Table of Contents<\/p>\nToggle<\/span><\/path><\/svg><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label>Introduction<\/a><\/li>What Are the Types of Blood Cancer?<\/a><\/li>Early Signs & Blood Cancer Symptoms<\/a><\/li>What Causes Blood Cancer?<\/a><\/li>Is Blood Cancer Curable?<\/a><\/li>Blood Cancer Stages and Classification<\/a><\/li>How Is Blood Cancer Diagnosed?<\/a><\/li>Blood Cancer Treatment Options<\/a><\/li>Can Cancer Spread From One Person to Another Through Blood?<\/a><\/li>When to See a Doctor<\/a><\/li>Conclusion<\/a><\/li>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<\/a><\/li>References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n \n <\/span>\n \n <\/a>\n<\/span>Introduction<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nDid you know that leukaemia (a type of blood cancer) is the most common cancer diagnosed in children? It accounts for approximately 30.8% of all cancer cases in this age group1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nBlood cancer, also referred to as haematological cancer is defined as cancer originating in the blood-forming tissues such as the bone marrow, lymph nodes and other parts of the lymphatic system1<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>2<\/sup><\/a>. Common types of blood cancer include leukaemia (cancer of the blood cells and bone marrow, characterised by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal or immature white blood cells), lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic system), myeloma (cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow), and rare types of blood cancers such as myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs)3<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>4<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nEarly recognition of symptoms and diagnosis can help to improve your treatment outcomes and increase your chances of long-term survival5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Are the Types of Blood Cancer?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nBlood cancers can be classified into different types depending on the cells of the blood, bone marrow or lymphatic system affected. The blood cancer types include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n1. Leukaemia<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nLeukaemia is a cancer that affects your blood cells. It begins in the bone marrow and affects the white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. In this condition, your bone marrow produces a large number of abnormal cells, especially white blood cells. Leukaemia can be classified into four types \u2013 acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Broadly, based on how quickly it develops, leukaemias can be classified into two types6<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAcute leukaemia:<\/strong> This type of leukaemia develops and progresses rapidly. Hence, prompt treatment is needed.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nChronic leukaemia: <\/strong>This type of leukaemia progresses slowly and the individual\u2019s condition worsens over a longer period of time, if not treated.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nBased on the type of cells affected, leukaemia blood cancer types include6<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMyeloid leukaemia: <\/strong>The myeloid cells (immature cells that develop into granulocytes, monocytes, red blood cells or platelets) are affected.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLymphoid leukaemia:<\/strong> Lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, are affected.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n2. Lymphoma<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nLymphomas are cancers of the immune system that account for approximately 5% of all cancers. Lymphomas occur due to the abnormal growth and multiplication of lymphocytes at different stages of their maturation. Lymphomas can be classified as Hodgkin\u2019s and non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphomas7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma:<\/strong> Defined by the presence of abnormal cells known as Reed Sternberg cells. In most cases, no causative agent has been detected, however, studies have shown many a link between Epstein Barr Virus and Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma (especially mixed cellularity subset and in immunosuppressed individuals).\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNon Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma: <\/strong>This is a heterogeneous group with several subtypes where there are no Reed Sternberg cells present. Each of these subtypes differ greatly in prognosis and treatment.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n3. Multiple Myeloma<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma is a cancer that causes the abnormal proliferation of plasma cells in your bone marrow. These plasma cells are responsible for forming some of the proteins found in your blood. If not treated, the cancer can damage organs such as bones, kidneys, blood (anaemia), and immune system in your body. This can be summarised by CRAB criteria (high calcium levels [hypercalcaemia], renal [kidney] problems, anaemia [low red blood cell count], and bone pain)8<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nRare Types of Blood Cancer<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThese include:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMyelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): <\/strong>This is a condition where the bone marrow doesn\u2019t produce enough healthy blood cells. Often seen in older adults (above 65 years of age), this condition can cause symptoms like fatigue, frequent infections, and easy bruising or bleeding. In some cases, MDS can progress to AML9<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMyeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs):<\/strong> Stem cells in the bone marrow can potentially develop into many types of blood cells. Sometimes, the body overproduces certain cells, causing disorders like MPNs. The four classical types of MPNs include essential thrombocythemia, CML, primary myelofibrosis, and polycythemia vera (PV)10<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>Show Full Article<\/button><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Early Signs & Blood Cancer Symptoms<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe early signs of blood cancer <\/strong>include11<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nA lump or swelling in the lymph tissues due to the abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes, causing swollen lymph nodes. This can be commonly noticed in your armpit, neck, or groin region.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProfuse night sweats that can soak clothes and sheets.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInfections that are persistent, severe and recur frequently.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFatigue or tiredness that does not improve after sleeping or resting.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nBlood cancer symptoms include11<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nUnexplained weight loss.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnexplained bleeding and bruising.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nShortness of breath or breathlessness.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPersistent or recurrent fever. Some blood cancers, such as lymphomas, may present with low-grade fevers or intermittent fever referred to as B symptoms7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nItchiness is more common in Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma and certain leukaemias. While rashes may appear in leukaemias, they are not a universal sign12<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPain in the bones, abdomen or joints.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nIf you are facing any of these signs and symptoms, it is recommended that you speak to your doctor and seek prompt medical care.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Causes Blood Cancer?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nBlood cancer is believed to be caused due to damage to the DNA of a single haematopoietic stem (blood-forming cell) or progenitor cell. While this is sometimes triggered by one key event, it may also develop gradually through several genetic changes over time. These abnormal cells multiply and eventually collect in the bone marrow, blood, or lymphatic system. This process interferes with the normal production and functioning of the normal healthy cells leading to anaemia, increased bleeding risk due to thrombocytopenia (low platelets) and an inability to fight infections1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nAlthough the exact causes of blood cancer remain unclear, many genetic and environmental risk factors are identified, which include13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPrevious exposure to cancer treatments (chemotherapy)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to intense radiation\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFamily history of leukaemia\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain viral infections, for example, Epstein Barr virus is linked to some lymphomas, while human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with adult T-cell leukaemia and certain subtypes of ALL7<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAge and gender\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSyndromes that have a genetic origin, such as Down syndrome and Fanconi syndrome.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding these risks is essential for the early detection of blood cancers.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAs per my experience, any persistant bony swelling in individuals aged above 60 years which doesn\u2019t get relieved with pain killers or physiotherapy rather worsens with it and restricts movement, should be evaluated for blood cancers like Multiple Myeloma etc.<\/p>\nDr. Kathak Shah, MBBS, DDV, Fellowship in lasers & aesthetics, Fellowship in Dermatosurgery<\/strong><\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Is Blood Cancer Curable?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAlthough most blood cancers are not curable, some can be cured based on the stage and type of blood cancer15<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAcute lymphoblastic leukaemia: <\/strong>Children with ALL show high cure rates, though certain individuals may present with a high risk of relapse16<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nChronic myeloid leukaemia: <\/strong>Treatment of CML with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may help to keep the condition under control for many years and is associated with a high survival rate. Advances with modern TKIs have made it possible for some patients to reach a deep level of remission, making it possible to stop treatment while still staying in long-term remission without medication17<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNon-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: <\/strong>Aggressive forms of Non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma can be cured in more than 50% of cases with intensive chemotherapy. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma often responds well to R-CHOP (chemotherapy regimen), but cure rates depend on the type and the patient\u2019s overall health. Although slower-growing forms of the lymphoma respond well to treatment, (especially in the early stages), advanced stages may relapse despite good long-term survival. Studies18<\/sup><\/a> have shown that modern therapy has improved 5-year survival rates to over 60%.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma:<\/strong> Although multiple myeloma is considered an incurable disease, treatment with high-dose therapy followed by autologous stem cell support ensures that 3-10% of individuals with multiple myeloma remain free of active disease for more than 10 years after treatment19<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nYour treatment outcomes can vary depending on the stage of the disease, your age, your health conditions, and the response of cancer to treatment.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Blood Cancer Stages and Classification<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nStaging is incorporated to help in the classification based on how much cancer is present in your body. The blood cancer stages include20<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nLeukaemias:<\/strong> Leukaemias usually do not use a defined staging method and most leukaemias are classified based on the disease subtype, severity and its effect on your body. However, ALL and AML use risk stratification systems (grouping patients by their risk level). CML uses a staging system (Rai, Binet, and CLL-IPI systems). These systems provide the staging based on lymph node involvement, organ enlargement, anaemia, and platelet levels20<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLymphomas: <\/strong>Both Hodgkin and most Non-Hodgkin lymphomas use the Ann Arbor staging system. It describes how far the cancer has spread ranging from stage I (single node region) to stage IV (widespread organ involvement), with A indicating the absence or B indicating presence of symptoms like persistent fevers, unexplained weight loss, and night sweats21<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>22<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma: <\/strong>Uses the International Staging System (ISS), and the Revised ISS (R-ISS), which relies on blood levels of \u03b22-microglobulin, albumin, serum lactate dehydrogenase and high-risk cytogenetics23<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding staging and grading of blood cancers helps in the treatment planning and determining your prognosis.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Blood Cancer Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAfter a careful assessment of your symptoms, family history, and a physical examination, your doctor may suggest certain tests which will help in making an accurate diagnosis24<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nBlood Tests: <\/strong>These include:\u00a0\n\nComplete blood count<\/a>: <\/strong>This test helps to count the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in your blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood differential test:<\/strong> This test helps to check the amount of each type of white blood cell (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils) present in your blood25<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nBiopsy: <\/strong>This is a definitive method of diagnosing blood cancer. Your doctor may suggest bone marrow biopsy or lymph node biopsy to accurately diagnose the type of cancer you have:\u00a0\n\nLymph node biopsy: <\/strong>If you present with swollen lymph nodes, your doctor may remove a part of the affected lymph tissue for examination. This method can be used to diagnose certain lymphomas without marrow involvement26<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone marrow biopsy: <\/strong>Involves the removal of a sample of bone marrow to check for blood cancer. Can be used to diagnose many leukaemias and myelomas14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nPeripheral blood flow cytometry: <\/strong>This test can help diagnose certain leukaemias, such as CLL, if many cancer cells are present in the blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTumour marker tests:<\/strong> These tests help to check and measure the substances that are produced by the body in response to cancer, for example, LDH can be used for lymphoma prognosis. These tests have a limited role in blood cancers7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImaging Tests: <\/strong>These tests are mainly done to assess the extent of your disease. They include:\u00a0\n\nNuclear scan: <\/strong>Uses a small amount of radioactive material or tracer to indicate how organs or tissues are functioning.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPET-CT scan: <\/strong>Preferred imaging tool for lymphomas. It helps in the initial staging, assessing treatment response, and detecting potential recurrence27<\/sup><\/a>.\u202f\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Did you know that leukaemia (a type of blood cancer) is the most common cancer diagnosed in children? It accounts for approximately 30.8% of all cancer cases in this age group1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nBlood cancer, also referred to as haematological cancer is defined as cancer originating in the blood-forming tissues such as the bone marrow, lymph nodes and other parts of the lymphatic system1<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>2<\/sup><\/a>. Common types of blood cancer include leukaemia (cancer of the blood cells and bone marrow, characterised by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal or immature white blood cells), lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic system), myeloma (cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow), and rare types of blood cancers such as myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs)3<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>4<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nEarly recognition of symptoms and diagnosis can help to improve your treatment outcomes and increase your chances of long-term survival5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Are the Types of Blood Cancer?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nBlood cancers can be classified into different types depending on the cells of the blood, bone marrow or lymphatic system affected. The blood cancer types include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n1. Leukaemia<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nLeukaemia is a cancer that affects your blood cells. It begins in the bone marrow and affects the white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. In this condition, your bone marrow produces a large number of abnormal cells, especially white blood cells. Leukaemia can be classified into four types \u2013 acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Broadly, based on how quickly it develops, leukaemias can be classified into two types6<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAcute leukaemia:<\/strong> This type of leukaemia develops and progresses rapidly. Hence, prompt treatment is needed.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nChronic leukaemia: <\/strong>This type of leukaemia progresses slowly and the individual\u2019s condition worsens over a longer period of time, if not treated.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nBased on the type of cells affected, leukaemia blood cancer types include6<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMyeloid leukaemia: <\/strong>The myeloid cells (immature cells that develop into granulocytes, monocytes, red blood cells or platelets) are affected.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLymphoid leukaemia:<\/strong> Lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, are affected.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n2. Lymphoma<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nLymphomas are cancers of the immune system that account for approximately 5% of all cancers. Lymphomas occur due to the abnormal growth and multiplication of lymphocytes at different stages of their maturation. Lymphomas can be classified as Hodgkin\u2019s and non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphomas7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma:<\/strong> Defined by the presence of abnormal cells known as Reed Sternberg cells. In most cases, no causative agent has been detected, however, studies have shown many a link between Epstein Barr Virus and Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma (especially mixed cellularity subset and in immunosuppressed individuals).\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNon Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma: <\/strong>This is a heterogeneous group with several subtypes where there are no Reed Sternberg cells present. Each of these subtypes differ greatly in prognosis and treatment.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n3. Multiple Myeloma<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma is a cancer that causes the abnormal proliferation of plasma cells in your bone marrow. These plasma cells are responsible for forming some of the proteins found in your blood. If not treated, the cancer can damage organs such as bones, kidneys, blood (anaemia), and immune system in your body. This can be summarised by CRAB criteria (high calcium levels [hypercalcaemia], renal [kidney] problems, anaemia [low red blood cell count], and bone pain)8<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nRare Types of Blood Cancer<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThese include:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMyelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): <\/strong>This is a condition where the bone marrow doesn\u2019t produce enough healthy blood cells. Often seen in older adults (above 65 years of age), this condition can cause symptoms like fatigue, frequent infections, and easy bruising or bleeding. In some cases, MDS can progress to AML9<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMyeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs):<\/strong> Stem cells in the bone marrow can potentially develop into many types of blood cells. Sometimes, the body overproduces certain cells, causing disorders like MPNs. The four classical types of MPNs include essential thrombocythemia, CML, primary myelofibrosis, and polycythemia vera (PV)10<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>Show Full Article<\/button><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Early Signs & Blood Cancer Symptoms<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe early signs of blood cancer <\/strong>include11<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nA lump or swelling in the lymph tissues due to the abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes, causing swollen lymph nodes. This can be commonly noticed in your armpit, neck, or groin region.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProfuse night sweats that can soak clothes and sheets.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInfections that are persistent, severe and recur frequently.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFatigue or tiredness that does not improve after sleeping or resting.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nBlood cancer symptoms include11<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nUnexplained weight loss.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnexplained bleeding and bruising.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nShortness of breath or breathlessness.