at least 4 weeks after receiving the rubella vaccine before trying to conceive9<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>When Should You Consult a\u00a0Doctor?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nConsult a doctor<\/a><\/strong> in the following situations:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPregnant and suspected exposure to rubella\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDevelop a rash, fever, or swollen glands during pregnancy1<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nPlanning to get pregnant and unsure about the immunity status\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nA newborn has symptoms such as hearing problems, not responding to sounds, vision problems, jaundice, low birth weight, developmental issues, or a purple skin rash3<\/a>,5<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nEarly medical evaluation can support\u00a0timely\u00a0diagnosis, management, and long-term care.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Because\u00a0CRS has no cure9<\/a><\/sup>,\u00a0treatment usually focuses on managing symptoms, preventing complications, and supporting healthy growth and development. The following are common\u00a0CRS\u00a0treatment\u00a0approaches suggested by doctors for different conditions:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHeart Defects:<\/strong>\u00a0Treatment may include medicines, catheter-based procedures, or surgery in severe cases, depending on the type and severity of the defect and the baby\u2019s overall condition10<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nHearing Loss:<\/strong>\u00a0Hearing aids, cochlear implants (when\u00a0appropriate), and speech therapy (to help improve communication)11<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nEye Problems:<\/strong>\u00a0Surgery for conditions such as cataracts, glaucoma, etc12<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nDevelopmental Delays:\u00a0<\/strong>Early intervention, including physical therapy, occupational therapy (which helps improve daily living skills), and speech therapy to support a child\u2019s development and improve everyday functioning6<\/a>,13<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nRegular Follow-Ups:<\/strong>\u00a0Ongoing check-ups to help\u00a0monitor\u00a0children with CRS for delayed or progressive health problems and allow early identification and management of complications14<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Complications of Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nCRS can lead to several long-term health problems that affect the heart, eyes, ears, brain, and other organs, such as:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPermanent hearing loss (hearing impairment)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nVision problems such as cataracts, glaucoma, or retinal problems (contributing to long-term vision difficulties)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSeizures\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nIntellectual disability (some children may have long-term difficulties with learning, thinking, and problem-solving)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDelayed physical and mental development\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHepatitis (liver inflammation)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nHepatosplenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone abnormalities or damage\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDiabetes\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nThyroid disorders\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProgressive rubella panencephalitis (a\u00a0rare condition where rubella infection causes ongoing brain inflammation)3<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Prevention Tips for Congenital Rubella Syndrome<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nCRS is a preventable condition. The following measures can help reduce the risk:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nGet vaccines such as the\u00a0measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR)\u00a0before\u00a0getting pregnant to protect against rubella infection1<\/a>,5<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nVaccinate children and infants to help reduce the spread of the disease to pregnant women15<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nCheck immunity status, especially for women who are planning to become pregnant, to\u00a0determine\u00a0whether they have adequate protection against rubella before conceiving15<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\nAvoid close contact with anyone who has rubella or related symptoms.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPractise good hand hygiene to reduce the spread of infections.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInform the doctor\u00a0immediately\u00a0in case of being exposed to rubella during pregnancy.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Why Is Rubella Vaccination Important?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nRubella vaccination<\/a><\/strong> is the best protection against rubella infection and CRS. It lowers the chance of infection in women of reproductive age and helps protect babies from rubella-related complications during pregnancy by supporting immunity against the virus1<\/a>,14<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0Vaccine-induced immunity is usually lifelong14<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0Widespread vaccination<\/a><\/strong> can also reduce new cases and limit the spread of rubella, which helps prevent CRS.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nWomen who are not immune should receive the rubella vaccine before becoming pregnant1<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0The vaccine is not advised during pregnancy because it\u00a0contains\u00a0a live, weakened virus. It is recommended to wait at least 4 weeks after receiving the rubella vaccine before trying to conceive9<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>When Should You Consult a\u00a0Doctor?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nConsult a doctor<\/a><\/strong> in the following situations:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPregnant and suspected exposure to rubella\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDevelop a rash, fever, or swollen glands during pregnancy1<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nPlanning to get pregnant and unsure about the immunity status\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nA newborn has symptoms such as hearing problems, not responding to sounds, vision problems, jaundice, low birth weight, developmental issues, or a purple skin rash3<\/a>,5<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nEarly medical evaluation can support\u00a0timely\u00a0diagnosis, management, and long-term care.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
CRS can lead to several long-term health problems that affect the heart, eyes, ears, brain, and other organs, such as:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
CRS is a preventable condition. The following measures can help reduce the risk:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Rubella vaccination<\/a><\/strong> is the best protection against rubella infection and CRS. It lowers the chance of infection in women of reproductive age and helps protect babies from rubella-related complications during pregnancy by supporting immunity against the virus1<\/a>,14<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0Vaccine-induced immunity is usually lifelong14<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0Widespread vaccination<\/a><\/strong> can also reduce new cases and limit the spread of rubella, which helps prevent CRS.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nWomen who are not immune should receive the rubella vaccine before becoming pregnant1<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0The vaccine is not advised during pregnancy because it\u00a0contains\u00a0a live, weakened virus. It is recommended to wait at least 4 weeks after receiving the rubella vaccine before trying to conceive9<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>When Should You Consult a\u00a0Doctor?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nConsult a doctor<\/a><\/strong> in the following situations:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPregnant and suspected exposure to rubella\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDevelop a rash, fever, or swollen glands during pregnancy1<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nPlanning to get pregnant and unsure about the immunity status\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nA newborn has symptoms such as hearing problems, not responding to sounds, vision problems, jaundice, low birth weight, developmental issues, or a purple skin rash3<\/a>,5<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nEarly medical evaluation can support\u00a0timely\u00a0diagnosis, management, and long-term care.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Women who are not immune should receive the rubella vaccine before becoming pregnant1<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0The vaccine is not advised during pregnancy because it\u00a0contains\u00a0a live, weakened virus. It is recommended to wait at least 4 weeks after receiving the rubella vaccine before trying to conceive9<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>When Should You Consult a\u00a0Doctor?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nConsult a doctor<\/a><\/strong> in the following situations:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPregnant and suspected exposure to rubella\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDevelop a rash, fever, or swollen glands during pregnancy1<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nPlanning to get pregnant and unsure about the immunity status\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nA newborn has symptoms such as hearing problems, not responding to sounds, vision problems, jaundice, low birth weight, developmental issues, or a purple skin rash3<\/a>,5<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nEarly medical evaluation can support\u00a0timely\u00a0diagnosis, management, and long-term care.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Consult a doctor<\/a><\/strong> in the following situations:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPregnant and suspected exposure to rubella\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nDevelop a rash, fever, or swollen glands during pregnancy1<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\nPlanning to get pregnant and unsure about the immunity status\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nA newborn has symptoms such as hearing problems, not responding to sounds, vision problems, jaundice, low birth weight, developmental issues, or a purple skin rash3<\/a>,5<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nEarly medical evaluation can support\u00a0timely\u00a0diagnosis, management, and long-term care.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Early medical evaluation can support\u00a0timely\u00a0diagnosis, management, and long-term care.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n