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPersistent or recurrent fever. Some blood cancers, such as lymphomas, may present with low-grade fevers or intermittent fever referred to as B symptoms7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nItchiness is more common in Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma and certain leukaemias. While rashes may appear in leukaemias, they are not a universal sign12<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPain in the bones, abdomen or joints.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nIf you are facing any of these signs and symptoms, it is recommended that you speak to your doctor and seek prompt medical care.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Causes Blood Cancer?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nBlood cancer is believed to be caused due to damage to the DNA of a single haematopoietic stem (blood-forming cell) or progenitor cell. While this is sometimes triggered by one key event, it may also develop gradually through several genetic changes over time. These abnormal cells multiply and eventually collect in the bone marrow, blood, or lymphatic system. This process interferes with the normal production and functioning of the normal healthy cells leading to anaemia, increased bleeding risk due to thrombocytopenia (low platelets) and an inability to fight infections1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nAlthough the exact causes of blood cancer remain unclear, many genetic and environmental risk factors are identified, which include13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPrevious exposure to cancer treatments (chemotherapy)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to intense radiation\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFamily history of leukaemia\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain viral infections, for example, Epstein Barr virus is linked to some lymphomas, while human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with adult T-cell leukaemia and certain subtypes of ALL7<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAge and gender\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSyndromes that have a genetic origin, such as Down syndrome and Fanconi syndrome.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding these risks is essential for the early detection of blood cancers.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAs per my experience, any persistant bony swelling in individuals aged above 60 years which doesn\u2019t get relieved with pain killers or physiotherapy rather worsens with it and restricts movement, should be evaluated for blood cancers like Multiple Myeloma etc.<\/p>\nDr. Kathak Shah, MBBS, DDV, Fellowship in lasers & aesthetics, Fellowship in Dermatosurgery<\/strong><\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Is Blood Cancer Curable?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAlthough most blood cancers are not curable, some can be cured based on the stage and type of blood cancer15<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAcute lymphoblastic leukaemia: <\/strong>Children with ALL show high cure rates, though certain individuals may present with a high risk of relapse16<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nChronic myeloid leukaemia: <\/strong>Treatment of CML with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may help to keep the condition under control for many years and is associated with a high survival rate. Advances with modern TKIs have made it possible for some patients to reach a deep level of remission, making it possible to stop treatment while still staying in long-term remission without medication17<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNon-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: <\/strong>Aggressive forms of Non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma can be cured in more than 50% of cases with intensive chemotherapy. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma often responds well to R-CHOP (chemotherapy regimen), but cure rates depend on the type and the patient\u2019s overall health. Although slower-growing forms of the lymphoma respond well to treatment, (especially in the early stages), advanced stages may relapse despite good long-term survival. Studies18<\/sup><\/a> have shown that modern therapy has improved 5-year survival rates to over 60%.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma:<\/strong> Although multiple myeloma is considered an incurable disease, treatment with high-dose therapy followed by autologous stem cell support ensures that 3-10% of individuals with multiple myeloma remain free of active disease for more than 10 years after treatment19<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nYour treatment outcomes can vary depending on the stage of the disease, your age, your health conditions, and the response of cancer to treatment.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Blood Cancer Stages and Classification<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nStaging is incorporated to help in the classification based on how much cancer is present in your body. The blood cancer stages include20<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nLeukaemias:<\/strong> Leukaemias usually do not use a defined staging method and most leukaemias are classified based on the disease subtype, severity and its effect on your body. However, ALL and AML use risk stratification systems (grouping patients by their risk level). CML uses a staging system (Rai, Binet, and CLL-IPI systems). These systems provide the staging based on lymph node involvement, organ enlargement, anaemia, and platelet levels20<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLymphomas: <\/strong>Both Hodgkin and most Non-Hodgkin lymphomas use the Ann Arbor staging system. It describes how far the cancer has spread ranging from stage I (single node region) to stage IV (widespread organ involvement), with A indicating the absence or B indicating presence of symptoms like persistent fevers, unexplained weight loss, and night sweats21<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>22<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma: <\/strong>Uses the International Staging System (ISS), and the Revised ISS (R-ISS), which relies on blood levels of \u03b22-microglobulin, albumin, serum lactate dehydrogenase and high-risk cytogenetics23<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding staging and grading of blood cancers helps in the treatment planning and determining your prognosis.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Blood Cancer Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAfter a careful assessment of your symptoms, family history, and a physical examination, your doctor may suggest certain tests which will help in making an accurate diagnosis24<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nBlood Tests: <\/strong>These include:\u00a0\n\nComplete blood count<\/a>: <\/strong>This test helps to count the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in your blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood differential test:<\/strong> This test helps to check the amount of each type of white blood cell (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils) present in your blood25<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nBiopsy: <\/strong>This is a definitive method of diagnosing blood cancer. Your doctor may suggest bone marrow biopsy or lymph node biopsy to accurately diagnose the type of cancer you have:\u00a0\n\nLymph node biopsy: <\/strong>If you present with swollen lymph nodes, your doctor may remove a part of the affected lymph tissue for examination. This method can be used to diagnose certain lymphomas without marrow involvement26<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone marrow biopsy: <\/strong>Involves the removal of a sample of bone marrow to check for blood cancer. Can be used to diagnose many leukaemias and myelomas14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nPeripheral blood flow cytometry: <\/strong>This test can help diagnose certain leukaemias, such as CLL, if many cancer cells are present in the blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTumour marker tests:<\/strong> These tests help to check and measure the substances that are produced by the body in response to cancer, for example, LDH can be used for lymphoma prognosis. These tests have a limited role in blood cancers7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImaging Tests: <\/strong>These tests are mainly done to assess the extent of your disease. They include:\u00a0\n\nNuclear scan: <\/strong>Uses a small amount of radioactive material or tracer to indicate how organs or tissues are functioning.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPET-CT scan: <\/strong>Preferred imaging tool for lymphomas. It helps in the initial staging, assessing treatment response, and detecting potential recurrence27<\/sup><\/a>.\u202f\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Blood cancer, also referred to as haematological cancer is defined as cancer originating in the blood-forming tissues such as the bone marrow, lymph nodes and other parts of the lymphatic system1<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>2<\/sup><\/a>. Common types of blood cancer include leukaemia (cancer of the blood cells and bone marrow, characterised by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal or immature white blood cells), lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic system), myeloma (cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow), and rare types of blood cancers such as myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs)3<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>4<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nEarly recognition of symptoms and diagnosis can help to improve your treatment outcomes and increase your chances of long-term survival5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Are the Types of Blood Cancer?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nBlood cancers can be classified into different types depending on the cells of the blood, bone marrow or lymphatic system affected. The blood cancer types include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n1. Leukaemia<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nLeukaemia is a cancer that affects your blood cells. It begins in the bone marrow and affects the white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. In this condition, your bone marrow produces a large number of abnormal cells, especially white blood cells. Leukaemia can be classified into four types \u2013 acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Broadly, based on how quickly it develops, leukaemias can be classified into two types6<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAcute leukaemia:<\/strong> This type of leukaemia develops and progresses rapidly. Hence, prompt treatment is needed.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nChronic leukaemia: <\/strong>This type of leukaemia progresses slowly and the individual\u2019s condition worsens over a longer period of time, if not treated.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nBased on the type of cells affected, leukaemia blood cancer types include6<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMyeloid leukaemia: <\/strong>The myeloid cells (immature cells that develop into granulocytes, monocytes, red blood cells or platelets) are affected.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLymphoid leukaemia:<\/strong> Lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, are affected.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n2. Lymphoma<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nLymphomas are cancers of the immune system that account for approximately 5% of all cancers. Lymphomas occur due to the abnormal growth and multiplication of lymphocytes at different stages of their maturation. Lymphomas can be classified as Hodgkin\u2019s and non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphomas7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma:<\/strong> Defined by the presence of abnormal cells known as Reed Sternberg cells. In most cases, no causative agent has been detected, however, studies have shown many a link between Epstein Barr Virus and Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma (especially mixed cellularity subset and in immunosuppressed individuals).\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNon Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma: <\/strong>This is a heterogeneous group with several subtypes where there are no Reed Sternberg cells present. Each of these subtypes differ greatly in prognosis and treatment.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n3. Multiple Myeloma<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma is a cancer that causes the abnormal proliferation of plasma cells in your bone marrow. These plasma cells are responsible for forming some of the proteins found in your blood. If not treated, the cancer can damage organs such as bones, kidneys, blood (anaemia), and immune system in your body. This can be summarised by CRAB criteria (high calcium levels [hypercalcaemia], renal [kidney] problems, anaemia [low red blood cell count], and bone pain)8<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nRare Types of Blood Cancer<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThese include:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMyelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): <\/strong>This is a condition where the bone marrow doesn\u2019t produce enough healthy blood cells. Often seen in older adults (above 65 years of age), this condition can cause symptoms like fatigue, frequent infections, and easy bruising or bleeding. In some cases, MDS can progress to AML9<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMyeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs):<\/strong> Stem cells in the bone marrow can potentially develop into many types of blood cells. Sometimes, the body overproduces certain cells, causing disorders like MPNs. The four classical types of MPNs include essential thrombocythemia, CML, primary myelofibrosis, and polycythemia vera (PV)10<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>Show Full Article<\/button><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Early Signs & Blood Cancer Symptoms<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe early signs of blood cancer <\/strong>include11<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nA lump or swelling in the lymph tissues due to the abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes, causing swollen lymph nodes. This can be commonly noticed in your armpit, neck, or groin region.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProfuse night sweats that can soak clothes and sheets.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInfections that are persistent, severe and recur frequently.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFatigue or tiredness that does not improve after sleeping or resting.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nBlood cancer symptoms include11<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nUnexplained weight loss.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnexplained bleeding and bruising.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nShortness of breath or breathlessness.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPersistent or recurrent fever. Some blood cancers, such as lymphomas, may present with low-grade fevers or intermittent fever referred to as B symptoms7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nItchiness is more common in Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma and certain leukaemias. While rashes may appear in leukaemias, they are not a universal sign12<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPain in the bones, abdomen or joints.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nIf you are facing any of these signs and symptoms, it is recommended that you speak to your doctor and seek prompt medical care.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Causes Blood Cancer?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nBlood cancer is believed to be caused due to damage to the DNA of a single haematopoietic stem (blood-forming cell) or progenitor cell. While this is sometimes triggered by one key event, it may also develop gradually through several genetic changes over time. These abnormal cells multiply and eventually collect in the bone marrow, blood, or lymphatic system. This process interferes with the normal production and functioning of the normal healthy cells leading to anaemia, increased bleeding risk due to thrombocytopenia (low platelets) and an inability to fight infections1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nAlthough the exact causes of blood cancer remain unclear, many genetic and environmental risk factors are identified, which include13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPrevious exposure to cancer treatments (chemotherapy)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to intense radiation\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFamily history of leukaemia\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain viral infections, for example, Epstein Barr virus is linked to some lymphomas, while human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with adult T-cell leukaemia and certain subtypes of ALL7<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAge and gender\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSyndromes that have a genetic origin, such as Down syndrome and Fanconi syndrome.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding these risks is essential for the early detection of blood cancers.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAs per my experience, any persistant bony swelling in individuals aged above 60 years which doesn\u2019t get relieved with pain killers or physiotherapy rather worsens with it and restricts movement, should be evaluated for blood cancers like Multiple Myeloma etc.<\/p>\nDr. Kathak Shah, MBBS, DDV, Fellowship in lasers & aesthetics, Fellowship in Dermatosurgery<\/strong><\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Is Blood Cancer Curable?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAlthough most blood cancers are not curable, some can be cured based on the stage and type of blood cancer15<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAcute lymphoblastic leukaemia: <\/strong>Children with ALL show high cure rates, though certain individuals may present with a high risk of relapse16<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nChronic myeloid leukaemia: <\/strong>Treatment of CML with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may help to keep the condition under control for many years and is associated with a high survival rate. Advances with modern TKIs have made it possible for some patients to reach a deep level of remission, making it possible to stop treatment while still staying in long-term remission without medication17<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNon-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: <\/strong>Aggressive forms of Non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma can be cured in more than 50% of cases with intensive chemotherapy. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma often responds well to R-CHOP (chemotherapy regimen), but cure rates depend on the type and the patient\u2019s overall health. Although slower-growing forms of the lymphoma respond well to treatment, (especially in the early stages), advanced stages may relapse despite good long-term survival. Studies18<\/sup><\/a> have shown that modern therapy has improved 5-year survival rates to over 60%.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma:<\/strong> Although multiple myeloma is considered an incurable disease, treatment with high-dose therapy followed by autologous stem cell support ensures that 3-10% of individuals with multiple myeloma remain free of active disease for more than 10 years after treatment19<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nYour treatment outcomes can vary depending on the stage of the disease, your age, your health conditions, and the response of cancer to treatment.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Blood Cancer Stages and Classification<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nStaging is incorporated to help in the classification based on how much cancer is present in your body. The blood cancer stages include20<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nLeukaemias:<\/strong> Leukaemias usually do not use a defined staging method and most leukaemias are classified based on the disease subtype, severity and its effect on your body. However, ALL and AML use risk stratification systems (grouping patients by their risk level). CML uses a staging system (Rai, Binet, and CLL-IPI systems). These systems provide the staging based on lymph node involvement, organ enlargement, anaemia, and platelet levels20<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLymphomas: <\/strong>Both Hodgkin and most Non-Hodgkin lymphomas use the Ann Arbor staging system. It describes how far the cancer has spread ranging from stage I (single node region) to stage IV (widespread organ involvement), with A indicating the absence or B indicating presence of symptoms like persistent fevers, unexplained weight loss, and night sweats21<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>22<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma: <\/strong>Uses the International Staging System (ISS), and the Revised ISS (R-ISS), which relies on blood levels of \u03b22-microglobulin, albumin, serum lactate dehydrogenase and high-risk cytogenetics23<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding staging and grading of blood cancers helps in the treatment planning and determining your prognosis.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Blood Cancer Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAfter a careful assessment of your symptoms, family history, and a physical examination, your doctor may suggest certain tests which will help in making an accurate diagnosis24<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nBlood Tests: <\/strong>These include:\u00a0\n\nComplete blood count<\/a>: <\/strong>This test helps to count the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in your blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood differential test:<\/strong> This test helps to check the amount of each type of white blood cell (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils) present in your blood25<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nBiopsy: <\/strong>This is a definitive method of diagnosing blood cancer. Your doctor may suggest bone marrow biopsy or lymph node biopsy to accurately diagnose the type of cancer you have:\u00a0\n\nLymph node biopsy: <\/strong>If you present with swollen lymph nodes, your doctor may remove a part of the affected lymph tissue for examination. This method can be used to diagnose certain lymphomas without marrow involvement26<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone marrow biopsy: <\/strong>Involves the removal of a sample of bone marrow to check for blood cancer. Can be used to diagnose many leukaemias and myelomas14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nPeripheral blood flow cytometry: <\/strong>This test can help diagnose certain leukaemias, such as CLL, if many cancer cells are present in the blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTumour marker tests:<\/strong> These tests help to check and measure the substances that are produced by the body in response to cancer, for example, LDH can be used for lymphoma prognosis. These tests have a limited role in blood cancers7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImaging Tests: <\/strong>These tests are mainly done to assess the extent of your disease. They include:\u00a0\n\nNuclear scan: <\/strong>Uses a small amount of radioactive material or tracer to indicate how organs or tissues are functioning.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPET-CT scan: <\/strong>Preferred imaging tool for lymphomas. It helps in the initial staging, assessing treatment response, and detecting potential recurrence27<\/sup><\/a>.\u202f\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Early recognition of symptoms and diagnosis can help to improve your treatment outcomes and increase your chances of long-term survival5<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Are the Types of Blood Cancer?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nBlood cancers can be classified into different types depending on the cells of the blood, bone marrow or lymphatic system affected. The blood cancer types include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n1. Leukaemia<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nLeukaemia is a cancer that affects your blood cells. It begins in the bone marrow and affects the white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. In this condition, your bone marrow produces a large number of abnormal cells, especially white blood cells. Leukaemia can be classified into four types \u2013 acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Broadly, based on how quickly it develops, leukaemias can be classified into two types6<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAcute leukaemia:<\/strong> This type of leukaemia develops and progresses rapidly. Hence, prompt treatment is needed.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nChronic leukaemia: <\/strong>This type of leukaemia progresses slowly and the individual\u2019s condition worsens over a longer period of time, if not treated.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nBased on the type of cells affected, leukaemia blood cancer types include6<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMyeloid leukaemia: <\/strong>The myeloid cells (immature cells that develop into granulocytes, monocytes, red blood cells or platelets) are affected.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLymphoid leukaemia:<\/strong> Lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, are affected.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n2. Lymphoma<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nLymphomas are cancers of the immune system that account for approximately 5% of all cancers. Lymphomas occur due to the abnormal growth and multiplication of lymphocytes at different stages of their maturation. Lymphomas can be classified as Hodgkin\u2019s and non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphomas7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma:<\/strong> Defined by the presence of abnormal cells known as Reed Sternberg cells. In most cases, no causative agent has been detected, however, studies have shown many a link between Epstein Barr Virus and Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma (especially mixed cellularity subset and in immunosuppressed individuals).\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNon Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma: <\/strong>This is a heterogeneous group with several subtypes where there are no Reed Sternberg cells present. Each of these subtypes differ greatly in prognosis and treatment.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n3. Multiple Myeloma<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma is a cancer that causes the abnormal proliferation of plasma cells in your bone marrow. These plasma cells are responsible for forming some of the proteins found in your blood. If not treated, the cancer can damage organs such as bones, kidneys, blood (anaemia), and immune system in your body. This can be summarised by CRAB criteria (high calcium levels [hypercalcaemia], renal [kidney] problems, anaemia [low red blood cell count], and bone pain)8<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nRare Types of Blood Cancer<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThese include:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMyelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): <\/strong>This is a condition where the bone marrow doesn\u2019t produce enough healthy blood cells. Often seen in older adults (above 65 years of age), this condition can cause symptoms like fatigue, frequent infections, and easy bruising or bleeding. In some cases, MDS can progress to AML9<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMyeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs):<\/strong> Stem cells in the bone marrow can potentially develop into many types of blood cells. Sometimes, the body overproduces certain cells, causing disorders like MPNs. The four classical types of MPNs include essential thrombocythemia, CML, primary myelofibrosis, and polycythemia vera (PV)10<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>Show Full Article<\/button><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Early Signs & Blood Cancer Symptoms<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe early signs of blood cancer <\/strong>include11<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nA lump or swelling in the lymph tissues due to the abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes, causing swollen lymph nodes. This can be commonly noticed in your armpit, neck, or groin region.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProfuse night sweats that can soak clothes and sheets.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInfections that are persistent, severe and recur frequently.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFatigue or tiredness that does not improve after sleeping or resting.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nBlood cancer symptoms include11<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nUnexplained weight loss.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnexplained bleeding and bruising.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nShortness of breath or breathlessness.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPersistent or recurrent fever. Some blood cancers, such as lymphomas, may present with low-grade fevers or intermittent fever referred to as B symptoms7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nItchiness is more common in Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma and certain leukaemias. While rashes may appear in leukaemias, they are not a universal sign12<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPain in the bones, abdomen or joints.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nIf you are facing any of these signs and symptoms, it is recommended that you speak to your doctor and seek prompt medical care.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Causes Blood Cancer?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nBlood cancer is believed to be caused due to damage to the DNA of a single haematopoietic stem (blood-forming cell) or progenitor cell. While this is sometimes triggered by one key event, it may also develop gradually through several genetic changes over time. These abnormal cells multiply and eventually collect in the bone marrow, blood, or lymphatic system. This process interferes with the normal production and functioning of the normal healthy cells leading to anaemia, increased bleeding risk due to thrombocytopenia (low platelets) and an inability to fight infections1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nAlthough the exact causes of blood cancer remain unclear, many genetic and environmental risk factors are identified, which include13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPrevious exposure to cancer treatments (chemotherapy)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to intense radiation\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFamily history of leukaemia\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain viral infections, for example, Epstein Barr virus is linked to some lymphomas, while human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with adult T-cell leukaemia and certain subtypes of ALL7<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAge and gender\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSyndromes that have a genetic origin, such as Down syndrome and Fanconi syndrome.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding these risks is essential for the early detection of blood cancers.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAs per my experience, any persistant bony swelling in individuals aged above 60 years which doesn\u2019t get relieved with pain killers or physiotherapy rather worsens with it and restricts movement, should be evaluated for blood cancers like Multiple Myeloma etc.<\/p>\nDr. Kathak Shah, MBBS, DDV, Fellowship in lasers & aesthetics, Fellowship in Dermatosurgery<\/strong><\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Is Blood Cancer Curable?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAlthough most blood cancers are not curable, some can be cured based on the stage and type of blood cancer15<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAcute lymphoblastic leukaemia: <\/strong>Children with ALL show high cure rates, though certain individuals may present with a high risk of relapse16<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nChronic myeloid leukaemia: <\/strong>Treatment of CML with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may help to keep the condition under control for many years and is associated with a high survival rate. Advances with modern TKIs have made it possible for some patients to reach a deep level of remission, making it possible to stop treatment while still staying in long-term remission without medication17<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNon-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: <\/strong>Aggressive forms of Non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma can be cured in more than 50% of cases with intensive chemotherapy. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma often responds well to R-CHOP (chemotherapy regimen), but cure rates depend on the type and the patient\u2019s overall health. Although slower-growing forms of the lymphoma respond well to treatment, (especially in the early stages), advanced stages may relapse despite good long-term survival. Studies18<\/sup><\/a> have shown that modern therapy has improved 5-year survival rates to over 60%.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma:<\/strong> Although multiple myeloma is considered an incurable disease, treatment with high-dose therapy followed by autologous stem cell support ensures that 3-10% of individuals with multiple myeloma remain free of active disease for more than 10 years after treatment19<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nYour treatment outcomes can vary depending on the stage of the disease, your age, your health conditions, and the response of cancer to treatment.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Blood Cancer Stages and Classification<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nStaging is incorporated to help in the classification based on how much cancer is present in your body. The blood cancer stages include20<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nLeukaemias:<\/strong> Leukaemias usually do not use a defined staging method and most leukaemias are classified based on the disease subtype, severity and its effect on your body. However, ALL and AML use risk stratification systems (grouping patients by their risk level). CML uses a staging system (Rai, Binet, and CLL-IPI systems). These systems provide the staging based on lymph node involvement, organ enlargement, anaemia, and platelet levels20<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLymphomas: <\/strong>Both Hodgkin and most Non-Hodgkin lymphomas use the Ann Arbor staging system. It describes how far the cancer has spread ranging from stage I (single node region) to stage IV (widespread organ involvement), with A indicating the absence or B indicating presence of symptoms like persistent fevers, unexplained weight loss, and night sweats21<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>22<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma: <\/strong>Uses the International Staging System (ISS), and the Revised ISS (R-ISS), which relies on blood levels of \u03b22-microglobulin, albumin, serum lactate dehydrogenase and high-risk cytogenetics23<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding staging and grading of blood cancers helps in the treatment planning and determining your prognosis.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Blood Cancer Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAfter a careful assessment of your symptoms, family history, and a physical examination, your doctor may suggest certain tests which will help in making an accurate diagnosis24<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nBlood Tests: <\/strong>These include:\u00a0\n\nComplete blood count<\/a>: <\/strong>This test helps to count the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in your blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood differential test:<\/strong> This test helps to check the amount of each type of white blood cell (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils) present in your blood25<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nBiopsy: <\/strong>This is a definitive method of diagnosing blood cancer. Your doctor may suggest bone marrow biopsy or lymph node biopsy to accurately diagnose the type of cancer you have:\u00a0\n\nLymph node biopsy: <\/strong>If you present with swollen lymph nodes, your doctor may remove a part of the affected lymph tissue for examination. This method can be used to diagnose certain lymphomas without marrow involvement26<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone marrow biopsy: <\/strong>Involves the removal of a sample of bone marrow to check for blood cancer. Can be used to diagnose many leukaemias and myelomas14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nPeripheral blood flow cytometry: <\/strong>This test can help diagnose certain leukaemias, such as CLL, if many cancer cells are present in the blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTumour marker tests:<\/strong> These tests help to check and measure the substances that are produced by the body in response to cancer, for example, LDH can be used for lymphoma prognosis. These tests have a limited role in blood cancers7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImaging Tests: <\/strong>These tests are mainly done to assess the extent of your disease. They include:\u00a0\n\nNuclear scan: <\/strong>Uses a small amount of radioactive material or tracer to indicate how organs or tissues are functioning.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPET-CT scan: <\/strong>Preferred imaging tool for lymphomas. It helps in the initial staging, assessing treatment response, and detecting potential recurrence27<\/sup><\/a>.\u202f\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Blood cancers can be classified into different types depending on the cells of the blood, bone marrow or lymphatic system affected. The blood cancer types include:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Leukaemia is a cancer that affects your blood cells. It begins in the bone marrow and affects the white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. In this condition, your bone marrow produces a large number of abnormal cells, especially white blood cells. Leukaemia can be classified into four types \u2013 acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Broadly, based on how quickly it develops, leukaemias can be classified into two types6<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAcute leukaemia:<\/strong> This type of leukaemia develops and progresses rapidly. Hence, prompt treatment is needed.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nChronic leukaemia: <\/strong>This type of leukaemia progresses slowly and the individual\u2019s condition worsens over a longer period of time, if not treated.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nBased on the type of cells affected, leukaemia blood cancer types include6<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMyeloid leukaemia: <\/strong>The myeloid cells (immature cells that develop into granulocytes, monocytes, red blood cells or platelets) are affected.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLymphoid leukaemia:<\/strong> Lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, are affected.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n2. Lymphoma<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nLymphomas are cancers of the immune system that account for approximately 5% of all cancers. Lymphomas occur due to the abnormal growth and multiplication of lymphocytes at different stages of their maturation. Lymphomas can be classified as Hodgkin\u2019s and non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphomas7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma:<\/strong> Defined by the presence of abnormal cells known as Reed Sternberg cells. In most cases, no causative agent has been detected, however, studies have shown many a link between Epstein Barr Virus and Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma (especially mixed cellularity subset and in immunosuppressed individuals).\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNon Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma: <\/strong>This is a heterogeneous group with several subtypes where there are no Reed Sternberg cells present. Each of these subtypes differ greatly in prognosis and treatment.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n3. Multiple Myeloma<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma is a cancer that causes the abnormal proliferation of plasma cells in your bone marrow. These plasma cells are responsible for forming some of the proteins found in your blood. If not treated, the cancer can damage organs such as bones, kidneys, blood (anaemia), and immune system in your body. This can be summarised by CRAB criteria (high calcium levels [hypercalcaemia], renal [kidney] problems, anaemia [low red blood cell count], and bone pain)8<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nRare Types of Blood Cancer<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThese include:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMyelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): <\/strong>This is a condition where the bone marrow doesn\u2019t produce enough healthy blood cells. Often seen in older adults (above 65 years of age), this condition can cause symptoms like fatigue, frequent infections, and easy bruising or bleeding. In some cases, MDS can progress to AML9<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMyeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs):<\/strong> Stem cells in the bone marrow can potentially develop into many types of blood cells. Sometimes, the body overproduces certain cells, causing disorders like MPNs. The four classical types of MPNs include essential thrombocythemia, CML, primary myelofibrosis, and polycythemia vera (PV)10<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>Show Full Article<\/button><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Early Signs & Blood Cancer Symptoms<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe early signs of blood cancer <\/strong>include11<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nA lump or swelling in the lymph tissues due to the abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes, causing swollen lymph nodes. This can be commonly noticed in your armpit, neck, or groin region.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProfuse night sweats that can soak clothes and sheets.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInfections that are persistent, severe and recur frequently.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFatigue or tiredness that does not improve after sleeping or resting.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nBlood cancer symptoms include11<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nUnexplained weight loss.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnexplained bleeding and bruising.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nShortness of breath or breathlessness.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPersistent or recurrent fever. Some blood cancers, such as lymphomas, may present with low-grade fevers or intermittent fever referred to as B symptoms7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nItchiness is more common in Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma and certain leukaemias. While rashes may appear in leukaemias, they are not a universal sign12<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPain in the bones, abdomen or joints.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nIf you are facing any of these signs and symptoms, it is recommended that you speak to your doctor and seek prompt medical care.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Causes Blood Cancer?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nBlood cancer is believed to be caused due to damage to the DNA of a single haematopoietic stem (blood-forming cell) or progenitor cell. While this is sometimes triggered by one key event, it may also develop gradually through several genetic changes over time. These abnormal cells multiply and eventually collect in the bone marrow, blood, or lymphatic system. This process interferes with the normal production and functioning of the normal healthy cells leading to anaemia, increased bleeding risk due to thrombocytopenia (low platelets) and an inability to fight infections1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nAlthough the exact causes of blood cancer remain unclear, many genetic and environmental risk factors are identified, which include13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPrevious exposure to cancer treatments (chemotherapy)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to intense radiation\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFamily history of leukaemia\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain viral infections, for example, Epstein Barr virus is linked to some lymphomas, while human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with adult T-cell leukaemia and certain subtypes of ALL7<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAge and gender\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSyndromes that have a genetic origin, such as Down syndrome and Fanconi syndrome.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding these risks is essential for the early detection of blood cancers.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAs per my experience, any persistant bony swelling in individuals aged above 60 years which doesn\u2019t get relieved with pain killers or physiotherapy rather worsens with it and restricts movement, should be evaluated for blood cancers like Multiple Myeloma etc.<\/p>\nDr. Kathak Shah, MBBS, DDV, Fellowship in lasers & aesthetics, Fellowship in Dermatosurgery<\/strong><\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Is Blood Cancer Curable?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAlthough most blood cancers are not curable, some can be cured based on the stage and type of blood cancer15<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAcute lymphoblastic leukaemia: <\/strong>Children with ALL show high cure rates, though certain individuals may present with a high risk of relapse16<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nChronic myeloid leukaemia: <\/strong>Treatment of CML with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may help to keep the condition under control for many years and is associated with a high survival rate. Advances with modern TKIs have made it possible for some patients to reach a deep level of remission, making it possible to stop treatment while still staying in long-term remission without medication17<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNon-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: <\/strong>Aggressive forms of Non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma can be cured in more than 50% of cases with intensive chemotherapy. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma often responds well to R-CHOP (chemotherapy regimen), but cure rates depend on the type and the patient\u2019s overall health. Although slower-growing forms of the lymphoma respond well to treatment, (especially in the early stages), advanced stages may relapse despite good long-term survival. Studies18<\/sup><\/a> have shown that modern therapy has improved 5-year survival rates to over 60%.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma:<\/strong> Although multiple myeloma is considered an incurable disease, treatment with high-dose therapy followed by autologous stem cell support ensures that 3-10% of individuals with multiple myeloma remain free of active disease for more than 10 years after treatment19<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nYour treatment outcomes can vary depending on the stage of the disease, your age, your health conditions, and the response of cancer to treatment.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Blood Cancer Stages and Classification<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nStaging is incorporated to help in the classification based on how much cancer is present in your body. The blood cancer stages include20<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nLeukaemias:<\/strong> Leukaemias usually do not use a defined staging method and most leukaemias are classified based on the disease subtype, severity and its effect on your body. However, ALL and AML use risk stratification systems (grouping patients by their risk level). CML uses a staging system (Rai, Binet, and CLL-IPI systems). These systems provide the staging based on lymph node involvement, organ enlargement, anaemia, and platelet levels20<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLymphomas: <\/strong>Both Hodgkin and most Non-Hodgkin lymphomas use the Ann Arbor staging system. It describes how far the cancer has spread ranging from stage I (single node region) to stage IV (widespread organ involvement), with A indicating the absence or B indicating presence of symptoms like persistent fevers, unexplained weight loss, and night sweats21<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>22<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma: <\/strong>Uses the International Staging System (ISS), and the Revised ISS (R-ISS), which relies on blood levels of \u03b22-microglobulin, albumin, serum lactate dehydrogenase and high-risk cytogenetics23<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding staging and grading of blood cancers helps in the treatment planning and determining your prognosis.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Blood Cancer Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAfter a careful assessment of your symptoms, family history, and a physical examination, your doctor may suggest certain tests which will help in making an accurate diagnosis24<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nBlood Tests: <\/strong>These include:\u00a0\n\nComplete blood count<\/a>: <\/strong>This test helps to count the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in your blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood differential test:<\/strong> This test helps to check the amount of each type of white blood cell (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils) present in your blood25<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nBiopsy: <\/strong>This is a definitive method of diagnosing blood cancer. Your doctor may suggest bone marrow biopsy or lymph node biopsy to accurately diagnose the type of cancer you have:\u00a0\n\nLymph node biopsy: <\/strong>If you present with swollen lymph nodes, your doctor may remove a part of the affected lymph tissue for examination. This method can be used to diagnose certain lymphomas without marrow involvement26<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone marrow biopsy: <\/strong>Involves the removal of a sample of bone marrow to check for blood cancer. Can be used to diagnose many leukaemias and myelomas14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nPeripheral blood flow cytometry: <\/strong>This test can help diagnose certain leukaemias, such as CLL, if many cancer cells are present in the blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTumour marker tests:<\/strong> These tests help to check and measure the substances that are produced by the body in response to cancer, for example, LDH can be used for lymphoma prognosis. These tests have a limited role in blood cancers7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImaging Tests: <\/strong>These tests are mainly done to assess the extent of your disease. They include:\u00a0\n\nNuclear scan: <\/strong>Uses a small amount of radioactive material or tracer to indicate how organs or tissues are functioning.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPET-CT scan: <\/strong>Preferred imaging tool for lymphomas. It helps in the initial staging, assessing treatment response, and detecting potential recurrence27<\/sup><\/a>.\u202f\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Based on the type of cells affected, leukaemia blood cancer types include6<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMyeloid leukaemia: <\/strong>The myeloid cells (immature cells that develop into granulocytes, monocytes, red blood cells or platelets) are affected.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLymphoid leukaemia:<\/strong> Lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, are affected.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n2. Lymphoma<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nLymphomas are cancers of the immune system that account for approximately 5% of all cancers. Lymphomas occur due to the abnormal growth and multiplication of lymphocytes at different stages of their maturation. Lymphomas can be classified as Hodgkin\u2019s and non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphomas7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma:<\/strong> Defined by the presence of abnormal cells known as Reed Sternberg cells. In most cases, no causative agent has been detected, however, studies have shown many a link between Epstein Barr Virus and Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma (especially mixed cellularity subset and in immunosuppressed individuals).\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNon Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma: <\/strong>This is a heterogeneous group with several subtypes where there are no Reed Sternberg cells present. Each of these subtypes differ greatly in prognosis and treatment.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n3. Multiple Myeloma<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma is a cancer that causes the abnormal proliferation of plasma cells in your bone marrow. These plasma cells are responsible for forming some of the proteins found in your blood. If not treated, the cancer can damage organs such as bones, kidneys, blood (anaemia), and immune system in your body. This can be summarised by CRAB criteria (high calcium levels [hypercalcaemia], renal [kidney] problems, anaemia [low red blood cell count], and bone pain)8<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nRare Types of Blood Cancer<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThese include:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMyelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): <\/strong>This is a condition where the bone marrow doesn\u2019t produce enough healthy blood cells. Often seen in older adults (above 65 years of age), this condition can cause symptoms like fatigue, frequent infections, and easy bruising or bleeding. In some cases, MDS can progress to AML9<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMyeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs):<\/strong> Stem cells in the bone marrow can potentially develop into many types of blood cells. Sometimes, the body overproduces certain cells, causing disorders like MPNs. The four classical types of MPNs include essential thrombocythemia, CML, primary myelofibrosis, and polycythemia vera (PV)10<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>Show Full Article<\/button><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Early Signs & Blood Cancer Symptoms<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe early signs of blood cancer <\/strong>include11<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nA lump or swelling in the lymph tissues due to the abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes, causing swollen lymph nodes. This can be commonly noticed in your armpit, neck, or groin region.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProfuse night sweats that can soak clothes and sheets.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInfections that are persistent, severe and recur frequently.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFatigue or tiredness that does not improve after sleeping or resting.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nBlood cancer symptoms include11<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nUnexplained weight loss.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnexplained bleeding and bruising.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nShortness of breath or breathlessness.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPersistent or recurrent fever. Some blood cancers, such as lymphomas, may present with low-grade fevers or intermittent fever referred to as B symptoms7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nItchiness is more common in Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma and certain leukaemias. While rashes may appear in leukaemias, they are not a universal sign12<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPain in the bones, abdomen or joints.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nIf you are facing any of these signs and symptoms, it is recommended that you speak to your doctor and seek prompt medical care.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Causes Blood Cancer?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nBlood cancer is believed to be caused due to damage to the DNA of a single haematopoietic stem (blood-forming cell) or progenitor cell. While this is sometimes triggered by one key event, it may also develop gradually through several genetic changes over time. These abnormal cells multiply and eventually collect in the bone marrow, blood, or lymphatic system. This process interferes with the normal production and functioning of the normal healthy cells leading to anaemia, increased bleeding risk due to thrombocytopenia (low platelets) and an inability to fight infections1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nAlthough the exact causes of blood cancer remain unclear, many genetic and environmental risk factors are identified, which include13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPrevious exposure to cancer treatments (chemotherapy)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to intense radiation\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFamily history of leukaemia\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain viral infections, for example, Epstein Barr virus is linked to some lymphomas, while human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with adult T-cell leukaemia and certain subtypes of ALL7<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAge and gender\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSyndromes that have a genetic origin, such as Down syndrome and Fanconi syndrome.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding these risks is essential for the early detection of blood cancers.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAs per my experience, any persistant bony swelling in individuals aged above 60 years which doesn\u2019t get relieved with pain killers or physiotherapy rather worsens with it and restricts movement, should be evaluated for blood cancers like Multiple Myeloma etc.<\/p>\nDr. Kathak Shah, MBBS, DDV, Fellowship in lasers & aesthetics, Fellowship in Dermatosurgery<\/strong><\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Is Blood Cancer Curable?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAlthough most blood cancers are not curable, some can be cured based on the stage and type of blood cancer15<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAcute lymphoblastic leukaemia: <\/strong>Children with ALL show high cure rates, though certain individuals may present with a high risk of relapse16<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nChronic myeloid leukaemia: <\/strong>Treatment of CML with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may help to keep the condition under control for many years and is associated with a high survival rate. Advances with modern TKIs have made it possible for some patients to reach a deep level of remission, making it possible to stop treatment while still staying in long-term remission without medication17<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNon-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: <\/strong>Aggressive forms of Non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma can be cured in more than 50% of cases with intensive chemotherapy. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma often responds well to R-CHOP (chemotherapy regimen), but cure rates depend on the type and the patient\u2019s overall health. Although slower-growing forms of the lymphoma respond well to treatment, (especially in the early stages), advanced stages may relapse despite good long-term survival. Studies18<\/sup><\/a> have shown that modern therapy has improved 5-year survival rates to over 60%.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma:<\/strong> Although multiple myeloma is considered an incurable disease, treatment with high-dose therapy followed by autologous stem cell support ensures that 3-10% of individuals with multiple myeloma remain free of active disease for more than 10 years after treatment19<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nYour treatment outcomes can vary depending on the stage of the disease, your age, your health conditions, and the response of cancer to treatment.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Blood Cancer Stages and Classification<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nStaging is incorporated to help in the classification based on how much cancer is present in your body. The blood cancer stages include20<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nLeukaemias:<\/strong> Leukaemias usually do not use a defined staging method and most leukaemias are classified based on the disease subtype, severity and its effect on your body. However, ALL and AML use risk stratification systems (grouping patients by their risk level). CML uses a staging system (Rai, Binet, and CLL-IPI systems). These systems provide the staging based on lymph node involvement, organ enlargement, anaemia, and platelet levels20<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLymphomas: <\/strong>Both Hodgkin and most Non-Hodgkin lymphomas use the Ann Arbor staging system. It describes how far the cancer has spread ranging from stage I (single node region) to stage IV (widespread organ involvement), with A indicating the absence or B indicating presence of symptoms like persistent fevers, unexplained weight loss, and night sweats21<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>22<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma: <\/strong>Uses the International Staging System (ISS), and the Revised ISS (R-ISS), which relies on blood levels of \u03b22-microglobulin, albumin, serum lactate dehydrogenase and high-risk cytogenetics23<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding staging and grading of blood cancers helps in the treatment planning and determining your prognosis.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Blood Cancer Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAfter a careful assessment of your symptoms, family history, and a physical examination, your doctor may suggest certain tests which will help in making an accurate diagnosis24<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nBlood Tests: <\/strong>These include:\u00a0\n\nComplete blood count<\/a>: <\/strong>This test helps to count the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in your blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood differential test:<\/strong> This test helps to check the amount of each type of white blood cell (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils) present in your blood25<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nBiopsy: <\/strong>This is a definitive method of diagnosing blood cancer. Your doctor may suggest bone marrow biopsy or lymph node biopsy to accurately diagnose the type of cancer you have:\u00a0\n\nLymph node biopsy: <\/strong>If you present with swollen lymph nodes, your doctor may remove a part of the affected lymph tissue for examination. This method can be used to diagnose certain lymphomas without marrow involvement26<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone marrow biopsy: <\/strong>Involves the removal of a sample of bone marrow to check for blood cancer. Can be used to diagnose many leukaemias and myelomas14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nPeripheral blood flow cytometry: <\/strong>This test can help diagnose certain leukaemias, such as CLL, if many cancer cells are present in the blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTumour marker tests:<\/strong> These tests help to check and measure the substances that are produced by the body in response to cancer, for example, LDH can be used for lymphoma prognosis. These tests have a limited role in blood cancers7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImaging Tests: <\/strong>These tests are mainly done to assess the extent of your disease. They include:\u00a0\n\nNuclear scan: <\/strong>Uses a small amount of radioactive material or tracer to indicate how organs or tissues are functioning.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPET-CT scan: <\/strong>Preferred imaging tool for lymphomas. It helps in the initial staging, assessing treatment response, and detecting potential recurrence27<\/sup><\/a>.\u202f\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Lymphomas are cancers of the immune system that account for approximately 5% of all cancers. Lymphomas occur due to the abnormal growth and multiplication of lymphocytes at different stages of their maturation. Lymphomas can be classified as Hodgkin\u2019s and non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphomas7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nHodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma:<\/strong> Defined by the presence of abnormal cells known as Reed Sternberg cells. In most cases, no causative agent has been detected, however, studies have shown many a link between Epstein Barr Virus and Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma (especially mixed cellularity subset and in immunosuppressed individuals).\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNon Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma: <\/strong>This is a heterogeneous group with several subtypes where there are no Reed Sternberg cells present. Each of these subtypes differ greatly in prognosis and treatment.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n3. Multiple Myeloma<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma is a cancer that causes the abnormal proliferation of plasma cells in your bone marrow. These plasma cells are responsible for forming some of the proteins found in your blood. If not treated, the cancer can damage organs such as bones, kidneys, blood (anaemia), and immune system in your body. This can be summarised by CRAB criteria (high calcium levels [hypercalcaemia], renal [kidney] problems, anaemia [low red blood cell count], and bone pain)8<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nRare Types of Blood Cancer<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThese include:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMyelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): <\/strong>This is a condition where the bone marrow doesn\u2019t produce enough healthy blood cells. Often seen in older adults (above 65 years of age), this condition can cause symptoms like fatigue, frequent infections, and easy bruising or bleeding. In some cases, MDS can progress to AML9<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMyeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs):<\/strong> Stem cells in the bone marrow can potentially develop into many types of blood cells. Sometimes, the body overproduces certain cells, causing disorders like MPNs. The four classical types of MPNs include essential thrombocythemia, CML, primary myelofibrosis, and polycythemia vera (PV)10<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>Show Full Article<\/button><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Early Signs & Blood Cancer Symptoms<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe early signs of blood cancer <\/strong>include11<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nA lump or swelling in the lymph tissues due to the abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes, causing swollen lymph nodes. This can be commonly noticed in your armpit, neck, or groin region.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProfuse night sweats that can soak clothes and sheets.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInfections that are persistent, severe and recur frequently.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFatigue or tiredness that does not improve after sleeping or resting.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nBlood cancer symptoms include11<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nUnexplained weight loss.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnexplained bleeding and bruising.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nShortness of breath or breathlessness.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPersistent or recurrent fever. Some blood cancers, such as lymphomas, may present with low-grade fevers or intermittent fever referred to as B symptoms7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nItchiness is more common in Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma and certain leukaemias. While rashes may appear in leukaemias, they are not a universal sign12<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPain in the bones, abdomen or joints.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nIf you are facing any of these signs and symptoms, it is recommended that you speak to your doctor and seek prompt medical care.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Causes Blood Cancer?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nBlood cancer is believed to be caused due to damage to the DNA of a single haematopoietic stem (blood-forming cell) or progenitor cell. While this is sometimes triggered by one key event, it may also develop gradually through several genetic changes over time. These abnormal cells multiply and eventually collect in the bone marrow, blood, or lymphatic system. This process interferes with the normal production and functioning of the normal healthy cells leading to anaemia, increased bleeding risk due to thrombocytopenia (low platelets) and an inability to fight infections1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nAlthough the exact causes of blood cancer remain unclear, many genetic and environmental risk factors are identified, which include13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPrevious exposure to cancer treatments (chemotherapy)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to intense radiation\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFamily history of leukaemia\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain viral infections, for example, Epstein Barr virus is linked to some lymphomas, while human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with adult T-cell leukaemia and certain subtypes of ALL7<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAge and gender\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSyndromes that have a genetic origin, such as Down syndrome and Fanconi syndrome.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding these risks is essential for the early detection of blood cancers.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAs per my experience, any persistant bony swelling in individuals aged above 60 years which doesn\u2019t get relieved with pain killers or physiotherapy rather worsens with it and restricts movement, should be evaluated for blood cancers like Multiple Myeloma etc.<\/p>\nDr. Kathak Shah, MBBS, DDV, Fellowship in lasers & aesthetics, Fellowship in Dermatosurgery<\/strong><\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Is Blood Cancer Curable?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAlthough most blood cancers are not curable, some can be cured based on the stage and type of blood cancer15<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAcute lymphoblastic leukaemia: <\/strong>Children with ALL show high cure rates, though certain individuals may present with a high risk of relapse16<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nChronic myeloid leukaemia: <\/strong>Treatment of CML with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may help to keep the condition under control for many years and is associated with a high survival rate. Advances with modern TKIs have made it possible for some patients to reach a deep level of remission, making it possible to stop treatment while still staying in long-term remission without medication17<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNon-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: <\/strong>Aggressive forms of Non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma can be cured in more than 50% of cases with intensive chemotherapy. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma often responds well to R-CHOP (chemotherapy regimen), but cure rates depend on the type and the patient\u2019s overall health. Although slower-growing forms of the lymphoma respond well to treatment, (especially in the early stages), advanced stages may relapse despite good long-term survival. Studies18<\/sup><\/a> have shown that modern therapy has improved 5-year survival rates to over 60%.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma:<\/strong> Although multiple myeloma is considered an incurable disease, treatment with high-dose therapy followed by autologous stem cell support ensures that 3-10% of individuals with multiple myeloma remain free of active disease for more than 10 years after treatment19<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nYour treatment outcomes can vary depending on the stage of the disease, your age, your health conditions, and the response of cancer to treatment.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Blood Cancer Stages and Classification<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nStaging is incorporated to help in the classification based on how much cancer is present in your body. The blood cancer stages include20<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nLeukaemias:<\/strong> Leukaemias usually do not use a defined staging method and most leukaemias are classified based on the disease subtype, severity and its effect on your body. However, ALL and AML use risk stratification systems (grouping patients by their risk level). CML uses a staging system (Rai, Binet, and CLL-IPI systems). These systems provide the staging based on lymph node involvement, organ enlargement, anaemia, and platelet levels20<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLymphomas: <\/strong>Both Hodgkin and most Non-Hodgkin lymphomas use the Ann Arbor staging system. It describes how far the cancer has spread ranging from stage I (single node region) to stage IV (widespread organ involvement), with A indicating the absence or B indicating presence of symptoms like persistent fevers, unexplained weight loss, and night sweats21<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>22<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma: <\/strong>Uses the International Staging System (ISS), and the Revised ISS (R-ISS), which relies on blood levels of \u03b22-microglobulin, albumin, serum lactate dehydrogenase and high-risk cytogenetics23<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding staging and grading of blood cancers helps in the treatment planning and determining your prognosis.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Blood Cancer Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAfter a careful assessment of your symptoms, family history, and a physical examination, your doctor may suggest certain tests which will help in making an accurate diagnosis24<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nBlood Tests: <\/strong>These include:\u00a0\n\nComplete blood count<\/a>: <\/strong>This test helps to count the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in your blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood differential test:<\/strong> This test helps to check the amount of each type of white blood cell (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils) present in your blood25<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nBiopsy: <\/strong>This is a definitive method of diagnosing blood cancer. Your doctor may suggest bone marrow biopsy or lymph node biopsy to accurately diagnose the type of cancer you have:\u00a0\n\nLymph node biopsy: <\/strong>If you present with swollen lymph nodes, your doctor may remove a part of the affected lymph tissue for examination. This method can be used to diagnose certain lymphomas without marrow involvement26<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone marrow biopsy: <\/strong>Involves the removal of a sample of bone marrow to check for blood cancer. Can be used to diagnose many leukaemias and myelomas14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nPeripheral blood flow cytometry: <\/strong>This test can help diagnose certain leukaemias, such as CLL, if many cancer cells are present in the blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTumour marker tests:<\/strong> These tests help to check and measure the substances that are produced by the body in response to cancer, for example, LDH can be used for lymphoma prognosis. These tests have a limited role in blood cancers7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImaging Tests: <\/strong>These tests are mainly done to assess the extent of your disease. They include:\u00a0\n\nNuclear scan: <\/strong>Uses a small amount of radioactive material or tracer to indicate how organs or tissues are functioning.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPET-CT scan: <\/strong>Preferred imaging tool for lymphomas. It helps in the initial staging, assessing treatment response, and detecting potential recurrence27<\/sup><\/a>.\u202f\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Multiple myeloma is a cancer that causes the abnormal proliferation of plasma cells in your bone marrow. These plasma cells are responsible for forming some of the proteins found in your blood. If not treated, the cancer can damage organs such as bones, kidneys, blood (anaemia), and immune system in your body. This can be summarised by CRAB criteria (high calcium levels [hypercalcaemia], renal [kidney] problems, anaemia [low red blood cell count], and bone pain)8<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nRare Types of Blood Cancer<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThese include:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMyelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): <\/strong>This is a condition where the bone marrow doesn\u2019t produce enough healthy blood cells. Often seen in older adults (above 65 years of age), this condition can cause symptoms like fatigue, frequent infections, and easy bruising or bleeding. In some cases, MDS can progress to AML9<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMyeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs):<\/strong> Stem cells in the bone marrow can potentially develop into many types of blood cells. Sometimes, the body overproduces certain cells, causing disorders like MPNs. The four classical types of MPNs include essential thrombocythemia, CML, primary myelofibrosis, and polycythemia vera (PV)10<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>Show Full Article<\/button><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Early Signs & Blood Cancer Symptoms<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe early signs of blood cancer <\/strong>include11<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nA lump or swelling in the lymph tissues due to the abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes, causing swollen lymph nodes. This can be commonly noticed in your armpit, neck, or groin region.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProfuse night sweats that can soak clothes and sheets.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInfections that are persistent, severe and recur frequently.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFatigue or tiredness that does not improve after sleeping or resting.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nBlood cancer symptoms include11<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nUnexplained weight loss.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnexplained bleeding and bruising.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nShortness of breath or breathlessness.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPersistent or recurrent fever. Some blood cancers, such as lymphomas, may present with low-grade fevers or intermittent fever referred to as B symptoms7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nItchiness is more common in Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma and certain leukaemias. While rashes may appear in leukaemias, they are not a universal sign12<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPain in the bones, abdomen or joints.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nIf you are facing any of these signs and symptoms, it is recommended that you speak to your doctor and seek prompt medical care.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Causes Blood Cancer?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nBlood cancer is believed to be caused due to damage to the DNA of a single haematopoietic stem (blood-forming cell) or progenitor cell. While this is sometimes triggered by one key event, it may also develop gradually through several genetic changes over time. These abnormal cells multiply and eventually collect in the bone marrow, blood, or lymphatic system. This process interferes with the normal production and functioning of the normal healthy cells leading to anaemia, increased bleeding risk due to thrombocytopenia (low platelets) and an inability to fight infections1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nAlthough the exact causes of blood cancer remain unclear, many genetic and environmental risk factors are identified, which include13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPrevious exposure to cancer treatments (chemotherapy)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to intense radiation\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFamily history of leukaemia\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain viral infections, for example, Epstein Barr virus is linked to some lymphomas, while human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with adult T-cell leukaemia and certain subtypes of ALL7<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAge and gender\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSyndromes that have a genetic origin, such as Down syndrome and Fanconi syndrome.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding these risks is essential for the early detection of blood cancers.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAs per my experience, any persistant bony swelling in individuals aged above 60 years which doesn\u2019t get relieved with pain killers or physiotherapy rather worsens with it and restricts movement, should be evaluated for blood cancers like Multiple Myeloma etc.<\/p>\nDr. Kathak Shah, MBBS, DDV, Fellowship in lasers & aesthetics, Fellowship in Dermatosurgery<\/strong><\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Is Blood Cancer Curable?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAlthough most blood cancers are not curable, some can be cured based on the stage and type of blood cancer15<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAcute lymphoblastic leukaemia: <\/strong>Children with ALL show high cure rates, though certain individuals may present with a high risk of relapse16<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nChronic myeloid leukaemia: <\/strong>Treatment of CML with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may help to keep the condition under control for many years and is associated with a high survival rate. Advances with modern TKIs have made it possible for some patients to reach a deep level of remission, making it possible to stop treatment while still staying in long-term remission without medication17<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNon-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: <\/strong>Aggressive forms of Non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma can be cured in more than 50% of cases with intensive chemotherapy. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma often responds well to R-CHOP (chemotherapy regimen), but cure rates depend on the type and the patient\u2019s overall health. Although slower-growing forms of the lymphoma respond well to treatment, (especially in the early stages), advanced stages may relapse despite good long-term survival. Studies18<\/sup><\/a> have shown that modern therapy has improved 5-year survival rates to over 60%.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma:<\/strong> Although multiple myeloma is considered an incurable disease, treatment with high-dose therapy followed by autologous stem cell support ensures that 3-10% of individuals with multiple myeloma remain free of active disease for more than 10 years after treatment19<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nYour treatment outcomes can vary depending on the stage of the disease, your age, your health conditions, and the response of cancer to treatment.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Blood Cancer Stages and Classification<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nStaging is incorporated to help in the classification based on how much cancer is present in your body. The blood cancer stages include20<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nLeukaemias:<\/strong> Leukaemias usually do not use a defined staging method and most leukaemias are classified based on the disease subtype, severity and its effect on your body. However, ALL and AML use risk stratification systems (grouping patients by their risk level). CML uses a staging system (Rai, Binet, and CLL-IPI systems). These systems provide the staging based on lymph node involvement, organ enlargement, anaemia, and platelet levels20<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLymphomas: <\/strong>Both Hodgkin and most Non-Hodgkin lymphomas use the Ann Arbor staging system. It describes how far the cancer has spread ranging from stage I (single node region) to stage IV (widespread organ involvement), with A indicating the absence or B indicating presence of symptoms like persistent fevers, unexplained weight loss, and night sweats21<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>22<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma: <\/strong>Uses the International Staging System (ISS), and the Revised ISS (R-ISS), which relies on blood levels of \u03b22-microglobulin, albumin, serum lactate dehydrogenase and high-risk cytogenetics23<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding staging and grading of blood cancers helps in the treatment planning and determining your prognosis.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Blood Cancer Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAfter a careful assessment of your symptoms, family history, and a physical examination, your doctor may suggest certain tests which will help in making an accurate diagnosis24<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nBlood Tests: <\/strong>These include:\u00a0\n\nComplete blood count<\/a>: <\/strong>This test helps to count the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in your blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood differential test:<\/strong> This test helps to check the amount of each type of white blood cell (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils) present in your blood25<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nBiopsy: <\/strong>This is a definitive method of diagnosing blood cancer. Your doctor may suggest bone marrow biopsy or lymph node biopsy to accurately diagnose the type of cancer you have:\u00a0\n\nLymph node biopsy: <\/strong>If you present with swollen lymph nodes, your doctor may remove a part of the affected lymph tissue for examination. This method can be used to diagnose certain lymphomas without marrow involvement26<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone marrow biopsy: <\/strong>Involves the removal of a sample of bone marrow to check for blood cancer. Can be used to diagnose many leukaemias and myelomas14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nPeripheral blood flow cytometry: <\/strong>This test can help diagnose certain leukaemias, such as CLL, if many cancer cells are present in the blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTumour marker tests:<\/strong> These tests help to check and measure the substances that are produced by the body in response to cancer, for example, LDH can be used for lymphoma prognosis. These tests have a limited role in blood cancers7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImaging Tests: <\/strong>These tests are mainly done to assess the extent of your disease. They include:\u00a0\n\nNuclear scan: <\/strong>Uses a small amount of radioactive material or tracer to indicate how organs or tissues are functioning.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPET-CT scan: <\/strong>Preferred imaging tool for lymphomas. It helps in the initial staging, assessing treatment response, and detecting potential recurrence27<\/sup><\/a>.\u202f\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
These include:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMyelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): <\/strong>This is a condition where the bone marrow doesn\u2019t produce enough healthy blood cells. Often seen in older adults (above 65 years of age), this condition can cause symptoms like fatigue, frequent infections, and easy bruising or bleeding. In some cases, MDS can progress to AML9<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMyeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs):<\/strong> Stem cells in the bone marrow can potentially develop into many types of blood cells. Sometimes, the body overproduces certain cells, causing disorders like MPNs. The four classical types of MPNs include essential thrombocythemia, CML, primary myelofibrosis, and polycythemia vera (PV)10<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>Show Full Article<\/button><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Early Signs & Blood Cancer Symptoms<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe early signs of blood cancer <\/strong>include11<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nA lump or swelling in the lymph tissues due to the abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes, causing swollen lymph nodes. This can be commonly noticed in your armpit, neck, or groin region.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProfuse night sweats that can soak clothes and sheets.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInfections that are persistent, severe and recur frequently.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFatigue or tiredness that does not improve after sleeping or resting.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nBlood cancer symptoms include11<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nUnexplained weight loss.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnexplained bleeding and bruising.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nShortness of breath or breathlessness.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPersistent or recurrent fever. Some blood cancers, such as lymphomas, may present with low-grade fevers or intermittent fever referred to as B symptoms7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nItchiness is more common in Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma and certain leukaemias. While rashes may appear in leukaemias, they are not a universal sign12<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPain in the bones, abdomen or joints.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nIf you are facing any of these signs and symptoms, it is recommended that you speak to your doctor and seek prompt medical care.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Causes Blood Cancer?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nBlood cancer is believed to be caused due to damage to the DNA of a single haematopoietic stem (blood-forming cell) or progenitor cell. While this is sometimes triggered by one key event, it may also develop gradually through several genetic changes over time. These abnormal cells multiply and eventually collect in the bone marrow, blood, or lymphatic system. This process interferes with the normal production and functioning of the normal healthy cells leading to anaemia, increased bleeding risk due to thrombocytopenia (low platelets) and an inability to fight infections1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nAlthough the exact causes of blood cancer remain unclear, many genetic and environmental risk factors are identified, which include13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPrevious exposure to cancer treatments (chemotherapy)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to intense radiation\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFamily history of leukaemia\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain viral infections, for example, Epstein Barr virus is linked to some lymphomas, while human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with adult T-cell leukaemia and certain subtypes of ALL7<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAge and gender\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSyndromes that have a genetic origin, such as Down syndrome and Fanconi syndrome.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding these risks is essential for the early detection of blood cancers.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAs per my experience, any persistant bony swelling in individuals aged above 60 years which doesn\u2019t get relieved with pain killers or physiotherapy rather worsens with it and restricts movement, should be evaluated for blood cancers like Multiple Myeloma etc.<\/p>\nDr. Kathak Shah, MBBS, DDV, Fellowship in lasers & aesthetics, Fellowship in Dermatosurgery<\/strong><\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Is Blood Cancer Curable?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAlthough most blood cancers are not curable, some can be cured based on the stage and type of blood cancer15<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAcute lymphoblastic leukaemia: <\/strong>Children with ALL show high cure rates, though certain individuals may present with a high risk of relapse16<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nChronic myeloid leukaemia: <\/strong>Treatment of CML with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may help to keep the condition under control for many years and is associated with a high survival rate. Advances with modern TKIs have made it possible for some patients to reach a deep level of remission, making it possible to stop treatment while still staying in long-term remission without medication17<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNon-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: <\/strong>Aggressive forms of Non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma can be cured in more than 50% of cases with intensive chemotherapy. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma often responds well to R-CHOP (chemotherapy regimen), but cure rates depend on the type and the patient\u2019s overall health. Although slower-growing forms of the lymphoma respond well to treatment, (especially in the early stages), advanced stages may relapse despite good long-term survival. Studies18<\/sup><\/a> have shown that modern therapy has improved 5-year survival rates to over 60%.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma:<\/strong> Although multiple myeloma is considered an incurable disease, treatment with high-dose therapy followed by autologous stem cell support ensures that 3-10% of individuals with multiple myeloma remain free of active disease for more than 10 years after treatment19<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nYour treatment outcomes can vary depending on the stage of the disease, your age, your health conditions, and the response of cancer to treatment.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Blood Cancer Stages and Classification<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nStaging is incorporated to help in the classification based on how much cancer is present in your body. The blood cancer stages include20<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nLeukaemias:<\/strong> Leukaemias usually do not use a defined staging method and most leukaemias are classified based on the disease subtype, severity and its effect on your body. However, ALL and AML use risk stratification systems (grouping patients by their risk level). CML uses a staging system (Rai, Binet, and CLL-IPI systems). These systems provide the staging based on lymph node involvement, organ enlargement, anaemia, and platelet levels20<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLymphomas: <\/strong>Both Hodgkin and most Non-Hodgkin lymphomas use the Ann Arbor staging system. It describes how far the cancer has spread ranging from stage I (single node region) to stage IV (widespread organ involvement), with A indicating the absence or B indicating presence of symptoms like persistent fevers, unexplained weight loss, and night sweats21<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>22<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma: <\/strong>Uses the International Staging System (ISS), and the Revised ISS (R-ISS), which relies on blood levels of \u03b22-microglobulin, albumin, serum lactate dehydrogenase and high-risk cytogenetics23<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding staging and grading of blood cancers helps in the treatment planning and determining your prognosis.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Blood Cancer Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAfter a careful assessment of your symptoms, family history, and a physical examination, your doctor may suggest certain tests which will help in making an accurate diagnosis24<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nBlood Tests: <\/strong>These include:\u00a0\n\nComplete blood count<\/a>: <\/strong>This test helps to count the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in your blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood differential test:<\/strong> This test helps to check the amount of each type of white blood cell (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils) present in your blood25<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nBiopsy: <\/strong>This is a definitive method of diagnosing blood cancer. Your doctor may suggest bone marrow biopsy or lymph node biopsy to accurately diagnose the type of cancer you have:\u00a0\n\nLymph node biopsy: <\/strong>If you present with swollen lymph nodes, your doctor may remove a part of the affected lymph tissue for examination. This method can be used to diagnose certain lymphomas without marrow involvement26<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone marrow biopsy: <\/strong>Involves the removal of a sample of bone marrow to check for blood cancer. Can be used to diagnose many leukaemias and myelomas14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nPeripheral blood flow cytometry: <\/strong>This test can help diagnose certain leukaemias, such as CLL, if many cancer cells are present in the blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTumour marker tests:<\/strong> These tests help to check and measure the substances that are produced by the body in response to cancer, for example, LDH can be used for lymphoma prognosis. These tests have a limited role in blood cancers7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImaging Tests: <\/strong>These tests are mainly done to assess the extent of your disease. They include:\u00a0\n\nNuclear scan: <\/strong>Uses a small amount of radioactive material or tracer to indicate how organs or tissues are functioning.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPET-CT scan: <\/strong>Preferred imaging tool for lymphomas. It helps in the initial staging, assessing treatment response, and detecting potential recurrence27<\/sup><\/a>.\u202f\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
The early signs of blood cancer <\/strong>include11<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nA lump or swelling in the lymph tissues due to the abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes, causing swollen lymph nodes. This can be commonly noticed in your armpit, neck, or groin region.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nProfuse night sweats that can soak clothes and sheets.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nInfections that are persistent, severe and recur frequently.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFatigue or tiredness that does not improve after sleeping or resting.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nBlood cancer symptoms include11<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nUnexplained weight loss.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnexplained bleeding and bruising.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nShortness of breath or breathlessness.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPersistent or recurrent fever. Some blood cancers, such as lymphomas, may present with low-grade fevers or intermittent fever referred to as B symptoms7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nItchiness is more common in Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma and certain leukaemias. While rashes may appear in leukaemias, they are not a universal sign12<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPain in the bones, abdomen or joints.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nIf you are facing any of these signs and symptoms, it is recommended that you speak to your doctor and seek prompt medical care.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Causes Blood Cancer?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nBlood cancer is believed to be caused due to damage to the DNA of a single haematopoietic stem (blood-forming cell) or progenitor cell. While this is sometimes triggered by one key event, it may also develop gradually through several genetic changes over time. These abnormal cells multiply and eventually collect in the bone marrow, blood, or lymphatic system. This process interferes with the normal production and functioning of the normal healthy cells leading to anaemia, increased bleeding risk due to thrombocytopenia (low platelets) and an inability to fight infections1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nAlthough the exact causes of blood cancer remain unclear, many genetic and environmental risk factors are identified, which include13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPrevious exposure to cancer treatments (chemotherapy)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to intense radiation\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFamily history of leukaemia\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain viral infections, for example, Epstein Barr virus is linked to some lymphomas, while human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with adult T-cell leukaemia and certain subtypes of ALL7<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAge and gender\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSyndromes that have a genetic origin, such as Down syndrome and Fanconi syndrome.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding these risks is essential for the early detection of blood cancers.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAs per my experience, any persistant bony swelling in individuals aged above 60 years which doesn\u2019t get relieved with pain killers or physiotherapy rather worsens with it and restricts movement, should be evaluated for blood cancers like Multiple Myeloma etc.<\/p>\nDr. Kathak Shah, MBBS, DDV, Fellowship in lasers & aesthetics, Fellowship in Dermatosurgery<\/strong><\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Is Blood Cancer Curable?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAlthough most blood cancers are not curable, some can be cured based on the stage and type of blood cancer15<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAcute lymphoblastic leukaemia: <\/strong>Children with ALL show high cure rates, though certain individuals may present with a high risk of relapse16<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nChronic myeloid leukaemia: <\/strong>Treatment of CML with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may help to keep the condition under control for many years and is associated with a high survival rate. Advances with modern TKIs have made it possible for some patients to reach a deep level of remission, making it possible to stop treatment while still staying in long-term remission without medication17<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNon-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: <\/strong>Aggressive forms of Non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma can be cured in more than 50% of cases with intensive chemotherapy. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma often responds well to R-CHOP (chemotherapy regimen), but cure rates depend on the type and the patient\u2019s overall health. Although slower-growing forms of the lymphoma respond well to treatment, (especially in the early stages), advanced stages may relapse despite good long-term survival. Studies18<\/sup><\/a> have shown that modern therapy has improved 5-year survival rates to over 60%.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma:<\/strong> Although multiple myeloma is considered an incurable disease, treatment with high-dose therapy followed by autologous stem cell support ensures that 3-10% of individuals with multiple myeloma remain free of active disease for more than 10 years after treatment19<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nYour treatment outcomes can vary depending on the stage of the disease, your age, your health conditions, and the response of cancer to treatment.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Blood Cancer Stages and Classification<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nStaging is incorporated to help in the classification based on how much cancer is present in your body. The blood cancer stages include20<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nLeukaemias:<\/strong> Leukaemias usually do not use a defined staging method and most leukaemias are classified based on the disease subtype, severity and its effect on your body. However, ALL and AML use risk stratification systems (grouping patients by their risk level). CML uses a staging system (Rai, Binet, and CLL-IPI systems). These systems provide the staging based on lymph node involvement, organ enlargement, anaemia, and platelet levels20<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLymphomas: <\/strong>Both Hodgkin and most Non-Hodgkin lymphomas use the Ann Arbor staging system. It describes how far the cancer has spread ranging from stage I (single node region) to stage IV (widespread organ involvement), with A indicating the absence or B indicating presence of symptoms like persistent fevers, unexplained weight loss, and night sweats21<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>22<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma: <\/strong>Uses the International Staging System (ISS), and the Revised ISS (R-ISS), which relies on blood levels of \u03b22-microglobulin, albumin, serum lactate dehydrogenase and high-risk cytogenetics23<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding staging and grading of blood cancers helps in the treatment planning and determining your prognosis.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Blood Cancer Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAfter a careful assessment of your symptoms, family history, and a physical examination, your doctor may suggest certain tests which will help in making an accurate diagnosis24<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nBlood Tests: <\/strong>These include:\u00a0\n\nComplete blood count<\/a>: <\/strong>This test helps to count the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in your blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood differential test:<\/strong> This test helps to check the amount of each type of white blood cell (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils) present in your blood25<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nBiopsy: <\/strong>This is a definitive method of diagnosing blood cancer. Your doctor may suggest bone marrow biopsy or lymph node biopsy to accurately diagnose the type of cancer you have:\u00a0\n\nLymph node biopsy: <\/strong>If you present with swollen lymph nodes, your doctor may remove a part of the affected lymph tissue for examination. This method can be used to diagnose certain lymphomas without marrow involvement26<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone marrow biopsy: <\/strong>Involves the removal of a sample of bone marrow to check for blood cancer. Can be used to diagnose many leukaemias and myelomas14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nPeripheral blood flow cytometry: <\/strong>This test can help diagnose certain leukaemias, such as CLL, if many cancer cells are present in the blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTumour marker tests:<\/strong> These tests help to check and measure the substances that are produced by the body in response to cancer, for example, LDH can be used for lymphoma prognosis. These tests have a limited role in blood cancers7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImaging Tests: <\/strong>These tests are mainly done to assess the extent of your disease. They include:\u00a0\n\nNuclear scan: <\/strong>Uses a small amount of radioactive material or tracer to indicate how organs or tissues are functioning.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPET-CT scan: <\/strong>Preferred imaging tool for lymphomas. It helps in the initial staging, assessing treatment response, and detecting potential recurrence27<\/sup><\/a>.\u202f\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Blood cancer symptoms include11<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nUnexplained weight loss.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nUnexplained bleeding and bruising.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nShortness of breath or breathlessness.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPersistent or recurrent fever. Some blood cancers, such as lymphomas, may present with low-grade fevers or intermittent fever referred to as B symptoms7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nItchiness is more common in Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma and certain leukaemias. While rashes may appear in leukaemias, they are not a universal sign12<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPain in the bones, abdomen or joints.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nIf you are facing any of these signs and symptoms, it is recommended that you speak to your doctor and seek prompt medical care.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>What Causes Blood Cancer?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nBlood cancer is believed to be caused due to damage to the DNA of a single haematopoietic stem (blood-forming cell) or progenitor cell. While this is sometimes triggered by one key event, it may also develop gradually through several genetic changes over time. These abnormal cells multiply and eventually collect in the bone marrow, blood, or lymphatic system. This process interferes with the normal production and functioning of the normal healthy cells leading to anaemia, increased bleeding risk due to thrombocytopenia (low platelets) and an inability to fight infections1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nAlthough the exact causes of blood cancer remain unclear, many genetic and environmental risk factors are identified, which include13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPrevious exposure to cancer treatments (chemotherapy)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to intense radiation\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFamily history of leukaemia\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain viral infections, for example, Epstein Barr virus is linked to some lymphomas, while human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with adult T-cell leukaemia and certain subtypes of ALL7<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAge and gender\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSyndromes that have a genetic origin, such as Down syndrome and Fanconi syndrome.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding these risks is essential for the early detection of blood cancers.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAs per my experience, any persistant bony swelling in individuals aged above 60 years which doesn\u2019t get relieved with pain killers or physiotherapy rather worsens with it and restricts movement, should be evaluated for blood cancers like Multiple Myeloma etc.<\/p>\nDr. Kathak Shah, MBBS, DDV, Fellowship in lasers & aesthetics, Fellowship in Dermatosurgery<\/strong><\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Is Blood Cancer Curable?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAlthough most blood cancers are not curable, some can be cured based on the stage and type of blood cancer15<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAcute lymphoblastic leukaemia: <\/strong>Children with ALL show high cure rates, though certain individuals may present with a high risk of relapse16<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nChronic myeloid leukaemia: <\/strong>Treatment of CML with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may help to keep the condition under control for many years and is associated with a high survival rate. Advances with modern TKIs have made it possible for some patients to reach a deep level of remission, making it possible to stop treatment while still staying in long-term remission without medication17<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNon-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: <\/strong>Aggressive forms of Non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma can be cured in more than 50% of cases with intensive chemotherapy. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma often responds well to R-CHOP (chemotherapy regimen), but cure rates depend on the type and the patient\u2019s overall health. Although slower-growing forms of the lymphoma respond well to treatment, (especially in the early stages), advanced stages may relapse despite good long-term survival. Studies18<\/sup><\/a> have shown that modern therapy has improved 5-year survival rates to over 60%.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma:<\/strong> Although multiple myeloma is considered an incurable disease, treatment with high-dose therapy followed by autologous stem cell support ensures that 3-10% of individuals with multiple myeloma remain free of active disease for more than 10 years after treatment19<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nYour treatment outcomes can vary depending on the stage of the disease, your age, your health conditions, and the response of cancer to treatment.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Blood Cancer Stages and Classification<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nStaging is incorporated to help in the classification based on how much cancer is present in your body. The blood cancer stages include20<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nLeukaemias:<\/strong> Leukaemias usually do not use a defined staging method and most leukaemias are classified based on the disease subtype, severity and its effect on your body. However, ALL and AML use risk stratification systems (grouping patients by their risk level). CML uses a staging system (Rai, Binet, and CLL-IPI systems). These systems provide the staging based on lymph node involvement, organ enlargement, anaemia, and platelet levels20<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLymphomas: <\/strong>Both Hodgkin and most Non-Hodgkin lymphomas use the Ann Arbor staging system. It describes how far the cancer has spread ranging from stage I (single node region) to stage IV (widespread organ involvement), with A indicating the absence or B indicating presence of symptoms like persistent fevers, unexplained weight loss, and night sweats21<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>22<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma: <\/strong>Uses the International Staging System (ISS), and the Revised ISS (R-ISS), which relies on blood levels of \u03b22-microglobulin, albumin, serum lactate dehydrogenase and high-risk cytogenetics23<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding staging and grading of blood cancers helps in the treatment planning and determining your prognosis.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Blood Cancer Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAfter a careful assessment of your symptoms, family history, and a physical examination, your doctor may suggest certain tests which will help in making an accurate diagnosis24<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nBlood Tests: <\/strong>These include:\u00a0\n\nComplete blood count<\/a>: <\/strong>This test helps to count the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in your blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood differential test:<\/strong> This test helps to check the amount of each type of white blood cell (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils) present in your blood25<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nBiopsy: <\/strong>This is a definitive method of diagnosing blood cancer. Your doctor may suggest bone marrow biopsy or lymph node biopsy to accurately diagnose the type of cancer you have:\u00a0\n\nLymph node biopsy: <\/strong>If you present with swollen lymph nodes, your doctor may remove a part of the affected lymph tissue for examination. This method can be used to diagnose certain lymphomas without marrow involvement26<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone marrow biopsy: <\/strong>Involves the removal of a sample of bone marrow to check for blood cancer. Can be used to diagnose many leukaemias and myelomas14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nPeripheral blood flow cytometry: <\/strong>This test can help diagnose certain leukaemias, such as CLL, if many cancer cells are present in the blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTumour marker tests:<\/strong> These tests help to check and measure the substances that are produced by the body in response to cancer, for example, LDH can be used for lymphoma prognosis. These tests have a limited role in blood cancers7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImaging Tests: <\/strong>These tests are mainly done to assess the extent of your disease. They include:\u00a0\n\nNuclear scan: <\/strong>Uses a small amount of radioactive material or tracer to indicate how organs or tissues are functioning.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPET-CT scan: <\/strong>Preferred imaging tool for lymphomas. It helps in the initial staging, assessing treatment response, and detecting potential recurrence27<\/sup><\/a>.\u202f\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
If you are facing any of these signs and symptoms, it is recommended that you speak to your doctor and seek prompt medical care.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Blood cancer is believed to be caused due to damage to the DNA of a single haematopoietic stem (blood-forming cell) or progenitor cell. While this is sometimes triggered by one key event, it may also develop gradually through several genetic changes over time. These abnormal cells multiply and eventually collect in the bone marrow, blood, or lymphatic system. This process interferes with the normal production and functioning of the normal healthy cells leading to anaemia, increased bleeding risk due to thrombocytopenia (low platelets) and an inability to fight infections1<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\nAlthough the exact causes of blood cancer remain unclear, many genetic and environmental risk factors are identified, which include13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPrevious exposure to cancer treatments (chemotherapy)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to intense radiation\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFamily history of leukaemia\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain viral infections, for example, Epstein Barr virus is linked to some lymphomas, while human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with adult T-cell leukaemia and certain subtypes of ALL7<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAge and gender\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSyndromes that have a genetic origin, such as Down syndrome and Fanconi syndrome.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding these risks is essential for the early detection of blood cancers.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAs per my experience, any persistant bony swelling in individuals aged above 60 years which doesn\u2019t get relieved with pain killers or physiotherapy rather worsens with it and restricts movement, should be evaluated for blood cancers like Multiple Myeloma etc.<\/p>\nDr. Kathak Shah, MBBS, DDV, Fellowship in lasers & aesthetics, Fellowship in Dermatosurgery<\/strong><\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Is Blood Cancer Curable?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAlthough most blood cancers are not curable, some can be cured based on the stage and type of blood cancer15<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAcute lymphoblastic leukaemia: <\/strong>Children with ALL show high cure rates, though certain individuals may present with a high risk of relapse16<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nChronic myeloid leukaemia: <\/strong>Treatment of CML with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may help to keep the condition under control for many years and is associated with a high survival rate. Advances with modern TKIs have made it possible for some patients to reach a deep level of remission, making it possible to stop treatment while still staying in long-term remission without medication17<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNon-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: <\/strong>Aggressive forms of Non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma can be cured in more than 50% of cases with intensive chemotherapy. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma often responds well to R-CHOP (chemotherapy regimen), but cure rates depend on the type and the patient\u2019s overall health. Although slower-growing forms of the lymphoma respond well to treatment, (especially in the early stages), advanced stages may relapse despite good long-term survival. Studies18<\/sup><\/a> have shown that modern therapy has improved 5-year survival rates to over 60%.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma:<\/strong> Although multiple myeloma is considered an incurable disease, treatment with high-dose therapy followed by autologous stem cell support ensures that 3-10% of individuals with multiple myeloma remain free of active disease for more than 10 years after treatment19<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nYour treatment outcomes can vary depending on the stage of the disease, your age, your health conditions, and the response of cancer to treatment.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Blood Cancer Stages and Classification<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nStaging is incorporated to help in the classification based on how much cancer is present in your body. The blood cancer stages include20<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nLeukaemias:<\/strong> Leukaemias usually do not use a defined staging method and most leukaemias are classified based on the disease subtype, severity and its effect on your body. However, ALL and AML use risk stratification systems (grouping patients by their risk level). CML uses a staging system (Rai, Binet, and CLL-IPI systems). These systems provide the staging based on lymph node involvement, organ enlargement, anaemia, and platelet levels20<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLymphomas: <\/strong>Both Hodgkin and most Non-Hodgkin lymphomas use the Ann Arbor staging system. It describes how far the cancer has spread ranging from stage I (single node region) to stage IV (widespread organ involvement), with A indicating the absence or B indicating presence of symptoms like persistent fevers, unexplained weight loss, and night sweats21<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>22<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma: <\/strong>Uses the International Staging System (ISS), and the Revised ISS (R-ISS), which relies on blood levels of \u03b22-microglobulin, albumin, serum lactate dehydrogenase and high-risk cytogenetics23<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding staging and grading of blood cancers helps in the treatment planning and determining your prognosis.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Blood Cancer Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAfter a careful assessment of your symptoms, family history, and a physical examination, your doctor may suggest certain tests which will help in making an accurate diagnosis24<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nBlood Tests: <\/strong>These include:\u00a0\n\nComplete blood count<\/a>: <\/strong>This test helps to count the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in your blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood differential test:<\/strong> This test helps to check the amount of each type of white blood cell (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils) present in your blood25<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nBiopsy: <\/strong>This is a definitive method of diagnosing blood cancer. Your doctor may suggest bone marrow biopsy or lymph node biopsy to accurately diagnose the type of cancer you have:\u00a0\n\nLymph node biopsy: <\/strong>If you present with swollen lymph nodes, your doctor may remove a part of the affected lymph tissue for examination. This method can be used to diagnose certain lymphomas without marrow involvement26<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone marrow biopsy: <\/strong>Involves the removal of a sample of bone marrow to check for blood cancer. Can be used to diagnose many leukaemias and myelomas14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nPeripheral blood flow cytometry: <\/strong>This test can help diagnose certain leukaemias, such as CLL, if many cancer cells are present in the blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTumour marker tests:<\/strong> These tests help to check and measure the substances that are produced by the body in response to cancer, for example, LDH can be used for lymphoma prognosis. These tests have a limited role in blood cancers7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImaging Tests: <\/strong>These tests are mainly done to assess the extent of your disease. They include:\u00a0\n\nNuclear scan: <\/strong>Uses a small amount of radioactive material or tracer to indicate how organs or tissues are functioning.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPET-CT scan: <\/strong>Preferred imaging tool for lymphomas. It helps in the initial staging, assessing treatment response, and detecting potential recurrence27<\/sup><\/a>.\u202f\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Although the exact causes of blood cancer remain unclear, many genetic and environmental risk factors are identified, which include13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nPrevious exposure to cancer treatments (chemotherapy)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to intense radiation\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nFamily history of leukaemia\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nExposure to certain viral infections, for example, Epstein Barr virus is linked to some lymphomas, while human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with adult T-cell leukaemia and certain subtypes of ALL7<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nAge and gender\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nSyndromes that have a genetic origin, such as Down syndrome and Fanconi syndrome.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding these risks is essential for the early detection of blood cancers.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAs per my experience, any persistant bony swelling in individuals aged above 60 years which doesn\u2019t get relieved with pain killers or physiotherapy rather worsens with it and restricts movement, should be evaluated for blood cancers like Multiple Myeloma etc.<\/p>\nDr. Kathak Shah, MBBS, DDV, Fellowship in lasers & aesthetics, Fellowship in Dermatosurgery<\/strong><\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Is Blood Cancer Curable?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAlthough most blood cancers are not curable, some can be cured based on the stage and type of blood cancer15<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAcute lymphoblastic leukaemia: <\/strong>Children with ALL show high cure rates, though certain individuals may present with a high risk of relapse16<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nChronic myeloid leukaemia: <\/strong>Treatment of CML with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may help to keep the condition under control for many years and is associated with a high survival rate. Advances with modern TKIs have made it possible for some patients to reach a deep level of remission, making it possible to stop treatment while still staying in long-term remission without medication17<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNon-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: <\/strong>Aggressive forms of Non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma can be cured in more than 50% of cases with intensive chemotherapy. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma often responds well to R-CHOP (chemotherapy regimen), but cure rates depend on the type and the patient\u2019s overall health. Although slower-growing forms of the lymphoma respond well to treatment, (especially in the early stages), advanced stages may relapse despite good long-term survival. Studies18<\/sup><\/a> have shown that modern therapy has improved 5-year survival rates to over 60%.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma:<\/strong> Although multiple myeloma is considered an incurable disease, treatment with high-dose therapy followed by autologous stem cell support ensures that 3-10% of individuals with multiple myeloma remain free of active disease for more than 10 years after treatment19<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nYour treatment outcomes can vary depending on the stage of the disease, your age, your health conditions, and the response of cancer to treatment.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Blood Cancer Stages and Classification<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nStaging is incorporated to help in the classification based on how much cancer is present in your body. The blood cancer stages include20<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nLeukaemias:<\/strong> Leukaemias usually do not use a defined staging method and most leukaemias are classified based on the disease subtype, severity and its effect on your body. However, ALL and AML use risk stratification systems (grouping patients by their risk level). CML uses a staging system (Rai, Binet, and CLL-IPI systems). These systems provide the staging based on lymph node involvement, organ enlargement, anaemia, and platelet levels20<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLymphomas: <\/strong>Both Hodgkin and most Non-Hodgkin lymphomas use the Ann Arbor staging system. It describes how far the cancer has spread ranging from stage I (single node region) to stage IV (widespread organ involvement), with A indicating the absence or B indicating presence of symptoms like persistent fevers, unexplained weight loss, and night sweats21<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>22<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma: <\/strong>Uses the International Staging System (ISS), and the Revised ISS (R-ISS), which relies on blood levels of \u03b22-microglobulin, albumin, serum lactate dehydrogenase and high-risk cytogenetics23<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding staging and grading of blood cancers helps in the treatment planning and determining your prognosis.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Blood Cancer Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAfter a careful assessment of your symptoms, family history, and a physical examination, your doctor may suggest certain tests which will help in making an accurate diagnosis24<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nBlood Tests: <\/strong>These include:\u00a0\n\nComplete blood count<\/a>: <\/strong>This test helps to count the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in your blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood differential test:<\/strong> This test helps to check the amount of each type of white blood cell (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils) present in your blood25<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nBiopsy: <\/strong>This is a definitive method of diagnosing blood cancer. Your doctor may suggest bone marrow biopsy or lymph node biopsy to accurately diagnose the type of cancer you have:\u00a0\n\nLymph node biopsy: <\/strong>If you present with swollen lymph nodes, your doctor may remove a part of the affected lymph tissue for examination. This method can be used to diagnose certain lymphomas without marrow involvement26<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone marrow biopsy: <\/strong>Involves the removal of a sample of bone marrow to check for blood cancer. Can be used to diagnose many leukaemias and myelomas14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nPeripheral blood flow cytometry: <\/strong>This test can help diagnose certain leukaemias, such as CLL, if many cancer cells are present in the blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTumour marker tests:<\/strong> These tests help to check and measure the substances that are produced by the body in response to cancer, for example, LDH can be used for lymphoma prognosis. These tests have a limited role in blood cancers7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImaging Tests: <\/strong>These tests are mainly done to assess the extent of your disease. They include:\u00a0\n\nNuclear scan: <\/strong>Uses a small amount of radioactive material or tracer to indicate how organs or tissues are functioning.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPET-CT scan: <\/strong>Preferred imaging tool for lymphomas. It helps in the initial staging, assessing treatment response, and detecting potential recurrence27<\/sup><\/a>.\u202f\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Understanding these risks is essential for the early detection of blood cancers.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\nAs per my experience, any persistant bony swelling in individuals aged above 60 years which doesn\u2019t get relieved with pain killers or physiotherapy rather worsens with it and restricts movement, should be evaluated for blood cancers like Multiple Myeloma etc.<\/p>\nDr. Kathak Shah, MBBS, DDV, Fellowship in lasers & aesthetics, Fellowship in Dermatosurgery<\/strong><\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Is Blood Cancer Curable?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAlthough most blood cancers are not curable, some can be cured based on the stage and type of blood cancer15<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAcute lymphoblastic leukaemia: <\/strong>Children with ALL show high cure rates, though certain individuals may present with a high risk of relapse16<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nChronic myeloid leukaemia: <\/strong>Treatment of CML with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may help to keep the condition under control for many years and is associated with a high survival rate. Advances with modern TKIs have made it possible for some patients to reach a deep level of remission, making it possible to stop treatment while still staying in long-term remission without medication17<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNon-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: <\/strong>Aggressive forms of Non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma can be cured in more than 50% of cases with intensive chemotherapy. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma often responds well to R-CHOP (chemotherapy regimen), but cure rates depend on the type and the patient\u2019s overall health. Although slower-growing forms of the lymphoma respond well to treatment, (especially in the early stages), advanced stages may relapse despite good long-term survival. Studies18<\/sup><\/a> have shown that modern therapy has improved 5-year survival rates to over 60%.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma:<\/strong> Although multiple myeloma is considered an incurable disease, treatment with high-dose therapy followed by autologous stem cell support ensures that 3-10% of individuals with multiple myeloma remain free of active disease for more than 10 years after treatment19<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nYour treatment outcomes can vary depending on the stage of the disease, your age, your health conditions, and the response of cancer to treatment.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Blood Cancer Stages and Classification<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nStaging is incorporated to help in the classification based on how much cancer is present in your body. The blood cancer stages include20<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nLeukaemias:<\/strong> Leukaemias usually do not use a defined staging method and most leukaemias are classified based on the disease subtype, severity and its effect on your body. However, ALL and AML use risk stratification systems (grouping patients by their risk level). CML uses a staging system (Rai, Binet, and CLL-IPI systems). These systems provide the staging based on lymph node involvement, organ enlargement, anaemia, and platelet levels20<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLymphomas: <\/strong>Both Hodgkin and most Non-Hodgkin lymphomas use the Ann Arbor staging system. It describes how far the cancer has spread ranging from stage I (single node region) to stage IV (widespread organ involvement), with A indicating the absence or B indicating presence of symptoms like persistent fevers, unexplained weight loss, and night sweats21<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>22<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma: <\/strong>Uses the International Staging System (ISS), and the Revised ISS (R-ISS), which relies on blood levels of \u03b22-microglobulin, albumin, serum lactate dehydrogenase and high-risk cytogenetics23<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding staging and grading of blood cancers helps in the treatment planning and determining your prognosis.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Blood Cancer Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAfter a careful assessment of your symptoms, family history, and a physical examination, your doctor may suggest certain tests which will help in making an accurate diagnosis24<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nBlood Tests: <\/strong>These include:\u00a0\n\nComplete blood count<\/a>: <\/strong>This test helps to count the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in your blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood differential test:<\/strong> This test helps to check the amount of each type of white blood cell (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils) present in your blood25<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nBiopsy: <\/strong>This is a definitive method of diagnosing blood cancer. Your doctor may suggest bone marrow biopsy or lymph node biopsy to accurately diagnose the type of cancer you have:\u00a0\n\nLymph node biopsy: <\/strong>If you present with swollen lymph nodes, your doctor may remove a part of the affected lymph tissue for examination. This method can be used to diagnose certain lymphomas without marrow involvement26<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone marrow biopsy: <\/strong>Involves the removal of a sample of bone marrow to check for blood cancer. Can be used to diagnose many leukaemias and myelomas14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nPeripheral blood flow cytometry: <\/strong>This test can help diagnose certain leukaemias, such as CLL, if many cancer cells are present in the blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTumour marker tests:<\/strong> These tests help to check and measure the substances that are produced by the body in response to cancer, for example, LDH can be used for lymphoma prognosis. These tests have a limited role in blood cancers7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImaging Tests: <\/strong>These tests are mainly done to assess the extent of your disease. They include:\u00a0\n\nNuclear scan: <\/strong>Uses a small amount of radioactive material or tracer to indicate how organs or tissues are functioning.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPET-CT scan: <\/strong>Preferred imaging tool for lymphomas. It helps in the initial staging, assessing treatment response, and detecting potential recurrence27<\/sup><\/a>.\u202f\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
As per my experience, any persistant bony swelling in individuals aged above 60 years which doesn\u2019t get relieved with pain killers or physiotherapy rather worsens with it and restricts movement, should be evaluated for blood cancers like Multiple Myeloma etc.<\/p>\nDr. Kathak Shah, MBBS, DDV, Fellowship in lasers & aesthetics, Fellowship in Dermatosurgery<\/strong><\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Is Blood Cancer Curable?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAlthough most blood cancers are not curable, some can be cured based on the stage and type of blood cancer15<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAcute lymphoblastic leukaemia: <\/strong>Children with ALL show high cure rates, though certain individuals may present with a high risk of relapse16<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nChronic myeloid leukaemia: <\/strong>Treatment of CML with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may help to keep the condition under control for many years and is associated with a high survival rate. Advances with modern TKIs have made it possible for some patients to reach a deep level of remission, making it possible to stop treatment while still staying in long-term remission without medication17<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNon-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: <\/strong>Aggressive forms of Non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma can be cured in more than 50% of cases with intensive chemotherapy. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma often responds well to R-CHOP (chemotherapy regimen), but cure rates depend on the type and the patient\u2019s overall health. Although slower-growing forms of the lymphoma respond well to treatment, (especially in the early stages), advanced stages may relapse despite good long-term survival. Studies18<\/sup><\/a> have shown that modern therapy has improved 5-year survival rates to over 60%.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma:<\/strong> Although multiple myeloma is considered an incurable disease, treatment with high-dose therapy followed by autologous stem cell support ensures that 3-10% of individuals with multiple myeloma remain free of active disease for more than 10 years after treatment19<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nYour treatment outcomes can vary depending on the stage of the disease, your age, your health conditions, and the response of cancer to treatment.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Blood Cancer Stages and Classification<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nStaging is incorporated to help in the classification based on how much cancer is present in your body. The blood cancer stages include20<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nLeukaemias:<\/strong> Leukaemias usually do not use a defined staging method and most leukaemias are classified based on the disease subtype, severity and its effect on your body. However, ALL and AML use risk stratification systems (grouping patients by their risk level). CML uses a staging system (Rai, Binet, and CLL-IPI systems). These systems provide the staging based on lymph node involvement, organ enlargement, anaemia, and platelet levels20<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLymphomas: <\/strong>Both Hodgkin and most Non-Hodgkin lymphomas use the Ann Arbor staging system. It describes how far the cancer has spread ranging from stage I (single node region) to stage IV (widespread organ involvement), with A indicating the absence or B indicating presence of symptoms like persistent fevers, unexplained weight loss, and night sweats21<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>22<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma: <\/strong>Uses the International Staging System (ISS), and the Revised ISS (R-ISS), which relies on blood levels of \u03b22-microglobulin, albumin, serum lactate dehydrogenase and high-risk cytogenetics23<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding staging and grading of blood cancers helps in the treatment planning and determining your prognosis.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Blood Cancer Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAfter a careful assessment of your symptoms, family history, and a physical examination, your doctor may suggest certain tests which will help in making an accurate diagnosis24<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nBlood Tests: <\/strong>These include:\u00a0\n\nComplete blood count<\/a>: <\/strong>This test helps to count the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in your blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood differential test:<\/strong> This test helps to check the amount of each type of white blood cell (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils) present in your blood25<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nBiopsy: <\/strong>This is a definitive method of diagnosing blood cancer. Your doctor may suggest bone marrow biopsy or lymph node biopsy to accurately diagnose the type of cancer you have:\u00a0\n\nLymph node biopsy: <\/strong>If you present with swollen lymph nodes, your doctor may remove a part of the affected lymph tissue for examination. This method can be used to diagnose certain lymphomas without marrow involvement26<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone marrow biopsy: <\/strong>Involves the removal of a sample of bone marrow to check for blood cancer. Can be used to diagnose many leukaemias and myelomas14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nPeripheral blood flow cytometry: <\/strong>This test can help diagnose certain leukaemias, such as CLL, if many cancer cells are present in the blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTumour marker tests:<\/strong> These tests help to check and measure the substances that are produced by the body in response to cancer, for example, LDH can be used for lymphoma prognosis. These tests have a limited role in blood cancers7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImaging Tests: <\/strong>These tests are mainly done to assess the extent of your disease. They include:\u00a0\n\nNuclear scan: <\/strong>Uses a small amount of radioactive material or tracer to indicate how organs or tissues are functioning.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPET-CT scan: <\/strong>Preferred imaging tool for lymphomas. It helps in the initial staging, assessing treatment response, and detecting potential recurrence27<\/sup><\/a>.\u202f\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Although most blood cancers are not curable, some can be cured based on the stage and type of blood cancer15<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAcute lymphoblastic leukaemia: <\/strong>Children with ALL show high cure rates, though certain individuals may present with a high risk of relapse16<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nChronic myeloid leukaemia: <\/strong>Treatment of CML with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may help to keep the condition under control for many years and is associated with a high survival rate. Advances with modern TKIs have made it possible for some patients to reach a deep level of remission, making it possible to stop treatment while still staying in long-term remission without medication17<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nNon-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: <\/strong>Aggressive forms of Non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma can be cured in more than 50% of cases with intensive chemotherapy. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma often responds well to R-CHOP (chemotherapy regimen), but cure rates depend on the type and the patient\u2019s overall health. Although slower-growing forms of the lymphoma respond well to treatment, (especially in the early stages), advanced stages may relapse despite good long-term survival. Studies18<\/sup><\/a> have shown that modern therapy has improved 5-year survival rates to over 60%.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma:<\/strong> Although multiple myeloma is considered an incurable disease, treatment with high-dose therapy followed by autologous stem cell support ensures that 3-10% of individuals with multiple myeloma remain free of active disease for more than 10 years after treatment19<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nYour treatment outcomes can vary depending on the stage of the disease, your age, your health conditions, and the response of cancer to treatment.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Blood Cancer Stages and Classification<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nStaging is incorporated to help in the classification based on how much cancer is present in your body. The blood cancer stages include20<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nLeukaemias:<\/strong> Leukaemias usually do not use a defined staging method and most leukaemias are classified based on the disease subtype, severity and its effect on your body. However, ALL and AML use risk stratification systems (grouping patients by their risk level). CML uses a staging system (Rai, Binet, and CLL-IPI systems). These systems provide the staging based on lymph node involvement, organ enlargement, anaemia, and platelet levels20<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLymphomas: <\/strong>Both Hodgkin and most Non-Hodgkin lymphomas use the Ann Arbor staging system. It describes how far the cancer has spread ranging from stage I (single node region) to stage IV (widespread organ involvement), with A indicating the absence or B indicating presence of symptoms like persistent fevers, unexplained weight loss, and night sweats21<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>22<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma: <\/strong>Uses the International Staging System (ISS), and the Revised ISS (R-ISS), which relies on blood levels of \u03b22-microglobulin, albumin, serum lactate dehydrogenase and high-risk cytogenetics23<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding staging and grading of blood cancers helps in the treatment planning and determining your prognosis.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Blood Cancer Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAfter a careful assessment of your symptoms, family history, and a physical examination, your doctor may suggest certain tests which will help in making an accurate diagnosis24<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nBlood Tests: <\/strong>These include:\u00a0\n\nComplete blood count<\/a>: <\/strong>This test helps to count the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in your blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood differential test:<\/strong> This test helps to check the amount of each type of white blood cell (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils) present in your blood25<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nBiopsy: <\/strong>This is a definitive method of diagnosing blood cancer. Your doctor may suggest bone marrow biopsy or lymph node biopsy to accurately diagnose the type of cancer you have:\u00a0\n\nLymph node biopsy: <\/strong>If you present with swollen lymph nodes, your doctor may remove a part of the affected lymph tissue for examination. This method can be used to diagnose certain lymphomas without marrow involvement26<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone marrow biopsy: <\/strong>Involves the removal of a sample of bone marrow to check for blood cancer. Can be used to diagnose many leukaemias and myelomas14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nPeripheral blood flow cytometry: <\/strong>This test can help diagnose certain leukaemias, such as CLL, if many cancer cells are present in the blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTumour marker tests:<\/strong> These tests help to check and measure the substances that are produced by the body in response to cancer, for example, LDH can be used for lymphoma prognosis. These tests have a limited role in blood cancers7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImaging Tests: <\/strong>These tests are mainly done to assess the extent of your disease. They include:\u00a0\n\nNuclear scan: <\/strong>Uses a small amount of radioactive material or tracer to indicate how organs or tissues are functioning.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPET-CT scan: <\/strong>Preferred imaging tool for lymphomas. It helps in the initial staging, assessing treatment response, and detecting potential recurrence27<\/sup><\/a>.\u202f\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Your treatment outcomes can vary depending on the stage of the disease, your age, your health conditions, and the response of cancer to treatment.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Staging is incorporated to help in the classification based on how much cancer is present in your body. The blood cancer stages include20<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nLeukaemias:<\/strong> Leukaemias usually do not use a defined staging method and most leukaemias are classified based on the disease subtype, severity and its effect on your body. However, ALL and AML use risk stratification systems (grouping patients by their risk level). CML uses a staging system (Rai, Binet, and CLL-IPI systems). These systems provide the staging based on lymph node involvement, organ enlargement, anaemia, and platelet levels20<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nLymphomas: <\/strong>Both Hodgkin and most Non-Hodgkin lymphomas use the Ann Arbor staging system. It describes how far the cancer has spread ranging from stage I (single node region) to stage IV (widespread organ involvement), with A indicating the absence or B indicating presence of symptoms like persistent fevers, unexplained weight loss, and night sweats21<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>22<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nMultiple myeloma: <\/strong>Uses the International Staging System (ISS), and the Revised ISS (R-ISS), which relies on blood levels of \u03b22-microglobulin, albumin, serum lactate dehydrogenase and high-risk cytogenetics23<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nUnderstanding staging and grading of blood cancers helps in the treatment planning and determining your prognosis.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>How Is Blood Cancer Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAfter a careful assessment of your symptoms, family history, and a physical examination, your doctor may suggest certain tests which will help in making an accurate diagnosis24<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nBlood Tests: <\/strong>These include:\u00a0\n\nComplete blood count<\/a>: <\/strong>This test helps to count the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in your blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood differential test:<\/strong> This test helps to check the amount of each type of white blood cell (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils) present in your blood25<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nBiopsy: <\/strong>This is a definitive method of diagnosing blood cancer. Your doctor may suggest bone marrow biopsy or lymph node biopsy to accurately diagnose the type of cancer you have:\u00a0\n\nLymph node biopsy: <\/strong>If you present with swollen lymph nodes, your doctor may remove a part of the affected lymph tissue for examination. This method can be used to diagnose certain lymphomas without marrow involvement26<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone marrow biopsy: <\/strong>Involves the removal of a sample of bone marrow to check for blood cancer. Can be used to diagnose many leukaemias and myelomas14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nPeripheral blood flow cytometry: <\/strong>This test can help diagnose certain leukaemias, such as CLL, if many cancer cells are present in the blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTumour marker tests:<\/strong> These tests help to check and measure the substances that are produced by the body in response to cancer, for example, LDH can be used for lymphoma prognosis. These tests have a limited role in blood cancers7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImaging Tests: <\/strong>These tests are mainly done to assess the extent of your disease. They include:\u00a0\n\nNuclear scan: <\/strong>Uses a small amount of radioactive material or tracer to indicate how organs or tissues are functioning.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPET-CT scan: <\/strong>Preferred imaging tool for lymphomas. It helps in the initial staging, assessing treatment response, and detecting potential recurrence27<\/sup><\/a>.\u202f\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Understanding staging and grading of blood cancers helps in the treatment planning and determining your prognosis.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
After a careful assessment of your symptoms, family history, and a physical examination, your doctor may suggest certain tests which will help in making an accurate diagnosis24<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nBlood Tests: <\/strong>These include:\u00a0\n\nComplete blood count<\/a>: <\/strong>This test helps to count the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in your blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBlood differential test:<\/strong> This test helps to check the amount of each type of white blood cell (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils) present in your blood25<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nBiopsy: <\/strong>This is a definitive method of diagnosing blood cancer. Your doctor may suggest bone marrow biopsy or lymph node biopsy to accurately diagnose the type of cancer you have:\u00a0\n\nLymph node biopsy: <\/strong>If you present with swollen lymph nodes, your doctor may remove a part of the affected lymph tissue for examination. This method can be used to diagnose certain lymphomas without marrow involvement26<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nBone marrow biopsy: <\/strong>Involves the removal of a sample of bone marrow to check for blood cancer. Can be used to diagnose many leukaemias and myelomas14<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\nPeripheral blood flow cytometry: <\/strong>This test can help diagnose certain leukaemias, such as CLL, if many cancer cells are present in the blood.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nTumour marker tests:<\/strong> These tests help to check and measure the substances that are produced by the body in response to cancer, for example, LDH can be used for lymphoma prognosis. These tests have a limited role in blood cancers7<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nImaging Tests: <\/strong>These tests are mainly done to assess the extent of your disease. They include:\u00a0\n\nNuclear scan: <\/strong>Uses a small amount of radioactive material or tracer to indicate how organs or tissues are functioning.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\nPET-CT scan: <\/strong>Preferred imaging tool for lymphomas. It helps in the initial staging, assessing treatment response, and detecting potential recurrence27<\/sup><\/a>.\u202f\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n